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# Short-track speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Women's 1500 metres The women's 1500 metres competition in short-track speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games was held on 7 and 8 February 2025 in Harbin, China. ## Schedule All times are local (UTC+8) \| Date \| Time \| Event \| \| ------------------------- \| ----- \| ------------- \| \| Friday, 7 February 2025 \| 09:00 \| Quarterfinals \| \| Saturday, 8 February 2025 \| 10:28 \| Semifinals \| \| Saturday, 8 February 2025 \| 11:13 \| Finals \| ## Records Prior to this competition, the existing world and Games records were as follows. \| World Record \| Choi Min-jeong (KOR) \| 2:14.354 \| Salt Lake City, United States \| 12 November 2016 \| \| Games Record \| Choi Eun-kyung (KOR) \| 2:21.707 \| Aomori, Japan \| 6 February 2003 \| ## Results ### Quarterfinals \| Rank \| Heat \| Name \| Country \| Time \| Notes \| \| ---- \| ---- \| ------------------------ \| -------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| \| 1 \| 1 \| Gong Li \| China \| 2:30.820 \| Q \| \| 2 \| 1 \| Haruna Nagamori \| Japan \| 2:31.191 \| Q \| \| 3 \| 1 \| Alina Azhgaliyeva \| Kazakhstan \| 2:31.433 \| Q \| \| 4 \| 1 \| Amelia Chua \| Singapore \| 2:45.691 \| \| \| \| 1 \| Ashley Chin \| Malaysia \| Did not start \| Did not start \| \| 1 \| 2 \| Kim Gil-li \| South Korea \| 2:43.771 \| Q \| \| 2 \| 2 \| Thanutchaya Chatthaisong \| Thailand \| 2:43.975 \| Q \| \| 3 \| 2 \| Alyssa Pok \| Singapore \| 2:46.217 \| Q \| \| 4 \| 2 \| Nicole Law \| Hong Kong \| 2:52.174 \| \| \| 5 \| 2 \| Suvarnika Radhakrishnan \| India \| 3:04.736 \| \| \| 1 \| 3 \| Choi Min-jeong \| South Korea \| 2:31.808 \| Q \| \| 2 \| 3 \| Lam Ching Yan \| Hong Kong \| 2:34.118 \| Q \| \| 3 \| 3 \| Battulgyn Gereltuyaa \| Mongolia \| 2:38.674 \| Q \| \| 4 \| 3 \| Chang Wan-ting \| Chinese Taipei \| 2:40.363 \| q \| \| 5 \| 3 \| Sravana Murthy \| India \| 2:56.634 \| \| \| 1 \| 4 \| Yang Jingru \| China \| 2:34.800 \| Q \| \| 2 \| 4 \| Shim Suk-hee \| South Korea \| 2:34.927 \| Q \| \| 3 \| 4 \| Madina Zhanbussinova \| Kazakhstan \| 2:35.696 \| Q \| \| 4 \| 4 \| Miyu Miyashita \| Japan \| 2:36.513 \| q \| \| 5 \| 4 \| Chung Hsiao-ying \| Chinese Taipei \| 2:40.952 \| \| \| 1 \| 5 \| Olga Tikhonova \| Kazakhstan \| 2:35.294 \| Q \| \| 2 \| 5 \| Zang Yize \| China \| 2:35.398 \| Q \| \| 3 \| 5 \| Riho Inuzuka \| Japan \| 2:35.544 \| Q \| \| 4 \| 5 \| Punpreeda Prempreecha \| Thailand \| 2:39.076 \| q \| \| 5 \| 5 \| Raina Kukreja \| India \| 3:17.216 \| \| ### Semifinals \| Rank \| Heat \| Name \| Country \| Time \| Notes \| \| ---- \| ---- \| ------------------------ \| -------------- \| -------- \| ----- \| \| 1 \| 1 \| Gong Li \| China \| 2:42.802 \| QA \| \| 2 \| 1 \| Haruna Nagamori \| Japan \| 2:43.225 \| QA \| \| 3 \| 1 \| Chang Wan-ting \| Chinese Taipei \| 2:48.594 \| QB \| \| 4 \| 1 \| Lam Ching Yan \| Hong Kong \| 3:07.998 \| QB \| \| 5 \| 1 \| Madina Zhanbussinova \| Kazakhstan \| 3:42.048 \| ADVB \| \| \| 1 \| Riho Inuzuka \| Japan \| PEN \| \| \| 1 \| 2 \| Choi Min-jeong \| South Korea \| 2:23.351 \| QA \| \| 2 \| 2 \| Kim Gil-li \| South Korea \| 2:23.375 \| QA \| \| 3 \| 2 \| Shim Suk-hee \| South Korea \| 2:23.492 \| QA \| \| 4 \| 2 \| Alina Azhgaliyeva \| Kazakhstan \| 2:25.091 \| QB \| \| 5 \| 2 \| Punpreeda Prempreecha \| Thailand \| 2:34.879 \| QB \| \| 6 \| 2 \| Battulgyn Gereltuyaa \| Mongolia \| 2:58.964 \| \| \| 1 \| 3 \| Yang Jingru \| China \| 2:32.710 \| QA \| \| 2 \| 3 \| Zang Yize \| China \| 2:32.881 \| QA \| \| 3 \| 3 \| Thanutchaya Chatthaisong \| Thailand \| 2:33.243 \| QB \| \| 4 \| 3 \| Miyu Miyashita \| Japan \| 2:34.405 \| QB \| \| 5 \| 3 \| Alyssa Pok \| Singapore \| 2:36.748 \| \| \| 6 \| 3 \| Olga Tikhonova \| Kazakhstan \| No time \| \| ### Finals #### Final B \| Rank \| Name \| Country \| Time \| Notes \| \| ---- \| ------------------------ \| -------------- \| -------- \| ----- \| \| 8 \| Alina Azhgaliyeva \| Kazakhstan \| 2:39.740 \| \| \| 9 \| Thanutchaya Chatthaisong \| Thailand \| 2:39.944 \| \| \| 10 \| Madina Zhanbussinova \| Kazakhstan \| 2:40.318 \| \| \| 11 \| Miyu Miyashita \| Japan \| 2:40.708 \| \| \| 12 \| Lam Ching Yan \| Hong Kong \| 2:41.886 \| \| \| 13 \| Punpreeda Prempreecha \| Thailand \| 2:46.781 \| \| \| 14 \| Chang Wan-ting \| Chinese Taipei \| 2:46.908 \| \| #### Final A \| Rank \| Name \| Country \| Time \| Notes \| \| ---- \| --------------- \| ----------- \| -------- \| ----- \| \| 1 \| Kim Gil-li \| South Korea \| 2:23.781 \| \| \| 2 \| Gong Li \| China \| 2:23.884 \| \| \| 3 \| Zang Yize \| China \| 2:23.965 \| \| \| 4 \| Choi Min-jeong \| South Korea \| 2:24.133 \| \| \| 5 \| Shim Suk-hee \| South Korea \| 2:24.201 \| \| \| 6 \| Haruna Nagamori \| Japan \| 2:25.772 \| \| \| 7 \| Yang Jingru \| China \| 3:18.179 \| \|	enwiki/78979445	enwiki	78,979,445	Short-track speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Women's 1500 metres	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-track_speed_skating_at_the_2025_Asian_Winter_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_1500_metres	2025-04-06T04:29:09Z	en	Q132200387	129,754	{{Short description\|none}} {{Infobox sports competition event \|event = Women's 1500 metres \|games = 2025 Asian Winter Games \|venue = Heilongjiang Ice Events Training Center Multifunctional Hall \|dates = 7–8 February 2025 \| image = 2025-02-08 Harbin Asian Winter Games in Heilongjiang Province Ice Training Center.png \| alt = \| caption = \|competitors = 24 \|nations = 10 \|win_value = 2:23.781 \|gold = [[Kim Gil-li]] \|goldNOC = KOR \|silver = [[Gong Li (speed skater)\|Gong Li]] \|silverNOC = CHN \|bronze = [[Zang Yize]] \|bronzeNOC = CHN \|prev = [[Short-track speed skating at the 2017 Asian Winter Games – Women's 1500 metres\|2017]] \|next = [[Short-track speed skating at the 2029 Asian Winter Games – Women's 1500 metres\|2029]] }} {{Short-track speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games}} {{main\|Short-track speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games}} The '''women's 1500 metres''' competition in [[short-track speed skating]] at the [[2025 Asian Winter Games]] was held on 7 and 8 February 2025 in [[Harbin]], [[China]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://wrs.harbin2025.com/data/AWG2025/data/STK/STK-------------------------------_DT_PDF_C08.pdf?random=0.30724089684913936\|title=Short Track Speed Skating – Competition Schedule\|website=harbin2025.com\|date=6 February 2025\|access-date=7 February 2025\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330032546/https://wrs.harbin2025.com/data/AWG2025/data/STK/STK-------------------------------_DT_PDF_C08.pdf\|archive-date=2025-03-30}}</ref> ==Schedule== <small>All times are local ([[Time in China\|UTC+8]])</small> {\|class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! width=220\|Date ! width=50\|Time ! width=100\|Event \|- \|Friday, 7 February 2025 \|\| 09:00 \|\| Quarterfinals \|- \| rowspan=2\|Saturday, 8 February 2025 \|\| 10:28 \|\| Semifinals \|- \| 11:13 \|\| bgcolor=ffffcc\|Finals \|} == Records == {{Asian Games Record Short-track Speed Skating \| world_athlete = {{flagathlete\|[[Choi Min-jeong]]\|KOR}} \| world_mark = 2:14.354 \| world_place = [[Salt Lake City]], United States \| world_date = 12 November 2016 \| Games_athlete = {{flagIOC2athlete\|[[Choi Eun-kyung]]\|KOR\|2003 Asian Winter Games}} \| Games_mark = 2:21.707 \| Games_place = [[Aomori]], Japan \| Games_date = 6 February 2003 }} ==Results== ===Quarterfinals=== {\|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Rank !! Heat !! Name !! Country !! Time<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://wrs.harbin2025.com/data/AWG2025/data/STK/STKW1500M-------------QFNL--------_DT_PDF_C73A.pdf?random=0.9576287713770861\|title=Short Track Speed Skating – Women's 1500m – Quarterfinals – Results\|website=harbin2025.com\|date=7 February 2025\|access-date=7 February 2025\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406040026/https://wrs.harbin2025.com/data/AWG2025/data/STK/STKW1500M-------------QFNL--------_DT_PDF_C73A.pdf\|archive-date=2025-04-06}}</ref> !! Notes \|-bgcolor=bbf3bb \| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| align=left\|[[Gong Li (speed skater)\|Gong Li]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|CHN\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:30.820 \|\| Q \|-bgcolor=bbf3bb \| 2 \|\| 1 \|\| align=left\|[[Haruna Nagamori]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|JPN\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:31.191 \|\| Q \|-bgcolor=bbf3bb \| 3 \|\| 1 \|\| align=left\|[[Alina Azhgaliyeva]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|KAZ\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:31.433 \|\| Q \|- \| 4 \|\| 1 \|\| align=left\|[[Amelia Chua]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|SGP\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:45.691 \|\| \|- \| {{hs\|6}} \|\| 1 \|\| align=left\|[[Ashley Chin (speed skater)\|Ashley Chin]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|MAS\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| colspan=2\|{{sort\|9\|Did not start}} \|-bgcolor=bbf3bb \| 1 \|\| 2 \|\| align=left\|[[Kim Gil-li]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|KOR\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:43.771 \|\| Q \|-bgcolor=bbf3bb \| 2 \|\| 2 \|\| align=left\|[[Thanutchaya Chatthaisong]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|THA\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:43.975 \|\| Q \|-bgcolor=bbf3bb \| 3 \|\| 2 \|\| align=left\|[[Alyssa Pok]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|SGP\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:46.217 \|\| Q \|- \| 4 \|\| 2 \|\| align=left\|[[Nicole Law]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|HKG\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:52.174 \|\| \|- \| 5 \|\| 2 \|\| align=left\|[[Suvarnika Radhakrishnan]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|IND\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 3:04.736 \|\| \|-bgcolor=bbf3bb \| 1 \|\| 3 \|\| align=left\|[[Choi Min-jeong]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|KOR\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:31.808 \|\| Q \|-bgcolor=bbf3bb \| 2 \|\| 3 \|\| align=left\|[[Lam Ching Yan]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|HKG\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:34.118 \|\| Q \|-bgcolor=bbf3bb \| 3 \|\| 3 \|\| align=left\|[[Battulgyn Gereltuyaa]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|MGL\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:38.674 \|\| Q \|-bgcolor=ccffcc \| 4 \|\| 3 \|\| align=left\|[[Chang Wan-ting]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|TPE\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:40.363 \|\| q \|- \| 5 \|\| 3 \|\| align=left\|[[Sravana Murthy]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|IND\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:56.634 \|\| \|-bgcolor=bbf3bb \| 1 \|\| 4 \|\| align=left\|[[Yang Jingru (speed skater)\|Yang Jingru]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|CHN\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:34.800 \|\| Q \|-bgcolor=bbf3bb \| 2 \|\| 4 \|\| align=left\|[[Shim Suk-hee]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|KOR\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:34.927 \|\| Q \|-bgcolor=bbf3bb \| 3 \|\| 4 \|\| align=left\|[[Madina Zhanbussinova]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|KAZ\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:35.696 \|\| Q \|-bgcolor=ccffcc \| 4 \|\| 4 \|\| align=left\|[[Miyu Miyashita]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|JPN\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:36.513 \|\| q \|- \| 5 \|\| 4 \|\| align=left\|[[Chung Hsiao-ying]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|TPE\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:40.952 \|\| \|-bgcolor=bbf3bb \| 1 \|\| 5 \|\| align=left\|[[Olga Tikhonova]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|KAZ\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:35.294 \|\| Q \|-bgcolor=bbf3bb \| 2 \|\| 5 \|\| align=left\|[[Zang Yize]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|CHN\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:35.398 \|\| Q \|-bgcolor=bbf3bb \| 3 \|\| 5 \|\| align=left\|[[Riho Inuzuka]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|JPN\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:35.544 \|\| Q \|-bgcolor=ccffcc \| 4 \|\| 5 \|\| align=left\|[[Punpreeda Prempreecha]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|THA\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:39.076 \|\| q \|- \| 5 \|\| 5 \|\| align=left\|[[Raina Kukreja]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|IND\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 3:17.216 \|\| \|} ===Semifinals=== {\| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Rank !! Heat !! Name !! Country !! Time<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://wrs.harbin2025.com/data/AWG2025/data/STK/STKW1500M-------------SFNL--------_DT_PDF_C73A.pdf?random=0.2352812298805136\|title=Short Track Speed Skating – Women's 1500m – Semifinals – Results\|website=harbin2025.com\|date=8 February 2025\|access-date=8 February 2025\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406041430/https://wrs.harbin2025.com/data/AWG2025/data/STK/STKW1500M-------------SFNL--------_DT_PDF_C73A.pdf\|archive-date=2025-04-06}}</ref> !! Notes \|-bgcolor=bbf3bb \| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| align=left\|[[Gong Li (speed skater)\|Gong Li]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|CHN\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:42.802 \|\| QA \|-bgcolor=bbf3bb \| 2 \|\| 1 \|\| align=left\|[[Haruna Nagamori]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|JPN\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:43.225 \|\| QA \|- \| 3 \|\| 1 \|\| align=left\|[[Chang Wan-ting]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|TPE\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:48.594 \|\| QB \|- \| 4 \|\| 1 \|\| align=left\|[[Lam Ching Yan]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|HKG\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 3:07.998 \|\| QB \|- \| 5 \|\| 1 \|\| align=left\|[[Madina Zhanbussinova]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|KAZ\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 3:42.048 \|\| ADVB \|- \| {{hs\|7}} \|\| 1 \|\| align=left\|[[Riho Inuzuka]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|JPN\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| PEN\|\| \|-bgcolor=bbf3bb \| 1 \|\| 2 \|\| align=left\|[[Choi Min-jeong]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|KOR\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:23.351 \|\| QA \|-bgcolor=bbf3bb \| 2 \|\| 2 \|\| align=left\|[[Kim Gil-li]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|KOR\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:23.375 \|\| QA \|-bgcolor=bbf3bb \| 3 \|\| 2 \|\| align=left\|[[Shim Suk-hee]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|KOR\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:23.492 \|\| QA \|- \| 4 \|\| 2 \|\| align=left\|[[Alina Azhgaliyeva]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|KAZ\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:25.091 \|\| QB \|- \| 5 \|\| 2 \|\| align=left\|[[Punpreeda Prempreecha]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|THA\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:34.879 \|\| QB \|- \| 6 \|\| 2 \|\| align=left\|[[Battulgyn Gereltuyaa]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|MGL\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:58.964 \|\| \|-bgcolor=bbf3bb \| 1 \|\| 3 \|\| align=left\|[[Yang Jingru (speed skater)\|Yang Jingru]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|CHN\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:32.710 \|\| QA \|-bgcolor=bbf3bb \| 2 \|\| 3 \|\| align=left\|[[Zang Yize]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|CHN\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:32.881 \|\| QA \|- \| 3 \|\| 3 \|\| align=left\|[[Thanutchaya Chatthaisong]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|THA\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:33.243 \|\| QB \|- \| 4 \|\| 3 \|\| align=left\|[[Miyu Miyashita]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|JPN\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:34.405 \|\| QB \|- \| 5 \|\| 3 \|\| align=left\|[[Alyssa Pok]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|SGP\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:36.748 \|\| \|- \| 6 \|\| 3 \|\| align=left\|[[Olga Tikhonova]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|KAZ\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| No time \|\| \|} ===Finals=== ====Final B==== {\|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Rank !! Name !! Country !! Time !! Notes \|- \| 8 \|\| align=left\|[[Alina Azhgaliyeva]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|KAZ\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:39.740 \|\| \|- \| 9 \|\| align=left\|[[Thanutchaya Chatthaisong]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|THA\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:39.944 \|\| \|- \| 10 \|\| align=left\|[[Madina Zhanbussinova]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|KAZ\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:40.318 \|\| \|- \| 11 \|\| align=left\|[[Miyu Miyashita]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|JPN\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:40.708 \|\| \|- \| 12 \|\| align=left\|[[Lam Ching Yan]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|HKG\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:41.886 \|\| \|- \| 13 \|\| align=left\|[[Punpreeda Prempreecha]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|THA\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:46.781 \|\| \|- \| 14 \|\| align=left\|[[Chang Wan-ting]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|TPE\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:46.908 \|\| \|} ====Final A==== {\|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Rank !! Name !! Country !! Time<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://wrs.harbin2025.com/data/AWG2025/data/STK/STKW1500M-------------FNL---------_DT_PDF_C73A.pdf?random=0.9756606333791689\|title=Short Track Speed Skating – Women's 1500m – Finals – Results\|website=harbin2025.com\|date=8 February 2025\|access-date=8 February 2025\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406042607/https://wrs.harbin2025.com/data/AWG2025/data/STK/STKW1500M-------------FNL---------_DT_PDF_C73A.pdf\|archive-date=2025-04-06}}</ref> !! Notes \|- \| 1 \|\| align=left\|[[Kim Gil-li]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|KOR\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:23.781 \|\| \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left\|[[Gong Li (speed skater)\|Gong Li]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|CHN\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:23.884 \|\| \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left\|[[Zang Yize]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|CHN\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:23.965 \|\| \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left\|[[Choi Min-jeong]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|KOR\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:24.133 \|\| \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left\|[[Shim Suk-hee]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|KOR\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:24.201 \|\| \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left\|[[Haruna Nagamori]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|JPN\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 2:25.772 \|\| \|- \| 7 \|\| align=left\|[[Yang Jingru (speed skater)\|Yang Jingru]] \|\| align=left\|{{flagIOC2\|CHN\|2025 Asian Winter Games}} \|\| 3:18.179 \|\| \|} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Short track speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games - Women's 1500}} [[Category:Short-track speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games\|Women 1500]] [[Category:2025 in women's winter sports]]	1,284,196,704	[{"title": "Women's 1500 metres \u00b7 at the 2025 Asian Winter Games", "data": {"Venue": "Heilongjiang Ice Events Training Center Multifunctional Hall", "Dates": "7\u20138 February 2025", "Competitors": "24 from 10 nations", "Winning time": "2:23.781"}}, {"title": "Medalists", "data": {"gold medal": "Kim Gil-li \u00b7 South Korea", "silver medal": "Gong Li \u00b7 China", "bronze medal": "Zang Yize \u00b7 China"}}]	false
# 2007 Nicky Rackard Cup The 2007 Nicky Rackard Cup began in June 2007. It was the third time this element of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was played. Both Roscommon and Armagh easily progressed to the final in Croke Park, averaging winning margins of 23 and 14 points respectively in the early rounds. In a tense final, the Rossies ran out two-point winners, substitute Gary Fallon scoring the crucial goal. Report ## Format Twelve teams participated in the 2007 Nicky Rackard Cup. - Group 3A: Armagh, Sligo, Tyrone - Group 3B: Donegal, Leitrim,[2] Longford - Group 3C: Fermanagh, Monaghan, Roscommon - Group 3D: Cavan, Louth, Warwickshire Top two in each group advanced to quarter-finals. ## Team changes ### To Championship Relegated from the Christy Ring Cup - Roscommon ### From Championship Promoted to the Christy Ring Cup - Derry ## Teams ### General Information \| County \| Last Cup title \| Last Provincial Title \| Last All-Ireland Title \| Position in 2006 Championship \| Appearance \| \| ------------ \| -------------- \| --------------------- \| ---------------------- \| ------------------------------------------ \| ---------- \| \| Armagh \| — \| — \| — \| Semi-finals \| 3rd \| \| Cavan \| — \| — \| — \| Group Stage \| 3rd \| \| Donegal \| — \| 1932 \| — \| Runners-up \| 3rd \| \| Fermanagh \| — \| — \| — \| Group Stage \| 3rd \| \| Leitrim \| — \| — \| — \| Group Stage \| 3rd \| \| Longford \| — \| — \| — \| Semi-finals \| 3rd \| \| Louth \| — \| — \| — \| Quarter-finals \| 3rd \| \| Monaghan \| — \| 1915 \| — \| Group Stage \| 3rd \| \| Roscommon \| — \| 1913 \| — \| Lost relegation playoff (Christy Ring Cup) \| 1st \| \| Sligo \| — \| — \| — \| Quarter-finals \| 3rd \| \| Tyrone \| — \| — \| — \| Group Stage \| 3rd \| \| Warwickshire \| — \| — \| — \| Group Stage \| 3rd \| ## Group stage ### Group 3A \| Date \| Venue \| Home \| Score \| Away \| Score \| \| ------- \| ---------------------- \| ------ \| ----- \| ------ \| ----- \| \| 23 June \| Markiewicz Park, Sligo \| Sligo \| 1-05 \| Armagh \| 1-19 \| \| 30 June \| Keady \| Armagh \| 2-13 \| Tyrone \| 1-9 \| \| 7 July \| Omagh \| Tyrone \| 3-13 \| Sligo \| 0-15 \| \| Table \| P \| W \| D \| L \| F \| A \| +/- \| Pts \| \| ------ \| - \| - \| - \| - \| ---- \| ---- \| --- \| --- \| \| Armagh \| 2 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 3-32 \| 2-14 \| +21 \| 4 \| \| Tyrone \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| 4-22 \| 2-28 \| 0 \| 2 \| \| Sligo \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 2 \| 1-20 \| 4-32 \| -21 \| 0 \| ### Group 3B \| Date \| Venue \| Home \| Score \| Away \| Score \| \| ------- \| ---------------------------- \| -------- \| ----- \| -------- \| ----- \| \| 23 June \| Ballinamore \| Leitrim \| 1-12 \| Longford \| 2-12 \| \| 30 June \| Pearse Park, Longford \| Longford \| 0-12 \| Donegal \| 0-16 \| \| 7 July \| O' Donnell Park, Letterkenny \| Donegal \| 2-22 \| Leitrim \| 2-04 \| \| Table \| P \| W \| D \| L \| F \| A \| +/- \| Pts \| \| -------- \| - \| - \| - \| - \| ---- \| ---- \| --- \| --- \| \| Donegal \| 2 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 2-38 \| 2-16 \| +22 \| 4 \| \| Longford \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| 2-24 \| 1-28 \| -1 \| 2 \| \| Leitrim \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 2 \| 3-16 \| 4-34 \| -21 \| 0 \| ### Group 3C \| Date \| Venue \| Home \| Score \| Away \| Score \| \| ------- \| --------------------------- \| --------- \| ----- \| --------- \| ----- \| \| 23 June \| Athleague \| Roscommon \| 7-27 \| Fermanagh \| 1-06 \| \| 30 June \| Lisnaskea \| Fermanagh \| 2-11 \| Monaghan \| 2-14 \| \| 7 July \| St. Tiernach's Park, Clones \| Monaghan \| 0-14 \| Roscommon \| 2-21 \| \| Table \| P \| W \| D \| L \| F \| A \| +/- \| Pts \| \| --------- \| - \| - \| - \| - \| ---- \| ---- \| --- \| --- \| \| Roscommon \| 2 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 9-48 \| 1-20 \| +58 \| 4 \| \| Monaghan \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| 4-32 \| 2-28 \| -15 \| 2 \| \| Fermanagh \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 2 \| 3-17 \| 9-41 \| -48 \| 0 \| ### Group 3D \| Date \| Venue \| Home \| Score \| Away \| Score \| \| ------- \| ---------------------------- \| ------------ \| ----- \| ------------ \| ----- \| \| 23 June \| Páirc na hÉireann, Solihull \| Warwickshire \| 3-08 \| Louth \| 1-22 \| \| 30 June \| Dowdallshill \| Louth \| 0-17 \| Cavan \| 0-7 \| \| 7 July \| Kingspan Breffni Park, Cavan \| Cavan \| 0-07 \| Warwickshire \| 2-15 \| \| Table \| P \| W \| D \| L \| F \| A \| +/- \| Pts \| \| ------------ \| - \| - \| - \| - \| ---- \| ---- \| --- \| --- \| \| Louth \| 2 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1-39 \| 3-15 \| +18 \| 4 \| \| Warwickshire \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| 5-23 \| 1-29 \| +6 \| 2 \| \| Cavan \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0-14 \| 2-32 \| -24 \| 0 \| ## Knockout stage ### Quarter-finals \| Armagh \| 2–19 — 1–09 \| Tyrone \| \| ------ \| ----------- \| ------ \| \| \| \| \| \| Donegal \| 2–14 — 2–08 \| Longford \| \| ------- \| ----------- \| -------- \| \| \| \| \| \| Louth \| 4–25 — 1–03 \| Warwickshire \| \| ----- \| ----------- \| ------------ \| \| \| \| \| \| Roscommon \| 4–20 — 1–08 \| Monaghan \| \| --------- \| ----------- \| -------- \| \| \| \| \| ### Semi-finals \| Armagh \| 3–28 — 2–10 \| Donegal \| \| ------ \| ----------- \| ------- \| \| \| \| \| \| Louth \| 0–05 — 2–13 \| Roscommon \| \| ----- \| ----------- \| --------- \| \| \| \| \| ### Nicky Rackard Cup Final \| Armagh \| 0–13 — 1–12 \| Roscommon \| \| ------ \| ----------- \| --------- \| \| \| Report \| \| - Roscommon and Armagh are promoted to the 2008 Christy Ring Cup.[4][5]	enwiki/6841741	enwiki	6,841,741	2007 Nicky Rackard Cup	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Nicky_Rackard_Cup	2024-05-23T19:01:18Z	en	Q4609020	94,721	{{Use dmy dates\|date=November 2023}} {{Use Hiberno-English\|date=May 2013}} {{more citations needed\|date=October 2023}} {{Infobox hurling championship\|name=2007 Nicky Rackard Cup\|image=\|imagesize=\|caption=\|dates=\|teams=\|champions=\|count=\|champions captain=\|champions manager=\|runners-up=\|runners-up captain=\|runners-up manager=\|matches=\|goals=\|points=\|relegated=\|top scorer=\|previous year=2006\|previous tournament=2006 Nicky Rackard Cup\|next year=2008\|next tournament=2008 Nicky Rackard Cup }} The '''2007 Nicky Rackard Cup''' began in June 2007. It was the third time this element of the [[All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship]] was played. Both [[Roscommon GAA\|Roscommon]] and [[Armagh GAA\|Armagh]] easily progressed to the final in [[Croke Park]], averaging winning margins of 23 and 14 points respectively in the early rounds. In a tense final, the Rossies ran out two-point winners, substitute Gary Fallon scoring the crucial goal. [http://www.hoganstand.com/ArticleForm.aspx?ID=81774 Report] ==Format== Twelve teams participated in the 2007 Nicky Rackard Cup.<ref>{{cite news \|author=<!--No author listed--> \|date=16 May 2007 \|title=Roscommon and Fermanagh to clash in Rackard Cup \|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/gaa/arid-30310938.html \|work=[[Irish Examiner]] \|location=Blackpool, Ireland \|access-date=28 October 2023}}</ref> '''Group 3A''': [[Armagh GAA\|Armagh]], [[Sligo GAA\|Sligo]], [[Tyrone GAA\|Tyrone]] '''Group 3B''': [[Donegal GAA\|Donegal]], [[Leitrim GAA\|Leitrim]],<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.leitrimgaa.ie/2007/12/clement-cuniffe-makes-the-rackard-cup-selection-for-2007/ \|title=CLEMENT CUNIFFE MAKES THE RACKARD CUP SELECTION FOR 2007 \|website=LeitrimGAA.IE \|publisher=Leitrim GAA \|access-date=28 October 2023}}</ref> [[Longford GAA\|Longford]] '''Group 3C''': [[Fermanagh GAA\|Fermanagh]], [[Monaghan GAA\|Monaghan]], [[Roscommon GAA\|Roscommon]] '''Group 3D''': [[Cavan GAA\|Cavan]], [[Louth GAA\|Louth]], Warwickshire Top two in each group advanced to quarter-finals. ==Team changes== === To Championship === Relegated from the [[Christy Ring Cup]] * [[Roscommon county hurling team\|Roscommon]] === From Championship === Promoted to the [[Christy Ring Cup]] * [[Derry county hurling team\|Derry]] == Teams == === General Information === {\| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ![[County (Gaelic games)\|County]] !Last Cup title !Last Provincial Title !Last All-Ireland Title !Position in [[2006 Nicky Rackard Cup\|2006]] Championship !Appearance \|- \| style="text-align:left" \|[[File:Colours_of_Armagh.svg\|border\|20x20px]] [[Armagh county hurling team\|Armagh]] \|— \|— \|— \|Semi-finals \|3rd \|- \| style="text-align:left" \|[[File:Colours_of_Cavan.svg\|border\|20x20px]] [[Cavan county hurling team\|Cavan]] \|— \|— \|— \|Group Stage \|3rd \|- \| style="text-align:left" \|[[File:Colours_of_Donegal.svg\|border\|20x20px]] [[Donegal county hurling team\|Donegal]] \|— \|[[1932 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship\|1932]] \|— \|Runners-up \|3rd \|- \| style="text-align:left" \|[[File:Colours_of_Fermanagh.svg\|border\|20x20px]] [[Fermanagh county hurling team\|Fermanagh]] \|— \|— \|— \|Group Stage \|3rd \|- \| style="text-align:left" \|[[File:Colours_of_Leitrim.svg\|border\|20x20px]] [[Leitrim county hurling team\|Leitrim]] \|— \|— \|— \|Group Stage \|3rd \|- \| style="text-align:left" \|[[File:Colours_of_Longford.svg\|border\|20x20px]] [[Longford county hurling team\|Longford]] \|— \|— \|— \|Semi-finals \|3rd \|- \| style="text-align:left" \|[[File:Colours_of_Louth.svg\|border\|20x20px]] [[Louth county hurling team\|Louth]] \|— \|— \|— \|Quarter-finals \|3rd \|- \| style="text-align:left" \|[[File:Colours_of_Monaghan.svg\|border\|20x20px]] [[Monaghan county hurling team\|Monaghan]] \|— \|[[1915 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship\|1915]] \|— \|Group Stage \|3rd \|- \| style="text-align:left" \| [[File:Colours_of_Roscommon.svg\|border\|20x20px]] [[Roscommon county hurling team\|Roscommon]] \|— \|[[1913 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship\|1913]] \|— \|Lost relegation playoff ([[Christy Ring Cup]]) \|1st \|- \| style="text-align:left" \|[[File:Colours_of_Sligo.svg\|border\|20x20px]] [[Sligo county hurling team\|Sligo]] \|— \|— \|— \|Quarter-finals \|3rd \|- \| style="text-align:left" \|[[File:Colours_of_Tyrone.svg\|border\|20x20px]] [[Tyrone county hurling team\|Tyrone]] \|— \|— \|— \|Group Stage \|3rd \|- \| style="text-align:left" \|[[File:Colours_of_Warwickshire.svg\|border\|20x20px]] [[Warwickshire county hurling team\|Warwickshire]] \|— \|— \|— \|Group Stage \|3rd \|} ==Group stage== ===Group 3A=== {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! Date ! Venue ! Home ! Score ! Away ! Score \|- align="center" \| 23 June \| [[Markiewicz Park]], [[Sligo]] \| Sligo \| 1-05 \| Armagh \| 1-19 \|- align="center" \| 30 June \| [[Keady]] \| Armagh \| 2-13 \| Tyrone \| 1-9<ref name=RTE>{{cite news \|author=<!--No author listed--> \|date=1 July 2007 \|title=Nicky Rackard Cup round-up \|url=https://www.rte.ie/sport/hurling/2007/0701/219764-rackard/ \|publisher=[[RTÉ]] \|location=Dublin, Ireland \|access-date=28 October 2023}}</ref> \|- align="center" \| 7 July \| [[Omagh]] \| Tyrone \| 3-13 \| Sligo \| 0-15 \|} {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! Table ! P ! W ! D ! L ! F ! A ! +/- ! Pts \|- align="center" style="background:#ccffcc;" \| '''Armagh''' \| 2 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 3-32 \| 2-14 \| +21 \| 4 \|- align="center" style="background:#ccffcc;" \| '''Tyrone''' \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| 4-22 \| 2-28 \| 0 \| 2 \|- align="center" \| '''Sligo''' \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 2 \| 1-20 \| 4-32 \| -21 \| 0 \|} ===Group 3B=== {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! Date ! Venue ! Home ! Score ! Away ! Score \|- align="center" \| 23 June \| [[Ballinamore]] \| Leitrim \| 1-12 \| Longford \| 2-12 \|- align="center" \| 30 June \| [[Pearse Park (Longford)\|Pearse Park]], [[Longford]] \| Longford \| 0-12 \| Donegal \| 0-16<ref name=RTE/> \|- align="center" \| 7 July \| [[O' Donnell Park]], [[Letterkenny]] \| Donegal \| 2-22 \| Leitrim \| 2-04 \|} {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! Table ! P ! W ! D ! L ! F ! A ! +/- ! Pts \|- align="center" style="background:#ccffcc;" \| '''Donegal''' \| 2 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 2-38 \| 2-16 \| +22 \| 4 \|- align="center" style="background:#ccffcc;" \| '''Longford''' \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| 2-24 \| 1-28 \| -1 \| 2 \|- align="center" \| '''Leitrim''' \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 2 \| 3-16 \| 4-34 \| -21 \| 0 \|} ===Group 3C=== {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! Date ! Venue ! Home ! Score ! Away ! Score \|- align="center" \| 23 June \| [[Athleague]] \| Roscommon \| 7-27 \| Fermanagh \| 1-06 \|- align="center" \| 30 June \| [[Lisnaskea]] \| Fermanagh \| 2-11 \| Monaghan \| 2-14 \|- align="center" \| 7 July \| [[St. Tiernach's Park]], [[Clones, County Monaghan\|Clones]] \| Monaghan \| 0-14 \| Roscommon \| 2-21 \|} {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! Table ! P ! W ! D ! L ! F ! A ! +/- ! Pts \|- align="center" style="background:#ccffcc;" \| '''Roscommon''' \| 2 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 9-48 \| 1-20 \| +58 \| 4 \|- align="center" style="background:#ccffcc;" \| '''Monaghan''' \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| 4-32 \| 2-28 \| -15 \| 2 \|- align="center" \| '''Fermanagh''' \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 2 \| 3-17 \| 9-41 \| -48 \| 0 \|} ===Group 3D=== {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! Date ! Venue ! Home ! Score ! Away ! Score \|- align="center" \| 23 June \| [[Páirc na hÉireann, West Midlands\|Páirc na hÉireann]], [[Solihull]] \| Warwickshire \| 3-08 \| Louth \| 1-22 \|- align="center" \| 30 June \| [[Dowdallshill]] \| Louth \| 0-17 \| Cavan \| 0-7 \|- align="center" \| 7 July \| [[Kingspan Breffni Park]], [[Cavan]] \| Cavan \| 0-07 \| Warwickshire \| 2-15 \|} {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! Table ! P ! W ! D ! L ! F ! A ! +/- ! Pts \|- align="center" style="background:#ccffcc;" \| '''Louth''' \| 2 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1-39 \| 3-15 \| +18 \| 4 \|- align="center" style="background:#ccffcc;" \| '''Warwickshire''' \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| 5-23 \| 1-29 \| +6 \| 2 \|- align="center" \| '''Cavan''' \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0-14 \| 2-32 \| -24 \| 0 \|} ==Knockout stage== === Quarter-finals === {{footballbox \| date = 14 July 2007 \| round = Quarter-final \| score = 2–19 — 1–09 \| report = \| team1 = [[File:Colours_of_Armagh.svg\|border\|20x20px]] [[Armagh county hurling team\|Armagh]] \| goals1 = \| team2 = [[File:Colours_of_Tyrone.svg\|border\|20x20px]] [[Tyrone county hurling team\|Tyrone]] \| goals2 = \| stadium = [[Keady]] \| referee = \| event = \| time = \| score1 = \| score2 = \| attendance = \| location = [[Armagh]] }}{{footballbox \| date = 14 July 2007 \| round = Quarter-final \| score = 2–14 — 2–08 \| report = \| team1 = [[File:Colours_of_Donegal.svg\|border\|20x20px]] [[Donegal county hurling team\|Donegal]] \| goals1 = \| team2 = [[File:Colours_of_Longford.svg\|border\|20x20px]] [[Longford county hurling team\|Longford]] \| goals2 = \| stadium = [[O'Donnell Park]] \| referee = \| event = \| time = \| score1 = \| score2 = \| attendance = \| location = [[Letterkenny]] }}{{footballbox \| date = 14 July 2007 \| round = Quarter-final \| score = 4–25 — 1–03 \| report = \| team1 = [[File:Colours_of_Louth.svg\|border\|20x20px]] [[Louth county hurling team\|Louth]] \| goals1 = \| team2 = [[File:Colours_of_Warwickshire.svg\|border\|20x20px]] Warwickshire \| goals2 = \| stadium = [[Drogheda]] \| referee = \| event = \| time = \| score1 = \| score2 = \| attendance = \| location = }}{{footballbox \| date = 14 July 2007 \| round = Quarter-final \| score = 4–20 — 1–08 \| report = \| team1 = [[File:Colours_of_Roscommon.svg\|border\|20x20px]] [[Roscommon county hurling team\|Roscommon]] \| goals1 = \| team2 = [[File:Colours_of_Monaghan.svg\|border\|20x20px]] [[Monaghan county hurling team\|Monaghan]] \| goals2 = \| stadium = [[Athleague]] \| referee = \| event = \| time = \| score1 = \| score2 = \| attendance = \| location = }} === Semi-finals === {{footballbox \| date = 21 July 2007 \| round = Semi-final \| score = 3–28 — 2–10 \| report = \| team1 = [[File:Colours_of_Armagh.svg\|border\|20x20px]] [[Armagh county hurling team\|Armagh]] \| goals1 = \| team2 = [[File:Colours_of_Donegal.svg\|border\|20x20px]] [[Donegal county hurling team\|Donegal]] \| goals2 = \| stadium = [[Keady]] \| referee = \| event = \| time = \| score1 = \| score2 = \| attendance = \| location = [[Armagh]] }}{{footballbox \| date = 21 July 2007 \| round = Semi-final \| score = 0–05 — 2–13 \| report = \| team1 = [[File:Colours_of_Louth.svg\|border\|20x20px]] [[Louth county hurling team\|Louth]] \| goals1 = \| team2 = [[File:Colours_of_Roscommon.svg\|border\|20x20px]] [[Roscommon county hurling team\|Roscommon]] \| goals2 = \| stadium = [[Drogheda]] \| referee = \| event = \| time = \| score1 = \| score2 = \| attendance = \| location = }} === Nicky Rackard Cup Final === {{Main\|2007 Nicky Rackard Cup final}} {{footballbox \| date = 12 August 2007 \| round = Final \| score = 0–13 — 1–12 \| report = https://www.gaaroscommon.ie/county/history/roll-of-honour/ \| team1 = [[File:Colours_of_Armagh.svg\|border\|20x20px]] [[Armagh county hurling team\|Armagh]] \| goals1 = \| team2 = [[File:Colours_of_Roscommon.svg\|border\|20x20px]] [[Roscommon county hurling team\|Roscommon]] \| goals2 = \| stadium = [[Croke Park]] \| referee = \| event = \| time = \| score1 = \| score2 = \| attendance = \| location = [[Dublin]] }} * [[Roscommon county hurling team\|Roscommon]] and [[Armagh county hurling team\|Armagh]] are promoted to the [[2008 Christy Ring Cup]].<ref>{{cite web \|date=5 June 2015 \|title=Preview: Nicky Rackard Cup Final \|url=https://www.gaa.ie/search/crawl/news/preview-nicky-rackard-cup-final-110835 \|access-date=1 November 2023 \|website=GAA.IE \|publisher=Gaelic Athletic Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Roll of Honour \|url=https://www.gaaroscommon.ie/county/history/roll-of-honour/ \|access-date=1 November 2023 \|website=GAARosscommon.IE \|publisher=Club Rossie}}</ref> ==See also== * [[2007 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship]] * [[2007 Ulster Senior Hurling Championship]] * [[2007 Christy Ring Cup]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Nicky Rackard Cup\|width=75%}} [[Category:2007 in hurling\|Nicky Rackard Cup]] [[Category:Nicky Rackard Cup]]	1,225,329,423	[{"title": "", "data": {"\u2190 2006 (Previous)": "(Next) 2008 \u2192"}}]	false
# History of the Catholic Church in Cuba Christopher Columbus, on his first Spanish-sponsored voyage to the Americas in 1492, sailed south from what is now the Bahamas to explore the northeast coast of Cuba and the northern coast of Hispaniola. Columbus, who was searching for a route to India, believed Cuba to be a peninsula of the Asian mainland. The first sighting of a Spanish ship approaching Cuba was on 28 October 1492, probably at Bariay, Holguín Province, on the eastern point of Cuba. During a second voyage in 1494, Columbus passed along the south coast of the island, landing at various inlets including what was to become Guantánamo Bay. With the Papal Bull of 1493, Pope Alexander VI commanded Spain to conquer, colonize and convert the pagans of the New World to Catholicism. In 1992, Cuba declared itself a secular state and permitted Catholics and others to join the Communist Party. However, religious schools have remained closed since the early 1960s. ## Before the Revolution Historically, the foundations of the Catholic Church in Cuba were considered weaker than in the rest of Latin America. Spanish colonial authorities neglected Cuba and the local church served as "a colonial backwater dumping ground for miscreant clerics". The church also struggled with anti-clericalism in Cuba, further encouraged by the growth of Freemason circles and Protestant churches, many of them of anti-Catholic outlook. The role of the Catholic Church recovered in the late 16th century - the church became the main agency of welfare and education on the island, attempted to mediate conflicts, offered priesthood as a possibility for socioeconomic mobility to poor Cubans, and contributed towards founding Cuban national identity; many Catholic priests played an important role in the Cuban independence movement, such as Félix Varela. The peak of the Cuban Catholic Church as a social force was in the 1920s and 1930s, and many Catholic organisations and movements were established in that period, such as the la Juventud Cubana in 1927, Acciön Catölica in 1928, Caballeros Catölicos in 1929 and Agrupaciön Catölica Universitaria in 1931. As political parties of Marxist outlook and labour unions became common in the Cuban society, the Church established competing parties and trade unions to promote Catholic social doctrine instead. As Fulgencio Batista came to power in Cuba through his 1952 coup, the response of the Catholic Church was negative, as "many religious leaders had judged the regime of Fulgencio Batista as unconstitutional, and were sick of finding bullet-ridden bodies in the streets". The church focused on evangelizing and assisting the rural population and urban lower classes, while also making humanitarian interventions on behalf of Batista's political opponents. The most famous instance of the church's intervention was the intercession of Enrique Pérez Serantes on behalf of Fidel Castro, following his failed attack on the Moncada barracks in 1953. Serantes made a public appeal to spare Castro and other perpetrators, and to give them as lenient sentences possible. According to Philip Rulon, this "was interpreted to mean that the majority church was sympathetic to the revolutionary movement" by the Cubans. As the insurrection against Batista's regime escalated, the church attempted to mediate the conflict. Cuban cardinal Manuel Arteaga y Betancourt proposed a peace plan in 1956, ignored by the insurrectionists and the Batista regime alike. Afterwards the church hierarchy assumed an ambiguously pro-rebel stance, urging them to minimize violence while also criticizing Batista for his suppression of democracy. Cuban Catholics vigorously participated in the 26th of July Movement; many clerics and Catholic youth organised strikes and demonstrations, while also raising money for the insurrection. Members of Catholic social movements often joined the rebels, such as Manuel Artime. Already in 1956, as many as eleven chaplains were amongst anti-Batista rebels in the Oriente mountains. Priests who were part of the revolutionary movement wore "fatigue-green clerical apparel and accompanied the revolutionary band on as many of their missions as possible". Many of the revolutionary priests were Basque refugees from Spain, already "accustomed to political turmoil". The presence of Catholic clergy amongst the rebels provided a more moderate image of the rebels to the general population, as Castro countered the allegations of being a communist "by asserting that all the leader's men were good Catholics, and he even had several priests counted his forces". In addition, other Catholic priests indirectly assisted the rebels, requesting their parishioners to donate to the revolutionary movement, while also often serving as "recruiting officers". Both Batista and Castro acknowledged the contribution of the church towards the eventual revolution; Batista commented that he resigned "because of the opposition of the hacendados, colonos, the army and the church". Meanwhile, Castro declared that Cuban Catholics had given the revolution "very substantial assistance". ## Fidel Castro After the 1959 revolution, Cuba officially embraced atheism. Practicing Catholics and other believers were viewed with suspicion and discriminated against. Fidel Castro succeeded in reducing the Church's ability to work by deporting the archbishop and 150 Spanish priests, discriminating against Catholics in public life and education and refusing to accept them as members of the Communist Party of Cuba. The subsequent flight of 300,000 people from the island also helped to diminish the Church there. As the revolutionary regime came to power in January 1959, it enjoyed popular support and produced both revolutionary and nationalist sentiment. Following the revolution, the new regime was supported by the clergy, even if the degree varied. Enrique Pérez Serantes, the Archbishop of Santiago, called Castro an "exceptionally gifted man" and welcomed the new regime, while a progressive Franciscan magazine La Quincena celebrated the success of the revolution. At the same time, the church tried to discourage the revolutionary leaders from any affiliation with the Soviet Union. Over twenty letters were written by Cuban bishops between 1959 and 1961, urging the Castro regime to embrace a "Catholic form of socialism". Catholic magazines condemned Soviet communism as 'atheistic' while promoting papal criticism of capitalism, individualism and materialism, portraying Catholic social doctrine as a "third way" between the two opposing factions of the Cold War. A February 1959 issue of La Quincena was critical of the Cuban Communist Party, but praised the "social thought" of Castro and the leaders of the 26th July Movement. The magazine warned that the Communist Party was infiltrating worker unions and syndicates, such as the CTC. Even conservative Catholic newspapers such as Diario de la Marina cautiously embraced the revolution, praising "honest administration, and healthy and appropriate nationalism" of the revolutionary regime and declaring their support for it as long as it respected "Christian values" and acted within the boundaries of the Constitution of 1940. As Fidel Castro visited the United States in April 1959, he reassured Vice President Richard Nixon that he was not a communist and only wished to pursue moderate reforms. Despite that, the Agrarian Reform Law was very extensive in scope, limiting land ownership to 1000 acres and nationalising larger holdings, which were later reorganised into state cooperatives. Nevertheless, the Bishop of Havana Evelio Díaz-Cía endorsed the reform as aligned with the Catholic teachings of social justice, while bishop Alberto Martín y Villaverde urged the government to "exercise a special preference on behalf of the rural peasants" in the reform, while describing the pre-revolutionary inequality of property and wealth in Cuba as a "grave evil". Despite the initial support of the revolution, tensions started emerging between the new regime and the Catholic Church in late 1959. As the regime consolidated its power and took control of mass organisations, a break with both the United States and the Catholic Church in favour of a political realignment seemed inevitable. Despite previously supporting the land reform, Enrique Pérez Serantes now expressed concerns that it was going too far and pressured the regime to carry out a reform "in harmony with interested parties" instead. The climax of tensions between Castro and the clergy was marked by the National Catholic Congress on 30 November 1959. During the congress, the attendees carried pictures of Our Lady of Charity, seen as "a quintessential symbol of Cuban identity". Bishops present asked Castro to let Catholicism provide "guiding ethical and moral values for the revolution", while José Ignacio Lazaga, the leader of the Catholic Youth Movement, said: "We believe that Catholic thinking on this subject can be summed up in this phrase: totalitarian states, no: social justice, yes." Fidel Castro denounced the Congress, accusing it of being a facade for attacks on the revolution. The clergy was emboldened by the large turnout of the congress. Pérez Serantes considered it proof of Cubans being "Catholic people in the immense majority", although the large attendance could have also been caused by popular political anxiety about the direction of the revolution, in addition to support for Catholicism. Castro started harshly criticising the clergy, denouncing the clerical elite as "ambitious, egotistical, retrograde and predatory". The ideological clash between the Catholic Church and the revolutionary regime was particularly visible among the youth, where Catholic and Communist youth organisations strongly competed with each other. First violent confrontations between the revolutionary regime and the Catholic Church took place in July 1960, wounding several people, including a priest. In response, Bishop Eduardo Boza-Masvidal publicly attacked the regime for persecution of Catholics. However, Catholic newspapers remained relatively friendly, and La Quincena stated that Catholics of Cuba must upkeep the Christian elements within the revolution, praising it as "the first revolution that was inspired by Christian motives". In August 1960, Fidel Castro denounced the Catholic Church for "systematic provocations" against the government, and further repressions followed. By September of the same year, all Catholic-aligned radio and televisions programmes had been shut down, and revolutionary militia took over Catholic seminaries, schools and several churches in January 1961. The year of 1961 was marked by harshest suppression, as the Cuban government sought Soviet assistance against a possible attack from the USA. As the relations with the United States deteriorated and Soviet influence steadily increased, Castro's conflict with the Catholic Church happened amongst the sovietization of the Cuban revolution and other concessions to the Soviet Union, such as the legalisation of the Communist Party and expulsion of the American embassy's personnel in January 1961. In March 1961, Castro called the church "the fifth column of counterrevolution" and threatened to expel all Spanish priests from Cuba. Following the Bay of Pigs Invasion in April, the government closed all churches and detained most of the Catholic priests and bishops. Catholic colleges were nationalised, and religious orders were systematically expelled, with Jesuits and Carmelites being expelled in June. Final climax of the conflict took place in September 1961, as the military opened fire on a Catholic ceremony on 10 September, killing a Catholic youth member Arnaldo Socorro Sánchez. On the 1st of December, Fidel Castro declared that the official ideology of Cuba would be Marxism-Leninism, therefore embracing state atheism. ## 1970s and onwards Following the crackdown on the church in 1961, a massive exodus of both the clergy and laymen followed, with as much as 70 percent of Catholic priests and 90 percent of Catholic laypersons eventually emigrating from Cuba. The departure was encouraged by both the international community and the American Catholic Church. The exodus not only greatly diminished the church's presence on the island, but also inflamed tensions between those who emigrated and those who stayed. The remaining Catholics felt abandoned and left alone to deal with an increasingly hostile regime, while the emigrees often accused those who stayed of being collaborators. The remnant of the Catholic Church on Cuba withdrew from many sectors of operation such as education and healthcare, and turned into "a shelter, conserving the familiar, and shutting out the pervasive change". Catholics were discriminated in schools and in the workplace, and continued to be persecuted for "counterrevolutionary authorities", although no explicitly anti-religious campaign was mounted. The church steered clear of any conflict with the revolutionary government, and advised the remaining Cuban bishops to avoid any possible tensions. In 1961, Pope John XXIII sent Cesare Zacchi as a papal representative to Cuba, and attempted to reestablish relations with the local government. The government allowed Pope's Pacem in terris to be published in Cuba, and in 1963, the clergy was allowed to hold a requiem mass for the deceased pope in the Havana Cathedral. Afterwards, some Cuban priests started returning, while new clerics from countries such as France and Belgium also arrived in Cuba. The government persecution gradually diminished in mid-1960s, and the church focused on internal reforms. The church was to become "the vanguard of the for justice worldwide", and the local clergy promoted positive aspects of the Cuban Revolution. By late 1960s, the relations between the church and the government improved enough to allow for dialogue. The leader of Acciön Catölica, Mateo Jover, observed that now every Catholic who "has a certain cultural level, practices some professional activity, and is scrupulously zealous in performing his work duties... is not only tolerated but respected." The pastoral letters of Cuban bishops from 1969 condemned the United States embargo against Cuba, urged Catholics to cooperate with the government on the matter of common good, and assured that "cooperation with Marxists for the betterment of Cuban society was legitimate". These letters served to reinsert the church into the Cuban political system, reform the church along the developments of the Second Vatican Council, answer the growing progressive trends, legitimatise Christian socialism and promote ecumenical dialogue. However, the church never reestablished itself beyond its now marginalised position, as the clergy focused on improving relations with the government rather than rebuilding Catholic influence on politics and society. Nevertheless, the advances of progressive Catholics did challenge the Marxist government to reconsider their antireligious outlook, resulting in enhanced liberty of worship and "increasing admission that church people could contribute to the betterment of Cuban society." With this, Cuban Catholics were encouraged to take a more active role in the Cuban society, and examine the revolution. The revolution was praised for contributing to the "new man" that would be committed to common good instead of individual objectives, and socialism was to be accepted as a solution to chronic socioeconomic injustice. According to the interviews of Cuban seminarians in San Carlos and San Ambrosio Seminary throughout 1970s and 1980s, most new clergymen came from irreligious families and sought "a more transcendental explanation of life than that provided by atheistic materialism". Most seminarians also felt a "strong obligation to infuse Cuban society with Christian ideals" and found "evangelization and participation in the Revolution" necessary. The amendments to the Cuban constitution in 1971 and 1976 reinstated and reaffirmed religious freedom in Cuba. In its 1978 party platform, the Communist Party of Cuba declared that both religious and irreligious were to have equal rights and responsibilities, while also stating opposition to antireligious campaigns and "administrative measures against religion". The platform also celebrated the "increasing support of Christians for liberation movements". The Second Party Congress in 1980 allowed for and voiced the need for strategic alliances between Christians and Marxists. The concept of strategic alliance between Christianity and Marxism in Cuba was also suggested by Fidel Castro, during his 1972 speech to Christians for Socialism in Chile: When we look to history we see evolution. There was a time when the Christian religion, which used to be the religion of the slaves, became the religion of the emperors, of the court, the religion of patricians. As we go further into history, we see how men have made serious mistakes in the name of religion. I'm not going to talk about how men made even worse mistakes in their role as politicians. It was on the basis of such realities that I said we had to fight together to achieve these aims for, I ask where do the contradictions between Christian teachings and socialist teachings lie? Where? We both wish to struggle on behalf of man for the welfare of man, for the happiness of man. Castro reaffirmed this stance in his speech to Jamaican Council of Churches in 1977, stating that "are no contradictions between the aims of religion and the aims of socialism". Castro clarified that while public education in Cuba was to have "an orientation that opposes the religious view in the fields of philosophy or history", he does not oppose the import of religious publications to Cuba and would finance individual churches if the local community requested one. He claimed that the Cuban revolution was unique in that it had "few conflicts with religion", which he ascribed to the "astuteness of church leaders, the growing number of progressive Christians, as well as to the desire of the Cuban government not to present the Revolution as an enemy of religion."	enwiki/25543369	enwiki	25,543,369	History of the Catholic Church in Cuba	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Cuba	2025-06-04T01:41:03Z	en	Q16828535	122,555	{{short description\|none}} [[Christopher Columbus]], on his first Spanish-sponsored voyage to the Americas in 1492, sailed south from what is now the [[The Bahamas\|Bahamas]] to explore the northeast coast of [[Cuba]] and the northern coast of [[Hispaniola]]. Columbus, who was searching for a [[Age of Discovery#Overview\|route to India]], believed Cuba to be a peninsula of the Asian mainland.<ref>{{Cite book \|title=The Worlds of Christopher Columbus \|author=Carla Rahn Phillips \|edition=reprint, illustrated \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|year=1993 \|isbn=978-0-521-44652-5 \|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tVAxgY0sUpEC&pg=RA2-PA205 205] \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVAxgY0sUpEC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|title=Early Mapping of Southeast Asia \|author=Thomas Suarez \|publisher=Tuttle Publishing \|year=1999 \|isbn=978-962-593-470-9 \|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7ZMAbv_jAC&pg=PA109 109] \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7ZMAbv_jAC }}</ref> The first sighting of a Spanish ship approaching Cuba was on 28 October 1492, probably at Bariay, [[Holguín Province]], on the eastern point of Cuba.<ref name="Gott">[[Richard Gott\|Gott, Richard]] (2004). ''Cuba: A new history''. Yale University Press. Chapter 5.</ref> During a second voyage in 1494, Columbus passed along the south coast of the island, landing at various inlets including what was to become [[Guantánamo Bay]]. With the [[Inter caetera\|Papal Bull of 1493]], [[Pope Alexander VI]] commanded Spain to conquer, colonize and convert the [[Paganism\|pagans]] of the [[New World]] to [[Catholic Church\|Catholicism]].<ref>Bakewell, Peter. ''A History of Latin America''. Blackwell Publishers. pp. 129–130.</ref> In 1992, Cuba declared itself a secular state and permitted Catholics and others to join the Communist Party. However, religious schools have remained closed since the early 1960s. ==Before the Revolution== Historically, the foundations of the Catholic Church in Cuba were considered weaker than in the rest of [[Latin America]]. Spanish colonial authorities neglected Cuba and the local church served as "a colonial backwater dumping ground for miscreant clerics".<ref name="crahan">{{cite journal \|last=Crahan \|first=Margaret E. \|year=1989 \|title=Catholicism in Cuba \|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24487075 \|journal=Cuban Studies \|volume=19 \|pages=3–24}}</ref> The church also struggled with [[anti-clericalism]] in Cuba, further encouraged by the growth of [[Freemasonry\|Freemason]] circles and Protestant churches, many of them of [[anti-catholicism\|anti-Catholic]] outlook.<ref name="crahan"/> The role of the Catholic Church recovered in the late 16th century - the church became the main agency of welfare and education on the island, attempted to mediate conflicts, offered [[priesthood]] as a possibility for socioeconomic mobility to poor Cubans, and contributed towards founding Cuban national identity; many Catholic priests played an important role in the Cuban independence movement, such as [[Félix Varela]].<ref name="crahan"/> The peak of the Cuban Catholic Church as a social force was in the 1920s and 1930s, and many Catholic organisations and movements were established in that period, such as the ''la Juventud Cubana'' in 1927, ''Acciön Catölica'' in 1928, ''Caballeros Catölicos'' in 1929 and ''Agrupaciön Catölica Universitaria'' in 1931. As political parties of Marxist outlook and labour unions became common in the Cuban society, the Church established competing parties and trade unions to promote [[Catholic social teaching\|Catholic social doctrine]] instead.<ref name="crahan"/> As [[Fulgencio Batista]] came to power in Cuba through his [[1952 Cuban coup d'état\|1952 coup]], the response of the Catholic Church was negative, as "many religious leaders had judged the regime of Fulgencio Batista as unconstitutional, and were sick of finding bullet-ridden bodies in the streets".<ref name="rulon">{{cite journal \|last=Rulon \|first=Philip R. \|date=February 5, 1967 \|title=For the Cross and Fatherland: A Brief Study of Fidel Castro's Struggle with the Cuban Churches, 1959-1961 \|url=https://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/index.php/OAS/article/view/4537 \|journal=Social Studies \|volume=47 \|pages=337–342}}</ref> The church focused on evangelizing and assisting the rural population and urban lower classes, while also making humanitarian interventions on behalf of Batista's political opponents.<ref name="crahan"/> The most famous instance of the church's intervention was the intercession of {{ill\|Enrique Pérez Serantes\|es\|Enrique Pérez Serantes}} on behalf of [[Fidel Castro]], following his [[Attack on the Moncada Barracks\|failed attack on the Moncada barracks in 1953]]. Serantes made a public appeal to spare Castro and other perpetrators, and to give them as lenient sentences possible.<ref name="rulon"/> According to Philip Rulon, this "was interpreted to mean that the majority church was sympathetic to the revolutionary movement" by the Cubans.<ref name="rulon"/> As the [[26th of July Movement\|insurrection against Batista's regime]] escalated, the church attempted to mediate the conflict.<ref name="crahan"/> Cuban cardinal [[Manuel Arteaga y Betancourt]] proposed a peace plan in 1956, ignored by the insurrectionists and the Batista regime alike. Afterwards the church hierarchy assumed an ambiguously pro-rebel stance, urging them to minimize violence while also criticizing Batista for his suppression of democracy. Cuban Catholics vigorously participated in the [[26th of July Movement]]; many clerics and Catholic youth organised strikes and demonstrations, while also raising money for the insurrection. Members of Catholic social movements often joined the rebels, such as [[Manuel Artime]]. Already in 1956, as many as eleven chaplains were amongst anti-Batista rebels in the [[Oriente Province\|Oriente mountains]]. Priests who were part of the revolutionary movement wore "fatigue-green clerical apparel and accompanied the revolutionary band on as many of their missions as possible".<ref name="rulon"/> Many of the revolutionary priests were Basque refugees from Spain, already "accustomed to political turmoil".<ref name="rulon"/> The presence of Catholic clergy amongst the rebels provided a more moderate image of the rebels to the general population, as Castro countered the allegations of being a communist "by asserting that all the leader's men were good Catholics, and he even had several priests counted his forces".<ref name="rulon"/> In addition, other Catholic priests indirectly assisted the rebels, requesting their parishioners to donate to the revolutionary movement, while also often serving as "recruiting officers".<ref name="rulon"/> Both Batista and Castro acknowledged the contribution of the church towards the eventual revolution; Batista commented that he resigned "because of the opposition of the ''hacendados'', colonos, the army and the church".<ref name="crahan"/> Meanwhile, Castro declared that Cuban Catholics had given the revolution "very substantial assistance".<ref name="crahan"/> ==Fidel Castro== After the 1959 revolution, Cuba officially embraced [[atheism]]. Practicing Catholics and other believers were viewed with suspicion and discriminated against. [[Fidel Castro]] succeeded in reducing the Church's ability to work by deporting the [[archbishop]] and 150 Spanish priests, discriminating against Catholics in public life and education and refusing to accept them as members of the [[Communist Party of Cuba]].<ref name="Chadwick266"/> The subsequent flight of 300,000 people from the island also helped to diminish the Church there.<ref name="Chadwick266">Chadwick, ''A History of Christianity'' (1995), p. 266</ref> As the revolutionary regime came to power in January 1959, it enjoyed popular support and produced both revolutionary and nationalist sentiment.<ref name="Holbrook">{{cite journal \|last=Holbrook \|first=Joseph \|year=2010 \|title=The Catholic Church in Cuba, 1959-62: The Clash of Ideologies \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41945906 \|journal=International Journal of Cuban Studies \|volume=2 \|issue=3/4 \|pages=264–275}}</ref> Following the revolution, the new regime was supported by the clergy, even if the degree varied. {{ill\|Enrique Pérez Serantes\|es\|Enrique Pérez Serantes}}, the Archbishop of Santiago, called Castro an "exceptionally gifted man" and welcomed the new regime, while a progressive [[Franciscans\|Franciscan]] magazine ''La Quincena'' celebrated the success of the revolution.<ref name="Holbrook"/> At the same time, the church tried to discourage the revolutionary leaders from any affiliation with the [[Soviet Union]]. Over twenty letters were written by Cuban bishops between 1959 and 1961, urging the Castro regime to embrace a "Catholic form of socialism".<ref name="Holbrook"/> Catholic magazines condemned Soviet communism as 'atheistic' while promoting papal criticism of capitalism, individualism and materialism, portraying [[Catholic social teaching\|Catholic social doctrine]] as a "third way" between the two opposing factions of the [[Cold War]]. A February 1959 issue of ''La Quincena'' was critical of the [[Cuban Communist Party]], but praised the "social thought" of Castro and the leaders of the 26th July Movement.<ref name="Holbrook"/> The magazine warned that the Communist Party was infiltrating worker unions and syndicates, such as the [[Workers' Central Union of Cuba\|CTC]]. Even conservative Catholic newspapers such as ''Diario de la Marina'' cautiously embraced the revolution, praising "honest administration, and healthy and appropriate nationalism" of the revolutionary regime and declaring their support for it as long as it respected "Christian values" and acted within the boundaries of the [[1940 Constitution of Cuba\|Constitution of 1940]].<ref name="Holbrook"/> As Fidel Castro visited the United States in April 1959, he reassured [[Vice President of the United States\|Vice President]] [[Richard Nixon]] that he was not a communist and only wished to pursue moderate reforms. Despite that, the [[Agrarian reforms in Cuba\|Agrarian Reform Law]] was very extensive in scope, limiting land ownership to 1000 acres and nationalising larger holdings, which were later reorganised into state cooperatives.<ref name="Holbrook"/> Nevertheless, the Bishop of Havana [[Evelio Díaz-Cía]] endorsed the reform as aligned with the Catholic teachings of social justice, while bishop [[Alberto Martín y Villaverde]] urged the government to "exercise a special preference on behalf of the rural peasants" in the reform, while describing the pre-revolutionary inequality of property and wealth in Cuba as a "grave evil".<ref name="Holbrook"/> Despite the initial support of the revolution, tensions started emerging between the new regime and the Catholic Church in late 1959. As the regime consolidated its power and took control of mass organisations, a break with both the United States and the Catholic Church in favour of a political realignment seemed inevitable.<ref name="Holbrook"/> Despite previously supporting the land reform, Enrique Pérez Serantes now expressed concerns that it was going too far and pressured the regime to carry out a reform "in harmony with interested parties" instead. The climax of tensions between Castro and the clergy was marked by the National Catholic Congress on 30 November 1959.<ref name="Holbrook"/><ref name=googlenews>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1870&dat=19591130&id=Cn0oAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EcoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=838,5280694 "Cubans Roar Approval as Communism Is Condemned", ''Daytona Beach Morning Journal'', November 30, 1959]</ref> During the congress, the attendees carried pictures of [[Our Lady of Charity]], seen as "a quintessential symbol of Cuban identity".<ref name="Holbrook"/><ref name=Montgomery>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2015/09/22/why-the-iconic-virgin-of-charity-means-so-much-to-cubans-and-pope-francis/ Montgomery, David. "Why the iconic Virgin of Charity means so much to Cubans and Pope Francis", ''The Washington Post'', September 22, 2015]</ref> Bishops present asked Castro to let Catholicism provide "guiding ethical and moral values for the revolution", while José Ignacio Lazaga, the leader of the Catholic Youth Movement, said: "We believe that Catholic thinking on this subject can be summed up in this phrase: totalitarian states, no: social justice, yes." Fidel Castro denounced the Congress, accusing it of being a facade for attacks on the revolution.<ref name="Holbrook"/><ref name=googlenews/> The clergy was emboldened by the large turnout of the congress. Pérez Serantes considered it proof of Cubans being "Catholic people in the immense majority", although the large attendance could have also been caused by popular political anxiety about the direction of the revolution, in addition to support for Catholicism.<ref name="Holbrook"/> Castro started harshly criticising the clergy, denouncing the clerical elite as "ambitious, egotistical, retrograde and predatory". The ideological clash between the Catholic Church and the revolutionary regime was particularly visible among the youth, where Catholic and Communist youth organisations strongly competed with each other. First violent confrontations between the revolutionary regime and the Catholic Church took place in July 1960, wounding several people, including a priest. In response, Bishop [[Eduardo Boza-Masvidal]] publicly attacked the regime for persecution of Catholics.<ref name="Holbrook"/> However, Catholic newspapers remained relatively friendly, and ''La Quincena'' stated that Catholics of Cuba must upkeep the Christian elements within the revolution, praising it as "the first revolution that was inspired by Christian motives".<ref name="Holbrook"/> In August 1960, Fidel Castro denounced the Catholic Church for "systematic provocations" against the government, and further repressions followed. By September of the same year, all Catholic-aligned radio and televisions programmes had been shut down, and revolutionary militia took over Catholic seminaries, schools and several churches in January 1961.<ref name="Holbrook"/> The year of 1961 was marked by harshest suppression, as the Cuban government sought Soviet assistance against a possible attack from the USA. As the relations with the United States deteriorated and Soviet influence steadily increased, Castro's conflict with the Catholic Church happened amongst the [[sovietization]] of the Cuban revolution and other concessions to the Soviet Union, such as the legalisation of the [[Communist Party of Cuba\|Communist Party]] and expulsion of the American embassy's personnel in January 1961.<ref name="Holbrook"/><ref name="White">White, Mark J. (1997) Missiles in Cuba: Kennedy, Khrushchev, Castro and the 1962 Crisis. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, Inc</ref> In March 1961, Castro called the church "the fifth column of counterrevolution" and threatened to expel all Spanish priests from Cuba. Following the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] in April, the government closed all churches and detained most of the Catholic priests and bishops. Catholic colleges were nationalised, and religious orders were systematically expelled, with [[Jesuits]] and [[Carmelites]] being expelled in June.<ref name="Holbrook"/> Final climax of the conflict took place in September 1961, as the military opened fire on a Catholic ceremony on 10 September, killing a Catholic youth member Arnaldo Socorro Sánchez.<ref name="Holbrook"/><ref name=cubabrief>[https://www.cubacenter.org/archives/2020/11/10/cubabrief-cuban-communist-partys-war-on-religion-measured-by-destroyed-churches-jailed-pastors-and-jewish-children-barred-from-wearing-their-kippahs Center for a Free Cuba. "CubaBrief: Cuban Communist Party's War on Religion measured by Destroyed Churches, Jailed Pastors, and Jewish Children Barred from Wearing their Kippahs", ''CubaBrief'', November 10, 2020]</ref> On the 1st of December, Fidel Castro declared that the official ideology of Cuba would be [[Marxism-Leninism]], therefore embracing [[state atheism]].<ref name="Holbrook"/> ==1970s and onwards== Following the crackdown on the church in 1961, a massive exodus of both the clergy and laymen followed, with as much as 70 percent of Catholic priests and 90 percent of Catholic laypersons eventually emigrating from Cuba. The departure was encouraged by both the international community and the [[Catholic Church in the United States\|American Catholic Church]]. The exodus not only greatly diminished the church's presence on the island, but also inflamed tensions between those who emigrated and those who stayed.<ref name="crahan"/> The remaining Catholics felt abandoned and left alone to deal with an increasingly hostile regime, while the emigrees often accused those who stayed of being collaborators.<ref name="crahan"/> The remnant of the Catholic Church on Cuba withdrew from many sectors of operation such as education and healthcare, and turned into "a shelter, conserving the familiar, and shutting out the pervasive change".<ref name="crahan"/> Catholics were discriminated in schools and in the workplace, and continued to be persecuted for "counterrevolutionary authorities", although no explicitly anti-religious campaign was mounted.<ref name="crahan"/> The church steered clear of any conflict with the revolutionary government, and advised the remaining Cuban bishops to avoid any possible tensions. In 1961, [[Pope John XXIII]] sent [[Cesare Zacchi]] as a papal representative to Cuba, and attempted to reestablish relations with the local government. The government allowed Pope's [[Pacem in terris]] to be published in Cuba, and in 1963, the clergy was allowed to hold a [[requiem\|requiem mass]] for the deceased pope in the [[Havana Cathedral]]. Afterwards, some Cuban priests started returning, while new clerics from countries such as France and Belgium also arrived in Cuba.<ref name="crahan"/> The government persecution gradually diminished in mid-1960s, and the church focused on internal reforms. The church was to become "the vanguard of the for justice worldwide", and the local clergy promoted positive aspects of the [[Cuban Revolution]]. By late 1960s, the relations between the church and the government improved enough to allow for dialogue. The leader of ''Acciön Catölica'', Mateo Jover, observed that now every Catholic who "has a certain cultural level, practices some professional activity, and is scrupulously zealous in performing his work duties... is not only tolerated but respected."<ref name="crahan"/> The pastoral letters of Cuban bishops from 1969 condemned the [[United States embargo against Cuba]], urged Catholics to cooperate with the government on the matter of common good, and assured that "cooperation with Marxists for the betterment of Cuban society was legitimate".<ref name="crahan"/> These letters served to reinsert the church into the Cuban political system, reform the church along the developments of the [[Second Vatican Council]], answer the growing progressive trends, legitimatise [[Christian socialism]] and promote ecumenical dialogue. However, the church never reestablished itself beyond its now marginalised position, as the clergy focused on improving relations with the government rather than rebuilding Catholic influence on politics and society. Nevertheless, the advances of progressive Catholics did challenge the Marxist government to reconsider their antireligious outlook, resulting in enhanced liberty of worship and "increasing admission that church people could contribute to the betterment of Cuban society."<ref name="crahan"/> With this, Cuban Catholics were encouraged to take a more active role in the Cuban society, and examine the revolution. The revolution was praised for contributing to the "new man" that would be committed to common good instead of individual objectives, and socialism was to be accepted as a solution to chronic socioeconomic injustice.<ref name="crahan"/> According to the interviews of Cuban seminarians in [[San Carlos and San Ambrosio Seminary]] throughout 1970s and 1980s, most new clergymen came from irreligious families and sought "a more transcendental explanation of life than that provided by atheistic materialism". Most seminarians also felt a "strong obligation to infuse Cuban society with Christian ideals" and found "evangelization and participation in the Revolution" necessary.<ref name="crahan"/> The amendments to the Cuban constitution in 1971 and 1976 reinstated and reaffirmed religious freedom in Cuba. In its 1978 party platform, the [[Communist Party of Cuba]] declared that both religious and irreligious were to have equal rights and responsibilities, while also stating opposition to antireligious campaigns and "administrative measures against religion".<ref name="crahan"/> The platform also celebrated the "increasing support of Christians for liberation movements".<ref name="crahan"/> The Second Party Congress in 1980 allowed for and voiced the need for strategic alliances between Christians and Marxists. The concept of strategic alliance between Christianity and Marxism in Cuba was also suggested by Fidel Castro, during his 1972 speech to [[Christians for Socialism]] in Chile: {{blockquote\|When we look to history we see evolution. There was a time when the Christian religion, which used to be the religion of the slaves, became the religion of the emperors, of the court, the religion of patricians. As we go further into history, we see how men have made serious mistakes in the name of religion. I'm not going to talk about how men made even worse mistakes in their role as politicians. It was on the basis of such realities that I said we had to fight together to achieve these aims for, I ask where do the contradictions between Christian teachings and socialist teachings lie? Where? We both wish to struggle on behalf of man for the welfare of man, for the happiness of man.<ref name="crahan"/>}} Castro reaffirmed this stance in his speech to Jamaican Council of Churches in 1977, stating that "are no contradictions between the aims of religion and the aims of socialism".<ref name="crahan"/> Castro clarified that while public education in Cuba was to have "an orientation that opposes the religious view in the fields of philosophy or history", he does not oppose the import of religious publications to Cuba and would finance individual churches if the local community requested one. He claimed that the Cuban revolution was unique in that it had "few conflicts with religion", which he ascribed to the "astuteness of church leaders, the growing number of progressive Christians, as well as to the desire of the Cuban government not to present the Revolution as an enemy of religion."<ref name="crahan"/> ==See also== {{portal bar\|Catholicism\|History\|Cuba}} * [[History of Cuba]] * [[List of Central American and Caribbean Saints]] * [[Religion in Cuba]] ==References== {{reflist\|2}} {{History of the Roman Catholic Church\|state=collapsed}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:History of the Catholic Church by country\|Cuba]] [[Category:Catholic Church in Cuba]] [[Category:History of Catholicism in North America\|Cuba]]	1,293,852,349	[]	false
# Freelancer Freelance (sometimes spelled free-lance or free lance), freelancer, or freelance worker, are terms commonly used for a person who is self-employed and not necessarily committed to a particular employer long-term. Freelance workers are sometimes represented by a company or a temporary agency that resells freelance labor to clients; others work independently or use professional associations or websites to get work. While the term independent contractor would be used in a different register of English to designate the tax and employment classes of this type of worker, the term "freelancing" is most common in culture and creative industries, and use of this term may indicate participation therein. Fields, professions, and industries where freelancing is predominant include: music, writing, acting, computer programming, web design, graphic design, translating and illustrating, film and video production, and other forms of piece work that some cultural theorists consider central to the cognitive-cultural economy. ## Freelance practices ### Types of work According to the 2012 Freelance Industry Report compiled primarily about North America freelancing, nearly half of freelancers do writing work, with 18% of freelancers listing writing as a primary skill, 10% editing/copy-editing, and 10% as copywriting. 20% of freelancers listed their primary skills as design. Next on the list was translating (8%), web development (5.5%), and marketing (4%). In 2018, freelancing was projected to grow to $20–$30 billion in the next 5–7 years in India, and the freelancers in the US will comprise 40% (approx.) of the workforce at the projected growth rate from the same time. ### Compensation Depending on the industry, freelance work practices vary and have changed over time. In some industries such as consulting, freelancers may require clients to sign written contracts. While in journalism or writing, freelancers may work for free or do work "on spec" to build their reputations or a relationship with a publication. Some freelancers may provide written estimates of work and request deposits from clients. Payment for freelance work also depends on industry, skills, experience and location. Freelancers may charge by the day, hour, per piece, or on a per-project basis. Instead of a flat rate or fee, some freelancers have adopted a value-based pricing method based on the perceived value of the results to the client. By custom, payment arrangements may be upfront, percentage upfront, or upon completion. For more complex projects, a contract may set a payment schedule based on milestones or outcomes. One of the drawbacks of freelancing is that there is no guaranteed payment, and the work can be highly precarious. In order to ensure payment, many freelancers use online payment platforms to protect themselves or work with local clients that can be held accountable. ### Copyright The question of ownership of a work's copyright arises when its author produces it on behalf of a client. The matter is governed by copyright law, which varies by country. The default ownership lies with the client in some countries and with the freelancing author in others. The degree to which either moral or economic ownership of a work for hire may be modified contractually varies by country. ## Demographics A 2018 McKinsey study found that up to 162 million people in Europe and the United States engage in some form of independent work. It represents 20–30 percent of the entire working age population. The total number of freelancers in USA is inexact, as of 2013, the most recent governmental report on independent contractors was published in 2005 by the U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. At that time, there were approximately 10.3 million United States workers (7.4% of the workforce) employed as independent contractors of all sorts. In 2011, Jeffrey Eisenach, an economist at George Mason University, estimated that number of freelancers had grown by one million. While in 2012, the Aberdeen Group, a private research company, estimated that 26% (approx. 81 million) of the United States population was a part of the contingent workforce, a category of casual labor that includes freelancing. In 2013, the Freelancers Union estimated that 1 in 3 workers in the United States was self-employed (approximately 42 million), with more than four million (43%) of those self-employed workers as members of the creative class, a stratum of work specifically associated with freelance industries, such as knowledge workers, technologists, professional writers, artists, entertainers, and media workers. In 2016, the Freelancers Union estimated that 35% of the workforce in the United States was self-employed (approximately 55 million). This workforce earned an estimated $1 trillion from freelancing in 2016—a significant share of the U.S. economy. In 2017, a study by MBO Partners estimated the total number of self-employed Americans aged 21 and above to be 40.9 million. The total number of freelancers in UK is also inexact; however, figures from the Office for National Statistics show that the proportion of remote workers rose from 9.2% in 2001 to 10.7% in 2011. It has been estimated, however, that there are approximately 1.7 million freelancers in the UK. Freelancing is a gendered form of work. The 2012 Freelance Industry Report estimated that more than 71% of freelancers are women between the ages of 30 and 50. Surveys of other specific areas of freelancing have similar trends. Demographic research on Amazon Mechanical Turk revealed that the majority of its North American workers are women. Catherine McKercher's research on journalism as a profession has showcased that while media organizations are still male-dominated, the reverse is true for freelance journalists and editors, whose ranks are mainly women. ## Benefits Freelancers have a variety of reasons for freelancing, the perceived benefits differ by gender, industry, and lifestyle. For instance, the 2012 Freelance Industry Report reported that men and women freelance for different reasons. Female survey respondents indicated that they prefer the scheduling freedom and flexibility that freelancing offers, while male survey respondents indicated they freelance to follow or pursue personal passions. Freelancing also enables people to obtain higher levels of employment in isolated communities. The ability to pick and choose who the freelancer works with is another benefit. The freelancer interviews a potential client and they get to pick whether or not to work with that individual or company. Freelancing is also taken up by workers who have been laid-off, who cannot find full-time employment, or for those industries such as journalism which are relying increasingly on contingent labor rather than full-time staff. Freelancers also consist of students trying to make ends meet during the semester. In interviews, and on blogs about freelancing, freelancers list choice and flexibility as a benefit. ## Drawbacks Freelancing, like other forms of casual labor, can be precarious work. Websites, books, portals and organizations for freelancers often feature advice on getting and keeping a steady work stream. Beside the lack of job security, many freelancers also report the ongoing hassle of dealing with employers who don't pay on time and the possibility of long periods without work. Additionally, freelancers do not receive employment benefits such as a pension, sick leave, paid holidays, bonuses or health insurance, which can be a serious hardship for freelancers residing in countries such as the US without universal health care. Freelancers often earn less than their employed counterparts, although sometimes the opposite is true. While most freelancers have at least ten years of experience prior to working independently, experienced freelancers do not always earn an income equal to that of full-time employment. Feedback from members suggests that web portals such as Freelancer.com tend to attract low-paying clients that, although demanding very high standards, pay ~$10 per hour or less. Low-cost suppliers frequently offer to work at rates as low as $1–$2 per hour. Because most projects require bidding, professionals will not bid because they refuse to work at such rates. This has the effect of reducing the overall quality of the services provided. According to research conducted in 2005 by the Professional Writers Association of Canada on Canadian journalists and editors, there is a wage gap between staff and freelance journalists. While the typical Canadian full-time freelancer is female, between 35 and 55, holding a college diploma and often a graduate degree, she typically earns about $29,999 Canadian dollars before taxes. Meanwhile, a staff journalist of similar age and experience level working full-time at outlets such as the Ottawa Citizen or Montreal Gazette newspapers, earned at least $63,500 Canadian dollars that year, the top scale rate negotiated by the union, The Newspaper Guild-Communications Workers of America. Given the gendered stratification of journalism, with more women working as freelancers than men, this disparity in income can be interpreted as a form of gender pay gap. The Professional Writers Association of Canada report showed no significant difference between the earnings of male and female freelancers, though part-time freelancers generally earned less than full-time freelancers. Remote work is often cited as an attractive feature of freelancing, yet research suggests that it introduces new sets of constraints for the process of doing work, particularly for married women with families, who continue to bear the brunt of household chores and childcare despite increases in their paid work time. For instance, three years of ethnographic research about teleworkers in Australia conducted by Melissa Gregg, a Principal Engineer and Researcher in Residence for the Intel Science and Technology Center for Social Computing at UC Irvine, raises concerns over how both physical isolation and continuous access enabled with networked digital media puts pressure on homeworkers to demonstrate their commitments through continual responses by email and to conceal their family or home life. ## Internet and online marketplaces The Internet has opened up many freelance opportunities, expanded available markets, and has contributed to service sector growth in many economies. Offshore outsourcing, online outsourcing and crowdsourcing are heavily reliant on the Internet to provide economical access to remote workers, and frequently leverage technology to manage workflow to and from the employer. Much computer freelance work is being outsourced to developing countries outside the United States and Europe. International freelancers use their skills in English to enable greater pay and flexibility in their work. Freelance marketplaces provide a marketplace for freelancers and buyers. Service providers or sellers create a profile where they include a description of the services they offer, examples of their work, and, in some cases, information about their rates. Buyers register and complete a basic profile, and then post projects outlining their requirements. Buyers will then bid for these projects on a fixed price or hourly basis. Many of these websites have user review sections that affect the reputation of freelancers who list there, and which may be manipulated. Freelance marketplaces have globalized competition for some jobs, allowing workers in high- and low-income countries to compete with one another. According to a 2016 study by the McKinsey Global Institute, 15% of independent workers used online marketplaces to find work. These marketplaces, including Fiverr and Lyft, have been criticized as exploiting workers. ## Legal aspects Many periodicals and newspapers offer the option of ghost signing, when a freelance writer signs with an editor but their name is not listed on the byline of their article(s). This allows the writer to receive benefits while still being classified as a freelancer, and independent of any set organization. In some countries this can lead to taxation issues (e.g., so-called IR35 violations in the UK). Ghost signing has little bearing on whether a writer is a freelancer or employee in the US. Freelancers often must handle contracts, legal issues, accounting, marketing, and other business functions by themselves. If they do choose to pay for professional services, they can sometimes turn into significant out-of-pocket expenses. Working hours can extend beyond the standard working day and working week. The European Commission does not define "freelancers" in any legislative text. However, the European Commission defines a self-employed person as someone: "pursuing a gainful activity for their own account, under the conditions laid down by national law". In the exercise of such an activity, the personal element is of special importance and such exercise always involves a large measure of independence in the accomplishment of the professional activities. This definition comes from Directive (2010/41/EU) on the application of the principle of equal treatment between men and women engaged in an activity in a self-employed capacity. The European Forum of Independent Professionals defines freelancers as: "a highly-skilled subset of self-employed workers, without employers nor employees, offering specialised services of an intellectual and knowledge-based nature". Independent professionals work on a flexible basis in a range of creative, managerial, scientific and technical occupations; they are not a homogeneous group and as such, they cannot be considered or investigated as a whole. They are generally characterised by a large portion of autonomy, a high labour productivity, knowledge intensive performance, social commitment and a large dose of entrepreneurship and specialisation. In the U.S. in 2009, federal and state agencies began increasing their oversight of freelancers and other workers whom employers classify as independent contractors. The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) recommended that the Secretary of Labor have its Wage and Hour Division "focus on misclassification of employees as independent contractors during targeted investigations." The increased regulation is meant to ensure workers are treated fairly and that companies are not misclassifying workers as independent contractors to avoid paying appropriate employment taxes and contributions to workers' compensation and unemployment compensation. At the same time, this increased enforcement is affecting companies whose business models are based on using non-employee workers, as well as independent professionals who have chosen to work as independent contractors. For example, book publishing companies have traditionally outsourced certain tasks like indexing and proofreading to individuals working as independent contractors. Self-employed accountants and attorneys have traditionally hired out their services to accounting and law firms needing assistance. The U.S. Internal Revenue Service offers some guidance on what constitutes self-employment, but states have enacted stricter laws to address how independent contractors should be defined. For example, a Massachusetts law states that companies can hire independent contractors only to perform work that is "outside the usual course of business of the employer," meaning workers working on the company's core business must be classified as employees. According to this statute, a software engineering firm cannot outsource work to a software engineering consultant, without hiring the consultant as an employee. The firm could, however, hire an independent contractor working as an electrician, interior decorator, or painter. This raises questions about the common practice of consulting, because a company would typically hire a management consulting firm or self-employed consultant to address business-specific needs that are not "outside the usual course of business of the employer." ### United States In the United States, where the federal constitution automatically grants ownership of the copyright only to the author, the contract agreement must explicitly use the language, that the product is "work for hire", and that the copyright is transferred to the client. Otherwise, only the freelancer will own the right to reproduce the work. Registration of copyright is not required for ownership of these rights; however, litigation against infringement may require registration, as documented in the class action lawsuit, Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick. In that case, freelance writers sued publishers for copyright violations, though the case was eventually settled for the benefit of freelance writers whether or not they had registered their copyright with the Copyright Office. Copyright is rescinded only when a freelancer signs a contract specifying that they are "working for hire," or if they are hired into employment. These rights are further specified in U.S. copyright law, Section 101 in the Copyright Act of 1976 (17 USC §101). ## Etymology The term freelancer is commonly attributed to Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832) in Ivanhoe (1820) to describe a "medieval mercenary warrior" or "free-lance" (indicating that the lance is not sworn to any lord's services, not that the lance is available free of charge). It changed to a figurative noun around the 1860s and was recognized as a verb in 1903 by authorities in etymology such as the Oxford English Dictionary. Only in modern times has the term morphed from a noun (a freelance) into an adjective (a freelance journalist), a verb (a journalist who freelances) and an adverb (they worked freelance), as well as into the noun "freelancer".	enwiki/484030	enwiki	484,030	Freelancer	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freelancer	2025-07-02T15:50:40Z	en	Q215279	258,982	{{Short description\|Self-employed worker with no committed employer}} {{Redirect\|Freelance}} {{pp\|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2020}} '''''Freelance''''' (sometimes spelled '''''free-lance''''' or '''''free lance'''''),<ref>{{Dictionary.com\|freelance}}</ref> '''''freelancer''''', or '''''freelance worker''''', are terms commonly used for a person who is [[self-employment\|self-employed]] and not necessarily committed to a particular employer long-term. Freelance workers are sometimes represented by a company or a [[employment agency\|temporary agency]] that resells freelance labor to clients; others work independently or use professional associations or websites to get work. While the term ''[[independent contractor]]'' would be used in a {{clarify span\|different [[Register (sociolinguistics)\|register]] of [[English language\|English]]\|date=September 2024}} to designate the [[tax]] and employment classes of this type of worker, the term "freelancing" is most common in culture and creative industries, and use of this term may indicate participation therein.<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Hesmondhalgh \| first1 = David \| last2 = Baker \| first2 = Sarah \| year = 2010 \| title = 'A very complicated version of freedom': Conditions and experiences of creative labour in three cultural industries \| journal = Poetics \| volume = 38 \| issue = 1\| pages = 4–20 \| doi=10.1016/j.poetic.2009.10.001\| hdl = 10072/44740 \| hdl-access = free }}</ref> Fields, professions, and industries where freelancing is predominant include: [[music]], [[writing]], [[acting]], [[computer programming]], [[web design]], [[graphic design]], [[Translation\|translating]] and [[illustrating]], film and video production, and other forms of [[piece work]] that some cultural theorists consider central to the [[cognitive-cultural economy]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|title = Digital Labor\|last = Scholz\|first = Trebor\|publisher = Routledge\|year = 2012}}</ref> ==Freelance practices== === Types of work === According to the 2012 Freelance Industry Report compiled primarily about [[North America]] freelancing, nearly half of freelancers do writing work, with 18% of freelancers listing writing as a primary skill, 10% editing/copy-editing, and 10% as copywriting. 20% of freelancers listed their primary skills as design. Next on the list was [[Translation\|translating]] (8%), [[web development]] (5.5%), and [[marketing]] (4%).<ref name="Freelance Industry Report 2012">{{cite web\|title=Freelance Industry Report 2012\|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/ifdconference/2012report/FreelanceIndustryReport2012.pdf\|access-date=17 May 2013\|archive-date=10 October 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010183404/https://s3.amazonaws.com/ifdconference/2012report/FreelanceIndustryReport2012.pdf\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|last=Gregg\|first=Tim\|title=The State of the Freelance Economy\|url=http://www.deskmag.com/en/the-state-of-the-freelance-economy-freelancers-survey-study-report-2012\|access-date=17 May 2013\|newspaper=DeskMag\|date=14 February 2013\|archive-date=13 May 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513032747/http://www.deskmag.com/en/the-state-of-the-freelance-economy-freelancers-survey-study-report-2012\|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, freelancing was projected to grow to $20–$30 billion in the next 5–7 years in [[India]],<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/with-freelancing-on-the-rise-indias-gig-economy-is-going-strong-report/article10022680.ece\|title=With freelancing on the rise, India's gig economy is going strong: report\|date=9 January 2018\|website=The Hindu Business Line\|access-date=31 August 2018\|archive-date=13 May 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513201717/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/with-freelancing-on-the-rise-indias-gig-economy-is-going-strong-report/article10022680.ece\|url-status=live}}</ref> and the freelancers in the [[United States\|US]] will comprise 40% (approx.) of the workforce at the projected growth rate from the same time.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.inc.com/wanda-thibodeaux/this-survey-of-21000-freelancers-from-170-countries-shows-what-having-no-boss-is-like.html\|title=This Survey of 21,000 Freelancers From 170 Countries Shows What Having No Boss Is Like\|date=27 October 2017\|work=Inc.com\|access-date=31 August 2018\|archive-date=26 August 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826090159/https://www.inc.com/wanda-thibodeaux/this-survey-of-21000-freelancers-from-170-countries-shows-what-having-no-boss-is-like.html\|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Needs update\|date=February 2024}} === Compensation === Depending on the industry, freelance work practices vary and have changed over time. In some industries such as consulting, freelancers may require clients to sign written [[contract]]s. While in [[journalism]] or writing, freelancers may work for free or do work "on spec" to build their reputations or a relationship with a publication. Some freelancers may provide written estimates of work and request deposits from clients. Payment for freelance work also depends on industry, skills, experience and location. Freelancers may charge by the day, hour, per piece, or on a per-project basis. Instead of a flat rate or fee, some freelancers have adopted a [[value-based pricing]] method based on the perceived value of the results to the client. By custom, payment arrangements may be upfront, percentage upfront, or upon completion. For more complex projects, a contract may set a payment schedule based on milestones or outcomes. One of the drawbacks of freelancing is that there is no guaranteed payment, and the work can be highly [[precarious work\|precarious]]. In order to ensure payment, many freelancers use [[online payment]] platforms to protect themselves or work with local clients that can be held accountable. === Copyright === The question of ownership of a work's copyright arises when its author produces it on behalf of a client. The matter is governed by copyright law, which varies by country. The default ownership lies with the client in some countries and with the freelancing author in others. The degree to which either moral or economic ownership of a work for hire may be modified contractually varies by country.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Register of Copyrights\|date=April 2019\|title=Authors, Attribution, and Integrity: Examining Moral Rights in the United States\|url=https://www.copyright.gov/policy/moralrights/full-report.pdf\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423164515/https://www.copyright.gov/policy/moralrights/full-report.pdf\|archive-date=23 April 2019\|access-date=2022-01-28\|publisher=United States Copyright Office\|pages=15–16}}</ref> ==Demographics== {{Globalize\|date=July 2024\|2=the Western world}} A 2018 McKinsey study found that up to 162 million people in [[Europe]] and the [[United States]] engage in some form of independent work. It represents 20–30 percent of the entire working age population.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Independent work: Choice, necessity, and the gig economy {{!}} McKinsey\|url=https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/employment-and-growth/independent-work-choice-necessity-and-the-gig-economy\|access-date=2020-10-23\|website=www.mckinsey.com\|archive-date=3 April 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403141340/https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/employment-and-growth/independent-work-choice-necessity-and-the-gig-economy\|url-status=live}}</ref> The total number of freelancers in USA is inexact, as of 2013, the most recent governmental report on independent contractors was published in 2005 by the [[U.S. Department of Labor]] [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]]. At that time, there were approximately 10.3 million United States workers (7.4% of the workforce) employed as independent contractors of all sorts.<ref name="indie2005">{{cite web \|url=http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2005/jul/wk4/art05.htm \|title=Independent contractors in 2005 \|date=29 July 2005 \|publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics \|access-date=21 December 2012 \|archive-date=7 May 2009 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507083309/http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2005/jul/wk4/art05.htm \|url-status=live }}</ref> In 2011, [[Jeffrey Eisenach]], an economist at [[George Mason University]], estimated that number of freelancers had grown by one million.{{citation needed\|date=May 2017}} While in 2012, the [[Aberdeen Group, Inc.\|Aberdeen Group]], a private research company, estimated that 26% (approx. 81 million) of the United States population was a part of the [[contingent workforce]], a category of casual labor that includes freelancing.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Dwyer\|first=C\|title=Contingent Workforce Management: The Next-Generation Guidebook to Managing the Modern Contingent Workforce Umbrella.\|url=http://www.aberdeen.com/Aberdeen-Library/7709/RA-contingent-workforce-management.aspx%22\|publisher=Aberdeen Group.\|access-date=17 May 2013\|archive-date=3 July 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703061319/http://www.aberdeen.com/removed\|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, the [[Freelancers Union]] estimated that 1 in 3 workers in the United States was self-employed (approximately 42 million), with more than four million (43%) of those self-employed workers as members of the [[creative class]], a stratum of work specifically associated with freelance industries, such as [[Knowledge worker\|knowledge workers]], technologists, professional writers, [[Artist\|artists]], entertainers, and media workers.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Florida\|first=Richard\|title=Geography of America's Freelance Economy\|url=http://m.theatlanticcities.com/jobs-and-economy/2013/02/geography-americas-freelance-economy/4118/\|work=FEB 25, 2013\|publisher=The Atlantic\|access-date=17 May 2013\|archive-date=22 October 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022184047/http://m.theatlanticcities.com/jobs-and-economy/2013/02/geography-americas-freelance-economy/4118/\|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2016, the Freelancers Union estimated that 35% of the workforce in the United States was self-employed (approximately 55 million). This workforce earned an estimated $1 trillion from freelancing in 2016—a significant share of the U.S. economy.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://fu-prod-storage.s3.amazonaws.com/content/None/FreelancinginAmerica2016report.pdf\|title=Freelancing in America: 2016\|access-date=6 September 2017\|archive-date=23 October 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023235138/https://fu-prod-storage.s3.amazonaws.com/content/None/FreelancinginAmerica2016report.pdf\|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2017, a study by MBO Partners estimated the total number of self-employed Americans aged 21 and above to be 40.9 million.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://www.smallbizlabs.com/2017/06/cyclical-and-structural-forces-driving-growth-of-independent-work.html\|title=Cyclical and Structural Forces Behind the Growing Independent Workforce\|date=13 June 2017\|work=Small Business Labs\|access-date=16 October 2017\|archive-date=17 October 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017042019/http://www.smallbizlabs.com/2017/06/cyclical-and-structural-forces-driving-growth-of-independent-work.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> The total number of freelancers in UK is also inexact; however, figures from the [[Office for National Statistics]] show that the proportion of [[remote work]]ers rose from 9.2% in 2001 to 10.7% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.consultancy.uk/news/1629/uk-consulting-market-grows-7-per-cent-to-6-billion\|title=UK consulting market grows 7 per cent to 6 billion\|date=10 March 2015\|access-date=21 December 2015\|archive-date=22 December 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092742/http://www.consultancy.uk/news/1629/uk-consulting-market-grows-7-per-cent-to-6-billion\|url-status=live}}</ref> It has been estimated, however, that there are approximately 1.7 million freelancers in the UK.<ref>{{cite news\|last=Bell\|first=Anna\|title=Guide To Freelancers\|url=http://www.icsuk.com/blog/ics-guide-to-freelancers/\|access-date=20 January 2014\|date=22 January 2014\|archive-date=1 February 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201223504/http://www.icsuk.com/blog/ics-guide-to-freelancers/\|url-status=live}}</ref> Freelancing is a gendered form of work.<ref name="Freelance Industry Report 2012" /> The 2012 Freelance Industry Report estimated that more than 71% of freelancers are women between the ages of 30 and 50. Surveys of other specific areas of freelancing have similar trends. Demographic research on [[Amazon Mechanical Turk]] revealed that the majority of its North American workers are women.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Ross\|first=Joel\|author2=Andrew Zaldivar\|author3=Lilly Irani\|author3-link=Lilly Irani\|author4=Bill Tomlinson\|title=Who are the Turkers? Worker Demographics in Amazon Mechanical Turk\|journal=CHI EA\|year=2010\|pages=2863–2872\|url=http://www.ics.uci.edu/~jwross/pubs/SocialCode-2009-01.pdf\|access-date=17 May 2013\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610104657/http://www.ics.uci.edu/~jwross/pubs/SocialCode-2009-01.pdf\|archive-date=10 June 2013}}</ref> Catherine McKercher's research on journalism as a profession has showcased that while media organizations are still male-dominated, the reverse is true for freelance journalists and editors, whose ranks are mainly women.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Mendes\|first=Kaitlynn\|author2=Kumarini Silva\|author3=Catherine McKercher\|author4=Yan Wub\|date=24 August 2009\|title=Women, Labor, Media, and the Economy Kaitlynn Mendes\|journal=Feminist Media Studies\|volume=9\|issue=3\|pages=369–378\|doi=10.1080/14680770903068332\|s2cid=216644322 }}</ref> ==Benefits== Freelancers have a variety of reasons for freelancing, the perceived benefits differ by gender, industry, and lifestyle. For instance, the 2012 Freelance Industry Report reported that men and women freelance for different reasons. Female survey respondents indicated that they prefer the scheduling freedom and flexibility that freelancing offers, while male survey respondents indicated they freelance to follow or pursue personal passions.<ref name="Freelance Industry Report 2012" /> Freelancing also enables people to obtain higher levels of employment in isolated communities.<ref>{{cite journal \| last1=Denkenberger \| first1=D. \| last2=Way \| first2=J. \| last3=Pearce \| first3=J. M. \| year=2015 \| title=Educational Pathways to Remote Employment in Isolated Communities \| journal=Journal of Human Security \| volume=11 \| issue=1\| pages = 34–44 \| doi=10.12924/johs2015.11010034 \| doi-access=free }}</ref> The ability to pick and choose who the freelancer works with is another benefit. The freelancer interviews a potential client and they get to pick whether or not to work with that individual or company. Freelancing is also taken up by workers who have been laid-off, who cannot find full-time employment,<ref name="Freelance Industry Report 2012" /> or for those industries such as [[journalism]] which are relying increasingly on contingent labor rather than full-time staff.<ref name="McKercher 2009 370-374">{{cite journal\|last=McKercher\|first=Catherine\|title=Writing on the Margins: Precarity and the Freelance Journalist\|journal=Feminist Media Studies\|date=September 2009\|volume=3\|issue=9\|pages=370–374}}</ref> Freelancers also consist of students trying to make ends meet during the semester. In interviews, and on blogs about freelancing, freelancers list choice and flexibility as a benefit. ==Drawbacks== Freelancing, like other forms of [[Casual employment\|casual labor]], can be [[precarious work]].<ref name=":1" /> Websites, books, portals and organizations for freelancers often feature advice on getting and keeping a steady work stream.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.thesimpledollar.com/financial-wellness/ultimate-freelancers-guide/\|title=The Ultimate Freelancer's Guide: Everything You Need to Know About Getting Jobs, Getting Paid, and Getting Ahead\|last=Dollar\|first=Staff\|website=thesimpledollar\|access-date=25 November 2019\|archive-date=11 August 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811221045/https://www.thesimpledollar.com/financial-wellness/ultimate-freelancers-guide/\|url-status=live}}</ref> Beside the lack of job security, many freelancers also report the ongoing hassle of dealing with employers who don't pay on time and the possibility of long periods without work. Additionally, freelancers do not receive employment benefits such as a [[pension]], [[sick leave]], paid holidays, bonuses or [[health insurance]], which can be a serious hardship for freelancers residing in countries such as the US without [[universal health care]].<ref>{{cite news\|last=Bornstein\|first=David\|title=Safety Nets for Freelancers (Opinionator)\|url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/06/safety-nets-for-freelancers/\|access-date=17 May 2013\|newspaper=New York Times\|date=6 December 2011\|archive-date=1 April 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401015318/http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/06/safety-nets-for-freelancers/\|url-status=live}}</ref> Freelancers often earn less than their employed counterparts, although sometimes the opposite is true. While most freelancers have at least ten years of experience prior to working independently,<ref name="Freelance Industry Report 2012" /> experienced freelancers do not always earn an income equal to that of full-time employment. Feedback from members suggests that web portals such as [[Freelancer.com]] tend to attract low-paying clients that, although demanding very high standards, pay ~$10 per hour or less. Low-cost suppliers frequently offer to work at rates as low as $1–$2 per hour. Because most projects require [[bidding]], professionals will not bid because they refuse to work at such rates. This has the effect of reducing the overall quality of the services provided. According to research conducted in 2005 by the Professional Writers Association of Canada on Canadian journalists and editors, there is a wage gap between staff and freelance journalists. While the typical Canadian full-time freelancer is female, between 35 and 55, holding a college diploma and often a graduate degree, she typically earns about $29,999 Canadian dollars before taxes. Meanwhile, a staff journalist of similar age and experience level working full-time at outlets such as the ''[[Ottawa Citizen]]'' or ''[[Montreal Gazette]]'' newspapers, earned at least $63,500 Canadian dollars that year, the top scale rate negotiated by the union, [[The Newspaper Guild]]-Communications Workers of America.<ref name="McKercher 2009 370-374" /> Given the gendered stratification of journalism, with more women working as freelancers than men, this disparity in income can be interpreted as a form of [[gender pay gap]]. The [[Professional Writers Association of Canada]] report showed no significant difference between the earnings of male and female freelancers, though part-time freelancers generally earned less than full-time freelancers.<ref>{{cite web\|title=2005 Canadian Professional Writers Survey\|url=http://www.pwac.ca/files/PDF/PWACsurvey.pdf\|publisher=Professional Writers Association of Canada\|access-date=17 May 2013\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716093907/http://www.pwac.ca/files/PDF/PWACsurvey.pdf\|archive-date=16 July 2007}}</ref> [[Remote work]] is often cited as an attractive feature of freelancing, yet research suggests that it introduces new sets of constraints for the process of doing work, particularly for married women with families, who continue to bear the brunt of household chores and childcare despite increases in their paid work time.<ref>{{cite web \|editor-last=Fang \|editor-first=Fang \|title=Division of Household Labor \|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/page/gas/collections/classroom/household-labor \|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] \|access-date=8 February 2022 \|archive-date=8 February 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208204844/https://journals.sagepub.com/page/gas/collections/classroom/household-labor \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|last=Wade \|first=Lisa \|title=Of Housework and Husbands \|url=http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2009/07/11/of-housework-and-husbands/ \|publisher=Sociological Images \|access-date=17 May 2013 \|archive-date=18 May 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518184939/http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2009/07/11/of-housework-and-husbands/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> For instance, three years of ethnographic research about teleworkers in Australia conducted by Melissa Gregg, a Principal Engineer and Researcher in Residence for the Intel Science and Technology Center for Social Computing at [[UC Irvine]], raises concerns over how both physical isolation and continuous access enabled with networked digital media puts pressure on homeworkers to demonstrate their commitments through continual responses by email and to conceal their family or home life.<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Work's intimacy\|author=Gregg, Melissa\|date=2011\|publisher=Polity\|isbn=9780745650289\|location=Cambridge, UK\|oclc=669262653}}</ref> ==Internet and online marketplaces== The [[Internet]] has opened up many freelance opportunities, expanded available markets, and has contributed to service sector growth in many economies.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web \| title = The World Factbook: India \| publisher = Central Intelligence Agency \| date = 20 September 2007 \| url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ \| access-date = 25 March 2008 \| archive-date = 18 March 2021 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210318202107/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india \| url-status = live }}</ref> [[Offshore outsourcing]], [[online outsourcing]] and [[crowdsourcing]] are heavily reliant on the Internet to provide economical access to remote workers, and frequently leverage technology to manage workflow to and from the employer. Much computer freelance work is being outsourced to developing countries outside the United States and Europe. International freelancers use their skills in English to enable greater pay and flexibility in their work.<ref>{{Citation \|title=Work and Labour Relations in Global Platform Capitalism \|date=2021-11-23 \|url=https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollbook-oa/edcoll/9781802205121/9781802205121.xml \|access-date=2023-11-09 \|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing \|language=en-US \|doi=10.4337/9781802205138 \|isbn=978-1-80220-513-8\|doi-access=free \|editor-last1=Haidar \|editor-last2=Keune \|editor-first1=Julieta \|editor-first2=Maarten }}</ref> Freelance marketplaces provide a [[marketplace]] for freelancers and buyers. Service providers or sellers create a profile where they include a description of the services they offer, examples of their work, and, in some cases, information about their rates. Buyers register and complete a basic profile, and then post projects outlining their requirements. Buyers will then bid for these projects on a fixed price or hourly basis.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.salon.com/2014/03/14/sharing_economy_shams_deception_at_the_core_of_the_internets_hottest_businesses/\|title="Sharing economy" shams: Deception at the core of the Internet's hottest businesses\|date=14 March 2014\|work=Salon\|access-date=10 November 2017\|archive-date=11 November 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111094732/https://www.salon.com/2014/03/14/sharing_economy_shams_deception_at_the_core_of_the_internets_hottest_businesses/\|url-status=live}}</ref> Many of these websites have [[user review]] sections that affect the reputation of freelancers who list there, and which may be manipulated.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Yoganarasimhan\|first=Hema\|date=1 November 2013\|title=The Value of Reputation in an Online Freelance Marketplace\|journal=Marketing Science\|volume=32\|issue=6\|pages=860–891\|doi=10.1287/mksc.2013.0809\|issn=0732-2399}}</ref> Freelance marketplaces have globalized competition for some jobs, allowing workers in high- and low-income countries to compete with one another.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Graham\|first1=Mark\|last2=Hjorth\|first2=Isis\|last3=Lehdonvirta\|first3=Vili\|date=16 March 2017\|title=Digital labour and development: impacts of global digital labour platforms and the gig economy on worker livelihoods\|journal=Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research\|volume=23\|issue=2\|pages=135–162\|doi=10.1177/1024258916687250\|pmid=28781494\|pmc=5518998\|issn=1024-2589}}</ref> According to a 2016 study by the [[McKinsey Global Institute]], 15% of independent workers used online marketplaces to find work.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/employment-and-growth/Independent-work-Choice-necessity-and-the-gig-economy\|title=Independent work: Choice, necessity, and the gig economy\|last=Manyika\|first=James\|website=McKinsey Global Institute\|access-date=6 November 2017\|archive-date=27 April 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427183133/https://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/employment-and-growth/independent-work-choice-necessity-and-the-gig-economy\|url-status=dead}}</ref> These marketplaces, including [[Fiverr]] and [[Lyft]], have been criticized as exploiting workers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine\|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/jia-tolentino/the-gig-economy-celebrates-working-yourself-to-death\|title=The Gig Economy Celebrates Working Yourself to Death\|last=Tolentino\|first=Jia\|author-link=Jia Tolentino\|date=22 March 2017\|magazine=The New Yorker\|access-date=10 November 2017\|issn=0028-792X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.aol.com/article/finance/2017/03/10/people-are-outraged-over-this-fiverr-subway-advertisement/21879301/\|title=People are outraged over this Fiverr subway advertisement\|author=AOL Staff\|work=AOL.com\|access-date=10 November 2017\|archive-date=11 November 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111042338/https://www.aol.com/article/finance/2017/03/10/people-are-outraged-over-this-fiverr-subway-advertisement/21879301/\|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Legal aspects== Many periodicals and newspapers offer the option of ghost signing, when a freelance writer signs with an editor but their name is not listed on the byline of their article(s). This allows the writer to receive benefits while still being classified as a freelancer, and independent of any set organization. In some countries this can lead to taxation issues (e.g., so-called [[IR35]] violations in the UK). Ghost signing has little bearing on whether a writer is a freelancer or employee in the US. Freelancers often must handle contracts, legal issues, accounting, marketing, and other business functions by themselves. If they do choose to pay for professional services, they can sometimes turn into significant [[out-of-pocket expenses]]. Working hours can extend beyond the standard working day and working week. The [[European Commission]] does not define "freelancers" in any legislative text. However, the [[European Commission]] defines a self-employed person as someone: "pursuing a gainful activity for their own account, under the conditions laid down by national law". In the exercise of such an activity, the personal element is of special importance and such exercise always involves a large measure of independence in the accomplishment of the professional activities. This definition comes from Directive (2010/41/EU) on the application of the principle of equal treatment between men and women engaged in an activity in a self-employed capacity.<ref name="Directive (2010/41/EU)">{{cite web \| title=Directive (2010/41/EU) on the application of the principle of equal treatment between men and women engaged in an activity in a self-employed capacity \| date=15 July 2010 \| url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32010L0041 \| access-date=9 February 2015 \| archive-date=24 August 2015 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824061437/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32010L0041 \| url-status=live }}</ref> The European Forum of Independent Professionals defines freelancers as: "a highly-skilled subset of self-employed workers, without employers nor employees, offering specialised services of an intellectual and knowledge-based nature". Independent professionals work on a flexible basis in a range of creative, managerial, scientific and technical occupations; they are not a homogeneous group and as such, they cannot be considered or investigated as a whole. They are generally characterised by a large portion of autonomy, a high labour productivity, knowledge intensive performance, social commitment and a large dose of entrepreneurship and specialisation. In the U.S. in 2009, federal and state agencies began increasing their oversight of freelancers and other workers whom employers classify as [[independent contractor]]s. The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO)<ref name="GAO">{{cite web \| title =Employee Misclassification: Improved Coordination, Outreach, and Targeting Could Better Ensure Detection and Prevention \| publisher =U.S. Government Accountability Office \| date =10 August 2009 \| url =http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-717 \| access-date =21 October 2009 \| archive-date =8 October 2009 \| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20091008223600/http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-717 \| url-status =live }}</ref> recommended that the Secretary of Labor have its Wage and Hour Division "focus on misclassification of employees as independent contractors during targeted investigations." The increased regulation is meant to ensure workers are treated fairly and that companies are not misclassifying workers as independent contractors to avoid paying appropriate employment taxes and contributions to workers' compensation and unemployment compensation. At the same time, this increased enforcement is affecting companies whose business models are based on using non-employee workers, as well as independent professionals who have chosen to work as independent contractors. For example, book publishing companies have traditionally outsourced certain tasks like indexing and proofreading to individuals working as independent contractors. Self-employed accountants and attorneys have traditionally hired out their services to accounting and law firms needing assistance. The U.S. [[Internal Revenue Service]]<ref name="IRS">{{cite web \| title =Independent Contractor (Self-Employed) or Employee? \| publisher =U.S. Internal Revenue Service \| date =15 June 2009 \| url =https://www.irs.gov/businesses/small/article/0,,id=99921,00.html \| access-date =21 October 2009 \| archive-date =2 November 2009 \| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20091102120940/http://www.irs.gov/businesses/small/article/0,,id=99921,00.html \| url-status =live }}</ref> offers some guidance on what constitutes [[self-employment]], but states have enacted stricter laws to address how independent contractors should be defined. For example, a Massachusetts law<ref name="Mass A.G.">{{cite web \| title =Massachusetts Independent Contractor/Misclassification Law \| publisher =The Attorney General of Massachusetts \| year =2008 \| url =http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=cagoterminal&L=2&L0=Home&L1=Workplace+Rights&sid=Cago&b=terminalcontent&f=workplace_independent_contractor_advisory&csid=Cago \| access-date =21 October 2009 \| archive-date =22 October 2009 \| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20091022001937/http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=cagoterminal&L=2&L0=Home&L1=Workplace+Rights&sid=Cago&b=terminalcontent&f=workplace_independent_contractor_advisory&csid=Cago \| url-status =live }}</ref> states that companies can hire independent contractors only to perform work that is "outside the usual course of business of the employer," meaning workers working on the company's core business must be classified as employees. According to this statute,<ref name="MGL">{{cite web \| title =Massachusetts General Laws. Chapter 149: Section 148B. Persons performing service not authorized under this chapter deemed employees; exception \| publisher =The Commonwealth of Massachusetts \| url =http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/149-148b.htm \| access-date =21 October 2009 \| archive-date =19 October 2009 \| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20091019044458/http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/149-148b.htm \| url-status =live }}</ref> a software engineering firm cannot outsource work to a software engineering consultant, without hiring the consultant as an employee. The firm could, however, hire an independent contractor working as an electrician, interior decorator, or painter. This raises questions about the common practice of consulting, because a company would typically hire a [[management consulting]] firm or self-employed [[consultant]] to address business-specific needs that are not "outside the usual course of business of the employer." === United States === In the United States, where the federal constitution automatically grants ownership of the copyright only to the author, the contract agreement must explicitly use the language, that the product is "work for hire", and that the copyright is transferred to the client. Otherwise, only the freelancer will own the right to reproduce the work. Registration of copyright is not required for ownership of these rights; however, litigation against infringement may require registration, as documented in the class action lawsuit, ''[[Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick]]''. In that case, freelance writers sued publishers for copyright violations, though the case was eventually settled for the benefit of freelance writers whether or not they had registered their copyright with the [[United States Copyright Office\|Copyright Office]].<ref>{{Cite news \|last1=Peiser \|first1=Jaclyn \|date=30 April 2018 \|title=It Took 17 Years: Freelancers Receive $9 Million in Copyright Suit \|language=en \|work=The New York Times \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/30/business/media/freelancers-digital-copyright-lawsuit.html \|url-status=live \|access-date=6 November 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104058/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/30/business/media/freelancers-digital-copyright-lawsuit.html \|archive-date=7 November 2018}}</ref> Copyright is rescinded only when a freelancer signs a contract specifying that they are "[[Work for hire\|working for hire]]," or if they are hired into employment. These rights are further specified in U.S. copyright law, Section 101 in the Copyright Act of 1976 (17 USC §101).<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Copyrights and Works Made for Hire \|url=https://www.americanbar.org/groups/young_lawyers/publications/tyl/topics/intellectual-property/copyrights_and_works_made_hire/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107054744/https://www.americanbar.org/groups/young_lawyers/publications/tyl/topics/intellectual-property/copyrights_and_works_made_hire/ \|archive-date=7 November 2018 \|access-date=6 November 2018 \|website=www.americanbar.org \|language=en}}</ref> == Etymology == The term ''freelancer'' is commonly attributed to [[Sir Walter Scott]] (1771–1832) in ''[[Ivanhoe]]'' (1820) to describe a "medieval [[mercenary]] warrior" or "free-[[lance]]" (indicating that the lance is not sworn to any lord's services, not that the lance is available free of charge).<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/ \|title=Search results for 'freelance' \|publisher=Chambers Harrap dictionary \|access-date=21 December 2012 \|archive-date=6 December 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206223925/http://chambersharrap.co.uk/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> It changed to a figurative noun around the 1860s and was recognized as a verb in 1903 by authorities in [[etymology]] such as the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]].'' Only in modern times has the term morphed from a noun (a freelance) into an adjective (a freelance journalist), a verb (a journalist who freelances) and an adverb (they worked freelance), as well as into the noun "freelancer". ==See also== * [[Career-oriented social networking market]] * [[Employment website]] * [[Freelancers Union]] * [[Freelancing in India]] * [[Mercenary]] * [[Misclassification of employees as independent contractors]] * [[Outline of consulting]] * [[Recruitment advertising]] * [[Self-employment]] * [[Stringer (journalism)]] * [[Temporary work]] * [[Contingent work]] ==References== {{Reflist\|30em}} ==External links== * {{Wiktionary-inline}} {{Industries}} {{Platform economy}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Employment classifications]] [[Category:Temporary employment]]	1,298,452,011	[]	false
# Aéroclub féminin la Stella The Aéroclub Féminin la Stella was a French women's aeronautical organisation. It was founded on 10 February 1909 in Paris by Marie Surcouf, a French aeronaut and campaigner for women's rights. Known as La Stella, the organisation's membership included many of the women balloonists who had previously been members of the Comité des Dames of l'Aéronautique-Club de France (ACDF). La Stella was founded as a result of a long struggle by French women to be recognised as competent professionals and accomplished sportswomen in the field of flying, initially in balloons. The club offered restricted access to men, who could be members, but not decision-makers. They were allowed to accompany their wives on flights, but only as passengers. ## Background French women were involved in balloon flights from very early in the development of the sport. The Marchioness and Countess of Montalembert, the Countess of Podenas and Miss de Lagarde ascended in a tethered balloon in Paris on 20 May 1784. On 4 June 1784, opera singer Élisabeth Thible made an ascent in an untethered balloon, dressed as Minerva, the Roman goddess, and sang two duets from Monsigny's La Belle Arsène with Mr. Fleurant to entertain Gustav III of Sweden during his visit to Lyon. In 1798, after the French Revolution, Citoyenne Henri made an ascent with André-Jacques Garnerin, after the dismissal of claims that female internal organs were not strong enough to survive such an experiment unscathed, and that a mixed crew was immoral. Sophie Blanchard was the first woman to pilot her own balloon and undertake ballooning as a career, making her first ascent in a balloon with her husband on 27 December 1804 and eventually dying in a ballooning accident in 1819. By the start of the French Third Republic (1870 - 1940), ballooning was seen as a sporting, scientific or military activity, rather than a spectacle for the entertainment of crowds. Women were therefore generally excluded from taking part in the sport, although some did manage to participate in events and public demonstrations, such as the actress Léa d'Asco in 1887 and the sportswoman Camille du Gast in 1895, although she used her maiden name to avoid social awkwardness. The Aéroclub de France, founded in 1898, was no different in their attitude to women flying in balloons, but did launch a Challenge des Femmes Aéronautes (Women Aeronauts' Challenge) in 1902, a distance event in which women were only permitted to be passengers for male pilots. These female passengers were wealthy members of high society. The competition was repeated in 1903 under the same conditions. In January 1906, the Aéronautique Club de France (ACDF), founded in October 1897, instituted a women's section after much debate. The Comité des Dames was chaired by Madame Marie Surcouf. Club member Mrs Émile Carton, wife of Jules Émile Carton, who ballooned in the 1901 Olympics, made her first solo ascent on 6 May 1906. Marie Surcouf, who qualified as a pilot on 28 July 1906, made her first flight as a pilot on 23 August of the same year aboard the ‘Bengali’ balloon, accompanied by Miss Gache, the committee's secretary. This balloon flight, the first by a female crew, took the two women from the Parc des Coteaux de Saint-Cloud to Neuilly sur Marne in 2 hours 45 minutes. Following a dispute with the ACDF Executive Committee, Marie Surcouf resigned as President of the Comité des Dames on 6 April 1908, taking most of the committee's female members with her. Meanwhile, a new society, the Club Français des Touristes Aériens, was founded on 18 September 1908. This society had its own Ladies' Committee, called the Fémina Club Aéronautique, with Madame Allier as president and Madame Colin as secretary. From 20 September 1908, the head office of this women's club was located at 149 rue Saint-Honoré. However, this women's club seems to have been short-lived. ## Creation of the Aéroclub Féminin la Stella and the rise of women's ballooning Marie Surcouf founded the Aéroclub Féminin la Stella known colloquially as La Stella on 10 February 1909 and took on the role of President. The members of La Stella's Board of Directors included Madame Alice Blériot, Madame Max-Vincent and former members of the Comité des Dames de l'Aéronautique-Club de France, Madame Airault, Madame Albufeda and Madame Desfossé-Dalloz. On 15 April 1909, La Stella became a member of the Aéro-Club de France, the organisation which set many of the regulations that controlled aviation in France. The head office of La Stella was initially located at Marie Surcouf's home, 92 bis boulevard Pereire in Paris, before moving successively to 25 rue de Marignan and 86 boulevard Flandrin. From March 1916, the head office was at 6 rue de l'Amiral-Courbet, in the private mansion provided by Mr and Mrs Richefeu, then at 5 rue Chernoviz in 1920, Surcouf's address after her 1916 divorce from Edouard Surcouf. Men were admitted as members of La Stella but were not allowed any decision-making powers; they could accompany their wives as passengers but not pilot the balloons themselves. "La Stella", declared Marie Surcouf, “is a women's club that allows the fathers, husbands, sons or brothers of its members to accompany them on their air travels”. Fees were set high, with a minimum of 2000 francs for donors, and for participants, a membership fee of 25 francs a year or minimum payment of 400 francs was expected. La Stella's first balloon ascension is held on a fine day on June 16 1909 at Saint-Cloud near Paris. Six balloons ascended, all named after flowers, (cornflowers, daisies, roses, peonies, hortensias and carnations) and decorated with the relevant blooms. Surcouf piloted one of the balloons. The club grew quickly, recruiting women from well heeled backgrounds; socialites the Princess of Polignac, the Countess of Poliakoff and the sporting Duchess of Uzès, and women who moved in political circles such as Madame Gabrielli, wife of Senator Gabrielli and Madame Henriette Poincaré, wife of the French president Raymond Poincaré. The club organised conferences, artistic evenings with opera, tea parties called ‘Stella-Thé’, and started a tradition of annual banquets, such as the one held on 15 February 1912 in the salons of the Palais d'Orsay. In addition to climbing and flying, visits to sites of aeronautical interest such as the Astra hangars, the Villacoublay airfield and the Buc airfield filled the club's social calendar. La Stella's committee meetings and social events were initially held in the salons of the Hôtel Crillon, but from October 1912, they moved to the Hôtel Astoria, 133 avenue des Champs-Élysées. On 17 June 1909, Marie Surcouf obtained her aeronaut's licence from the Aéronautique-Club de France, and went on to obtain the first sports pilot's licence awarded to a woman. This licence was common to both men and women and the conditions for obtaining it were defined by the Aéro-Club de France: 10 ascents, including 2 solo flights and one at night. She was followed in August 1910 by Mademoiselle Tissot and Madame Airault. From 1912 onwards, La Stella was recognised as an organisation able to issue aeronaut licences in accordance with the standards of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, which had been created in 1905. By 1911, La Stella had 122 members, 79 of whom were women. In 1911, in addition to the 65 ascents in spherical balloons and the 14 ascents in airships, there were 10 flights in aeroplanes, with the ‘Stelliennes’ as passengers in the latter. Most of the flights took place at Villacoublay, Port-Aviation (often called "Juvisy Airfield"), and Issy-les-Moulineaux. On 17 December 1912, in a speech at la Stella annual banquet at the Palais d'Orsay, Marie Surcouf stated "L'empire des airs appartient à tous, et qui oserait contester que la femme n'a pas le droit à la conquête des étoiles. Ce que l'homme parvient à acquérir par sa force musculaire, par son endurance physique, la femme le conquiert aussi par sa volonté, sa ténacité et son courage. ("The empire of the air belongs to everyone, and who would dare to dispute that women do not have the right to conquer the stars. What men achieve through their muscular strength and physical endurance, women also achieve through their will, tenacity and courage".). By December 1913, membership in La Stella had grown to 350. At the General Meeting on 17 March 1914, it was stated that La Stella had 6 female aerostat pilots and 7 female aviator pilots: Jeanne Pallier, Carmen Damedoz, Marthe Richer, Hélène de Plagino, Béatrix de Rijk, Marie-Louise Driancourt and Hélène Dutrieu. La Stella's aeronautical and social activities were suspended in August 1914, with civilian flying curtained by the outbreak of the First World War. The club members, under the impetus of Surcouf, turned their attentions to organising charitiable work for the benefit of military aviation for the duration of the war. However, La Stella did not survive the First World War. In the mid-1920s, Marie Surcouf tried to relaunch the women's flying club, but without much success. Finally, the announcement of the dissolution of the Aéroclub Féminin la Stella was made on 30 June 1926 at the meeting of the Permanent Consultative Commission of Societies affiliated to the Aéro-Club de France. ## Notable members of La Stella - Marie Surcouf, founder of la Stella, aeronaut, licensed as a pilot by the Aéronautique Club de France on 28 July 1906. She made her first flight as a pilot on 23 August 1906 aboard the ‘Bengali’ balloon, accompanied by Mlle Gache, the committee's secretary. It was the first flight by a female crew, and took the two women from Parc des Coteaux de Saint-Cloud to Neuilly-sur-Marne in 2 hours 45 minutes. Surcouf was also the first woman to be awarded a sports aeronaut licence by the Aéro-club de France. - Marie Goldschmidt, manager of La Stella, qualified as an aeronaut in 1911. - Marie Marvingt, scholar, famous sportswoman, aeronaut (aeroplane pilot's licence no 145 en 1910) and aviator (aeroplane pilot's licence no 281, 8 November 1910). - Hélène Dutrieu, Belgian aviator, first Belgian woman pilot (aeroplane pilot's licence no. 27 from l'aéroclub de Belgique, 23 November 1910) - Jane Herveu, aviator (aeroplane pilot's licence no. 318, 7 December 1910) - Marie-Louise Driancourt, aviator (aeroplane pilot licence no. 525, 6 June 1911) - Beatrix de Rijk, Dutch Indonesian aviator, first Dutch woman pilot (aeroplane pilot licence no. 652, 10 October 1911) - Jeanne Pallier, aviator (aeroplane pilot licence no. 1012, 6 September 1912) - Marthe Richer, aviator (aeroplane pilot licence no. 1369, 23 June 1913) - Hélène de Plagino, aviator (aeroplane pilot licence no. 1399, 4 July 1913) - Carmen Damedoz, aviator (aeroplane pilot licence no. 1449, 5 September 1913) - Mrs Emile Carton, aeronaut, joined la Stella's board on 6 May 1906 - Marie Goldschmidt (left) and Marie Surcouf - Marie Marvingt - Hélène Dutrieu - Jane Herveu in 1921 - Beatrix de Rijk - Jeanne Pallier - Marthe Richard - Carmen Damedoz ## L'Union patriotique des aviatrices françaises In 1914, several of la Stella's female aviators formed the Union patriotique des aviatrices françaises (The Patriotic Union of French Women Aviators). ## Bibliography - Guillaume de Syon, “Engines of Emancipation? Women’s Flying Clubs before World War II”, in "Die Schwestern des Ikarus: Frau und Flug, B. Waibel and H. Vogel (dir.), Marburg, Allemagne: Jonas Verlag, 2004. Disponible sur https://albright.academia.edu/GuillaumedeSyon - Luc Robène, L'homme à la conquête de l'air, vol 2, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1998 - L'Aéronautique, revue de l'Aéronautique-Club de France (1902-1908), archives of l'Aéronautique-Club de France (ACDF), aérodrome de Meaux-Esbly, 77450 Isles-lès-Villenoy - Registres des comptes-rendus du Comité des Dames, archives of l'Aéronautique-Club de France, aérodrome de Meaux-Esbly, 77450 Isles-lès-Villenoy - L'Aéronautique-Club de France (ACDF), centre for aeronautical instruction founded in 1897, Meaux-Esbly aerodrome, 77450 Isles-lès-Villenoy - " Luc Robène, Le mouvement aéronautique et sportif féminin à la Belle Époque: l’example de La Stella (1909–1914)", in: Lebecq, Pierre-Alban (2004). Sports, éducation physique et mouvements affinitaires au XXe siècle. Paris: Harmattan. pp. 219–233. ISBN 2-7475-5974-2. - "Luc Robène, Vers la création d’un sport féminin: des filles de l’air aux aéronautes", in: Arnaud, Pierre; Thierry Terret (1996). Histoire du sport féminin (in French). Paris: L'Harmattan. pp. 165–184. ISBN 2-7384-4296-X. - Robineau, Lucien (2005). Les Français du ciel (in French). Paris: Cherche midi. p. 782. ISBN 2-7491-0415-7. - Marck, Bernard (1993). Les aviatrices (in French). Paris: L'Archipel. p. 387. ISBN 978-2-909241-26-5. - http://www.fondett-ailes.fr/images/femmes%20pilotes.pdf	enwiki/77880080	enwiki	77,880,080	Aéroclub féminin la Stella	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9roclub_f%C3%A9minin_la_Stella	2025-07-22T22:44:17Z	en	Q2875350	96,205	{{Short description\|French women's aeronautical club (1909–1926)}} {{use dmy dates\|date=May 2025}} {{Infobox organization \| name = Aéroclub féminin la Stella \| formation = {{start date and age\|1909\|02\|10\|df=y}} \| image = Buigreau du club féminin 'Stella' (...)Agence Rol btv1b531104545 (1).jpg \| caption = Committee of La Stella: Madames Savignac, VP (bureau), Desfossés-Dalloz VP, Surcouf (présidente), Vincent VP, Blériot VP, Airault (secrétaire) 1909 \| dissolved = {{end date and age\|1926\|06\|30\|df=y}} }} The '''Aéroclub Féminin la Stella''' was a French women's aeronautical organisation. It was founded on 10 February 1909 in Paris by [[Marie Surcouf]], a French [[aeronaut]] and campaigner for women's rights. Known as La Stella, the organisation's membership included many of the women balloonists who had previously been members of the Comité des Dames of l'[[Aeronautique Club de France\|Aéronautique-Club de France]] (ACDF). La Stella was founded as a result of a long struggle by French women to be recognised as competent professionals and accomplished sportswomen in the field of flying, initially in [[History of ballooning\|balloons]]. The club offered restricted access to men, who could be members, but not decision-makers. They were allowed to accompany their wives on flights, but only as passengers. == Background == French women were involved in balloon flights from very early in the development of the sport. The Marchioness and Countess of Montalembert, the Countess of Podenas and Miss de Lagarde ascended in a tethered balloon in Paris on 20 May 1784. On 4 June 1784, opera singer [[Élisabeth Thible]] made an ascent in an untethered balloon, dressed as [[Minerva]], the Roman goddess, and sang two duets from [[Monsigny]]'s ''[[La Belle Arsène]]'' with Mr. Fleurant to entertain [[Gustav III of Sweden]] during his visit to [[Lyon]]. In 1798, after the [[French Revolution]], [[Citoyenne Henri]] made an ascent with [[André-Jacques Garnerin]], after the dismissal of claims that female internal organs were not strong enough to survive such an experiment unscathed, and that a mixed crew was immoral. [[Sophie Blanchard]] was the first woman to pilot her own balloon and undertake ballooning as a career, making her first ascent in a balloon with her husband on 27 December 1804 and eventually dying in a ballooning accident in 1819.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Sophie Blanchard: Pioneer Aeronaut – Smithsonian Libraries and Archives / Unbound \|url=https://blog.library.si.edu/blog/2016/03/28/sophie-blanchard-pioneer-aeronaut/#.WraQz5ch2Uk \|access-date=2024-09-15 \|language=en-US}}</ref> By the start of the French [[French Third Republic\|Third Republic]] (1870 - 1940), ballooning was seen as a sporting, scientific or military activity, rather than a spectacle for the entertainment of crowds. Women were therefore generally excluded from taking part in the sport, although some did manage to participate in events and public demonstrations, such as the actress Léa d'Asco in 1887 and the sportswoman [[Camille du Gast#Ballooning and parachuting\|Camille du Gast]] in 1895, although she used her maiden name to avoid social awkwardness. The Aéroclub de France, founded in 1898, was no different in their attitude to women flying in balloons, but did launch a Challenge des Femmes Aéronautes (Women Aeronauts' Challenge) in 1902, a distance event in which women were only permitted to be passengers for male pilots. These female passengers were wealthy members of high society. The competition was repeated in 1903 under the same conditions. In January 1906, the [[Aeronautique Club de France\|Aéronautique Club de France]] (ACDF), founded in October 1897, instituted a women's section after much debate. The Comité des Dames was chaired by Madame [[Marie Surcouf]].<ref>{{Cite AV media \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxD42TLoUcE \|title=Marie Surcouf, aéronaute \|date=2021-03-30 \|last=Aero Masterclass \|access-date=2024-09-14 \|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>''L'Aéronautique, Revue de l'Aéronautique-Club de France, 1 July 1906''</ref> Club member Mrs Émile Carton, wife of Jules Émile Carton, who ballooned in the 1901 Olympics, made her first solo ascent on 6 May 1906. Marie Surcouf, who qualified as a pilot on 28 July 1906, made her first flight as a pilot on 23 August of the same year aboard the ‘Bengali’ balloon, accompanied by Miss Gache, the committee's secretary. This balloon flight, the first by a female crew, took the two women from the Parc des Coteaux de [[Saint-Cloud]] to [[Neuilly-sur-Marne\|Neuilly sur Marne]] in 2 hours 45 minutes.<ref>{{Cite AV media \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxD42TLoUcE \|title=Marie Surcouf, aéronaute \|date=2021-03-30 \|last=Aero Masterclass \|access-date=2024-09-14 \|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>''L'Aéronautique, Revue de l'Aéronautique-Club de France, 1 July 1906''</ref> Following a dispute with the ACDF Executive Committee, Marie Surcouf resigned as President of the Comité des Dames on 6 April 1908, taking most of the committee's female members with her.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=L'aurore du féminisme aéronautique – aeroVFR \|url=https://www.aerovfr.com/2020/01/laurore-du-feminisme-aeronautique/ \|access-date=2024-09-14 \|website=www.aerovfr.com}}</ref> Meanwhile, a new society, the Club Français des Touristes Aériens, was founded on 18 September 1908.<ref>Le Radical, 21 September 1908</ref> This society had its own Ladies' Committee, called the Fémina Club Aéronautique, with Madame Allier as president and Madame Colin as secretary.<ref>''Le Radical'', 16 September 1908</ref> From 20 September 1908, the head office of this women's club was located at 149 [[rue Saint-Honoré]].<ref>''La Presse,'' 21 September 1908</ref> However, this women's club seems to have been short-lived.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.academia.edu/1315234 \| title=Women's aeroclubs piece from _Frau und Flug_ exhibit catalog \| last1=Syon \| first1=Guillaume de }}</ref> == Creation of the Aéroclub Féminin la Stella and the rise of women's ballooning == Marie Surcouf founded the Aéroclub Féminin la Stella known colloquially as ''La Stella'' on 10 February 1909 and took on the role of President.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Histoire : biographies \|url=https://acdf-meaux.fr/histoire-biographies/ \|access-date=2024-09-14 \|website=Aéronautique Club de France à Meaux \|language=fr-FR}}</ref> The members of La Stella's Board of Directors included Madame Alice [[Louis Blériot\|Blériot]], Madame Max-Vincent and former members of the Comité des Dames de l'Aéronautique-Club de France, Madame [[Frédéric Airault\|Airault]], Madame Albufeda and Madame Desfossé-Dalloz.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Agence \|first=Rol \|date=1909 \|title=Bureau du club féminin "Stella" [femmes aéronautes, de d. à g.] : Mmes Savignac, VP (bureau), Desfossés-Dalloz VP, Surcouf (présidente), Vincent VP, Blériot VP, Airault (secrétaire) \|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b531104545 \|access-date=2024-09-14 \|website=Gallica \|language=EN}}</ref> On 15 April 1909, La Stella became a member of the [[Aéro-Club de France]], the organisation which set many of the regulations that controlled aviation in France.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Histoire : biographies \|url=https://acdf-meaux.fr/histoire-biographies/ \|access-date=2024-09-14 \|website=Aéronautique Club de France à Meaux \|language=fr-FR}}</ref> The head office of La Stella was initially located at Marie Surcouf's home, 92 bis boulevard Pereire in Paris, before moving successively to 25 rue de Marignan and 86 boulevard Flandrin. From March 1916, the head office was at 6 rue de l'Amiral-Courbet, in the private mansion provided by Mr and Mrs Richefeu, then at 5 rue Chernoviz in 1920, Surcouf's address after her 1916 divorce from [[Édouard Surcouf\|Edouard Surcouf]]. Men were admitted as members of La Stella but were not allowed any decision-making powers; they could accompany their wives as passengers but not pilot the balloons themselves. "La Stella", declared Marie Surcouf, “is a women's club that allows the fathers, husbands, sons or brothers of its members to accompany them on their air travels”. Fees were set high, with a minimum of 2000 francs for donors, and for participants, a membership fee of 25 francs a year or minimum payment of 400 francs was expected.<ref>{{Cite AV media \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxD42TLoUcE \|title=Marie Surcouf, aéronaute \|date=2021-03-30 \|last=Aero Masterclass \|access-date=2024-09-14 \|via=YouTube}}</ref> La Stella's first balloon ascension is held on a fine day on June 16 1909 at [[Saint-Cloud]] near Paris. Six balloons ascended, all named after flowers, (cornflowers, daisies, roses, peonies, hortensias and carnations) and decorated with the relevant blooms. Surcouf piloted one of the balloons.<ref>{{cite news \|date=17 June 1909 \|title=Vol inaugural pour le club aéronautique féminin "Stella" \|url=http://cpascans.canalblog.com/archives/2009/06/17/14001183.html \|access-date=3 December 2016 \|newspaper=Le Figaro \|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|title=WOMEN TAKE TO BALLOONING.; Most of Them Do It by Proxy, but One Has a Pilot's License. \|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/06/20/106720189.html?pageNumber=21 \|access-date=2024-09-16 \|work=The New York Times \|language=en \|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The club grew quickly, recruiting women from well heeled backgrounds; socialites the Princess of Polignac, the Countess of Poliakoff and the sporting [[Anne de Rochechouart de Mortemart\|Duchess of Uzès]], and women who moved in political circles such as Madame Gabrielli, wife of [[Thadée Gabrielli\|Senator Gabrielli]] and Madame [[Henriette Poincaré]], wife of the French president [[Raymond Poincaré]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Lebow \|first=Eileen F. \|title=Before Amelia: women pilots in the early days of aviation \|date=2002 \|publisher=Brassey's, Inc \|isbn=978-1-57488-482-1 \|edition=1 \|location=Washington, D.C}}</ref> The club organised conferences, artistic evenings with opera, tea parties called ‘Stella-Thé’, and started a tradition of annual banquets, such as the one held on 15 February 1912 in the salons of the Palais d'Orsay. In addition to climbing and flying, visits to sites of aeronautical interest such as the Astra hangars, the Villacoublay airfield and the Buc airfield filled the club's social calendar.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=photographique \|first=Agence Rol Agence \|date=1909 \|title=Fête "Stella", la nacelle du ballon "Les Bleuets", mesdames Surcouf, Airault et Mlle Tissot : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol] \|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53110300x \|access-date=2024-09-14 \|website=Gallica \|language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=photographique \|first=Agence Rol Agence \|date=1911 \|title=17-9-11, [St Cloud], [VIIe] Grand prix de l'Aéro [Club de France], Mme Surcouf et Goldschmidt, Stella III [ballon] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol] \|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b6917394d \|access-date=2024-09-14 \|website=Gallica \|language=EN}}</ref> La Stella's committee meetings and social events were initially held in the salons of the [[Hôtel de Crillon\|Hôtel Crillon]], but from October 1912, they moved to the Hôtel Astoria, 133 avenue des Champs-Élysées. On 17 June 1909, Marie Surcouf obtained her aeronaut's licence from the Aéronautique-Club de France, and went on to obtain the first sports pilot's licence awarded to a woman. This licence was common to both men and women and the conditions for obtaining it were defined by the Aéro-Club de France: 10 ascents, including 2 solo flights and one at night. She was followed in August 1910 by Mademoiselle Tissot and Madame Airault. From 1912 onwards, La Stella was recognised as an organisation able to issue aeronaut licences in accordance with the standards of the [[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]], which had been created in 1905.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=photographique \|first=Agence de presse Meurisse Agence \|date=1912 \|title=Le remise du drapeau de la Stella à l'Aéronautique : Mme Surcouf : [photographie de presse] / Agence Meurisse \|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b90209607/f1.item.zoom# \|access-date=2024-09-14 \|website=Gallica \|language=EN}}</ref> By 1911, La Stella had 122 members, 79 of whom were women. In 1911, in addition to the 65 ascents in spherical balloons and the 14 ascents in airships, there were 10 flights in aeroplanes, with the ‘Stelliennes’ as passengers in the latter. Most of the flights took place at [[Vélizy-Villacoublay\|Villacoublay]], [[Port-Aviation]] (often called "Juvisy Airfield"), and [[Issy-les-Moulineaux]]. On 17 December 1912, in a speech at ''la Stella'' annual banquet at the [[Musée d'Orsay\|Palais d'Orsay]], Marie Surcouf stated "L'empire des airs appartient à tous, et qui oserait contester que la femme n'a pas le droit à la conquête des étoiles. Ce que l'homme parvient à acquérir par sa force musculaire, par son endurance physique, la femme le conquiert aussi par sa volonté, sa ténacité et son courage. (''"The empire of the air belongs to everyone, and who would dare to dispute that women do not have the right to conquer the stars. What men achieve through their muscular strength and physical endurance, women also achieve through their will, tenacity and courage".''). By December 1913, membership in La Stella had grown to 350. At the General Meeting on 17 March 1914, it was stated that La Stella had 6 female [[aerostat]] pilots and 7 female aviator pilots: [[Jeanne Pallier]], [[Carmen Damedoz]], [[Marthe Richard\|Marthe Richer]], Hélène de Plagino, [[Beatrix de Rijk\|Béatrix de Rijk]], [[Marie-Louise Driancourt]] and [[Hélène Dutrieu]].<ref>Compte-rendu de la séance du Comité des Dames du 22 février 1908 – archives ACDF, aérodrome de Meaux-Esbly (77)</ref> La Stella's aeronautical and social activities were suspended in August 1914, with civilian flying curtained by the outbreak of the First World War. The club members, under the impetus of Surcouf, turned their attentions to organising charitiable work for the benefit of military aviation for the duration of the war. However, La Stella did not survive the First World War.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Syon \|first=Guillaume de \|date=2012-01-01 \|title=The Female Flier, National Icon in Interwar France \|url=https://www.academia.edu/3428638 \|journal=Sexing Political Culture in the History of France}}</ref> In the mid-1920s, Marie Surcouf tried to relaunch the women's flying club, but without much success. Finally, the announcement of the dissolution of the Aéroclub Féminin la Stella was made on 30 June 1926 at the meeting of the Permanent Consultative Commission of Societies affiliated to the Aéro-Club de France.<ref>''L'Aéronautique, Revue de l'Aéronautique-Club de France, 1 July 1906''</ref> == Notable members of La Stella == * [[Marie Surcouf]], founder of la Stella, aeronaut, licensed as a pilot by the [[Aeronautique Club de France\|Aéronautique Club de France]] on 28 July 1906. She made her first flight as a pilot on 23 August 1906 aboard the ‘Bengali’ balloon, accompanied by Mlle Gache, the committee's secretary. It was the first flight by a female crew, and took the two women from Parc des Coteaux de [[Saint-Cloud]] to [[Neuilly-sur-Marne]] in 2 hours 45 minutes. Surcouf was also the first woman to be awarded a sports aeronaut licence by the Aéro-club de France. * [[Marie Goldschmidt]], manager of La Stella, qualified as an aeronaut in 1911. * [[Marie Marvingt]], scholar, famous sportswoman, aeronaut (aeroplane pilot's licence no 145 en 1910) and aviator (aeroplane pilot's licence no 281, 8 November 1910). * [[Hélène Dutrieu]], Belgian aviator, first Belgian woman pilot (aeroplane pilot's licence no. 27 from l'aéroclub de Belgique, 23 November 1910) * [[Jane Herveu]], aviator (aeroplane pilot's licence no. 318, 7 December 1910) * [[Marie-Louise Driancourt]], aviator (aeroplane pilot licence no. 525, 6 June 1911) * [[Beatrix de Rijk]], Dutch Indonesian aviator, first Dutch woman pilot (aeroplane pilot licence no. 652, 10 October 1911) * [[Jeanne Pallier]], aviator (aeroplane pilot licence no. 1012, 6 September 1912) * [[Marthe Richard\|Marthe Richer]], aviator (aeroplane pilot licence no. 1369, 23 June 1913) * Hélène de Plagino, aviator (aeroplane pilot licence no. 1399, 4 July 1913) * [[Carmen Damedoz]], aviator (aeroplane pilot licence no. 1449, 5 September 1913) * Mrs Emile Carton, aeronaut, joined la Stella's board on 6 May 1906 <gallery> File:17-9-11 (St Cloud) (VIIe) Grand (...)Agence Rol btv1b69173915.jpg\|[[Marie Goldschmidt]] (left) and [[Marie Surcouf]] File:Marie_Marvingt.jpg\|[[Marie Marvingt]] File:Helene_Dutrieu_im_Flugzeug.jpg\|[[Hélène Dutrieu]] File:Jane Herveu 1921.png\|[[Jane Herveu]] in 1921 File:BeatrixDeRijk.jpg\|[[Beatrix de Rijk]] File:Jeanne_Pallier.jpg\|[[Jeanne Pallier]] File:Marthe Richard aviatrice.jpg\|[[Marthe Richard]] File:Damedoz-carmen.jpg\|[[Carmen Damedoz]] </gallery> == L'Union patriotique des aviatrices françaises == In 1914, several of la Stella's female aviators formed the Union patriotique des aviatrices françaises (The Patriotic Union of French Women Aviators).<ref>{{Citation \|title=Excelsior \|date=1915-09-27 \|url=https://www.retronews.fr/journal/excelsior/27-septembre-1915/353/2772725/8 \|access-date=2024-09-16 \|language=fr}}</ref> == See also == [[Automobile Club féminin de France]] {{Commons}} == References == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == Guillaume de Syon, “Engines of Emancipation? Women’s Flying Clubs before World War II”, in "Die Schwestern des Ikarus: Frau und Flug, B. Waibel and H. Vogel (dir.), Marburg, Allemagne: Jonas Verlag, 2004. Disponible sur https://albright.academia.edu/GuillaumedeSyon * Luc Robène, ''L'homme à la conquête de l'air'', vol 2, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1998 * ''L'Aéronautique'', revue de l'Aéronautique-Club de France (1902-1908), archives of ''l'Aéronautique-Club de France (ACDF)'', aérodrome de Meaux-Esbly, 77450 Isles-lès-Villenoy * ''Registres des comptes-rendus du Comité des Dames'', archives of l'Aéronautique-Club de France, aérodrome de Meaux-Esbly, 77450 Isles-lès-Villenoy * ''L'[http://acdf-meaux.fr/ Aéronautique-Club de France (ACDF)]'', centre for aeronautical instruction founded in 1897, Meaux-Esbly aerodrome, 77450 Isles-lès-Villenoy * " Luc Robène, Le mouvement aéronautique et sportif féminin à la Belle Époque: l’example de La Stella (1909–1914)", in: {{Cite book \|last=Lebecq \|first=Pierre-Alban \|title=Sports, éducation physique et mouvements affinitaires au XXe siècle \|publisher=Harmattan \|year=2004 \|isbn=2-7475-5974-2 \|location=Paris \|pages=219–233}} * "Luc Robène, Vers la création d’un sport féminin: des filles de l’air aux aéronautes", in: {{Cite book \|last1=Arnaud \|first1=Pierre \|title=Histoire du sport féminin \|last2=Thierry Terret \|publisher=L'Harmattan \|year=1996 \|isbn=2-7384-4296-X \|location=Paris \|pages=165–184 \|language=fr}} * {{Cite book \|last=Robineau \|first=Lucien \|title=Les Français du ciel \|publisher=Cherche midi \|year=2005 \|isbn=2-7491-0415-7 \|location=Paris \|pages=782 \|language=fr}} * {{Cite book \|last=Marck \|first=Bernard \|title=Les aviatrices \|publisher=L'Archipel \|year=1993 \|isbn=978-2-909241-26-5 \|location=Paris \|pages=387 \|language=fr}} * http://www.fondett-ailes.fr/images/femmes%20pilotes.pdf <!--{{Portal\|aéronautique\|femmes}}--> [[Category:Flying clubs]] [[Category:Women aviators]] [[Category:Women aviation pioneers]] [[Category:French women aviators]] [[Category:Women's organizations based in France]] [[Category:French aviators]] [[Category:French aviation pioneers]]	1,302,013,616	[{"title": "A\u00e9roclub f\u00e9minin la Stella", "data": {"Formation": "10 February 1909", "Dissolved": "30 June 1926"}}]	false
# C-5 (Cercanías Madrid) The C-5 is a 45.1-kilometre (28.0 mi) commuter rail service in the Community of Madrid. It is part of the Cercanías Madrid network, operated by Renfe Operadora. Line C-5 runs from Móstoles El Soto to Humanes, passing through the cities of Móstoles, Alcorcón, Madrid, Leganés and Fuenlabrada. Unlike the rest of the Cercanías network, line C-5 more closely resemble the lines of the Madrid Metro rather than a commuter line. The service operates 4-minute headways during the morning rush hours, and 6-8 minute headways during the afternoons. On weekends and holidays, the line operates on a 10-minute frequency. Stations on line C-5 are also much closer to each other than the rest of the Cercanías lines. Line C-5 is the only Cercanías commuter line to employ the LZB signaling system. ## History Line C-5 first opened in 1980. Line C-6 was merged to this line in 1991. ## List of stations The following table lists the name of each station served by line C-5 in order from west to south, connections to other Cercanías lines and other networks, the municipality in which each station is located, as well as the fare zone each station belongs to according to the Madrid Metro fare zone system. \| Municipality \| Station \| Connections \| Zone \| \| ----------------- \| ----------------------------------------- \| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ---- \| \| Móstoles \| Móstoles-El Soto \| \| \| \| Móstoles \| Móstoles \| Madrid Metro: (at Móstoles Central) \| \| \| Alcorcón \| Las Retamas \| \| \| \| Alcorcón \| Alcorcón \| Madrid Metro: (at Alcorcón Central) \| \| \| Alcorcón \| San José de Valderas \| \| \| \| Madrid \| Cuatro Vientos \| Madrid Metro: \| \| \| Madrid \| Las Águilas \| \| \| \| Madrid \| Maestra Justa Freire-Polideportivo Aluche \| \| \| \| Madrid \| Aluche \| Madrid Metro: \| \| \| Madrid \| Laguna \| Madrid Metro: \| \| \| Madrid \| Embajadores \| Madrid Metro: \| \| \| Madrid \| Atocha \| Renfe Operadora: AVE, Alvia, Alaris, Altaria, Talgo Cercanías Madrid: Madrid Metro: \| \| \| Madrid \| Méndez Álvaro \| Cercanías Madrid: Madrid Metro: \| \| \| Madrid \| Doce de Octubre \| \| \| \| Madrid \| Orcasitas \| \| \| \| Madrid \| Puente Alcocer \| \| \| \| Madrid \| Villaverde Alto \| Cercanías Madrid: Madrid Metro: \| \| \| Leganés \| Zarzaquemada \| \| \| \| Leganés \| Leganés \| Madrid Metro: (at Leganés Central) \| \| \| Leganés \| Parque Polvoranca \| \| \| \| Fuenlabrada \| La Serna \| \| \| \| Fuenlabrada \| Fuenlabrada \| Madrid Metro: (at Fuenlabrada Central) \| \| \| Humanes de Madrid \| Humanes \| \| \|	enwiki/55883861	enwiki	55,883,861	C-5 (Cercanías Madrid)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-5_(Cercan%C3%ADas_Madrid)	2025-07-23T01:01:16Z	en	Q3832677	98,994	{{Infobox rail line \| box_width = \| name = C-5 \| other_name = \| native_name = \| native_name_lang = \| color = {{rcr\|Cercanías Madrid\|C-5}} \| logo = Cercanías_C5.svg \| logo_width = 100 \| logo_alt = \| image = 13 x24 Hp Cuatro Vientos, 477 257.jpg \| image_width = 280 \| image_alt = \| caption = A [[RENFE Class 446\|class 446]] train on a C-5 service towards {{Stnlnk\|Fuenlabrada}} in [[Cuatro Vientos (Madrid Metro)\|Cuatro Vientos station]] in 2002. \| type = [[Commuter rail]]/[[rapid transit]] \| system = [[Cercanías Madrid]] \| status = Operational \| locale = [[Madrid]], [[Community of Madrid]], [[Spain]] \| start = {{Stnlnk\|Móstoles-El Soto}} \| end = {{Stnlnk\|Humanes}} \| stations = 23 \| routes = [[Móstoles-Parla railway]]<br/>[[Madrid−Valencia de Alcántara railway]] \| daily_ridership = \| ridership2 = \| open = {{start date and age\|1981}} \| close = \| owner = [[Adif]] \| operator = [[Renfe Operadora]] \| character = \| depot = \| stock = ''[[Civia]]'' and [[RENFE Class 446\|446 Series]] [[electrical multiple unit\|EMUs]] \| linelength_km = 45.1 \| linelength_mi = \| linelength = \| tracklength_km= \| tracklength_mi= \| tracklength = \| tracks = Double \| gauge = {{Track gauge\|iberian\|allk=on}} \| old_gauge = \| load_gauge = \| minradius = \| racksystem = \| routenumber = \| linenumber = \| electrification = 3kV AC [[overhead line]] \| speed_km/h = \| speed_mph = \| speed = \| elevation_m = \| elevation = \| website = \| map = <!--{{C-5 (Cercanías Madrid)}}--> \| map_state = collapsed }} The '''C-5''' is a {{convert\|45.1\|km\|adj=on}} [[commuter rail]] service in the [[Community of Madrid]]. It is part of the [[Cercanías Madrid]] network, operated by [[Renfe Operadora]]. Line C-5 runs from [[Móstoles-El Soto railway station\|Móstoles El Soto]] to [[Humanes de Madrid\|Humanes]], passing through the cities of [[Móstoles]], [[Alcorcón]], [[Madrid]], [[Leganés]] and [[Fuenlabrada]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.renfe.com/viajeros/cercanias/madrid/lineas/\|title=Cercanías Madrid\|website=www.renfe.com\|access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/Movilidad-y-transportes/Direcciones-y-telefonos/Linea-C5-Cercanias-Madrid-Renfe-Mostoles-El-Soto-Atocha-Fuenlabrada-Humanes?vgnextfmt=default&vgnextoid=877bd7ffaca8b010VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=262f8fb9458fe410VgnVCM1000000b205a0aRCRD\|title=Línea C5. Cercanías Madrid Renfe. Móstoles El Soto – Atocha – Fuenlabrada - Humanes\|website=madrid.es\|access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref> Unlike the rest of the Cercanías network, line C-5 more closely resemble the lines of the [[Madrid Metro]] rather than a commuter line. The service operates 4-minute headways during the morning rush hours, and 6-8 minute headways during the afternoons. On weekends and holidays, the line operates on a 10-minute frequency. Stations on line C-5 are also much closer to each other than the rest of the Cercanías lines. Line C-5 is the only Cercanías commuter line to employ the [[Linienzugbeeinflussung\|LZB]] signaling system. ==History== {{expand spanish\|topic=transp}} Line C-5 first opened in 1980. Line C-6 was merged to this line in 1991. ==List of stations== The following table lists the name of each station served by line C-5 in order from west to south, connections to other Cercanías lines and other networks, the [[Municipalities of Spain\|municipality]] in which each station is located, as well as the fare zone each station belongs to according to the Madrid Metro fare zone system. {\|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" ! scope=col \| Municipality ! scope=col \| Station ! scope=col \| Connections ! scope=col \| Zone \|- \|rowspan=2\|[[Móstoles]] \|{{Stnlnk\|Móstoles-El Soto}} \|\| \|\| align=center \| [[File:Madrid-MetroZonaB2.svg\|25px]] \|- \|{{Stnlnk\|Móstoles}} \|\| [[Madrid Metro]]: {{rint\|madrid\|12}} (at {{MdM\|Móstoles Central}}) \|\| align=center \| [[File:Madrid-MetroZonaB2.svg\|25px]] \|- \|rowspan=3\|[[Alcorcón]] \|{{Stnlnk\|Las Retamas}} \|\| \|\| align=center \| [[File:Madrid-MetroZonaB1.svg\|25px]] \|- \|{{Stnlnk\|Alcorcón}} \|\| Madrid Metro: {{rint\|madrid\|12}} (at {{MdM\|Alcorcón Central}}) \|\| align=center \| [[File:Madrid-MetroZonaB1.svg\|25px]] \|- \|{{Stnlnk\|San José de Valderas}} \|\| \|\| align=center \| [[File:Madrid-MetroZonaB1.svg\|25px]] \|- \|rowspan=12\|[[Madrid]] \|[[Cuatro Vientos (Madrid Metro)\|Cuatro Vientos]] \|\| Madrid Metro: {{rint\|madrid\|10}} \|\| align=center \| [[File:Madrid-MetroZonaA.svg\|25px]] \|- \|{{Stnlnk\|Las Águilas}} \|\| \|\| align=center \| [[File:Madrid-MetroZonaA.svg\|25px]] \|- \|{{Stnlnk\|Maestra Justa Freire-Polideportivo Aluche}} \|\| \|\| align=center \| [[File:Madrid-MetroZonaA.svg\|25px]] \|- \|[[Aluche (Madrid Metro)\|Aluche]] \|\| Madrid Metro: {{rint\|madrid\|5}} \|\| align=center \| [[File:Madrid-MetroZonaA.svg\|25px]] \|- \|[[Laguna station\|Laguna]] \|\| Madrid Metro: {{rint\|madrid\|6}} \|\| align=center \| [[File:Madrid-MetroZonaA.svg\|25px]] \|- \|[[Embajadores station\|Embajadores]] \|\| Madrid Metro: {{rint\|madrid\|3}} {{rint\|madrid\|5}} \|\| align=center \| [[File:Madrid-MetroZonaA.svg\|25px]] \|- \|{{Stnlnk\|Atocha}} \|\| [[Renfe Operadora]]: [[AVE]], [[Alvia]], [[Alaris]], [[Altaria (Renfe Operadora service)\|Altaria]], [[Talgo]]<br>[[Cercanías Madrid]]: {{rint\|madrid\|C-1}} {{rint\|madrid\|C-2}} {{rint\|madrid\|C-3}} {{rint\|madrid\|C-4}} {{rint\|madrid\|C-7}} {{rint\|madrid\|C-8}} {{rint\|madrid\|C-10}}<br>Madrid Metro: {{rint\|madrid\|1}} \|\| align=center \| [[File:Madrid-MetroZonaA.svg\|25px]] \|- \|[[Méndez Álvaro station\|Méndez Álvaro]] \|\| Cercanías Madrid: {{rint\|madrid\|C-1}} {{rint\|madrid\|C-10}}<br>Madrid Metro: {{rint\|madrid\|6}} \|\| align=center \| [[File:Madrid-MetroZonaA.svg\|25px]] \|- \|{{Stnlnk\|Doce de Octubre}} \|\| \|\| align=center \| [[File:Madrid-MetroZonaA.svg\|25px]] \|- \|{{Stnlnk\|Orcasitas}} \|\| \|\| align=center \| [[File:Madrid-MetroZonaA.svg\|25px]] \|- \|{{Stnlnk\|Puente Alcocer}} \|\| \|\| align=center \| [[File:Madrid-MetroZonaA.svg\|25px]] \|- \|[[Villaverde Alto station\|Villaverde Alto]] \|\| Cercanías Madrid: {{rint\|madrid\|C-4}}<br>Madrid Metro: {{rint\|madrid\|3}} \|\| align=center \| [[File:Madrid-MetroZonaA.svg\|25px]] \|- \|rowspan=3\|[[Leganés]] \|{{Stnlnk\|Zarzaquemada}} \|\| \|\| align=center \| [[File:Madrid-MetroZonaB1.svg\|25px]] \|- \|{{Stnlnk\|Leganés}} \|\| Madrid Metro: {{rint\|madrid\|12}} (at {{MdM\|Leganés Central}}) \|\| align=center \| [[File:Madrid-MetroZonaB1.svg\|25px]] \|- \|{{Stnlnk\|Parque Polvoranca}} \|\| \|\| align=center \| [[File:Madrid-MetroZonaB1.svg\|25px]] \|- \|rowspan=2\|[[Fuenlabrada]] \|{{Stnlnk\|La Serna}} \|\| \|\| align=center \| [[File:Madrid-MetroZonaB2.svg\|25px]] \|- \|{{Stnlnk\|Fuenlabrada}} \|\| Madrid Metro: {{rint\|madrid\|12}} (at {{MdM\|Fuenlabrada Central}}) \|\| align=center \| [[File:Madrid-MetroZonaB2.svg\|25px]] \|- \|[[Humanes de Madrid]] \|{{Stnlnk\|Humanes}} \|\| \|\| align=center \| [[File:Madrid-MetroZonaB3.svg\|25px]] \|} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Cercanías Madrid}} [[Category:Cercanías Madrid]] {{Spain-rail-transport-stub}}	1,302,036,421	[{"title": "Overview", "data": {"Status": "Operational", "Owner": "Adif", "Locale": "Madrid, Community of Madrid, Spain", "Termini": "- M\u00f3stoles-El Soto - Humanes", "Stations": "23"}}, {"title": "Service", "data": {"Type": "Commuter rail/rapid transit", "System": "Cercan\u00edas Madrid", "Services": "M\u00f3stoles-Parla railway \u00b7 Madrid\u2212Valencia de Alc\u00e1ntara railway", "Operator(s)": "Renfe Operadora", "Rolling stock": "Civia and 446 Series EMUs"}}, {"title": "History", "data": {"Opened": "1981"}}, {"title": "Technical", "data": {"Line length": "45.1 km (28.0 mi)", "Number of tracks": "Double", "Track gauge": "1,668 mm (5 ft 5+21\u204432 in) Iberian gauge", "Electrification": "3kV AC overhead line"}}]	false
# Jersey (2022 film) Jersey is a 2022 Indian Hindi-language sports drama film written and directed by Gowtam Tinnanuri, in his Hindi directorial debut. It is a remake of his 2019 Telugu film of the same title. It stars Shahid Kapoor as a former cricketer who returns to the game for his son's wish of buying a Jersey T- Shirt, alongside Mrunal Thakur and Pankaj Kapoor. The film is produced by Geetha Arts, Dil Raju Production, Sithara Entertainments and Brat Films. The film was officially announced in October 2019. Principal photography commenced in Chandigarh in December 2019 and ended in December 2020, amidst delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Jersey was originally scheduled for a theatrical release on 28 August 2020 but was postponed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The film was theatrically released on 22 April 2022. Despite receiving positive reviews from critics who praised Kapoor's performance, Jersey performed poorly at the box office. ## Plot 26-year-old Arjun Talwar is an extraordinary cricketer from Chandigarh with the highest batting average in all of India and 106 half-centuries, fifty-two centuries, nine double centuries and two triple centuries to his name. Following the 1985-86 Duleep Trophy finals, Arjun awaits news of his selection in the India national team, only to find out his inclusion in the list was a misprint. Following this, he quits cricket. Arjun then applies for a job in the food sector and shortly after marries his girlfriend Vidya, with whom he has a son named Ketan, nicknamed Kittu. However, sometime in the early 1990s, Arjun is suspended from his job on corruption charges, although he is innocent. In 1996, Arjun lives with Vidya and Kittu in a dilapidated house in Chandigarh, with Vidya struggling to make ends meet as a hotel receptionist. Kittu loves playing cricket, much like Arjun did, and wishes to get a jersey of the Indian national team for his upcoming birthday. Arjun tries getting one, but finds out it is very expensive; he then tries to loan the Jersey in vain and Vidya refuses to lend him money for the same. His friends try pooling funds for the jersey, but fall very short of the budget. Arjun's former coach Baali Sir approaches him to inform him of an upcoming charity match between Punjab and New Zealand, with players' fees included. Arjun's friend lies that Arjun has agreed to play, forcing Arjun to practice for the match late at night. The next day, the New Zealand team bats impressively and sets a high target for Punjab. At first, Punjab seems to be losing the match, with very few runs and wickets falling quick. Arjun is sent onto the pitch, hitting fours and sixes with ease. Although the Punjab team eventually loses the match by one run, Arjun is praised by many, especially Kittu, for his exceptional batting. However, he is dismayed to find out that players' fees are going to charity as well. Arjun, ashamed that he was unable to get his son a jersey, tells Baali Sir that he wants to get back up playing cricket. Officials are skeptical about Arjun, a 36-year-old, playing cricket, thinking he will not do well and will quit again in a year or two. However, they then see him play during practice, amazed by how he is able to score easily. Selections for the upcoming Ranji Trophy are underway, with only 15 out of 30 of the trainees being selected. The results come in, and Arjun is ecstatic after finding out that his name in the list. The first few matches go well, with Arjun making centuries effortlessly and simultaneously earning his teammates' respect and teaching them some of his techniques. Meanwhile, Arjun's time on the field takes a toll on him, resulting in him having to go to the hospital for some tests. Although it is said he may not be able to play in the finals, Arjun nevertheless appears for the match against Karnataka at the Wankhede Stadium. In the second half of the match, he is pitted against Gowda, a bowler from the Karnataka team who has effortlessly taken wickets of batsmen who had played prior in the match. Gowda proves to be a challenge to Arjun, who however manages to get to a century. Gowda tries many tricks to take Arjun's wicket. However, this does not deter Arjun from scoring. In the final over, the team barely manages to score runs due to the opposition's strong bowling and Arjun being on the non-striker end. On the final ball, Arjun needing three runs to win, attempts to hit a sixer. Despite risking being run out, Arjun manages to make the required runs for his team to win the match and the trophy. In 2022, Jasleen Shergill, a journalist who supported Arjun during his comeback, writes a biography about him titled Jersey. At a function relating to the book, it is revealed that recently, a list of players selected for the Indian national team headed to England was found, with Arjun's name included in it. A grown-up Ketan is then called upon stage to receive a jersey with Arjun's name on it, thus fulfilling his childhood dream of getting a jersey. Ketan reveals that shortly after the Ranji finals, Arjun had to be admitted to the hospital, succumbing to heart failure caused by arrhythmia, something Arjun chose to keep a secret and the reason why he quit cricket. Ketan then ends his speech by stating that while people believed his father lost his life while trying, it was the opposite; even during hardships, Arjun never backed down till the very end. ## Cast - Shahid Kapoor as Arjun Talwar - Mrunal Thakur as Vidya Rao Talwar, Arjun's wife - Pankaj Kapur as Baali, Arjun's coach - Saurabh V Pandey as Ravindra Singh, Punjab cricket team’s captain [11] - Ronit Kamra as Ketan "Kittu" Talwar, Arjun and Vidya's son - Prit Kamani as adult Kittu - Geetika Mehandru as Jasleen Shergill[12] - Major Rudrashish Majumder (Retd) as Rudra Juneja - Anjum Batra as Amrit, Arjun's friend - Rituraj Singh as Mahesh Karmarkar, Mumbai Coach - Vinay Varma as Krishna Rao, Vidya's father ## Production Speculations for a remake of the Telugu film Jersey (2019) began soon after its release. Later it was reported that Shahid Kapoor has been roped in to star as the lead actor while Shraddha Kapoor was considered for the female lead. In August 2019, Kannada actress Rashmika Mandanna was considered to play the female lead in this film and it will be her Hindi debut film. Official announcement was made on 14 October that year, confirming all the cast and crew. But later Mrunal Thakur was finalised to cast in the movie Shahid's father Pankaj Kapur was roped in to portray Coach Murthy. The principal photography commenced on 14 December 2019 in Chandigarh. While filming in January 2020, it was reported that Shahid Kapoor received thirteen stitches during a scene, though he later recovered. The filming was halted in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The filming was resumed in October 2020, production moved to Dehradun and filming took place at the all-boys' boarding school, The Doon School, and Kasiga School. Doon's cricket grounds, buildings and pavilion feature in the film and the trailer. The final schedule of the film took place at the Mohali Stadium in Punjab, and strict bio bubbles and quarantine rules were put in place for the safety of cast and crew. The filming wrapped up on 14 December 2020. ## Music The film's songs are composed by Sachet–Parampara while the lyrics are written by Shellee. The film score is composed by Anirudh Ravichander who composed the score and soundtrack for the original Telugu version. The film version of 'Jind Meriye' is sung by Javed Ali. 'Maiyya Mainu' second version was sung by Sakshi Holkar. \| No. \| Title \| Singer(s) \| Length \| \| ------------- \| -------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------ \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Mehram" \| Sachet Tandon \| 3:47 \| \| 2. \| "Maiyya Mainu" \| Sachet Tandon \| 3:51 \| \| 3. \| "Baliye Re" \| Sachet Tandon, Stebin Ben, Paramapara Tandon, Mellow D \| 3:07 \| \| 4. \| "Jind Meriye" \| Sachet Tandon \| 3:58 \| \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| 14:43 \| ## Release Jersey was released on 22 April 2022. The film was initially scheduled to be theatrically released on 28 August 2020 and then on 5 November 2021, before the COVID-19 pandemic delayed production. It was later on again finalised for cinema release on 31 December 2021, but got indefinitely postponed due to the Omicron variant spread. Release date was revised later as 14 April 2022, but it was pushed by a week to avoid clash with Beast and K.G.F: Chapter 2. ### Home media The film premiered on Netflix on 20 May 2022. ### Distribution The film was distributed in India by Balaji Motion Pictures and Pen Marudhar Entertainment while overseas distribution was done by Yash Raj Films and Phars Film Co. ## Reception ### Box office Jersey earned ₹3.75 crore at the domestic box office on its opening day. On the second day, the film collected ₹5.50 crore. On the third day, the film collected ₹5.50 crore, taking total domestic weekend collection to ₹14.75 crore. As of 7 May 2022, the film grossed ₹22.65 crore in India and ₹4.47 crore overseas, for a worldwide gross collection of ₹27.12 crore. Jersey performed poorly at the box office despite positive reception from critics. Ganesh Aaglave of Firstpost attributed to the film's failure to the box office clash with K.G.F: Chapter 2, a recent overdose of remakes of South Indian films, availability of the Hindi dubbed version of the original film on YouTube for free, and average music compared to Shahid Kapoor's previous remake film Kabir Singh (2019). ### Critical response Jersey received positive reviews with critics lauding the intent of the film and Shahid's performance. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 50% of 10 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 5.5/10. Pankaj Shukla of Amar Ujala gave the film a rating of 4/5. A reviewer from Prabhat Khabar gave the film a rating of 3.5/5. Archika Khurana of The Times Of India gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote, "This film leans more on emotional drama, while it could have struck a finer balance between the sports and the human drama." Himesh Mankad of Pinkvilla gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote, "Jersey is a well-intentioned sport drama, which much like the original, has heart at its right place. It rides on superlative performance by Shahid Kapoor, who rises to roar and revolt as a cricketer." Devansh Sharma of Firstpost gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote, "Jersey makes us find great comfort in familiarity. It's honest, but could have also been innovative and intricate." Sukanya Verma of Rediff gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote, "Jersey is a sweet little drama that hits a home run on the strength of its heart and hero." A reviewer of Bollywood Hungama gave the film a rating of 3/5 and wrote, "While Shahid Kapoor Jersey scores with its performance and touching finale, the slow pace and opposition from KGF 2 will limit its box office prospects." Bharathi Pradhan of Lehren gave the film a rating of 3/5 and wrote, "Shahid Kapoor looks and enacts his part as cricketer, lover and father with impressive credibility." Tushar Joshi of India Today gave the film a rating of 3/5 and wrote, "Jersey is a solid effort by Shahid Kapoor and it once again proves his mettle as an actor." Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 and wrote, "Shahid Kapoor-Mrunal Thakur-starrer film, an official remake of the 2019 Telugu hit of the same name and by the same director, has all the elements of an inspirational sports drama." Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 and wrote, "On the acting front, Shahid is the Man of the Match. The team effort behind him is strengthened by the performances from Mrunal Thakur and Ronit Kamra, a confident child actor." Monika Rawal Kukreja of The Hindustan Times stated, "Shahid Kapoor delivers one of his best performances. However, the film's length works against it." Anuj Kumar of The Hindu stated, "Despite heartwarming moments, 'Jersey' suffers from logical loopholes and a sense of deja vu." ## Awards and nominations \| Year \| Award \| Category \| Recipient \| Result \| Ref. \| \| ---- \| -------------------- \| -------------------- \| ---------------------------- \| --------- \| ------ \| \| 2023 \| 68th Filmfare Awards \| Best Actor - Critics \| Shahid Kapoor \| Nominated \| [ 45 ] \| \| 2023 \| 68th Filmfare Awards \| Best Lyricist \| Shellee (for "Maiyya Mainu") \| Nominated \| [ 45 ] \|	enwiki/62427396	enwiki	62,427,396	Jersey (2022 film)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_(2022_film)	2025-08-01T22:31:27Z	en	Q85771113	220,645	{{Short description\|2022 Indian sports film}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=November 2019}} {{Use Indian English\|date=November 2019}} {{Infobox film \| name = Jersey \| image = Jersey 2022 poster.jpg \| caption = Theatrical release poster \| director = [[Gowtam Tinnanuri]] \| producer = [[Dil Raju]]<br />[[Allu Aravind]]<br />[[Naga Vamsi\|S. Naga Vamsi]]<br />[[Aman Gill]] \| writer = Gowtam Tinnanuri \| based_on = {{Based on\| ''[[Jersey (2019 film)\|Jersey]]'' (2019)}} \| starring = [[Shahid Kapoor]]<br/>[[Mrunal Thakur]]<br/>[[Pankaj Kapur]] \| cinematography = [[Anil Mehta]] \| editing = [[Naveen Nooli]] \| music = '''Score:'''<br/>[[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br/>'''Songs:'''<br/>[[Sachet–Parampara]] \| studio = [[Geetha Arts\|Allu Entertainment]]<br />[[Sri Venkateswara Creations\|Dil Raju Production]]<br />[[S. Radha Krishna\|Sithara Entertainments]]<br />Brat Films \| distributor = [[Balaji Motion Pictures]]<br />[[Pen India Limited\|Pen Marudhar Entertainment]] (India)<ref>{{Cite web \|date=20 November 2021 \|title=Ekta Kapoor's Balaji Telefilms and Jayantilal Gada's Pen Marudhar acquire the all-India theatrical rights of Shahid Kapoor's Jersey \|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ekta-kapoors-balaji-telefilms-jayantilal-gadas-pen-marudhar-acquire-india-theatrical-rights-shahid-kapoors-jersey/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120060017/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ekta-kapoors-balaji-telefilms-jayantilal-gadas-pen-marudhar-acquire-india-theatrical-rights-shahid-kapoors-jersey/ \|archive-date=20 November 2021 \|access-date=20 November 2021 \|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><br />[[Yash Raj Films]]<br>Phars Film Co (overseas)<ref>{{Cite web \|date=8 December 2021 \|title=Yash Raj Films to release Shahid Kapoor starrer Jersey in international markets on December 30 \|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/yash-raj-films-release-shahid-kapoor-starrer-jersey-international-markets-december-30/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208062649/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/yash-raj-films-release-shahid-kapoor-starrer-jersey-international-markets-december-30/ \|archive-date=8 December 2021 \|access-date=8 December 2021 \|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> \| released = {{Film date\|2022\|04\|22\|df=y}} \| runtime = 170 minutes<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Jersey (2021) \|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/jersey-2021-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdaxndq2 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220133258/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/jersey-2021-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdaxndq2 \|archive-date=20 December 2021 \|access-date=20 December 2021 \|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref> \| country = India \| budget = {{INR}}80 [[crore]]<ref>{{Cite web \|date=6 May 2022 \|title=Mrunal Thakur talks about Jersey failure, says Nani's film had something to do with it \|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/mrunal-thakur-talks-about-jersey-failure-says-nani-s-film-had-something-to-do-with-it-1946092-2022-05-06 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810162033/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/celebrities/story/mrunal-thakur-talks-about-jersey-failure-says-nani-s-film-had-something-to-do-with-it-1946092-2022-05-06 \|archive-date=10 August 2022 \|access-date=10 August 2022 \|website=[[India Today]] \|quote=It was mounted on a budget of Rs 80 crore.}}</ref> \| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR\|27.9}} crore<ref name="bo" /> \| language = Hindi }} '''''Jersey''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[sports drama film]] written and directed by [[Gowtam Tinnanuri]], in his Hindi directorial debut. It is a remake of his 2019 [[Telugu language\|Telugu film]] of [[Jersey (2019 film)\|the same title]].<ref>{{Cite news \|date=14 October 2019 \|title=Shahid Kapoor to star in Hindi remake of Nani-starrer 'Jersey' \|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/oct/14/kabir-singh-to-star-in-hindi-remake-of-nani-starrer-jersey-2047426.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216041837/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/oct/14/shahid-kapoor-to-star-in-hindi-remake-of-nani-starrer-jersey-2047426.html \|archive-date=16 February 2022 \|access-date=18 January 2021 \|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> It stars [[Shahid Kapoor]] as a former cricketer who returns to the game for his son's wish of buying a [[Jersey (sports)\|Jersey T- Shirt]], alongside [[Mrunal Thakur]] and [[Pankaj Kapur\|Pankaj Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite news \|date=19 November 2019 \|title=Confirmed: Mrunal Thakur to romance Shahid Kapoor in Jersey \|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/confirmed-mrunal-thakur-to-romance-shahid-kapoor-in-jersey-1620407-2019-11-19 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125002219/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/confirmed-mrunal-thakur-to-romance-shahid-kapoor-in-jersey-1620407-2019-11-19 \|archive-date=25 November 2021 \|access-date=18 January 2021 \|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|date=6 December 2019 \|title=Pankaj Kapur to play Shahid Kapoor's mentor in Jersey \|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/dec/06/pankaj-kapur-to-play-shahid-kapoors-mentor-in-jersey-2072160.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122195050/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/dec/06/pankaj-kapur-to-play-shahid-kapoors-mentor-in-jersey-2072160.html \|archive-date=22 January 2021 \|access-date=18 January 2021 \|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film is produced by [[Geetha Arts]], [[Sri Venkateswara Creations\|Dil Raju Production]], [[S. Radha Krishna\|Sithara Entertainments]] and [[Aman Gill\|Brat Films]].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=25 November 2019 \|title=Jersey Remake: Shahid Kapoor to begin shooting in Chandigarh on December 2 \|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/jersey-remake-shahid-kapoor-begin-shooting-chandigarh-december-2/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127230514/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/jersey-remake-shahid-kapoor-begin-shooting-chandigarh-december-2/ \|archive-date=27 November 2019 \|access-date=25 November 2019 \|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The film was officially announced in October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=14 October 2019 \|title=Shahid Kapoor's Jersey Remake to Release in August 2020, Confirms Director \|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shahid-kapoors-jersey-remake-to-release-in-august-2020-confirms-director-2344689.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014060559/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shahid-kapoors-jersey-remake-to-release-in-august-2020-confirms-director-2344689.html \|archive-date=14 October 2019 \|access-date=18 January 2021 \|website=[[News18]]}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] commenced in [[Chandigarh]] in December 2019 and ended in December 2020, amidst delays caused by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. ''Jersey'' was originally scheduled for a theatrical release on 28 August 2020 but was postponed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The film was theatrically released on 22 April 2022. Despite receiving positive reviews from critics who praised Kapoor's performance, ''Jersey'' performed poorly at the box office. == Plot == 26-year-old Arjun Talwar is an extraordinary cricketer from [[Chandigarh]] with the highest batting average in all of [[India]] and 106 half-centuries, fifty-two centuries, nine double centuries and two triple centuries to his name. Following the 1985-86 [[Duleep Trophy]] finals, Arjun awaits news of his selection in the [[India national cricket team\|India national team]], only to find out his inclusion in the list was a misprint. Following this, he quits cricket. Arjun then applies for a job in the food sector and shortly after marries his girlfriend Vidya, with whom he has a son named Ketan, nicknamed Kittu. However, sometime in the early 1990s, Arjun is suspended from his job on corruption charges, although he is innocent. In 1996, Arjun lives with Vidya and Kittu in a dilapidated house in Chandigarh, with Vidya struggling to make ends meet as a hotel receptionist. Kittu loves playing cricket, much like Arjun did, and wishes to get a jersey of the Indian national team for his upcoming birthday. Arjun tries getting one, but finds out it is very expensive; he then tries to loan the Jersey in vain and Vidya refuses to lend him money for the same. His friends try pooling funds for the jersey, but fall very short of the budget. Arjun's former coach Baali Sir approaches him to inform him of an upcoming charity match between [[Punjab]] and [[New Zealand]], with players' fees included. Arjun's friend lies that Arjun has agreed to play, forcing Arjun to practice for the match late at night. The next day, the New Zealand team bats impressively and sets a high target for Punjab. At first, Punjab seems to be losing the match, with very few runs and wickets falling quick. Arjun is sent onto the pitch, hitting fours and sixes with ease. Although the Punjab team eventually loses the match by one run, Arjun is praised by many, especially Kittu, for his exceptional batting. However, he is dismayed to find out that players' fees are going to charity as well. Arjun, ashamed that he was unable to get his son a jersey, tells Baali Sir that he wants to get back up playing cricket. Officials are skeptical about Arjun, a 36-year-old, playing cricket, thinking he will not do well and will quit again in a year or two. However, they then see him play during practice, amazed by how he is able to score easily. Selections for the upcoming [[Ranji Trophy]] are underway, with only 15 out of 30 of the trainees being selected. The results come in, and Arjun is ecstatic after finding out that his name in the list. The first few matches go well, with Arjun making centuries effortlessly and simultaneously earning his teammates' respect and teaching them some of his techniques. Meanwhile, Arjun's time on the field takes a toll on him, resulting in him having to go to the hospital for some tests. Although it is said he may not be able to play in the finals, Arjun nevertheless appears for the match against Karnataka at the [[Wankhede Stadium]]. In the second half of the match, he is pitted against Gowda, a bowler from the Karnataka team who has effortlessly taken wickets of batsmen who had played prior in the match. Gowda proves to be a challenge to Arjun, who however manages to get to a century. Gowda tries many tricks to take Arjun's wicket. However, this does not deter Arjun from scoring. In the final over, the team barely manages to score runs due to the opposition's strong bowling and Arjun being on the non-striker end. On the final ball, Arjun needing three runs to win, attempts to hit a sixer. Despite risking being run out, Arjun manages to make the required runs for his team to win the match and the trophy. In 2022, Jasleen Shergill, a journalist who supported Arjun during his comeback, writes a biography about him titled ''Jersey''. At a function relating to the book, it is revealed that recently, a list of players selected for the Indian national team headed to England was found, with Arjun's name included in it. A grown-up Ketan is then called upon stage to receive a jersey with Arjun's name on it, thus fulfilling his childhood dream of getting a jersey. Ketan reveals that shortly after the Ranji finals, Arjun had to be admitted to the hospital, succumbing to [[heart failure]] caused by [[arrhythmia]], something Arjun chose to keep a secret and the reason why he quit cricket. Ketan then ends his speech by stating that while people believed his father lost his life while trying, it was the opposite; even during hardships, Arjun never backed down till the very end. == Cast == [[Shahid Kapoor]] as Arjun Talwar [[Mrunal Thakur]] as Vidya Rao Talwar, Arjun's wife [[Pankaj Kapur]] as Baali, Arjun's coach Saurabh V Pandey as Ravindra Singh, Punjab cricket team’s captain <ref>{{Cite news \|date=2 May 2022 \|title=Saurabh V Pandey on his character in 'Jersey': I felt like the wait is over - Exclusive! \|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/saurabh-v-pandey-on-his-character-in-jersey-i-felt-like-the-wait-is-over-exclusive/articleshow/91263162.cms \|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Ronit Kamra as Ketan "Kittu" Talwar, Arjun and Vidya's son Prit Kamani as adult Kittu Geetika Mehandru as Jasleen Shergill<ref>{{Cite web \|date=22 April 2022 \|title=Jersey Actor Geetika Says Shahid Kissing her Was a Memorable Moment from the Shoot \| Exclusive \|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/jersey-actor-geetika-mehandru-says-shahid-kapoor-kissing-her-was-a-memorable-moment-from-the-shoot-exclusive-5006617.html}}</ref> Major Rudrashish Majumder (Retd) as Rudra Juneja Anjum Batra as Amrit, Arjun's friend [[Rituraj Singh (actor)\|Rituraj Singh]] as Mahesh Karmarkar, Mumbai Coach [[Vinay Varma]] as Krishna Rao, Vidya's father == Production == {{multiple image\|align=left\|direction=horizontal\|header= \|header_align=center \|header_background = \| footer = \| footer_align = left/right/center \| footer_background = \| width = \| image1=Main field, Doon School.jpg\|width1=250\|caption1=Main Field of [[The Doon School]] where some cricket scenes were filmed\|image2=Doon School Pavilion.jpg\|width2=195\|caption2=Doon's cricket pavilion where a song and a few scenes were shot.}} Speculations for a remake of the Telugu film ''[[Jersey (2019 film)\|Jersey]]'' (2019) began soon after its release. Later it was reported that [[Shahid Kapoor]] has been roped in to star as the lead actor while [[Shraddha Kapoor]] was considered for the female lead.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=19 October 2019 \|title=Jersey remake: Will Shahid and Shraddha Kapoor do justice to Nani-Shraddha Srinath film? \|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jersey-remake-will-shahid-and-shraddha-kapoor-do-justice-to-nani-shraddha-srinath-film-1611054-2019-10-19 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122195032/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jersey-remake-will-shahid-and-shraddha-kapoor-do-justice-to-nani-shraddha-srinath-film-1611054-2019-10-19 \|archive-date=22 January 2021 \|access-date=18 January 2021 \|website=India Today}}</ref> In August 2019, [[Kannada]] actress [[Rashmika Mandanna]] was considered to play the female lead in this film and it will be her Hindi debut film. Official announcement was made on 14 October that year, confirming all the cast and crew. But later Mrunal Thakur was finalised to cast in the movie<ref>{{Cite web \|date=14 October 2019 \|title=Shahid Kapoor's Jersey Remake to Release in August 2020, Confirms Director \|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shahid-kapoors-jersey-remake-to-release-in-august-2020-confirms-director-2344689.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014060559/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shahid-kapoors-jersey-remake-to-release-in-august-2020-confirms-director-2344689.html \|archive-date=14 October 2019 \|access-date=18 January 2021 \|website=news18.com}}</ref> Shahid's father [[Pankaj Kapur]] was roped in to portray Coach Murthy. The [[principal photography]] commenced on 14 December 2019 in [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{Cite news \|date=14 October 2019 \|title=After Kabir Singh, Shahid Kapoor says yes to Hindi remake of Nani's Jersey \|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/after-kabir-singh-shahid-kapoor-says-yes-to-hindi-remake-of-nani-s-jersey-1609119-2019-10-14 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125002221/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/after-kabir-singh-shahid-kapoor-says-yes-to-hindi-remake-of-nani-s-jersey-1609119-2019-10-14 \|archive-date=25 November 2021 \|access-date=18 January 2021 \|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> While filming in January 2020, it was reported that Shahid Kapoor received thirteen stitches during a scene, though he later recovered.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=22 January 2020 \|title=Shahid Kapoor resumes shooting for Jersey post injury recovery \|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/shahid-kapoor-resumes-shooting-jersey-post-injury-recovery-1502848265.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326162431/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/shahid-kapoor-resumes-shooting-jersey-post-injury-recovery-1502848265.html \|archive-date=26 March 2020 \|access-date=26 March 2020 \|website=The Statesman \|language=en-US}}</ref> The filming was halted in March 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The filming was resumed in October 2020, production moved to [[Dehradun]] and filming took place at the all-boys' boarding school, [[The Doon School]], and Kasiga School. Doon's cricket grounds, buildings and pavilion feature in the film and the trailer.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=15 December 2020 \|title=2 exclusive Doon locations showcased as Milieu for Shahid Kapoor starrer 'Jersey' \| Garhwal Post \|url=https://garhwalpost.in/2-exclusive-doon-locations-showcased-as-milieu-for-shahid-kapoor-starrer-jersey/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125042817/https://garhwalpost.in/2-exclusive-doon-locations-showcased-as-milieu-for-shahid-kapoor-starrer-jersey/ \|archive-date=25 November 2021 \|access-date=25 November 2021}}</ref> The final schedule of the film took place at the Mohali Stadium in Punjab, and strict bio bubbles and quarantine rules were put in place for the safety of cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite news \|title=Mrunal Thakur to join Shahid Kapoor for final schedule of 'Jersey' in Chandigarh \|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mrunal-thakur-to-join-shahid-kapoor-for-final-schedule-of-jersey-in-chandigarh/articleshow/79437841.cms \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228063622/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mrunal-thakur-to-join-shahid-kapoor-for-final-schedule-of-jersey-in-chandigarh/articleshow/79437841.cms \|archive-date=28 December 2021 \|access-date=28 December 2021 \|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The filming [[wrap (filming)\|wrapped up]] on 14 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=15 December 2020 \|title=Shahid Kapoor pens a heartfelt note as he wraps his upcoming film 'Jersey': It's nothing short of a miracle \|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shahid-kapoor-pens-a-heartfelt-note-as-he-wraps-his-upcoming-film-jersey-its-nothing-short-of-a-miracle/articleshow/79727760.cms \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109055945/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shahid-kapoor-pens-a-heartfelt-note-as-he-wraps-his-upcoming-film-jersey-its-nothing-short-of-a-miracle/articleshow/79727760.cms \|archive-date=9 January 2021 \|access-date=18 January 2021 \|website=The Times of India}}</ref> == Music == [[File:The Doon School.jpg\|thumb\|The song ''Baliye Re'' was filmed in front of the Main Building at [[The Doon School]].]] {{Infobox Album \| name = Jersey \| type = Soundtrack \| artist = [[Sachet–Parampara]] \| cover = \| alt = Jersey \| released = 24 December 2021<ref name="jiosaavn">{{Cite web \|date=2 December 2021 \|title=Jersey – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack \|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/jersey/yj6Ev6uKx-8_ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224175300/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/jersey/yj6Ev6uKx-8_ \|archive-date=24 December 2021 \|access-date=24 December 2021 \|publisher=Jiosaavn}}</ref> \| recorded = 2019–2020 \| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]] \| length = 14:43 \| language = Punjabi/Hindi<!--Do not link per WP:OL--> \| label = [[Zee Music Company]] \| producer = \| prev_title = [[Baaghi 3]] \| prev_year = 2020 \| year = 2021 \| next_title = [[Adipurush]] \| next_year = 2023 \| misc = {{external music video\| header = Official audio \|{{YouTube\|r8M9sqg3NFo\|Jersey – Full Album}} }} }} The film's songs are composed by [[Sachet–Parampara]] while the lyrics are written by [[Shellee]]. The film score is composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]] who composed the score and soundtrack for the original Telugu version.<ref name="jiosaavn" /> The film version of 'Jind Meriye' is sung by [[Javed Ali]]. 'Maiyya Mainu' second version was sung by Sakshi Holkar. {{Track listing \| headline = Track listing \| total_length = 14:43 \| extra_column = Singer(s) \| title1 = Mehram \| extra1 = [[Sachet–Parampara\|Sachet Tandon]] \| length1 = 3:47 \| title2 = Maiyya Mainu \| extra2 = Sachet Tandon \| length2 = 3:51 \| title3 = Baliye Re \| extra3 = Sachet Tandon, [[Stebin Ben]], [[Sachet–Parampara\|Paramapara Tandon]], Mellow D \| length3 = 3:07 \| title4 = Jind Meriye \| extra4 = Sachet Tandon \| length4 = 3:58 }} == Release == ''Jersey'' was released on 22 April 2022. The film was initially scheduled to be theatrically released on 28 August 2020 and then on 5 November 2021, before the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] delayed production.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=5 December 2019 \|title=Jersey Hindi remake to see Shahid Kapoor reunite with father Pankaj Kapoor four years after Shaandaar \|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jersey-hindi-remake-to-see-shahid-kapoor-reunite-with-father-pankaj-kapur-four-years-after-shaandaar-7741191.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214162140/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jersey-hindi-remake-to-see-shahid-kapoor-reunite-with-father-pankaj-kapur-four-years-after-shaandaar-7741191.html \|archive-date=14 December 2019 \|access-date=14 December 2019 \|website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|date=10 July 2020 \|title='Jersey' Director Has This to Say About Shahid Kapoor's Cricketing Skills \|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/jersey-director-has-this-to-say-about-shahid-kapoors-cricketing-skills-2709401.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710084931/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/jersey-director-has-this-to-say-about-shahid-kapoors-cricketing-skills-2709401.html \|archive-date=10 July 2020 \|access-date=10 July 2020 \|work=Nees18}}</ref> It was later on again finalised for cinema release on 31 December 2021,<ref name="release date">{{Cite web \|date=26 September 2021 \|title=Shahid Kapoor starrer Jersey to release on December 31, 2021 \|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shahid-kapoor-starrer-jersey-release-december-31-2021/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926111710/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shahid-kapoor-starrer-jersey-release-december-31-2021/ \|archive-date=26 September 2021 \|access-date=26 September 2021 \|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> but got indefinitely postponed due to the [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant\|Omicron variant]] spread.<ref name="post:bh">{{Cite web \|date=28 December 2021 \|title=Shahid Kapoor and Mrunal Thakur starrer Jersey postponed amid COVID-19 cases rise in India \|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shahid-kapoor-mrunal-thakur-starrer-jersey-postponed-amid-covid-19-cases-rise-india/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228104354/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/shahid-kapoor-mrunal-thakur-starrer-jersey-postponed-amid-covid-19-cases-rise-india/ \|archive-date=28 December 2021 \|access-date=28 December 2021 \|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> Release date was revised later as 14 April 2022, but it was pushed by a week to avoid clash with ''[[Beast (2022 Indian film)\|Beast]]'' and ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=11 April 2022 \|title=Shahid Kapoor and Mrunal Thakur starrer Jersey pushed to April 22; K.G.F: Chapter 2 to have solo release \|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shahid-kapoor-and-mrunal-thakur-starrer-jersey-pushed-to-april-22-k-g-f-chapter-2-to-have-solo-release/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411043929/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shahid-kapoor-and-mrunal-thakur-starrer-jersey-pushed-to-april-22-k-g-f-chapter-2-to-have-solo-release/ \|archive-date=11 April 2022 \|access-date=11 April 2022 \|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> ===Home media=== The film premiered on [[Netflix]] on 20 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=17 May 2022 \|title=Shahid Kapoor and Mrunal Thakur starrer Jersey to stream on Netflix on May 20 \|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shahid-kapoor-mrunal-thakur-starrer-jersey-stream-netflix-may-20/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517065202/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shahid-kapoor-mrunal-thakur-starrer-jersey-stream-netflix-may-20/ \|archive-date=17 May 2022 \|access-date=17 May 2022 \|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> ===Distribution=== The film was distributed in India by [[Balaji Motion Pictures]] and [[Pen India Limited\|Pen Marudhar Entertainment]] while overseas distribution was done by [[Yash Raj Films]] and Phars Film Co. == Reception == === Box office === ''Jersey'' earned {{INR}}3.75 crore at the domestic box office on its opening day. On the second day, the film collected {{INR}}5.50 crore. On the third day, the film collected {{INR}}5.50 crore, taking total domestic weekend collection to {{INR}}14.75 crore.<ref name="bo">{{Cite web \|date=22 April 2022 \|title=Jersey Box Office \|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jersey/box-office/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426025214/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jersey/box-office/ \|archive-date=26 April 2022 \|access-date=26 April 2022 \|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> {{As of\|2022\|5\|7}}, the film grossed {{INR\|22.65}} crore in India and {{INR\|4.47}} crore overseas, for a worldwide gross collection of {{INR\|27.12}} crore.<ref name="bo" /> ''Jersey'' performed poorly at the box office despite positive reception from critics.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2022-05-06 \|title=Flop Show: Heropanti 2, Runway 34, Jersey lose heavily, trade analyst Taran Adarsh and others kick in \|url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/flop-show-heropanti-2-runway-34-jersey-lose-heavily-trade-analyst-taran-adarsh-and-others-kick-in-10639011.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525085808/https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/flop-show-heropanti-2-runway-34-jersey-lose-heavily-trade-analyst-taran-adarsh-and-others-kick-in-10639011.html \|archive-date=25 May 2022 \|access-date=2022-05-25 \|website=Firstpost \|language=en}}</ref> Ganesh Aaglave of ''[[Firstpost]]'' attributed to the film's failure to the box office clash with ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 2]]'', a recent overdose of remakes of South Indian films, availability of the Hindi dubbed version of the [[Jersey (2019 film)\|original film]] on [[YouTube]] for free, and average music compared to Shahid Kapoor's previous remake film ''[[Kabir Singh]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2022-04-27 \|title=Explained: Why Jersey failed at the box office despite Shahid Kapoor's powerful performance \|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/explained-why-jersey-failed-at-the-box-office-despite-shahid-kapoors-powerful-performance-10604271.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525085807/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/explained-why-jersey-failed-at-the-box-office-despite-shahid-kapoors-powerful-performance-10604271.html \|archive-date=25 May 2022 \|access-date=2022-05-25 \|website=Firstpost \|language=en}}</ref> ===Critical response=== ''Jersey'' received positive reviews with critics lauding the intent of the film and Shahid's performance.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=22 April 2022 \|title=Shahid Kapoor's 'Jersey' hits theatres today; here's how netizens reacted to the film \|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/story/shahid-kapoors-jersey-hits-theatres-today-heres-how-netizens-reacted-to-the-film-330842-2022-04-22 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422170502/https://www.businesstoday.in/amp/trending/entertainment/story/shahid-kapoors-jersey-hits-theatres-today-heres-how-netizens-reacted-to-the-film-330842-2022-04-22 \|archive-date=22 April 2022 \|access-date=23 April 2022 \|website=[[Business Today (India)\|Business Today]] \|quote=While the remake Of the Telugu Film of the same name has received thumbs up from critics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=23 April 2022 \|title=Jersey box office collection Day 1: Shahid Kapoor's sports drama has a slow start \|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/jersey-box-office-collection-day-1-shahid-kapoor-s-sports-drama-has-a-slow-start-1940921-2022-04-23 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423055848/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/bollywood/story/jersey-box-office-collection-day-1-shahid-kapoor-s-sports-drama-has-a-slow-start-1940921-2022-04-23 \|archive-date=23 April 2022 \|access-date=23 April 2022 \|website=[[India Today]] \|quote=While critics lauded the intent of the film and Shahid's performance}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose\|50\|5.5\|10\|consensus=}}<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Jersey {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes \|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jersey_2021 \|access-date=2025-02-05 \|website=www.rottentomatoes.com \|language=en}}</ref> Pankaj Shukla of ''[[Amar Ujala]]'' gave the film a rating of 4/5.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Jersey Movie Review: शाहिद कपूर की सेकेंड इनिंग्स का शानदार सिक्सर, हर बाप-बेटे को साथ देखनी चाहिए फिल्म \|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/movie-review/jersey-movie-review-shahid-kapoor-film-father-son-journey-remake-of-telugu-film-nani-pankaj-shukla-amar-ujala \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421063558/https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/movie-review/jersey-movie-review-shahid-kapoor-film-father-son-journey-remake-of-telugu-film-nani-pankaj-shukla-amar-ujala \|archive-date=21 April 2022 \|access-date=21 April 2022 \|website=[[Amar Ujala]]}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Prabhat Khabar]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Jersey movie review: शाहिद कपूर के अभिनय की जबरदस्त पारी की गवाह है फिल्म जर्सी शाहिद कपूर की फिल्म जर्सी साउथ की सुपरहिट फिल्म का हिंदी रीमेक है फिल्म की कहानी बाप-बेटे के ड्रामे को बखूबी पर्दे पर दर्शाती है \|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/jersey-movie-review-shahid-kapoor-mrunal-thakur-pankaj-kapoor-sports-drama-film-slt \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421113506/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/jersey-movie-review-shahid-kapoor-mrunal-thakur-pankaj-kapoor-sports-drama-film-slt \|archive-date=21 April 2022 \|access-date=21 April 2022 \|website=[[Prabhat Khabar]]}}</ref> Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times Of India]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote, "This film leans more on emotional drama, while it could have struck a finer balance between the sports and the human drama."<ref>{{Cite news \|title=Jersey Movie Review : A well-pitched father-son drama \|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/jersey/movie-review/90966070.cms \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420192538/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/jersey/movie-review/90966070.cms \|archive-date=20 April 2022 \|access-date=21 April 2022 \|work=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref> Himesh Mankad of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote, "Jersey is a well-intentioned sport drama, which much like the original, has heart at its right place. It rides on superlative performance by Shahid Kapoor, who rises to roar and revolt as a cricketer."<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Jersey Movie Review: Shahid Kapoor rises to roar and revolt as a cricketer in this sport drama \|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/jersey-movie-review-shahid-kapoor-rises-roar-and-revolt-cricketer-sport-drama-1073267%3famp \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421083706/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/jersey-movie-review-shahid-kapoor-rises-roar-and-revolt-cricketer-sport-drama-1073267%3Famp \|archive-date=21 April 2022 \|access-date=21 April 2022 \|website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> Devansh Sharma of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote, "Jersey makes us find great comfort in familiarity. It's honest, but could have also been innovative and intricate."<ref>{{Cite web \|date=22 April 2022 \|title=Jersey movie review: Shahid Kapoor's cricket drama is emotionally resonant, but thematically complacent \|url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/jersey-movie-review-shahid-kapoors-cricket-drama-is-emotionally-resonant-but-thematically-complacent-10587261.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422095825/https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/jersey-movie-review-shahid-kapoors-cricket-drama-is-emotionally-resonant-but-thematically-complacent-10587261.html \|archive-date=22 April 2022 \|access-date=22 Apr 2022 \|website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote, "Jersey is a sweet little drama that hits a home run on the strength of its heart and hero."<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Jersey Review By SUKANYA VERMA \|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/jersey-review/20220422.htm \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422033937/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/jersey-review/20220422.htm \|archive-date=22 April 2022 \|access-date=22 Apr 2022 \|website=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> A reviewer of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film a rating of 3/5 and wrote, "While Shahid Kapoor Jersey scores with its performance and touching finale, the slow pace and opposition from KGF 2 will limit its box office prospects."<ref>{{Cite web \|date=22 April 2022 \|title=Jersey Movie Review: Shahid Kapoor and Mrunal Thakur Jersey rests on outstanding performances, emotional moments, and the touching finale. \|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jersey/critic-review/jersey-movie-review/shahid-kapoor-and-mrunal-thakur-jersey-rests-on-outstanding-performances-emotional-moments-and-the-touching-finale/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422034002/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jersey/critic-review/jersey-movie-review/shahid-kapoor-and-mrunal-thakur-jersey-rests-on-outstanding-performances-emotional-moments-and-the-touching-finale/ \|archive-date=22 April 2022 \|access-date=22 Apr 2022 \|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Bharathi Pradhan of ''[[Lehren]]'' gave the film a rating of 3/5 and wrote, "Shahid Kapoor looks and enacts his part as cricketer, lover and father with impressive credibility."<ref>{{Cite web \|date=21 April 2022 \|title=Jersey Review: A Match-winning Stroke \|url=https://lehren.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/jersey-review-shahid-kapoor-mrunal-thakur/120791/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421121239/https://lehren.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/jersey-review-shahid-kapoor-mrunal-thakur/120791/ \|archive-date=21 April 2022 \|access-date=21 April 2022 \|website=[[Lehren]]}}</ref> Tushar Joshi of ''[[India Today]]'' gave the film a rating of 3/5 and wrote, "Jersey is a solid effort by Shahid Kapoor and it once again proves his mettle as an actor."<ref>{{Cite web \|date=22 April 2022 \|title=Jersey Movie Review: Shahid Kapoor delivers emotional innings in this fitting remake \|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/jersey-movie-review-shahid-kapoor-delivers-an-emotional-innings-in-this-fitting-remake-1940444-2022-04-22 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422031635/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/jersey-movie-review-shahid-kapoor-delivers-an-emotional-innings-in-this-fitting-remake-1940444-2022-04-22 \|archive-date=22 April 2022 \|access-date=22 April 2022 \|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 and wrote, "Shahid Kapoor-Mrunal Thakur-starrer film, an official remake of the 2019 Telugu hit of the same name and by the same director, has all the elements of an inspirational sports drama."<ref>{{Cite web \|date=22 April 2022 \|title=Jersey movie review: Shahid Kapoor film is sincere but lacklustre \|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/jersey-movie-review-shahid-kapoor-mrunal-thakur-pankaj-kapur-7881398/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422044252/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/jersey-movie-review-shahid-kapoor-mrunal-thakur-pankaj-kapur-7881398/ \|archive-date=22 April 2022 \|access-date=22 April 2022 \|website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 and wrote, "On the acting front, Shahid is the Man of the Match. The team effort behind him is strengthened by the performances from Mrunal Thakur and Ronit Kamra, a confident child actor."<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Jersey Review: Shahid Kapoor's Star Turn Holds The Film Together \|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jersey-review-shahid-kapoors-star-turn-holds-the-film-together-2-5-stars-2909376 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422035926/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jersey-review-shahid-kapoors-star-turn-holds-the-film-together-2-5-stars-2909376 \|archive-date=22 April 2022 \|access-date=22 April 2022 \|publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Monika Rawal Kukreja of ''[[The Hindustan Times]]'' stated, "Shahid Kapoor delivers one of his best performances. However, the film's length works against it."<ref>{{Cite web \|date=22 April 2022 \|title=Jersey movie review: Shahid Kapoor hits a century in a film that's just too long \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jersey-movie-review-shahid-kapoor-hits-a-century-in-a-film-that-s-just-too-long-101650599135968.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422040138/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jersey-movie-review-shahid-kapoor-hits-a-century-in-a-film-that-s-just-too-long-101650599135968.html \|archive-date=22 April 2022 \|access-date=22 Apr 2022 \|publisher=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated, "Despite heartwarming moments, 'Jersey' suffers from logical loopholes and a sense of deja vu."<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Kumar \|first=Anuj \|date=22 April 2022 \|title='Jersey' review: Shahid Kapoor's film has its heart in the right place \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/jersey-review-shahid-kapoors-film-has-its-heart-in-the-right-place/article65344438.ece \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422090721/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/jersey-review-shahid-kapoors-film-has-its-heart-in-the-right-place/article65344438.ece \|archive-date=22 April 2022 \|access-date=22 Apr 2022 \|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ==Awards and nominations== {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! Year ! Award ! Category ! Recipient ! Result ! Ref. \|- \| rowspan="2"\|2023 \| rowspan="2"\|[[68th Filmfare Awards]] \| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor\|Best Actor - Critics]] \| [[Shahid Kapoor]] \| {{nom}} \|rowspan="2" \|<ref>{{Cite news \|date=24 April 2023 \|title=Nominations For The 68th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2023 With Maharashtra Tourism \|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-68th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2023-with-maharashtra-tourism-58094.html \|access-date=24 April 2023 \|work=Filmfare \|language=en}}</ref> \|- \| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist\|Best Lyricist]] \| [[Shellee]] (for "Maiyya Mainu") \| {{nom}} \|} == References == {{Reflist}} <ref>{{Cite web \|date=11 April 2022 \|title=Jersey's Geetika Mehandru: 'On sets of Kabir Singh, I believed Shahid Kapoor was an arrogant man' \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jerseys-geetika-mehandru-on-sets-of-kabir-singh-i-believed-shahid-kapoor-was-an-arrogant-man-101649591293876.html \|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=11 April 2022 \|title=Geetika Mehandru Calls Shahid Kapoor's Jersey Her 'Dream Project' \|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/geetika-mehandru-calls-shahid-kapoor-s-jersey-her-dream-project-1525253}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=27 April 2022 \|title=Exclusive! Jersey Star Geetika Mehandru: I Was Amazed when Pankaj Kapur Sir Said You Are Perfect for Jasleen \|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2022/exclusive-jersey-geetika-mehandru-i-was-amazed-when-pankaj-kapur-sir-you-are-perfect-for-jasleen-333680.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=27 December 2021 \|title=Shahid Kapoor संग किसिंग सीन पर बोलीं एक्ट्रेस गीतिका मेहांद्रू 'मैं ब्लश करने लगी थी' \|url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/bollywood-news/story/geetika-mehandru-actress-bollywood-shahid-kapoor-kissed-kabir-singh-jersey-co-star-tmov-1381694-2021-12-27}}</ref> == External links == * {{IMDb title\|5301942}} * {{Bollywood Hungama movie\|jersey}} {{Gowtam Tinnanuri}} {{Portal bar\|India\|Film\|Bollywood}} [[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]] [[Category:Films about cricket in India]] [[Category:Films directed by Gowtam Tinnanuri]] [[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]] [[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]] [[Category:Films scored by Sachet–Parampara]] [[Category:Films set in Uttarakhand]] [[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]] [[Category:Indian sports drama films]] [[Category:Sri Venkateswara Creations films]]	1,303,758,006	[{"title": "Jersey", "data": {"Directed by": "Gowtam Tinnanuri", "Written by": "Gowtam Tinnanuri", "Based on": "Jersey (2019)", "Produced by": "Dil Raju \u00b7 Allu Aravind \u00b7 S. Naga Vamsi \u00b7 Aman Gill", "Starring": "Shahid Kapoor \u00b7 Mrunal Thakur \u00b7 Pankaj Kapur", "Cinematography": "Anil Mehta", "Edited by": "Naveen Nooli", "Music by": "Score: \u00b7 Anirudh Ravichander \u00b7 Songs: \u00b7 Sachet\u2013Parampara", "Production \u00b7 companies": "Allu Entertainment \u00b7 Dil Raju Production \u00b7 Sithara Entertainments \u00b7 Brat Films", "Distributed by": "Balaji Motion Pictures \u00b7 Pen Marudhar Entertainment (India) \u00b7 Yash Raj Films \u00b7 Phars Film Co (overseas)", "Release date": "- 22 April 2022", "Running time": "170 minutes", "Country": "India", "Language": "Hindi", "Budget": "\u20b980 crore", "Box office": "est. \u20b927.9 crore"}}, {"title": "Soundtrack album by Sachet\u2013Parampara", "data": {"Released": "24 December 2021", "Recorded": "2019\u20132020", "Genre": "Feature film soundtrack", "Length": "14:43", "Language": "Punjabi/Hindi", "Label": "Zee Music Company"}}, {"title": "Sachet\u2013Parampara chronology", "data": {"Baaghi 3 \u00b7 (2020)": "Jersey \u00b7 (2021) \u00b7 Adipurush \u00b7 (2023)"}}, {"title": "Official audio", "data": {"Official audio": "Jersey \u2013 Full Album on YouTube"}}]	false
# Emergency tourniquet Emergency tourniquets are cuff-like devices designed to stop severe traumatic bleeding before or during transport to a care facility. They are wrapped around the limb, proximal to the site of trauma, and tightened until all blood vessels underneath are occluded. The design and construction of emergency tourniquets allows quick application by first aid responders or the injured persons themselves. Correct use of tourniquet devices has been shown to save lives under austere conditions with comparatively low risk of injury. In field trials, prompt application of emergency tourniquets before the patient goes into shock are associated with higher survival rates than any other scenario where tourniquets were used later or not at all. ## Tourniquet design Existing guidelines call for the use of improvised "rope-and-stick" tourniquets as a last resort to stop severe bleeding. However, purpose-made tourniquet devices that are well designed can provide greatly increased safety and efficacy. Variability in performance has been shown to exist between various designs and application methods. ### Mechanical advantage Mechanisms that confer sufficient mechanical advantage are essential for applying adequate pressure to stop bleeding, particularly on the lower extremities. Pressures that occlude venous but not arterial flow can exacerbate hemorrhage and cause damage to healthy tissue. #### Mechanical characteristics of emergency tourniquet devices \| Tourniquet \| Strap width (cm) \| Mechanism \| Note \| \| ----------------------------------------------------- \| ---------------- \| ----------------------------------------- \| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| XFORCE Tourniquet \| 2.5 - 3.8 \| Mechanical Ratchet Lever and Ladder Strap \| Automatic self-securing strap and mechanical ratcheting lever for one finger application \| \| SAM XT Tourniquet \| 3.7 \| Windlass and Buckle \| Buckle sets with correct force; windlass finishes pressure \| \| Combat Application Tourniquet (CAT) \| 3.8 \| Windlass \| Stick and strap inside outer sleeve \| \| Emergency & Military Tourniquet (EMT) \| 9.1 \| Pneumatic \| Hand pump and inflatable bladder \| \| K2 Tactical Tourniquet (K2) \| 3.8 \| Clamp \| Modified wood clamp \| \| Smart Tactical Application Tourniquet (S.T.A.T.) \| 2.5 \| Ratchet \| Strap with ratcheting mechanism \| \| Last Resort Tourniquet (LRT) \| 5.1 \| Ratchet \| Strap with ratcheting mechanism \| \| London Bridge Tourniquet (LBT) \| 2.4 \| Ratchet \| Strap with ratcheting mechanism \| \| Mechanical Advantage Tourniquet (MAT) \| 3.8 \| Block and tackle \| Pulleys on outer frame \| \| One-Handed Tourniquet (OHT) \| 2.8 \| Elastic \| Parallel bungee cords and clamp \| \| Self-Applied Tourniquet System (SATS) \| 3.8 \| cam \| Cantilever system \| \| Special Operations Forces Tactical Tourniquet (SOFTT) \| 3.7 \| Windlass \| Stick and strap \| \| Glia tourniquet \| Variable \| Windlass \| Stick and strap \| Most commercial tourniquets cost in the range from $30-$50 (USD). Results from laboratory and field testing suggest that windlass and pneumatic mechanisms are effective where other systems fail due to excessive pain, slipping, inadequate force, or mechanical failure. ### Pressure gradients Pressure underneath a tourniquet cuff is not evenly distributed, with the highest pressures localized around the cuff center line and decreasing to zero near the cuff edges. A high rate of change of pressure across the cuff width, or a high cuff pressure gradient, is a leading cause of nerve and muscle injury from tourniquet use. Tourniquets with wider straps or cuffs, especially those with pneumatic actuation in contrast to mechanical force, distribute pressure more evenly and produce lower pressure gradients. They are therefore more likely to stop bleeding and less likely to cause damage to underlying tissue, in addition to being significantly less painful than tourniquets with narrow straps and bands. Over pressure protection in certain emergency tourniquets also help to prevent excessive force from damaging the limb. ## Risks Possible risks of complications—morbidity—related to emergency tourniquet use include \| - amputation or stump shortening - palsy - myonecrosis - pain - clot - fasciotomy - acute renal failure - rigor - abscess - blisters - abrasions - contusions - and pinching. \| Emergency care services implementing routine tourniquet use, especially in the civilian setting, should exercise caution and ensure that training is adequate for optimal results. However, given proper precautions, the occurrence of complications due to tourniquet use is quite rare. Designed tourniquet devices are routinely tightened over healthy limbs during training with no ill effects, and recent evidence from combat hospitals in Iraq suggests that morbidity rates are low when users adhere to standard best practices. Since no better alternatives exist for users to self-apply with only basic training, the benefit of tourniquet use far outweighs the risks. Safe tourniquet practice involves: \| 1. Careful placement of tourniquet proximal to all sites of hemorrhage. 2. Limiting tourniquet time to less than two hours, if possible. 3. Minimizing excessive applied pressure beyond the point of complete blood flow cessation. \| ## Current developments ### Field experience Latest field trials suggest that wider straps are more effective and less painful than tourniquets with thinner straps. The concept of limb occlusion pressure is also gaining prominence over the misconception that greater applied force results in greater effectiveness. In addition, studies of failed cases indicate that the correct devices should be coupled with training that facilitates realistic expectations and correct user actions. The Stop The Bleed educational initiative provides knowledge aimed at the greater public on when to use a tourniquet and the correct user actions. ### Emerging needs Despite the success of widespread tourniquet deployment to limit combat casualties, many preventable deaths from hemorrhage occur where conventional tourniquet use is inappropriate. In early 2025, a study was published to address such concerns titled "The XForce Tourniquet: A Comparative Analysis with the CAT Tourniquet to Advance Efficacy and Establish Foundations for Smart Hemorrhage Control". The publication is the first of its kind to study the first ever smart intelligent next generation tourniquet with GPS tracking and standalone GSM telecommunications that will have advanced Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning smart features such as automated emergency alerts and telemedicine capabilities. In the abstract of the study it states "Tourniquets have demonstrated life-saving efficacy within military settings as essential tools in hemorrhage control. Despite their proven effectiveness, traditional windlass-based tourniquets such as the Combat Application Tourniquet (CAT) present challenges in rapid application and ease of use, particularly within civilian emergency contexts. The XForce Tourniquet (XForce TQ) has been developed to address these limitations with a novel ratcheting mechanism and self-securing strap. These design features aim to improve usability and application speed while also demonstrating the XForce tourniquets’ ability to serve as the foundation for broader telemedicine tourniquet initiatives." The research was supported by grant funding from the New Jersey Commission on Science, Innovation, and Technology (CSIT) as part of its initiative to support New Jersey startups. The Center for innovation at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital provided location & resources for data collection & analysis. The need exists for controlling junctional bleeding, especially in the pelvic area. In 2012, the Combat Ready Clamp (CRoC) was selected by the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR) for that purpose. Another emerging need is more refined training regimes and doctrine based on scientific evidence, which can ensure that future tourniquet practice and policies are in line with the most current body of knowledge.	enwiki/291726	enwiki	291,726	Emergency tourniquet	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_tourniquet	2025-08-18T21:52:02Z	en	Q3506949	105,217	{{Short description\|Device used to stop blood loss in an emergency}} {{About\|modern emergency tourniquets\|history, principles and other uses\|Tourniquet\|and\|Surgical tourniquet}} <!-- List of references in order of appearance. <ref name=Walters2005/> <ref name=Kragh2008/> <ref name=Kragh2009a/> <ref name=Kragh2011/> <ref name=Noordin2009/> <ref name=Taylor2011/> <ref name=Kragh2009b/> <ref name=Murphy2011/> --> [[File:Improvised tourniquet.jpg\|right\|thumb\|Improvised tourniquet on an accidentally severed finger]] '''Emergency tourniquets''' are cuff-like devices designed to stop severe traumatic [[bleeding]] before or during transport to a care facility. They are wrapped around the limb, [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal\|proximal]] to the site of [[Trauma (medicine)\|trauma]], and tightened until all [[blood vessel]]s underneath are occluded. The design and construction of emergency tourniquets allows quick application by [[first aid]] responders or the injured persons themselves.<ref name=Walters2005>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Walters TJ, Wenke JC, Kauvar DS, McManus JG, Holcomb JB, Baer DG \| title = Effectiveness of self-applied tourniquets in human volunteers \| journal = Prehospital Emergency Care \| volume = 9 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 416–422 \| year = 2005 \| pmid = 16263675 \| doi = 10.1080/10903120500255123 \| publisher = Informa Healthcare \| s2cid = 23392555 }}</ref> Correct use of tourniquet devices has been shown to save lives under austere conditions with comparatively low risk of injury. In field trials, prompt application of emergency tourniquets before the patient goes into [[Shock (circulatory)\|shock]] are associated with higher survival rates than any other scenario where tourniquets were used later or not at all.<ref name=Kragh2008>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Kragh JF, Walters TJ, Baer DG, Fox CJ, Wade CE, Salinas J, Holcomb JB \| title = Practical use of emergency tourniquets to stop bleeding in major limb trauma \| journal = The Journal of Trauma \| volume = 64 \| issue = 2 Suppl \| pages = S38–S50 \| date = February 2008 \| pmid = 18376170 \| doi = 10.1097/TA.0b013e31816086b1 \| publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins }}</ref><ref name=Kragh2009a>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Kragh JF, Walters TJ, Baer DG, Fox CJ, Wade CE, Salinas J, Holcomb JB \| title = Survival with emergency tourniquet use to stop bleeding in major limb trauma \| journal = Annals of Surgery \| volume = 249 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 1–7 \| date = January 2009 \| pmid = 19106667 \| doi = 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31818842ba \| publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins \| s2cid = 42907438 \| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1234909 }}</ref> ==Tourniquet design== {{multiple image \| direction = vertical \| align = right \| header = Emergency Tourniquet Devices \| width = 350 \| image1 = Tourniquet.jpeg \| alt1 = Windlass Tourniquet \| caption1 = Windlass tourniquet \| image2 = EMT Emergency & Military Tourniquet.jpg \| alt2 = Pneumatic Tourniquet \| caption2 = Pneumatic tourniquet }} Existing guidelines call for the use of improvised "rope-and-stick" tourniquets as a last resort to stop severe bleeding. However, purpose-made tourniquet devices that are well designed can provide greatly increased safety and efficacy.<ref name=Kragh2008/><ref name=Kragh2011>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Kragh JF, O'Neill ML, Walters TJ, Dubick MA, Baer DG, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, Blackbourne LH \| display-authors = 6 \| title = The military emergency tourniquet program's lessons learned with devices and designs \| journal = Military Medicine \| volume = 176 \| issue = 10 \| pages = 1144–1152 \| date = October 2011 \| pmid = 22128650 \| doi = 10.7205/milmed-d-11-00114 \| publisher = Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S. \| doi-access = free }}</ref> Variability in performance has been shown to exist between various designs and application methods.<ref name=Ruterbusch>{{cite journal \|author1=Ruterbusch, VL \|author2=Swiergosz, MJ \|author3=Montgomery, LD \|author4=Hopper, KW \|author5=Gerth, WA \|title=ONR/MARCORSYSCOM Evaluation of Self-Applied Tourniquets for Combat Applications \|journal=United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report \|volume=NEDU-TR-05-15 \|year=2005 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3476 \|access-date=2008-07-22 \|archive-date=2009-09-23 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923114556/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3476 \|url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref name=Hill>{{cite journal \|author1=Hill, JP \|author2=Montgomery, LD \|author3=Hopper, KW \|author4=Roy, LA \|title=Evaluation of Self-Applied Tourniquets for Combat Applications, Second Phase. \|journal=US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report \|volume=NEDU-TR-07-07 \|year=2007 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6870 \|access-date=2008-07-22 \|archive-date=2009-09-21 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090921121839/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6870 \|url-status=usurped }}</ref> ===Mechanical advantage=== Mechanisms that confer sufficient [[mechanical advantage]] are essential for applying adequate pressure to stop bleeding, particularly on the lower extremities. Pressures that occlude [[venous]] but not [[arterial]] flow can exacerbate [[hemorrhage]] and cause damage to healthy tissue.<ref name=Walters2005/> ====Mechanical characteristics of emergency tourniquet devices==== {\| class = "wikitable sortable" \|- ! Tourniquet !! Strap width (cm)<ref name=Walters2005/>!! Mechanism <ref name=Walters2005/> !! Note <ref name=Walters2005/> \|- \| XFORCE Tourniquet \|\| 2.5 - 3.8 \|\| [[Mechanical Ratchet Lever and Ladder Strap]] \|\| Automatic self-securing strap and mechanical ratcheting lever for one finger application \|- \| SAM XT Tourniquet \|\| 3.7 \|\| [[Windlass and Buckle]] \|\| Buckle sets with correct force; windlass finishes pressure \|- \| Combat Application Tourniquet (CAT) \|\| 3.8 \|\| [[Windlass]] \|\| Stick and strap inside outer sleeve \|- \| Emergency & Military Tourniquet (EMT) \|\| 9.1 \|\| [[Pneumatic]] \|\| Hand pump and inflatable bladder \|- \| K<sup>2</sup> Tactical Tourniquet (K<sup>2</sup>) \|\| 3.8 \|\| [[Clamp (tool)\|Clamp]] \|\| Modified wood clamp \|- \| Smart Tactical Application Tourniquet (S.T.A.T.) \|\| 2.5 \|\| [[Ratchet (device)\|Ratchet]] \|\| Strap with ratcheting mechanism \|- \| Last Resort Tourniquet (LRT) \|\| 5.1 \|\| [[Ratchet (device)\|Ratchet]] \|\| Strap with ratcheting mechanism \|- \| London Bridge Tourniquet (LBT) \|\| 2.4 \|\| [[Ratchet (device)\|Ratchet]] \|\| Strap with ratcheting mechanism \|- \| Mechanical Advantage Tourniquet (MAT) \|\| 3.8 \|\| [[Block and tackle]] \|\| Pulleys on outer frame \|- \| One-Handed Tourniquet (OHT) \|\| 2.8 \|\| Elastic \|\| Parallel [[bungee cords]] and clamp \|- \| Self-Applied Tourniquet System (SATS) \|\| 3.8 \|\| [[Cam (mechanism)\|cam]] \|\| Cantilever system \|- \| Special Operations Forces Tactical Tourniquet (SOFTT) \|\| 3.7 \|\| [[Windlass]] \|\| Stick and strap \|- \|Glia tourniquet \|Variable \|[[Windlass]] \|Stick and strap \|} Most commercial tourniquets cost in the range from $30-$50 (USD). Results from laboratory and field testing suggest that [[windlass]] and [[pneumatic]] mechanisms are effective where other systems fail due to excessive pain, slipping, inadequate force, or mechanical failure.<ref name=Walters2005/> ===Pressure gradients=== Pressure underneath a tourniquet cuff is not evenly distributed, with the highest pressures localized around the cuff center line and decreasing to zero near the cuff edges.<ref name=Noordin2009>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Noordin S, McEwen JA, Kragh JF, Eisen A, Masri BA \| title = Surgical tourniquets in orthopaedics \| journal = The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume \| volume = 91 \| issue = 12 \| pages = 2958–2967 \| date = December 2009 \| pmid = 19952261 \| doi = 10.2106/JBJS.I.00634 \| publisher = JBJS }}</ref> A high rate of change of pressure across the cuff width, or a high cuff pressure [[slope\|gradient]], is a leading cause of nerve and muscle injury from tourniquet use.<ref name=Noordin2009/> Tourniquets with wider straps or cuffs, especially those with pneumatic actuation in contrast to mechanical force, distribute pressure more evenly and produce lower pressure gradients.<ref name=Noordin2009/> They are therefore more likely to stop bleeding and less likely to cause damage to underlying tissue, in addition to being significantly less painful than tourniquets with narrow straps and bands.<ref name=Kragh2011/><ref name=Taylor2011>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Taylor DM, Vater GM, Parker PJ \| title = An evaluation of two tourniquet systems for the control of prehospital lower limb hemorrhage \| journal = The Journal of Trauma \| volume = 71 \| issue = 3 \| pages = 591–595 \| date = September 2011 \| pmid = 21768905 \| doi = 10.1097/TA.0b013e31820e0e41 \| publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins }}</ref> Over pressure protection in certain emergency tourniquets also help to prevent excessive force from damaging the limb.<ref name=Walters2005/> ==Risks== [[File:Tourniquet application.jpg\|right\|thumb\|Emergency tourniquet being applied in simulated combat. Military devices are designed for rugged environments.]] Possible risks of complications—[[morbidity]]—related to emergency tourniquet use include {\| \|- \| * [[amputation]] or stump shortening * [[:wikt:palsy\|palsy]] * [[myonecrosis]] * pain * clot * [[fasciotomy]] * acute [[renal failure]] * [[rigor]] * [[abscess]] * [[blisters]] * [[abrasion (medical)\|abrasion]]s * [[contusions]] * and pinching.<ref name=Kragh2008/> \|} Emergency care services implementing routine tourniquet use, especially in the civilian setting, should exercise caution and ensure that training is adequate for optimal results.<ref name=Kragh2009a/> However, given proper precautions, the occurrence of complications due to tourniquet use is quite rare.<ref name=Kragh2009b>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Kragh JF, Littrel ML, Jones JA, Walters TJ, Baer DG, Wade CE, Holcomb JB \| title = Battle casualty survival with emergency tourniquet use to stop limb bleeding \| journal = The Journal of Emergency Medicine \| volume = 41 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 590–597 \| date = December 2011 \| pmid = 19717268 \| doi = 10.1016/j.jemermed.2009.07.022 \| publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins }}</ref> Designed tourniquet devices are routinely tightened over healthy limbs during training with no ill effects, and recent evidence from combat hospitals in Iraq suggests that morbidity rates are low when users adhere to standard best practices. Since no better alternatives exist for users to self-apply with only basic training, the benefit of tourniquet use far outweighs the risks.<ref name=Kragh2008/><ref name=Kragh2009a/><ref name=Kragh2009b/> Safe tourniquet practice involves: {\| \|- \| 1. Careful placement of tourniquet proximal to all sites of hemorrhage. 2. Limiting tourniquet time to less than two hours, if possible. 3. Minimizing excessive applied pressure beyond the point of complete blood flow cessation.<ref name=Kragh2008/><ref name=Kragh2009b/> \|} ==Current developments== [[File:US Navy 100505-N-8377A-039 Quartermaster 2nd Class Caleb Murray works with two members of the Royal Brunei Navy Support Squadron, demonstrating the proper use of a tourniquet.jpg\|right\|thumb\|Tourniquet application on the lower arm during training. Device user knowledge greatly increases survival rate and minimizes complications.]] === Field experience === Latest field trials suggest that wider straps are more effective and less painful than tourniquets with thinner straps. The concept of [[Tourniquet#Limb occlusion pressure\|limb occlusion pressure]] is also gaining prominence over the misconception that greater applied force results in greater effectiveness. In addition, studies of failed cases indicate that the correct devices should be coupled with training that facilitates realistic expectations and correct user actions.<ref name=Kragh2011/> The Stop The Bleed educational initiative provides knowledge aimed at the greater public on when to use a tourniquet and the correct user actions.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Jacobs L, Keating JJ, Hunt RC, Butler FK, Pons PT, Gestring M, Bulger E, Eastman A, Kerby J, Hashmi Z, Fridling J, Inaba K, Matsushima K, Goralnick E, Melnitchouk N, Welten V \| display-authors = 6 \| title = Stop the Bleed<sup>Ⓡ</sup> \| journal = Current Problems in Surgery \| volume = 59 \| issue = 10 \| pages = 101193 \| date = October 2022 \| pmid = 36253022 \| doi = 10.1016/j.cpsurg.2022.101193 \| s2cid = 251433574 \| doi-access = free }}</ref> === Emerging needs === Despite the success of widespread tourniquet deployment to limit combat casualties, many preventable deaths from hemorrhage occur where conventional tourniquet use is inappropriate. In early 2025, a study was published to address such concerns titled "The XForce Tourniquet: A Comparative Analysis with the CAT Tourniquet to Advance Efficacy and Establish Foundations for Smart Hemorrhage Control".<ref>{{cite web \|url= https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.15.25324011v1 \|title=The XForce Tourniquet: A Comparative Analysis with the CAT Tourniquet to Advance Efficacy and Establish Foundations for Smart Hemorrhage Control}}</ref> The publication is the first of its kind to study the first ever smart intelligent next generation tourniquet with GPS tracking and standalone GSM telecommunications that will have advanced Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning smart features such as automated emergency alerts and telemedicine capabilities.<ref>{{cite web \|url= https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.15.25324011v1.full-text \|title=The XForce Tourniquet: A Comparative Analysis with the CAT Tourniquet to Advance Efficacy and Establish Foundations for Smart Hemorrhage Control}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url= https://www.teletq.com/ \|title=TELE-TQ by Auric Innovations}}</ref> In the abstract of the study it states "Tourniquets have demonstrated life-saving efficacy within military settings as essential tools in hemorrhage control. Despite their proven effectiveness, traditional windlass-based tourniquets such as the Combat Application Tourniquet (CAT) present challenges in rapid application and ease of use, particularly within civilian emergency contexts. The XForce Tourniquet (XForce TQ) has been developed to address these limitations with a novel ratcheting mechanism and self-securing strap. These design features aim to improve usability and application speed while also demonstrating the XForce tourniquets’ ability to serve as the foundation for broader telemedicine tourniquet initiatives."<ref>{{cite web \|url= https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.15.25324011v1.full-text \|title=The XForce Tourniquet: A Comparative Analysis with the CAT Tourniquet to Advance Efficacy and Establish Foundations for Smart Hemorrhage Control}}</ref> The research was supported by grant funding from the New Jersey Commission on Science, Innovation, and Technology (CSIT) as part of its initiative to support New Jersey startups. The Center for innovation at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital provided location & resources for data collection & analysis.<ref>{{cite web \|url= https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.15.25324011v1.full-text \|title=The XForce Tourniquet: A Comparative Analysis with the CAT Tourniquet to Advance Efficacy and Establish Foundations for Smart Hemorrhage Control}}</ref> The need exists for controlling junctional bleeding, especially in the [[human pelvis\|pelvic]] area.<ref name=Murphy2011>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Murphy C, Kragh JF, Dubick MA \|year=2011 \|title=New Tourniquet Device Concepts for Battlefield Hemorrhage Control \|journal=U.S. Army Medical Department Journal \|pages=38–48 \|pmid=21607905 \|issn=1524-0436}}</ref> In 2012, the Combat Ready Clamp (CRoC) was selected by the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR) for that purpose.<ref>{{cite web \|url= https://www.army.mil/article/72172/New_truncal_tourniquet_ready_for_battlefield_use/ \|title=New truncal tourniquet ready for battle use}}</ref> Another emerging need is more refined training regimes and doctrine based on scientific evidence, which can ensure that future tourniquet practice and policies are in line with the most current body of knowledge.<ref name=Murphy2011/> == See also == * [[Tourniquet]] * [[Surgical tourniquet]] * [[Emergency Bandage\|Emergency bandage (Israeli bandage)]] * [[Esmarch bandage]] == References == {{Reflist\|30em}} {{First aid}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Emergency Tourniquet}} [[Category:First aid]] [[Category:Medical equipment]]	1,306,638,219	[]	false
# Tabaristan uprising Tabaristan uprising (Persian: شورش طبرستان; Arabic: اِنْتِفَاضَةُ طَبَرِسْتَانَ ; 781-805) was a series of rebellions by the indigenous Zoroastrian population of Tabaristan against the Abbasid Caliphate, led by local Spahbeds which occurred between 781 and 805. A few years after Spahbed Khurshid's suicide and the annihilation of the Dabuyid dynasty, as dissatisfaction with the actions of the Abbasid caliphs grew, people turned to the Qarinvand dynasty Spahbed, Wandad Hurmuzd and asked him to lead their uprising. After deliberation with Spahbeds of other dynasties such as the Bavandids and, he accepted the people's request. However, the uprisings were ultimately suppressed by Abbasid forces in 805. ## Background After the Muslim conquest of Persia, most of Iran's territories fell under Muslim hands. The Muslim conquerors discriminated and harassed Zoroastrians and forced them to pay Jizya. Among the former Sasanian territories, southern coasts of Caspian Sea sternly stood against Arabs and influence of Islam. These areas were sheltered by the high mountains of Alborz, against the attack of the large army of Arabs while advancing towards Khorasan. At that time, Tabaristan was the most advanced and populated of the regions south of Caspian Sea, and was ruled by a dynasty of House of Ispahbudhan called the Dabuyids and Tabaristan was subsequently made a regular province of the caliphate, ruled from Amul by an Arab governor, although the local dynasties of the Bavandids, Qarinvandids, the Zarmihrids and Baduspanids, formerly subject to the Dabuyids, continued to control the mountainous interior as tributary vassals of the Abbasid government. Caliph Al-Mansur sent his son and heir, al-Mahdi (r. 775–785), to recover the treasure of Abu Muslim. Khurshid denied having it, and al-Mansur tried to unseat Khurshid by crowning one of his cousins as ispahbadh. This did not have the desired effect of challenging the loyalty of Khurshid's subjects, but Khurshid was eventually forced to accommodate the Abbasids by accepting an increase in the annual tribute, which brought it to the level paid to the Sassanids. Al-Mansur sent his generals Abu al-Khaṣīb Marzuq and Khazim bin Khuzaymah into Tabaristan, with the intention of completely subduing the country and making it a province. Khurshid fled to the fortress of al-Tak in the mountains, where he was besieged in 759–760. Although Khurshid himself escaped to nearby Daylam, the fortress eventually fell, and with it his family fell into the hands of the Abbasids and brought to Baghdad. From Daylam, Khurshid tried to regain his kingdom. He raised an army from the mountain dwellers of the region, and tried to invade Tabaristan in 760. Repulsed, he returned to Daylam. After learning of his family's capture, took poison, probably in 761. Tabaristan became a regular province of the Caliphate, ruled from Amul by an Arab governor, although the local dynasties of the Bavandids, Karinids and Zarmihrids, formerly subject to the Dabuyids, continued to control the mountainous interior as tributary vassals of the Abbasid government. Abu al-Khaṣīb Marzuq was the first Abbasid governor of Tabaristan, who constructed a great mosque in Sari. ## The first phase of the Rebellion (781–785) During the reign of Caliph Al-Mahdi, the inhabitants of Tabaristan rebelled under the leadership of Prince Wandad Hurmuzd (r. 765–809) in 164 AH / 780-781 CE as a result of the arbitrary financial policies of the Abbasid governor of Tabaristan Abd al-Hamid Madhrub. It is known that Wandad Hurmuzd accepted leadership of the revolt after securing the cooperation of other local princes such as the Spahbed Sharwin I (r. 772–817) and Masmughans of Damavand. The second governor, Khalid ibn Barmak, had attempted to build towns and befriend the Qarinvand ruler Wandad Hurmuzd in order to increase Abbasid influence there. After he left the region, however, during the rebellion, the Bavandid ruler Sharwin I destroyed his constructions. It was said that a large number of Arabs were killed in a great massacre, although this massacre was considered to be an exaggeration. Ibn Isfandiyar confirms that Iranian women who had married Arab Muslims were also killed. Governor Abd al-Hamid Madhrub was among the victims. Between 164-166 AH / 780-782 CE, the rebellion continued and the war between Wandad Hurmuzd and the Abbasid army went back and forth. The Abbasids were defeated by the rebels and their commander Salm al-Farghani was killed on the battlefield. The reinforcements that came to them under the leadership of Farasha, one of the Caliph's mawla and a commander, was also defeated and killed. It appears that most Abbasid governors of Tabaristan used a policy of force that did not succeed but instead led to a new movement in 167 AH / 783-784 CE, as some sources claim that the Caliph sent his heir apparent Musa (al-Hadi) and Sa'id al-Harishi with 40,000 forces who defeated Wandad Hurmuzd, he was wounded and captured and gave himself up to Musa in Gorgan upon a promise of pardon. Other sources state that Musa (al-Hadi) and the Arab commander, Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani were sent to deal with Wandad Hurmuzd. Yazid al-Shaybani defeated Wandad Hurmuzd in a decisive battle in which Wandad Hurmuzd himself was wounded. The large number of Abbasid armies and Yazid al-Shaybani's military capability prompted the rebel to surrender to al-Hadi on the condition that his influence in Tabaristan would not be harmed, and he pledged in return to cease stirring up disturbances and attacking Abbasid garrisons. al-Hadi took Wandad Hurmuzd with him to Baghdad, but al-Hadi delayed his return to Baghdad after he heard of the conspiracies being woven against him to remove him from the succession and transfer it to his brother Harun al-Rashid. al-Hadi did not return to Baghdad until he heard of his father al-Mahdi's death, whereupon he was proclaimed Caliph of the Muslims. Wandad Hurmuzd remained in Baghdad until Caliph al-Hadi heard news of the killing of Bahram ibn Firuz, one of the Iranians who had converted to Islam at al-Hadi's hands. Bahram's killer was Vindaspagan, brother of Prince Wandad Hurmuzd. al-Hadi demanded Wandad Hurmuzd's death in exchange for Bahram's killing, but Prince Wandad Hurmuzd managed to convince al-Hadi that this was a plot devised by his brother Vindaspagan to kill him, and begged him to send him to Tabaristan to capture his killer brother and send his head to the Caliph.As soon as Prince Wandad Hurmuzd reached Tabaristan, he advised his brother to flee and hide from view, while he remained in Tabaristan claiming he was trying to find him until Caliph al-Hadi died. ## The Second Phase of the Rebellion (801-805) The relations between the Muslim governors and local rulers of Tabaristan became friendly for a period. Wandad Hurmuzd bought considerable amounts of land outside of Sari from the governor Jarid ibn Yazid. Tensions arose once again at the end of the reign of caliph Harun al-Rashid (r. 786–809). The Bavandids and Qarinvandids disallowed any Muslim to get buried in Tabaristan, and the soldiers of Sharwin I had killed the caliphal deputy of the region, who was the nephew of the governor Khalifa ibn Sa'id. In 805, Wandad Hurmuzd's brother Vindaspagan killed a Muslim tax collector who had been sent to inspect his villages. Harun al-Rashid, who was at the city of Ray to address an issue with the governor of Khurasan, summoned the two rulers. There they both guaranteed their loyalty to the caliph, promising him to pay the land tax. On the request of Wandad Hurmuzd, Harun al-Rashid replaced the governor of Tabaristan. However, the new governor was instructed to confine the power of the local rulers to the highlands. Wandad Hurmuzd's son Qarin, as well Sharwin I's son Shahriyar, were taken to Baghdad as hostages as proof of their loyalty. After Harun al-Rashid's death in 809, they were returned to Tabaristan. ## Aftermath By ca. 815, Abdallah ibn Khordadbeh served as the governor of Tabaristan, and conquered the mountainous regions of Tabaristan from the local Bavandid ruler Sharwin I. During the same year, he campaigned in Daylam, where he conquered two cities and captured its ruler Abu Layla. Shahriyar (now known as Shahriyar I), after succeeding his father sometime before 817, expelled the Qarinvand ruler Mazyar (a grandson of Wandad Hurmuzd) with the help of the latter's uncle Vinda-Umid ibn Vindaspagan. In 817, Abdallah aided Mazyar, to escape from Tabaristan and reach the court of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun. In 822/3, Mazyar returned to Tabaristan with Abbasid reinforcements, and began to deal with his enemies—he had his brother Quhyar exiled, and did the same to Shahriyar I's son Qarin I, who was his nephew. In 825/6, Mazyar invaded the domains of the Bavandids, and captured Shahriyar's son and successor, Shapur. His uncle, Vinda-Umid, was also defeated, and shortly afterwards killed. Mazyar thus united the highlands under his own rule. He then assumed the titles of Gil-Gilan, Ispahbadh, and Padishkhwargarshah, all titles used by the 8th-century ## Sources - Akbar Shāh K̲h̲ān Najībābādī (2001). Ṣafī al-Raḥmān Mubārakfūrī, Abdul Rahman Abdullah (ed.). The History of Islam (Vol 2). Darussalam. ISBN 9960892883. - Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1936), First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936: E.J.Brill's, BRILL, ISBN 90-04-09796-1, 9789004097964 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) - Madelung, W. (1975). "The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran". In Frye, R. N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–249. ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6. - Melville, Charles (1997), EBN ESFANDĪĀR, BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD, vol. VIII, Iranica - Thatcher, Griffithes Wheeler (1911). "Balādhurī" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 233. - Thatcher, Griffithes Wheeler (1911). "Ṭabarī" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 322. - Malek, Hodge M. (2004). The Dābūyid Ispahbads and Early 'Abbāsid Governors of Tabaristān: History and Numismatics. Royal Numismatic Society. ISBN 978-0-901405-83-8. - Malek, Hodge Mehdi (2017). "Tabaristān During the 'Abbāsid Period: The Overlapping Coinage of the Governors and Other Officials (144-178H)". In Faghfoury, Mostafa (ed.). Iranian Numismatic Studies. A Volume in Honor of Stephen Album. Lancaster and London: Classical Numismatic Group. pp. 101–126. - Malek, Hodge Mehdi (1995). "The Dabuyid Ispahbads of Tabaristan". The American Numismatic Society: 105–160. - Bosworth, C. Edmund (1997). "EBN ḴORDĀḎBEH, ABU'L-QĀSEM ʿOBAYD-ALLĀH". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 1. London et al.: C. Edmund Bosworth. pp. 37–38. - Rekaya, M. (1997). "Ḳārinids". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 644–647. ISBN 90-04-05745-5. - Madelung, Wilferd (1984). "ĀL-E BĀVAND (BAVANDIDS)". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 7. London u.a.: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 747–753. ISBN 90-04-08114-3. - Rekaya, M. (1986). "Khurshīd". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume V: Khe–Mahi. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 68–70. ISBN 978-90-04-07819-2. - Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3. - Madelung, Wilfred (1993). "Dabuyids". Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. VI, online edition, Fasc. 5. New York. pp. 541–544.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Omar, Farouk (2009). الخلافة العباسية: عصر القوة والازدهار [The Abbasid Caliphate: The Era of Power and Prosperity] (in Arabic). Vol. 1. Dar Shorouq.	enwiki/73964024	enwiki	73,964,024	Tabaristan uprising	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabaristan_uprising	2025-08-19T11:35:06Z	en	Q5954316	111,763	{{Short description\|Zoroastrian rebellion}} {{Infobox military conflict \| conflict = Tabaristan uprising \| width = \| partof = \| image = Tabaristan rebellion.png \| image_size = \| alt = \| caption = Centers of rebellion against the caliph in Tabaristan, from right to left: [[Farim, Iran\|Parim]], [[Miandorud County\|Miandorud]], [[Lafur]] and [[Kelār]]{{sfn\|Madelung\|1975\|pp=199,202-203}} \| date = 781 – 805 \| place = From [[Gilan]] to [[Tammisha]] ([[Tabarestan]]) \| coordinates = <!--Use the {{coord}} template --> \| map_type = \| map_relief = \| map_size = \| map_marksize = \| map_caption = \| map_label = \| territory = Abbasid authority reestablished over Tabaristan \| result = Abbasid victory \| status = \| combatants_header = \| combatant1 = [[File:Red flag.svg\|20px]] [[Qarinvand dynasty\|Karenids]]<br />[[File:Symbol_of_Tapuria_Kingdom.png\|20px]] [[Bavand dynasty\|Bavandids]]<br />[[Zarmihrids]] \| combatant2 = {{flagicon image\|Abbasid banner.svg}} [[Abbasid Caliphate]] \| combatant3 = \| commander1 = {{flagicon image\|Red flag.svg}} [[Wandad Hurmuzd]]{{WIA}}<br />[[File:Symbol_of_Tapuria_Kingdom.png\|20px]] [[Sharwin I]]<br>[[Masmughans of Damavand]] \| commander2 = {{flagicon image\|Abbasid banner.svg}} Abdul Hamid Madhroub{{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon image\|Abbasid banner.svg}} Salim al-Farghani{{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon image\|Abbasid banner.svg}} Farasha{{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon image\|Abbasid banner.svg}} [[al-Hadi]]<br>{{flagicon image\|Abbasid banner.svg}} [[Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani\|Yazid al-Shaybani]]<br>{{flagicon image\|Abbasid banner.svg}} Sa'id al-Harishi<br>{{flagicon image\|Abbasid banner.svg}} [[Harun al-Rashid]] \| commander3 = \| units1 = \| units2 = \| units3 = \| strength1 = \| strength2 = \| strength3 = \| casualties1 = \| casualties2 = \| casualties3 = \| notes = \| campaignbox = }} '''Tabaristan uprising''' ({{langx\|fa\|شورش طبرستان}}; {{langx\|ar\|اِنْتِفَاضَةُ طَبَرِسْتَانَ}} ; 781-805) was a series of rebellions by the indigenous [[Zoroastrian]] population of [[Tabaristan]] against the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], led by local [[Spahbed]]s which occurred between 781 and 805. A few years after [[Khurshid of Tabaristan\|Spahbed Khurshid]]'s suicide and the annihilation of the [[Dabuyid dynasty]], as dissatisfaction with the actions of the Abbasid caliphs grew, people turned to the [[Qarinvand dynasty]] Spahbed, [[Wandad Hurmuzd]] and asked him to lead their uprising. After deliberation with Spahbeds of other dynasties such as the [[Bavand dynasty\|Bavandids]] and, he accepted the people's request. However, the uprisings were ultimately suppressed by Abbasid forces in 805. == Background == After the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]], most of [[Iran]]'s territories fell under [[Muslim]] hands. The Muslim conquerors discriminated and harassed [[Zoroastrianism\|Zoroastrians]] and forced them to pay [[Jizya]].{{sfn\|Houtsma\|1936\|p=100}} Among the former [[Sasanian Empire\|Sasanian]] territories, southern coasts of [[Caspian Sea]] sternly stood against [[Arabs]] and influence of [[Islam]]. These areas were sheltered by the high mountains of [[Alborz]], against the attack of the large army of Arabs while advancing towards [[Greater Khorasan\|Khorasan]]. At that time, Tabaristan was the most advanced and populated of the regions south of Caspian Sea, and was ruled by a dynasty of [[House of Ispahbudhan]] called the [[Dabuyid dynasty\|Dabuyids]] and Tabaristan was subsequently made a regular province of the caliphate, ruled from Amul by an Arab governor, although the local dynasties of the [[Bavand dynasty\|Bavandids]], [[Qarinvand dynasty\|Qarinvandids]], the [[Zarmihrids]] and [[Baduspanids]], formerly subject to the Dabuyids, continued to control the mountainous interior as tributary vassals of the Abbasid government.{{sfn\|Madelung\|1975\|pp=200–201}}{{sfn\|Rekaya\|1986\|pp=68–70}}{{sfn\|Malek\|2017\|p=106}} [[Caliph]] [[Al-Mansur]] sent his son and heir, [[al-Mahdi]] (r. 775–785), to recover the treasure of Abu Muslim. Khurshid denied having it, and al-Mansur tried to unseat Khurshid by crowning one of his cousins as ''ispahbadh''. This did not have the desired effect of challenging the loyalty of Khurshid's subjects, but Khurshid was eventually forced to accommodate the Abbasids by accepting an increase in the annual tribute, which brought it to the level paid to the Sassanids.{{sfn\|Rekaya\|1986\|pp=68–70}}{{sfn\|Madelung\|1975\|p=199-200}}{{sfn\|Pourshariati\|2008\|p=316}} Al-Mansur sent his generals [[Abu al-Khaṣīb Marzuq]] and [[Khazim ibn Khuzayma al-Tamimi\|Khazim bin Khuzaymah]] into Tabaristan, with the intention of completely subduing the country and making it a province. Khurshid fled to the fortress of al-Tak in the mountains, where he was besieged in 759–760. Although Khurshid himself escaped to nearby [[Daylam]], the fortress eventually fell, and with it his family fell into the hands of the Abbasids and brought to [[Baghdad]].{{sfn\|Rekaya\|1986\|pp=68–70}}{{sfn\|Madelung\|1993\|p=541-544}}{{sfn\|Malek\|2004\|p=14}} From Daylam, Khurshid tried to regain his kingdom. He raised an army from the mountain dwellers of the region, and tried to invade Tabaristan in 760. Repulsed, he returned to Daylam.{{sfn\|Rekaya\|1986\|pp=68–70}}{{sfn\|Madelung\|1993\|p=541-544}} After learning of his family's capture, took poison, probably in 761.{{sfn\|Rekaya\|1986\|pp=68–70}}{{sfn\|Madelung\|1975\|p=200}}{{sfn\|Pourshariati\|2008\|p=317}} Tabaristan became a regular province of the Caliphate, ruled from [[Amol\|Amul]] by an Arab governor, although the local dynasties of the [[Bavandids]], [[Qarinvand dynasty\|Karinids]] and [[Zarmihrids]], formerly subject to the Dabuyids, continued to control the mountainous interior as tributary vassals of the Abbasid government. Abu al-Khaṣīb Marzuq was the first Abbasid governor of Tabaristan, who constructed a great mosque in [[Sari, Iran\|Sari]].{{sfn\|Malek\|2004\|p=5}} == The first phase of the Rebellion (781–785) == During the reign of Caliph [[Al-Mahdi]], the inhabitants of [[Tabaristan]] rebelled under the leadership of Prince [[Wandad Hurmuzd]] ({{reign\|765\|809}}) in 164 AH / 780-781 CE as a result of the arbitrary financial policies of the Abbasid governor of Tabaristan Abd al-Hamid Madhrub. It is known that Wandad Hurmuzd accepted leadership of the revolt after securing the cooperation of other local princes such as the [[Spahbed]] [[Sharwin I]] ({{reign\|772\|817}}) and [[Masmughans of Damavand]].{{sfn\|Omar\|2009\|p=149}} The second governor, [[Khalid ibn Barmak]],{{sfn\|Malek\|2017\|pp=105–107}} had attempted to build towns and befriend the Qarinvand ruler Wandad Hurmuzd in order to increase Abbasid influence there. After he left the region, however, during the rebellion, the Bavandid ruler Sharwin I destroyed his constructions.{{sfn\|Madelung\|1975\|p=200}} It was said that a large number of Arabs were killed in a great massacre, although this massacre was considered to be an exaggeration.{{sfn\|Madelung\|1975\|p=200}} [[Ibn Isfandiyar]] confirms that Iranian women who had married Arab Muslims were also killed. Governor Abd al-Hamid Madhrub was among the victims.{{sfn\|Omar\|2009\|p=[https://archive.org/details/haider_201705/page/n143/mode/1up 149]}} Between 164-166 AH / 780-782 CE, the rebellion continued and the war between Wandad Hurmuzd and the [[Abbasid Caliphate\|Abbasid]] army went back and forth. The Abbasids were defeated by the rebels and their commander Salm al-Farghani was killed on the battlefield. The reinforcements that came to them under the leadership of Farasha, one of the Caliph's [[mawla]] and a commander, was also defeated and killed.{{sfn\|Omar\|2009\|p=[https://archive.org/details/haider_201705/page/n143/mode/1up 149]}} It appears that most Abbasid governors of Tabaristan used a policy of force that did not succeed but instead led to a new movement in 167 AH / 783-784 CE, as some sources claim that the Caliph sent his heir apparent [[Al-Hadi\|Musa (al-Hadi)]] and Sa'id al-Harishi with 40,000 forces who defeated Wandad Hurmuzd, he was wounded and captured and gave himself up to Musa in [[Gorgan]] upon a promise of pardon.{{sfn\|Madelung\|1975\|p=200}} Other sources state that Musa (al-Hadi) and the [[Arabs\|Arab]] commander, [[Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani]] were sent to deal with Wandad Hurmuzd. Yazid al-Shaybani defeated Wandad Hurmuzd in a decisive battle in which Wandad Hurmuzd himself was wounded. The large number of Abbasid armies and Yazid al-Shaybani's military capability prompted the rebel to surrender to al-Hadi on the condition that his influence in Tabaristan would not be harmed, and he pledged in return to cease stirring up disturbances and attacking Abbasid garrisons.{{sfn\|Omar\|2009\|p=[https://archive.org/details/haider_201705/page/n143/mode/1up 149]}} al-Hadi took Wandad Hurmuzd with him to [[Baghdad]], but al-Hadi delayed his return to Baghdad after he heard of the conspiracies being woven against him to remove him from the succession and transfer it to his brother [[Harun al-Rashid]]. al-Hadi did not return to Baghdad until he heard of his father al-Mahdi's death, whereupon he was proclaimed [[Caliph]] of the Muslims.{{sfn\|Omar\|2009\|p=149-150}} Wandad Hurmuzd remained in Baghdad until Caliph al-Hadi heard news of the killing of Bahram ibn Firuz, one of the Iranians who had converted to Islam at al-Hadi's hands. Bahram's killer was Vindaspagan, brother of Prince Wandad Hurmuzd. al-Hadi demanded Wandad Hurmuzd's death in exchange for Bahram's killing, but Prince Wandad Hurmuzd managed to convince al-Hadi that this was a plot devised by his brother Vindaspagan to kill him, and begged him to send him to Tabaristan to capture his killer brother and send his head to the Caliph.As soon as Prince Wandad Hurmuzd reached Tabaristan, he advised his brother to flee and hide from view, while he remained in Tabaristan claiming he was trying to find him until Caliph al-Hadi died.{{sfn\|Omar\|2009\|p=[https://archive.org/details/haider_201705/page/n144/mode/1up 150]}} == The Second Phase of the Rebellion (801-805) == The relations between the Muslim governors and local rulers of Tabaristan became friendly for a period. Wandad Hurmuzd bought considerable amounts of land outside of [[Sari, Iran\|Sari]] from the governor Jarid ibn Yazid. Tensions arose once again at the end of the reign of caliph [[Harun al-Rashid]] ({{reign\|786\|809}}). The Bavandids and Qarinvandids disallowed any Muslim to get buried in Tabaristan, and the soldiers of Sharwin I had killed the caliphal deputy of the region, who was the nephew of the governor Khalifa ibn Sa'id. In 805, Wandad Hurmuzd's brother Vindaspagan killed a Muslim tax collector who had been sent to inspect his villages.{{sfn\|Madelung\|1975\|p=202}} Harun al-Rashid, who was at the city of [[Ray, Iran\|Ray]] to address an issue with the governor of Khurasan, summoned the two rulers. There they both guaranteed their loyalty to the caliph, promising him to pay the land tax. On the request of Wandad Hurmuzd, Harun al-Rashid replaced the governor of Tabaristan. However, the new governor was instructed to confine the power of the local rulers to the highlands. Wandad Hurmuzd's son Qarin, as well Sharwin I's son Shahriyar, were taken to [[Baghdad]] as hostages as proof of their loyalty. After Harun al-Rashid's death in 809, they were returned to Tabaristan.{{sfn\|Madelung\|1975\|pp=202–204}} == Aftermath == By ca. 815, [[Abdallah ibn Khordadbeh]] served as the governor of [[Tabaristan]], and conquered the mountainous regions of Tabaristan from the local [[Bavandid]] ruler [[Sharwin I]].{{sfn\|Bosworth\|1997\|pp=37-38}} During the same year, he campaigned in [[Daylam]], where he conquered two cities and captured its ruler Abu Layla. Shahriyar (now known as [[Shahriyar I]]), after succeeding his father sometime before 817, expelled the Qarinvand ruler [[Mazyar]] (a grandson of Wandad Hurmuzd) with the help of the latter's uncle Vinda-Umid ibn Vindaspagan.{{sfn\|Madelung\|1984\|pp=747–753}} In 817, Abdallah aided [[Mazyar]], to escape from Tabaristan and reach the court of the Abbasid [[caliph]] [[al-Ma'mun]]. In 822/3, Mazyar returned to Tabaristan with Abbasid reinforcements, and began to deal with his enemies—he had his brother [[Quhyar]] exiled, and did the same to Shahriyar I's son [[Qarin I]], who was his nephew.{{sfn\|Rekaya\|1997\|pp=644-647}} In 825/6, Mazyar invaded the domains of the Bavandids, and captured Shahriyar's son and successor, [[Shapur (Bavandid ruler)\|Shapur]]. His uncle, Vinda-Umid, was also defeated, and shortly afterwards killed.{{sfn\|Madelung\|1984\|pp=747–753}} Mazyar thus united the highlands under his own rule.{{sfn\|Madelung\|1975\|pp=204–205}} He then assumed the titles of ''Gil-Gilan'', ''[[Ispahbadh]]'', and ''[[Padishkhwargar]][[shah]]'', all titles used by the 8th-century ==References == {{reflist}} == Sources == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book \| title =The History of Islam (Vol 2) \| year = 2001 \| publisher = Darussalam \| location = \| editor-last = Ṣafī al-Raḥmān Mubārakfūrī, Abdul Rahman Abdullah\| last = Akbar Shāh K̲h̲ān Najībābādī\| chapter = \| pages = \| isbn = 9960892883\| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=duAhUE684bwC&dq=yahya+bin+abdullah&pg=PA342}} * {{Citation \| last =Houtsma \| first =Martijn Theodoor \| editor-last = \| editor-first = \| editor2-last = \| editor2-first = \| title =First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936: E.J.Brill's\|url= \| series =\| publisher =BRILL\|year=1936 \| id =9789004097964 \| isbn =90-04-09796-1}} * {{cite book \| title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs \| year = 1975 \| publisher = Cambridge University Press \| location = Cambridge \| editor-last = Frye \| editor-first = R. N. \| last = Madelung \| first = W. \| authorlink = Wilferd Madelung \| chapter = The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran \| pages = 198–249 \| isbn = 978-0-521-20093-6 \| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&pg=PA198}} * {{Citation \| last =Melville\| first =Charles \| editor-last = \| editor-first = \| editor2-last = \| editor2-first = \| title =EBN ESFANDĪĀR, BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD \|url= https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ebn-esfandiar\| series =\| publisher = [[ایرانیکا\|Iranica]]\|year=1997 \| volume =VIII\| isbn =}} * {{Cite EB1911 \|wstitle= Balādhurī \|volume= 3 \| last= Thatcher \|first= Griffithes Wheeler \|author-link= \| page= 233 \|short=}} * {{Cite EB1911 \|wstitle= Ṭabarī \|volume= 26 \| last= Thatcher \|first= Griffithes Wheeler \|author-link= \| page= 322 \|short=}} * {{Cite book \|last=Malek \|first=Hodge M. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zqY0AAAACAAJ \|title=The Dābūyid Ispahbads and Early 'Abbāsid Governors of Tabaristān: History and Numismatics \|date=2004 \|publisher=Royal Numismatic Society \|isbn=978-0-901405-83-8 \|language=en}} * {{cite book \|last1=Malek\|first1=Hodge Mehdi\| chapter=Tabaristān During the 'Abbāsid Period: The Overlapping Coinage of the Governors and Other Officials (144-178H) \| title= Iranian Numismatic Studies. A Volume in Honor of Stephen Album \| editor-last = Faghfoury \| editor-first = Mostafa \| publisher= Classical Numismatic Group \| location = Lancaster and London \|year=2017\|pages=101–126\|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/41293910}} * {{cite journal \|last1=Malek\|first1=Hodge Mehdi\| title=The Dabuyid Ispahbads of Tabaristan \|journal= The American Numismatic Society \|date=1995\|pages=105–160\|url=https://www.academia.edu/26954882\|url-access=registration}} * {{cite encyclopedia \| article = EBN ḴORDĀḎBEH, ABU’L-QĀSEM ʿOBAYD-ALLĀH \| last = Bosworth \| first = C. Edmund \| authorlink = \| url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ebn-kordadbeh \| editor-last = \| editor-first = \| editor-link = \| encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 1 \| pages = 37–38 \| location = London et al. \| publisher = C. Edmund Bosworth \| year = 1997 \| isbn = }} * {{cite encyclopedia \| title=Ḳārinids \| first = M. \| last = Rekaya \| encyclopedia = The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume IV: Iran–Kha \| publisher = BRILL \| location = Leiden and New York \| year = 1997 \| isbn = 90-04-05745-5 \| pages = 644–647}} * {{cite encyclopedia \| title = ĀL-E BĀVAND (BAVANDIDS) \| last = Madelung \| first = Wilferd \| author-link = Wilferd Madelung \| encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 7 \| publisher = Routledge & Kegan Paul \| location = London u.a. \| year = 1984 \| isbn = 90-04-08114-3 \| pages = 747–753 \| url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/al-e-bavand}} * {{EI2 \| volume=5 \| title = Khurshīd \| first = M. \| last = Rekaya \| authorlink = \| pages = 68–70 \| url = http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/khurshid-SIM_4345}} * {{cite book\|last=Pourshariati\|first=Parvaneh\|author-link=Parvaneh Pourshariati\|title=Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran\|publisher=I.B. Tauris\|year=2008\|isbn=978-1-84511-645-3\|url={{Google books\|I-xtAAAAMAAJ\|plainurl=y\|page=1}}}} * {{cite encyclopedia \| title = Dabuyids \| last = Madelung \| first = Wilfred \| url = https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dabuyids-the-dynasty-of-espahbads-ruling-tabarestan-until-its-conquest-by-the-muslims-in-144-761 \| encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. VI, online edition, Fasc. 5 \| pages = 541–544 \| location = New York \| year = 1993 }} * {{cite book \|last=Omar \|first=Farouk \|author-link=Farouk Omar \|year=2009 \|title=الخلافة العباسية: عصر القوة والازدهار \|trans-title=The Abbasid Caliphate: The Era of Power and Prosperity \|publisher=Dar Shorouq \|volume=1 \|language=ar \|url=https://archive.org/details/haider_201705}} {{refend}} [[Category:Rebellions against the Abbasid Caliphate]] [[Category:Tabaristan]] [[Category:Rebellions in Iran]] [[Category:8th-century conflicts]][[Category:9th-century conflicts]][[Category:8th century in Iran]][[Category:9th century in Iran]] [[Category:Medieval history of Iran]] [[Category:Qarinvand dynasty]]	1,306,734,210	[{"title": "Tabaristan uprising", "data": {"Date": "781 \u2013 805", "Location": "From Gilan to Tammisha (Tabarestan)", "Result": "Abbasid victory", "Territorial \u00b7 changes": "Abbasid authority reestablished over Tabaristan"}}, {"title": "Belligerents", "data": {"Karenids \u00b7 Bavandids \u00b7 Zarmihrids": "Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"title": "Commanders and leaders", "data": {"Wandad Hurmuzd (WIA) \u00b7 Sharwin I \u00b7 Masmughans of Damavand": "Abdul Hamid Madhroub \u2020 \u00b7 Salim al-Farghani \u2020 \u00b7 Farasha \u2020 \u00b7 al-Hadi \u00b7 Yazid al-Shaybani \u00b7 Sa'id al-Harishi \u00b7 Harun al-Rashid"}}]	false
# Gotha WD.11 The Gotha WD.11 (Wasser Doppeldecker - "Water Biplane") was a three-seat floatplane torpedo-bomber developed during World War I by Gothaer Waggonfabrik (Gotha) for the Imperial German Navy's (Kaiserliche Marine) Naval Air Service (Marine-Fliegerabteilung). The company's earlier Gotha WD.7 had been moderately successful as a training aircraft for torpedo tactics and it designed a larger and more powerful aircraft along the same general lines. The prototype was completed in 1916 and the aircraft entered service the following year. 17 examples were built and enjoyed limited success, sinking two British freighters in the North Sea. One squadron participated in Operation Albion in 1917 with limited effectiveness. Torpedo shortages and durability issues forced the WD.11s removal from active service in 1918. Fewer than half survived to be inventoried by the Allies after the war. ## Background and description After the submarine SM U-9 sank three British armored cruisers on 22 September 1914 shortly after the war began, the German Imperial Naval Office (Reichsmarine-Amt) decided to try mounting torpedoes on aircraft as they were far easier and faster to build than submarines. Gotha's initial submission to meet this requirement, the WD.7, was built to train torpedo delivery tactics and was evaluated as not suitable for combat duties. A prototype of the WD.11 was ordered on 9 March 1916 and it was turned over to the Seaplane Experimental Command (Seeflugzeug-Versuchs-Kommando) on 9 October. The first batch of five production aircraft were ordered during that month and were delivered in April–May 1917. Two subsequent batches totaling eleven aircraft were ordered in January 1917 and delivered from June through September. Like its predecessor, the WD.11 was a conventional sesquiplane with twin floats below the wings, although the two 160-metric-horsepower (120 kW) Mercedes D.III engines were mounted tractor-fashion on the lower wing with the box radiators positioned above the engines. The aircraft had separate cockpits for two observers and a pilot position behind the forward observer. Each of the two floats were attached to the fuselage and wings by 10 struts. The twin-tail empennage had the two vertical stabilizers located at the ends of the horizontal stabilizer and was supported by struts. The wings were connected with six sets of interplane struts that gave the aircraft a three-bay configuration. In service the German pilots found the WD.11's structure too weak for the heavy weights that it needed to carry, specially while taking off or landing. The observer in the forward cockpit was provided with a 7.92-millimeter (0.312 in) Parabellum MG14 machinegun and some aircraft were modified with an additional gun for the rear observer. The 45-centimeter (17.7 in) Whitehead G/125 torpedo was carried semi-recessed in a trough mounted on the aircraft's fuselage between the floats at a nose-down angle of 5 degrees. If a torpedo was carried the WD.11 lacked the rear observer. Some aircraft were modified to carry ten 58-kilogram (128 lb) bombs or a larger number of smaller bombs in the torpedo trough. The TeKa naval mine was developed in 1917 to fit in the torpedo trough. The torpedoes used by the WD.11 and other German torpedo bombers were not designed for aerial use and had very narrow parameters for a successful launch, namely that the aircraft had to be flying straight and level and at an altitude of no more than 10 meters (33 ft). To give pilots a method by which all of these conditions could be judged, some of the WD.11s were fitted with an Anschütz gyroscopic inclinometer to assess their flight attitude. Their height above water was measured by a 10-meter weighed steel cable that triggered a light or bells in the cockpit when it touched the water, completing an electrical circuit. ## Operational history The prototype crashed on 31 October 1916 when one of its floats broke up when landing. It was not badly damaged and returned to service as a training aircraft. The first WD.11s to see combat were assigned to the 2nd Front Squadron (II. Front-Staffel), Naval Air Station Flanders I (Seeflugstation Flandern I) at Zeebrugge in Occupied Belgium in early May 1917. On 20 May one aircraft made an unsuccessful attempt to torpedo a British cargo ship. Three WD.11s attempted to bomb the port of Dunkirk, France, on the night of 31 May/1 June, but were unable to locate their target in the darkness. They continued onwards to their secondary target of Calais, where they were engaged by anti-aircraft guns because of their low altitudes. One aircraft had a shell pass through a wing and it was struck by eight shell fragments. The mission was ineffective because the bomb release mechanism jammed on two of the aircraft. Two nights later, the three WD.11s bombed the military airfield at Saint-Pol-sur-Mer with some effect. A torpedo mission against targets in the Thames estuary on the evening of 3/4 June had to be aborted when two of the three WD.11s had to turn back with mechanical problems. This was to be a continuing problem as the Naval Air Service found them to be underpowered and fragile in service given the heavy loads that they were intended to carry. After passing the lightvessel at Outer Gabbard on the morning of 15 June, the formation of three WD.11s and two Friedrichshafen FF.33 floatplanes spotted the British 3,718-gross register ton (GRT) freighter SS Kankakee. The ship was able to evade the first two torpedoes, but the third one struck it amidships and sank it; three crewmen were killed during the attack. On the afternoon of 9 July a pair of WD.11s surprised two cargo ships approaching the Thames estuary, but both torpedoes started jumping through the waves and missed. Another pair of WD.11s attempted to torpedo two other ships later that day, but both torpedoes malfunctioned and British anti-aircraft fire caused one of the aircraft to make an emergency landing when one of its engines was disabled. The other bomber landed nearby and the crew of the first one was able to swim over to be picked up. As the second WD.11 attempted to takeoff, one of its floats was ripped off by a wave and it crashed. All four crewmen survived to be rescued by a British ship. Reinforced by aircraft taken from the 1st Front Squadron, three WD.11s laid TeKa mines in the Thames Estuary on 24 July. Five aircraft attempted to repeat the mission near Kentish Knock Shoal on 8 August, but mechanical failures aboard two of the bombers caused the flight to be aborted before they could lay their mines. Four days later three WD.11s bombed British ships defending the Dover Barrage off the coast of Flanders, claiming one hit on a destroyer. Bad weather prevented the aircraft from flying any missions until 4 September when four WD.11s bombed Dunkirk; one aircraft had to turn back before it reached the target while another had an engine fail on the return trip. The pilot made an emergency landing on the beach at Nieuwpoort, Belgium, and the crew was able to set fire to the bomber and evade the local Belgian garrison before reaching nearby German-held territory. The 1st Front Squadron briefly relieved the 2nd Front Squadron at Zeebrugge on 7 September. Two days later, a flight of three WD.11s detected a small convoy and torpedoed a 440-GRT freighter, SS Storm, which sank with the loss of three crewmen. Another group of three aircraft searched for ships off the Dutch coast on 11 September. Unable to find anything, they turned back. One WD.11 ran out of fuel north of IJmuiden and was forced to make an emergency landing. Another WD.11 was able to deliver fuel to the first one, but only one engine could be restarted and the aircraft was forced to taxi all the way back to Zeebrugge. The following day the 1st Squadron was ordered to transfer to the base at Windau in Courland (modern Ventspils, Latvia) to support the German invasion of the West Estonian Archipelago (Operation Albion) and the 2nd Squadron's planned withdrawal to refit in Flensburg, Germany, was cancelled. The unit resumed anti-shipping and minelaying missions on 16 September, but the poor condition of the WD.11s hindered their effectiveness. For example three of the five aircraft attempting to lay mines on 24 September were forced to return to base with mechanical issues. The following day a WD.11 was forced to make an emergency landing in fog off the Dutch coast and a two-aircraft rescue mission was launched to find the torpedo bomber. They found it being towed by a Dutch coast guard ship as it had drifted into Dutch territorial waters, but they landed regardless and unsuccessfully attempted to rescue the crew as the ship drove off both with machinegun fire. After the death of its commander when his Friedrichshafen FF.39 caught fire and crashed on 1 October, the 2nd Squadron was taken off operations for a lack of crews and serviceable aircraft, although it was not transferred to Flensburg until 16 November. ### Operation Albion and afterwards The 1st Front Squadron became operational on 1 October with the mission of attacking ships of the Imperial Russian Navy's Baltic Fleet and received 10 G/125 torpedoes. The unit was ordered into action on 4 October when two small minelayers were spotted off the coast of the Sõrve Peninsula on Ösel Island (modern Saaremaa). Five WD.11s and four other bombers attacked the ships and the nearby coast-defense guns, dropping 3,500 kilograms (7,700 lb) of bombs. No effects on the targets was noted. The same five WD.11s attacked the ships on 8 October without result. Two of the torpedoes missed while the others struck the sea bottom or otherwise failed to operate properly in the shallow water. When Operation Albion began on 12 October, German troops landed on Ösel, capturing the Russian seaplane base at Arensburg (modern Kuressaare) the following day. The 1st Squadron began staging through the base on 15 October. One aircraft broke a float on takeoff that day and had to remain in Arensburg; one of the two other aircraft bombed a coast-defense battery while the other one claimed a hit on the battleship Slava. Russian sources state the attack missed and that ship attacked was actually the battleship Grazhdanin. The squadron continued to attack Russian targets for the next several days without much success and one aircraft was forced to make an emergency landing when one of its engines was disabled by a bullet. An attempt to repair the disabled aircraft at Arensburg on 21 October was only partially successful as one aircraft crashed on takeoff and another had to be abandoned. The squadron was ordered to return to Zeebrugge two days later and all of the unserviceable aircraft were left behind. The unit arrived on 12 November and was equipped with a pair of new Gotha WD.14 bombers in addition to the three WD.11s that it had brought back from the Baltic. The weather was generally not suitable for the WD.11s during this time and they only flew a pair of unsuccessful anti-shipping missions in December before the squadron commander decided to replace them with more capable WD.14s. The torpedo bombers had generally been ineffective in their torpedo attacks and the Imperial Naval Office decided to stop deliveries of scarce torpedoes from 15 January 1918. The torpedo bomber units were disbanded on 20 April and their aircraft and personnel were transferred to other units on the North Sea coast. When the Allies inspected the German seaplane bases in December 1918, they recorded seven surviving WD.11s at Hage. Their ultimate fate is unknown, but they were likely scrapped. ### Foreign service A WD.11 was interned by the Dutch on 24 September 1916 after it had been forced to make an emergency landing off the coast of the Netherlands; the aircraft received the serial number M-1 when the Netherlands Naval Aviation Service was formed in 1917. ## Operators German Empire - Kaiserliche Marine[4] Netherlands - Royal Netherlands Navy[20] ## Specifications (WD.11) Data from Gotha Aircraft of WWI: A Centennial Perspective on Great War Airplanes; German Aircraft of the First World War General characteristics - Crew: 3 - Length: 13.45 m (44 ft 2 in) - Upper wingspan: 22.5 m (73 ft 10 in) - Lower wingspan: 21 m (68 ft 11 in) - Height: 4.75 m (15 ft 7 in) - Wing area: 104 m2 (1,120 sq ft) - Empty weight: 2,146 kg (4,731 lb) - Gross weight: 3,583 kg (7,899 lb) - Powerplant: 2 × Mercedes D.III water-cooled, straight-six engines, 120 kW (160 hp) each - Propellers: 2-bladed wooden fixed-pitch propellers Performance - Maximum speed: 120 km/h (75 mph, 65 kn) - Range: 500 km (310 mi, 270 nmi) - Service ceiling: 3,200 m (10,500 ft) - Rate of climb: 1.3 m/s (260 ft/min) - Time to altitude: 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in 12 minutes Armament - Guns: 1 x 7.92 mm (0.312 in) Parabellum MG 14 machine gun - Bombs: 1 x 725 kg (1,598 lb) torpedo ## Bibliography - Admiralty (1988) [1919]. "Merchant Shipping (Losses): British Merchant Vessels Captured or Destroyed by the Enemy". British Vessels Lost at Sea, 1914-18 and 1939-45 (3rd ed.). Wellingborough, UK: Patrick Stephens. pp. 1–99. ISBN 1-85260-134-5. - Andersson, Lennart & Sanger, Ray (2014). Retribution and Recovery: German Aircraft and Aviation 1919 to 1922. Staplefield, UK: Air-Britain (Historians). ISBN 978-0-85130-467-0. - Gray, Peter & Thetford, Owen (1987) [1970]. German Aircraft of the First World War (2nd ed.). London: Putnam. ISBN 0-85177-809-7. - Herris, Jack (2013). Gotha Aircraft of WWI: A Centennial Perspective on Great War Airplanes. Great War Aviation Centennial Series. Vol. 6. Charleston, South Carolina: Aeronaut Books. ISBN 978-1-935881-14-8. - Klaauw, Bart van der (March–April 1999). "Unexpected Windfalls: Accidentally or Deliberately, More than 100 Aircraft 'arrived' in Dutch Territory During the Great War". Air Enthusiast (80): 54–59. ISSN 0143-5450. - Metzmacher, Andreas (2021). Gotha Aircraft 1913–1954: From the London Bomber to the Flying Wing Jet Fighter. Brimscombe, UK: Fonthill. ISBN 978-1-78155-706-8. - Schmeelke, Michael (2020). "Torpedo Los!": The German Imperial Torpedo-Flieger. n.p.: Aeronaut Books. ISBN 978-1-953201-17-1. - Staff, Gary (2008). Battle for the Baltic Islands 1917: Triumph of the Imperial German Navy. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Maritime. ISBN 978-1-84415-7877.	enwiki/16834199	enwiki	16,834,199	Gotha WD.11	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotha_WD.11	2024-03-27T09:26:24Z	en	Q5587775	98,916	{{good article}} {{Short description\|German World War I torpedo bomber seaplane}} <!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. --> {\|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin \|name=WD.11 \|image=Gotha WD.11 being lowered.jpg \|caption=A WD.11 being lowered onto the water }}{{Infobox Aircraft Type \|type=Torpedo-bomber floatplane \|national origin=Germany \|manufacturer={{lang\|de\|[[Gothaer Waggonfabrik]]}} \|designer= \|first flight=1916 \|introduced= \|retired=1918 \|primary user=[[Imperial German Navy]] \|number built=17 }} \|} The '''Gotha WD.11''' ({{lang\|de\|Wasser Doppeldecker}} - "Water [[Biplane]]") was a three-seat [[floatplane]] [[torpedo-bomber]] developed during [[World War I]] by {{lang\|de\|[[Gothaer Waggonfabrik]]}} (Gotha) for the [[Imperial German Navy]]'s ({{lang\|de\|Kaiserliche Marine}}) Naval Air Service ({{lang\|de\|Marine-Fliegerabteilung}}). The company's earlier [[Gotha WD.7]] had been moderately successful as a training aircraft for torpedo tactics and it designed a larger and more powerful aircraft along the same general lines. The prototype was completed in 1916 and the aircraft entered service the following year. 17 examples were built and enjoyed limited success, sinking two British [[Cargo ship\|freighters]] in the [[North Sea]]. One [[Squadron (aviation)\|squadron]] participated in [[Operation Albion]] in 1917 with limited effectiveness. Torpedo shortages and durability issues forced the WD.11s removal from active service in 1918. Fewer than half survived to be inventoried by the [[Allies of World War I\|Allies]] after the war. ==Background and description== After the [[submarine]] {{SMU\|U-9}} sank three British [[armored cruiser]]s on [[Action of 22 September 1914\|22 September 1914]] shortly after the war began, the [[German Imperial Naval Office]] ({{lang\|de\|Reichsmarine-Amt}}) decided to try mounting [[torpedo]]es on aircraft as they were far easier and faster to build than submarines. Gotha's initial submission to meet this requirement, the [[Gotha WD.7\|WD.7]], was built to train torpedo delivery tactics and was evaluated as not suitable for combat duties.<ref>Schmeelke, pp. 3, 10, 12–15</ref> A prototype of the WD.11 was ordered on 9 March 1916 and it was turned over to the Seaplane Experimental Command ({{lang\|de\|Seeflugzeug-Versuchs-Kommando}}) on 9 October.<ref>Herris, p. 57; Metzmacher, p. 67</ref> The first batch of five production aircraft were ordered during that month and were delivered in April–May 1917. Two subsequent batches totaling eleven aircraft were ordered in January 1917 and delivered from June through September.<ref>Herris, pp. 94–95</ref> Like its predecessor, the WD.11 was a conventional [[sesquiplane]] with twin [[float (nautical)\|floats]] below the wings, although the two {{convert\|160\|PS\|adj=on}} [[Mercedes D.III]] engines were mounted [[Tractor configuration\|tractor-fashion]] on the lower wing with the box [[Radiator (engine cooling)\|radiator]]s positioned above the engines. The aircraft had separate [[cockpit]]s for two [[Air observer\|observer]]s and a [[pilot]] position behind the forward observer. Each of the two floats were attached to the fuselage and wings by 10 [[Bracing (aeronautics)\|struts]]. The twin-tail [[empennage]] had the two [[vertical stabilizer]]s located at the ends of the [[horizontal stabilizer]] and was supported by struts. The wings were connected with six sets of interplane struts that gave the aircraft a three-[[Biplane#Bays\|bay]] configuration.<ref name=h2/> In service the German pilots found the WD.11's structure too weak for the heavy weights that it needed to carry, specially while taking off or landing.<ref name=h2/> [[File:Gotha WD.11-Torpedo loading.jpg\|thumb\|left\|upright=1\|A G/125 torpedo being loaded]] The observer in the forward cockpit was provided with a {{convert\|7.92\|mm\|3\|adj=on\|sp=us}} [[Parabellum MG14]] [[machinegun]] and some aircraft were modified with an additional gun for the rear observer. The {{convert\|45\|cm\|adj=on\|sp=us\|1}} [[Whitehead torpedo\|Whitehead G/125 torpedo]] was carried semi-recessed in a trough mounted on the aircraft's fuselage between the floats at a nose-down angle of 5 degrees. If a torpedo was carried the WD.11 lacked the rear observer. Some aircraft were modified to carry ten {{convert\|58\|kg\|adj=on}} bombs or a larger number of smaller bombs in the torpedo trough. The TeKa [[naval mine]] was developed in 1917 to fit in the torpedo trough.<ref>Herris, pp. 57, 60, 63, 65; Schmeelke, pp. 15, 28, 31, 99</ref> The torpedoes used by the WD.11 and other German torpedo bombers were not designed for aerial use and had very narrow parameters for a successful launch, namely that the aircraft had to be flying straight and level and at an altitude of no more than {{convert\|10\|m\|0\|sp=us}}. To give pilots a method by which all of these conditions could be judged, some of the WD.11s were fitted with an [[J. G. Anschütz\|Anschütz]] [[Inclinometer#Inclinometer with gyroscope\|gyroscopic inclinometer]] to assess their flight attitude. Their height above water was measured by a 10-meter weighed steel cable that triggered a light or bells in the cockpit when it touched the water, completing an [[Electrical Circuit\|electrical circuit]].<ref>Schmeelke, p. 10</ref> ==Operational history== [[File:Gotha WD.11 679.jpg\|thumb\|A profile view of the prototype, {{c.}} 1916]] The prototype crashed on 31 October 1916 when one of its floats broke up when landing. It was not badly damaged and returned to service as a training aircraft.<ref>Schmeelke, pp. 66–67, 75</ref> The first WD.11s to see combat were assigned to the 2nd Front Squadron ({{lang\|de\|II. Front-Staffel}}), Naval Air Station Flanders I ({{lang\|de\|Seeflugstation Flandern I}}) at [[Zeebrugge]] in [[German occupation of Belgium during World War I\|Occupied Belgium]] in early May 1917. On 20 May one aircraft made an unsuccessful attempt to torpedo a British cargo ship. Three WD.11s attempted to bomb the port of [[Dunkirk]], France, on the night of 31 May/1 June, but were unable to locate their target in the darkness. They continued onwards to their secondary target of [[Calais]], where they were engaged by [[anti-aircraft gun]]s because of their low altitudes. One aircraft had a shell pass through a wing and it was struck by eight shell fragments. The mission was ineffective because the bomb release mechanism jammed on two of the aircraft. Two nights later, the three WD.11s bombed the military airfield at [[Saint-Pol-sur-Mer]] with some effect. A torpedo mission against targets in the [[Thames estuary]] on the evening of 3/4 June had to be aborted when two of the three WD.11s had to turn back with mechanical problems.<ref>Schmeelke, pp. 83–87</ref> This was to be a continuing problem as the Naval Air Service found them to be underpowered and fragile in service given the heavy loads that they were intended to carry.<ref name=h2/> After passing the [[lightvessel]] at [[Lightvessel stations of Great Britain\|Outer Gabbard]] on the morning of 15 June, the formation of three WD.11s and two [[Friedrichshafen FF.33]] floatplanes<ref>Schmeelke, p. 87</ref> spotted the British {{GRT\|3718\|disp=adj\|link=on}} freighter {{SS\|Kankakee}}. The ship was able to evade the first two torpedoes, but the third one struck it [[amidships]] and sank it; three crewmen were killed during the attack.<ref>Admiralty, p. 55</ref> On the afternoon of 9 July a pair of WD.11s surprised two cargo ships approaching the Thames estuary, but both torpedoes started jumping through the waves and missed. Another pair of WD.11s attempted to torpedo two other ships later that day, but both torpedoes malfunctioned and British anti-aircraft fire caused one of the aircraft to make an [[emergency landing]] when one of its engines was disabled. The other bomber landed nearby and the crew of the first one was able to swim over to be picked up. As the second WD.11 attempted to [[takeoff]], one of its floats was ripped off by a wave and it crashed. All four crewmen survived to be rescued by a British ship. Reinforced by aircraft taken from the 1st Front Squadron, three WD.11s laid TeKa mines in the Thames Estuary on 24 July. Five aircraft attempted to repeat the mission near [[Kentish Knock]] Shoal on 8 August, but mechanical failures aboard two of the bombers caused the flight to be aborted before they could lay their mines. Four days later three WD.11s bombed British ships defending the [[Dover Barrage]] off the coast of [[Flanders]], claiming one hit on a [[destroyer]]. Bad weather prevented the aircraft from flying any missions until 4 September when four WD.11s bombed Dunkirk; one aircraft had to turn back before it reached the target while another had an engine fail on the return trip. The pilot made an emergency landing on the beach at [[Nieuwpoort, Belgium]], and the crew was able to set fire to the bomber and evade the local Belgian garrison before reaching nearby German-held territory.<ref>Schmeelke, pp. 87–89</ref> The 1st Front Squadron briefly relieved the 2nd Front Squadron at Zeebrugge on 7 September. Two days later, a flight of three WD.11s detected a small convoy and torpedoed<ref>Schmeelke, pp. 78–79</ref> a 440-GRT freighter, {{SS\|Storm}}, which sank with the loss of three crewmen.<ref>Admiralty, p. 66</ref> Another group of three aircraft searched for ships off the Dutch coast on 11 September. Unable to find anything, they turned back. One WD.11 ran out of fuel north of [[IJmuiden]] and was forced to make an emergency landing. Another WD.11 was able to deliver fuel to the first one, but only one engine could be restarted and the aircraft was forced to [[Taxiing\|taxi]] all the way back to Zeebrugge. The following day the 1st Squadron was ordered to transfer to the base at Windau in [[Courland]] (modern [[Ventspils]], [[Latvia]]) to support the German invasion of the [[West Estonian Archipelago]] (Operation Albion) and the 2nd Squadron's planned withdrawal to refit in [[Flensburg]], Germany, was cancelled. The unit resumed anti-shipping and minelaying missions on 16 September, but the poor condition of the WD.11s hindered their effectiveness. For example three of the five aircraft attempting to lay mines on 24 September were forced to return to base with mechanical issues. The following day a WD.11 was forced to make an emergency landing in fog off the Dutch coast and a two-aircraft rescue mission was launched to find the torpedo bomber. They found it being towed by a Dutch coast guard ship as it had drifted into Dutch territorial waters, but they landed regardless and unsuccessfully attempted to rescue the crew as the ship drove off both with machinegun fire. After the death of its commander when his [[Friedrichshafen FF.39]] caught fire and crashed on 1 October, the 2nd Squadron was taken off operations for a lack of crews and serviceable aircraft, although it was not transferred to Flensburg until 16 November.<ref name=s1>Schmeelke, pp. 90–91</ref> === Operation Albion and afterwards === The 1st Front Squadron became operational on 1 October with the mission of attacking ships of the [[Imperial Russian Navy]]'s [[Baltic Fleet]] and received 10 G/125 torpedoes. The unit was ordered into action on 4 October when two small [[minelayer]]s were spotted off the coast of the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] on Ösel Island (modern [[Saaremaa]]). Five WD.11s and four other bombers attacked the ships and the nearby [[coast-defense gun]]s, dropping {{convert\|3500\|kg}} of bombs. No effects on the targets was noted. The same five WD.11s attacked the ships on 8 October without result. Two of the torpedoes missed while the others struck the sea bottom or otherwise failed to operate properly in the shallow water. When Operation Albion began on 12 October, German troops landed on Ösel, capturing the Russian seaplane base at Arensburg (modern [[Kuressaare]]) the following day. The 1st Squadron began staging through the base on 15 October. One aircraft broke a float on takeoff that day and had to remain in Arensburg; one of the two other aircraft bombed a coast-defense [[battery (artillery)\|battery]] while the other one claimed a hit on the battleship {{ship\|Russian battleship\|Slava\|\|2}}.<ref>Schmeelke, pp. 92, 96, 98–99, 101–102</ref> Russian sources state the attack missed and that ship attacked was actually the battleship ''[[Russian battleship Tsesarevich\|Grazhdanin]]''.<ref>Staff, p. 92</ref> The squadron continued to attack Russian targets for the next several days without much success and one aircraft was forced to make an emergency landing when one of its engines was disabled by a bullet. An attempt to repair the disabled aircraft at Arensburg on 21 October was only partially successful as one aircraft crashed on takeoff and another had to be abandoned. The squadron was ordered to return to Zeebrugge two days later and all of the unserviceable aircraft were left behind.<ref>Schmeelke, pp. 102–103</ref> The unit arrived on 12 November and was equipped with a pair of new [[Gotha WD.14]] bombers in addition to the three WD.11s that it had brought back from the Baltic. The weather was generally not suitable for the WD.11s during this time and they only flew a pair of unsuccessful anti-shipping missions in December before the squadron commander decided to replace them with more capable WD.14s. The torpedo bombers had generally been ineffective in their torpedo attacks and the Imperial Naval Office decided to stop deliveries of scarce torpedoes from 15 January 1918. The torpedo bomber units were disbanded on 20 April and their aircraft and personnel were transferred to other units on the North Sea coast.<ref>Schmeelke, pp. 110, 113–115</ref> When the [[Allies of World War I\|Allies]] inspected the German seaplane bases in December 1918, they recorded seven surviving WD.11s at [[Hage]]. Their ultimate fate is unknown, but they were likely [[scrapped]].<ref>Andersson & Sanger, p. 18</ref> ===Foreign service=== A WD.11 was interned by the Dutch on 24 September 1916 after it had been forced to make an emergency landing off the coast of the [[Netherlands]]; the aircraft received the serial number M-1 when the [[Netherlands Naval Aviation Service]] was formed in 1917.<ref name=k5>Klaauw, p. 55</ref><ref name=s1/> ==Operators== ;{{flag\|German Empire}} [[Kaiserliche Marine]]<ref name=h2/> ;{{flag\|Netherlands}} [[Royal Netherlands Navy]]<ref name=k5/> ==Specifications (WD.11)== {{Aircraft specs \|ref=Gotha Aircraft of WWI: A Centennial Perspective on Great War Airplanes;<ref name=h2>Herris, p. 57</ref> German Aircraft of the First World War<ref>Gray & Thetford, p. 403</ref> \|prime units?=met <!-- General characteristics --> \|genhide= \|crew=3 \|capacity= \|length m=13.45 \|length ft= \|length in= \|length note= \|upper span m=22.5 \|upper span ft= \|upper span in= \|upper span note= \|mid span m= \|mid span ft= \|mid span in= \|mid span note= \|lower span m=21 \|lower span ft= \|lower span in= \|lower span note= \|height m=4.75 \|height ft= \|height in= \|height note= \|wing area sqm=104 \|wing area sqft= \|wing area note= \|airfoil= \|empty weight kg=2146 \|empty weight lb= \|empty weight note= \|gross weight kg=3583 \|gross weight lb= \|gross weight note= \|max takeoff weight kg= \|max takeoff weight lb= \|max takeoff weight note= \|fuel capacity= \|more general= <!-- Powerplant --> \|eng1 number=2 \|eng1 name=[[Mercedes D.III]] \|eng1 type= water-cooled, [[Straight-six engine\|straight-six]] engines \|eng1 kw=<!-- prop engines --> \|eng1 hp=160 \|prop blade number=2 \|prop name=wooden fixed-pitch propellers \|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft --> \|prop dia ft=<!-- propeller aircraft --> \|prop dia in=<!-- propeller aircraft --> \|prop dia note= <!-- Performance --> \|perfhide= \|max speed kmh=120 \|max speed mph= \|max speed kts= \|max speed note= \|max speed mach=<!-- supersonic aircraft --> \|cruise speed kmh= \|cruise speed mph= \|cruise speed kts= \|cruise speed note= \|range km=500 \|range miles= \|range nmi= \|range note= \|combat range km= \|combat range miles= \|combat range nmi= \|combat range note= \|ferry range km= \|ferry range miles= \|ferry range nmi= \|ferry range note= \|endurance=<!-- if range unknown --> \|ceiling m=3200 \|ceiling ft= \|ceiling note= \|climb rate ms=1.3 \|climb rate ftmin= \|climb rate note= \|time to altitude={{cvt\|1000\|m}} in 12 minutes \|sink rate ms=<!-- sailplanes --> \|sink rate ftmin=<!-- sailplanes --> \|sink rate note= \|lift to drag= \|wing loading kg/m2= \|wing loading lb/sqft= \|wing loading note= \|disk loading kg/m2= \|disk loading lb/sqft= \|disk loading note= \|fuel consumption kg/km= \|fuel consumption lb/mi= \|power/mass= \|thrust/weight= \|more performance= <!-- Armament --> \|guns= 1 x {{cvt\|7.92\|mm\|3}} [[Parabellum MG 14]] machine gun \|bombs= 1 x {{cvt\|725\|kg}} torpedo }} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Bibliography== {{commons category\|Gotha WD.11}} {{cite book\|author=Admiralty \|title=British Vessels Lost at Sea, 1914-18 and 1939-45\|chapter= Merchant Shipping (Losses): British Merchant Vessels Captured or Destroyed by the Enemy \|date=1988 \|orig-date=1919 \|publisher=Patrick Stephens\|location=Wellingborough, UK \|isbn=1-85260-134-5 \|edition=3rd\|pages=1–99}} {{cite book \|last1=Andersson \|first1=Lennart \|last2=Sanger \|first2=Ray \|title=Retribution and Recovery: German Aircraft and Aviation 1919 to 1922 \|date=2014 \|publisher=Air-Britain (Historians) \|location=Staplefield, UK \|isbn=978-0-85130-467-0\|name-list-style=amp}} * {{cite book\|author1-last=Gray\|author1-first=Peter\|title=German Aircraft of the First World War\|orig-year=1970\|year=1987 \|publisher=Putnam \|location=London\|isbn=0-85177-809-7\|edition=2nd\|author2-first=Owen\|author2-last=Thetford\|name-list-style=amp}} {{cite book \|last1=Herris \|first1=Jack \|title=Gotha Aircraft of WWI: A Centennial Perspective on Great War Airplanes \|date=2013 \|publisher=Aeronaut Books \|location=Charleston, South Carolina \|isbn=978-1-935881-14-8\|series=Great War Aviation Centennial Series\|volume=6}} {{cite journal \|last1=Klaauw\|first1=Bart van der\|title=Unexpected Windfalls: Accidentally or Deliberately, More than 100 Aircraft 'arrived' in Dutch Territory During the Great War \|journal=Air Enthusiast \|date=March–April 1999 \|issue=80 \|pages=54–59 \|issn=0143-5450}} {{cite book \|last1=Metzmacher \|first1=Andreas \|title=Gotha Aircraft 1913–1954: From the London Bomber to the Flying Wing Jet Fighter \|date=2021 \|publisher=Fonthill \|location=Brimscombe, UK \|isbn=978-1-78155-706-8}} {{cite book\|last1=Schmeelke \|first1=Michael \|title="Torpedo Los!": The German Imperial Torpedo-Flieger \|date=2020 \|publisher=Aeronaut Books \|location=n.p. \|isbn=978-1-953201-17-1}} * {{cite book\|last=Staff\|first=Gary\|title=Battle for the Baltic Islands 1917: Triumph of the Imperial German Navy\|publisher=Pen & Sword Maritime\|location=Barnsley, UK\|year=2008\|isbn=978-1-84415-7877}} {{Gotha aircraft}} [[Category:1910s German bomber aircraft]] [[Category:Floatplanes]] [[Category:Gotha aircraft\|WD.11]] [[Category:Biplanes]] [[Category:Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft]] [[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1916]]	1,215,820,706	[{"title": "WD.11", "data": {"Role": "Torpedo-bomber floatplane", "National origin": "Germany", "Manufacturer": "Gothaer Waggonfabrik", "First flight": "1916", "Retired": "1918", "Primary user": "Imperial German Navy", "Number built": "17"}}]	false
# Wrestling at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman middleweight The men's Greco-Roman middleweight competition at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki took place from 24 July to 27 July at Messuhalli. Nations were limited to one competitor. Middleweight was the third-heaviest category, including wrestlers weighing 73 to 79 kilograms (160.9 to 174.2 lb). ## Competition format This Greco-Roman wrestling competition continued to use the "bad points" elimination system introduced at the 1928 Summer Olympics for Greco-Roman and at the 1932 Summer Olympics for freestyle wrestling, removing the slight modification introduced in 1936 and used until 1948 (which had a reduced penalty for a loss by 2–1 decision). Each round featured all wrestlers pairing off and wrestling one bout (with one wrestler having a bye if there were an odd number). The loser received 3 points. The winner received 1 point if the win was by decision and 0 points if the win was by fall. At the end of each round, any wrestler with at least 5 points was eliminated. This elimination continued until the medal rounds, which began when 3 wrestlers remained. These 3 wrestlers each faced each other in a round-robin medal round (with earlier results counting, if any had wrestled another before); record within the medal round determined medals, with bad points breaking ties. ## Results ### Round 1 Bouts \| Winner \| Nation \| Victory Type \| Loser \| Nation \| \| -------------- \| ------------ \| ------------- \| --------------------- \| ------- \| \| Gustav Gocke \| Germany \| Decision, 2–1 \| Ercole Gallegati \| Italy \| \| Axel Grönberg \| Sweden \| Decision, 3–0 \| Kalervo Rauhala \| Finland \| \| Ali Özdemir \| Turkey \| Decision, 2–1 \| Adel Ibrahim Moustafa \| Egypt \| \| Gyula Németi \| Hungary \| Decision, 3–0 \| Lars Bilet \| Norway \| \| Nikolay Belov \| Soviet Union \| Fall \| Jerzy Gryt \| Poland \| \| Émile Courtois \| Belgium \| Bye \| N/A \| N/A \| Points \| Rank \| Wrestler \| Nation \| Start \| Earned \| Total \| \| ---- \| --------------------- \| ------------ \| ----- \| ------ \| ----- \| \| 1 \| Nikolay Belov \| Soviet Union \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 1 \| Émile Courtois \| Belgium \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 3 \| Gustav Gocke \| Germany \| 0 \| 1 \| 1 \| \| 3 \| Axel Grönberg \| Sweden \| 0 \| 1 \| 1 \| \| 3 \| Gyula Németi \| Hungary \| 0 \| 1 \| 1 \| \| 3 \| Ali Özdemir \| Turkey \| 0 \| 1 \| 1 \| \| 7 \| Lars Bilet \| Norway \| 0 \| 3 \| 3 \| \| 7 \| Ercole Gallegati \| Italy \| 0 \| 3 \| 3 \| \| 7 \| Jerzy Gryt \| Poland \| 0 \| 3 \| 3 \| \| 7 \| Adel Ibrahim Moustafa \| Egypt \| 0 \| 3 \| 3 \| \| 7 \| Kalervo Rauhala \| Finland \| 0 \| 3 \| 3 \| ### Round 2 Bouts \| Winner \| Nation \| Victory Type \| Loser \| Nation \| \| ---------------- \| ------------ \| ------------- \| --------------------- \| ------- \| \| Ercole Gallegati \| Italy \| Fall \| Émile Courtois \| Belgium \| \| Axel Grönberg \| Sweden \| Decision, 3–0 \| Gustav Gocke \| Germany \| \| Kalervo Rauhala \| Finland \| Decision, 3–0 \| Adel Ibrahim Moustafa \| Egypt \| \| Ali Özdemir \| Turkey \| Decision, 3–0 \| Lars Bilet \| Norway \| \| Gyula Németi \| Hungary \| Fall \| Jerzy Gryt \| Poland \| \| Nikolay Belov \| Soviet Union \| Bye \| N/A \| N/A \| Points \| Rank \| Wrestler \| Nation \| Start \| Earned \| Total \| \| ---- \| --------------------- \| ------------ \| ----- \| ------ \| ----- \| \| 1 \| Nikolay Belov \| Soviet Union \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 2 \| Gyula Németi \| Hungary \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| \| 3 \| Axel Grönberg \| Sweden \| 1 \| 1 \| 2 \| \| 3 \| Ali Özdemir \| Turkey \| 1 \| 1 \| 2 \| \| 5 \| Émile Courtois \| Belgium \| 0 \| 3 \| 3 \| \| 5 \| Ercole Gallegati \| Italy \| 3 \| 0 \| 3 \| \| 7 \| Gustav Gocke \| Germany \| 1 \| 3 \| 4 \| \| 7 \| Kalervo Rauhala \| Finland \| 3 \| 1 \| 4 \| \| 9 \| Lars Bilet \| Norway \| 3 \| 3 \| 6 \| \| 9 \| Jerzy Gryt \| Poland \| 3 \| 3 \| 6 \| \| 9 \| Adel Ibrahim Moustafa \| Egypt \| 3 \| 3 \| 6 \| ### Round 3 Bouts \| Winner \| Nation \| Victory Type \| Loser \| Nation \| \| --------------- \| ------------ \| ------------- \| ---------------- \| ------- \| \| Nikolay Belov \| Soviet Union \| Walkover \| Émile Courtois \| Belgium \| \| Axel Grönberg \| Sweden \| Decision, 3–0 \| Ercole Gallegati \| Italy \| \| Kalervo Rauhala \| Finland \| Fall \| Gustav Gocke \| Germany \| \| Gyula Németi \| Hungary \| Decision, 3–0 \| Ali Özdemir \| Turkey \| Points \| Rank \| Wrestler \| Nation \| Start \| Earned \| Total \| \| ---- \| ---------------- \| ------------ \| ----- \| ------ \| ----- \| \| 1 \| Nikolay Belov \| Soviet Union \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 2 \| Gyula Németi \| Hungary \| 1 \| 1 \| 2 \| \| 3 \| Axel Grönberg \| Sweden \| 2 \| 1 \| 3 \| \| 4 \| Kalervo Rauhala \| Finland \| 4 \| 0 \| 4 \| \| 5 \| Ali Özdemir \| Turkey \| 2 \| 3 \| 5 \| \| 6 \| Émile Courtois \| Belgium \| 3 \| 3 \| 6 \| \| 6 \| Ercole Gallegati \| Italy \| 3 \| 3 \| 6 \| \| 8 \| Gustav Gocke \| Germany \| 4 \| 3 \| 7 \| ### Round 4 The tie for third-place was broken by head-to-head results, with Rauhala advancing to the medal rounds due to his win over Németi in this round. Bouts \| Winner \| Nation \| Victory Type \| Loser \| Nation \| \| --------------- \| ------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------------ \| \| Axel Grönberg \| Sweden \| Decision, 3–0 \| Nikolay Belov \| Soviet Union \| \| Kalervo Rauhala \| Finland \| Decision, 3–0 \| Gyula Németi \| Hungary \| Points \| Rank \| Wrestler \| Nation \| Start \| Earned \| Total \| \| ---- \| --------------- \| ------------ \| ----- \| ------ \| ----- \| \| 1 \| Nikolay Belov \| Soviet Union \| 0 \| 3 \| 3 \| \| 2 \| Axel Grönberg \| Sweden \| 3 \| 1 \| 4 \| \| 3 \| Kalervo Rauhala \| Finland \| 4 \| 1 \| 5 \| \| 4 \| Gyula Németi \| Hungary \| 2 \| 3 \| 5 \| ### Medal rounds Grönberg's victorys over Rauhala (in round 1) and Belov (in round 2) counted for the medal round, giving him the gold medal. Rauhala and Belov faced off for the silver medal, which Rahuala won. Bouts \| Winner \| Nation \| Victory Type \| Loser \| Nation \| \| --------------- \| ------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------------ \| \| Kalervo Rauhala \| Finland \| Decision, 3–0 \| Nikolay Belov \| Soviet Union \| Points \| Rank \| Wrestler \| Nation \| Wins \| Losses \| Start \| Earned \| Total \| \| ----------------------------- \| --------------- \| ------------ \| ---- \| ------ \| ----- \| ------ \| ----- \| \| 1st place, gold medalist(s) \| Axel Grönberg \| Sweden \| 2 \| 0 \| 4 \| 0 \| 4 \| \| 2nd place, silver medalist(s) \| Kalervo Rauhala \| Finland \| 1 \| 1 \| 5 \| 1 \| 6 \| \| 3rd place, bronze medalist(s) \| Nikolay Belov \| Soviet Union \| 0 \| 2 \| 3 \| 3 \| 6 \|	enwiki/60165413	enwiki	60,165,413	Wrestling at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman middleweight	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_Greco-Roman_middleweight	2025-01-03T01:59:48Z	en	Q11872976	190,371	{{short description\|Wrestling at the Olympics}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2019}} {{Infobox Olympic event \|event = Men's Greco-Roman middleweight \|games = 1952 Summer \|image = \|image_size = \|caption = \|venue = [[Töölö Sports Hall\|Messuhalli]] \|dates = 24–27 July 1952 \|competitors = 11 \|nations = 11 \|gold = [[Axel Grönberg]] \|goldNOC = SWE \|silver = [[Kalervo Rauhala]] \|silverNOC = FIN \|bronze = [[Nikolay Belov (wrestler)\|Nikolay Belov]] \|bronzeNOC = URS \|prev = [[Wrestling at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman middleweight\|1948]] \|next = [[Wrestling at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman middleweight\|1956]] }} {{WrestlingAt1952SummerOlympics}} The '''men's Greco-Roman middleweight''' competition at the [[1952 Summer Olympics]] in [[Helsinki]] took place from 24 July to 27 July at [[Töölö Sports Hall\|Messuhalli]]. Nations were limited to one competitor.<ref name="SR">{{cite web\|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1952/WRE/mens-middleweight-greco-roman.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418132012/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1952/WRE/mens-middleweight-greco-roman.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=18 April 2020 \|title=Wrestling at the 1952 Helsinki Summer Games: Men's Middleweight, Greco-Roman \|work=Sports Reference \|accessdate=6 March 2019}}</ref> [[Middleweight]] was the third-heaviest category, including wrestlers weighing {{convert\|73\|to\|79\|kg\|lbs\|1}}.{{sfn\|Official Report\|1955\|p=377}} ==Competition format== This [[Greco-Roman wrestling]] competition continued to use the "bad points" elimination system introduced at the [[1928 Summer Olympics]] for Greco-Roman and at the [[1932 Summer Olympics]] for freestyle wrestling, removing the slight modification introduced in 1936 and used until 1948 (which had a reduced penalty for a loss by 2–1 decision). Each round featured all wrestlers pairing off and wrestling one bout (with one wrestler having a bye if there were an odd number). The loser received 3 points. The winner received 1 point if the win was by decision and 0 points if the win was by fall. At the end of each round, any wrestler with at least 5 points was eliminated. This elimination continued until the medal rounds, which began when 3 wrestlers remained. These 3 wrestlers each faced each other in a round-robin medal round (with earlier results counting, if any had wrestled another before); record within the medal round determined medals, with bad points breaking ties.{{sfn\|Official Report\|1955\|p=377}}<ref name=SR/> ==Results== ===Round 1=== ; Bouts {\|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;" ! Winner \|\| Nation \|\| Victory Type \|\| Loser \|\| Nation \|- \| [[Gustav Gocke]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|GER\|1952 Summer}} \|\| Decision, 2–1 \|\| [[Ercole Gallegati]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|ITA\|1952 Summer}} \|- \| [[Axel Grönberg]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|SWE\|1952 Summer}} \|\| Decision, 3–0 \|\| [[Kalervo Rauhala]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|FIN\|1952 Summer}} \|- \| [[Ali Özdemir]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|TUR\|1952 Summer}} \|\| Decision, 2–1 \|\| [[Adel Ibrahim Moustafa]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|EGY\|1952 Summer}} \|- \| [[Gyula Németi]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|HUN\|1952 Summer}} \|\| Decision, 3–0 \|\| [[Lars Bilet]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|NOR\|1952 Summer}} \|- \| [[Nikolay Belov (wrestler)\|Nikolay Belov]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|URS\|1952 Summer}} \|\| Fall \|\| [[Jerzy Gryt]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|POL\|1952 Summer}} \|- \| [[Émile Courtois]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|BEL\|1952 Summer}} \|\| Bye \|\| ''N/A'' \|\| ''N/A'' \|} ; Points {\|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" ! Rank \|\| Wrestler \|\| Nation \|\| Start \|\| Earned \|\| Total \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 1 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Nikolay\|Belov\|dab=wrestler}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|URS\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 1 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Émile\|Courtois}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|BEL\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 3 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Gustav\|Gocke}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|GER\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 3 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Axel\|Grönberg}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|SWE\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 3 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Gyula\|Németi}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|HUN\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 3 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Ali\|Özdemir}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|TUR\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 7 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Lars\|Bilet}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|NOR\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 0 \|\| 3 \|\| 3 \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 7 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Ercole\|Gallegati}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|ITA\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 0 \|\| 3 \|\| 3 \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 7 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Jerzy\|Gryt}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|POL\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 0 \|\| 3 \|\| 3 \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 7 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Adel Ibrahim\|Moustafa}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|EGY\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 0 \|\| 3 \|\| 3 \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 7 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Kalervo\|Rauhala}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|FIN\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 0 \|\| 3 \|\| 3 \|} ===Round 2=== ; Bouts {\|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;" ! Winner \|\| Nation \|\| Victory Type \|\| Loser \|\| Nation \|- \| [[Ercole Gallegati]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|ITA\|1952 Summer}} \|\| Fall \|\| [[Émile Courtois]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|BEL\|1952 Summer}} \|- \| [[Axel Grönberg]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|SWE\|1952 Summer}} \|\| Decision, 3–0 \|\| [[Gustav Gocke]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|GER\|1952 Summer}} \|- \| [[Kalervo Rauhala]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|FIN\|1952 Summer}} \|\| Decision, 3–0 \|\| [[Adel Ibrahim Moustafa]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|EGY\|1952 Summer}} \|- \| [[Ali Özdemir]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|TUR\|1952 Summer}} \|\| Decision, 3–0 \|\| [[Lars Bilet]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|NOR\|1952 Summer}} \|- \| [[Gyula Németi]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|HUN\|1952 Summer}} \|\| Fall \|\| [[Jerzy Gryt]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|POL\|1952 Summer}} \|- \| [[Nikolay Belov (wrestler)\|Nikolay Belov]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|URS\|1952 Summer}} \|\| Bye \|\| ''N/A'' \|\| ''N/A'' \|} ; Points {\|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" ! Rank \|\| Wrestler \|\| Nation \|\| Start \|\| Earned \|\| Total \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 1 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Nikolay\|Belov\|dab=wrestler}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|URS\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 2 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Gyula\|Németi}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|HUN\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 3 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Axel\|Grönberg}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|SWE\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 2 \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 3 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Ali\|Özdemir}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|TUR\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 2 \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 5 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Émile\|Courtois}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|BEL\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 0 \|\| 3 \|\| 3 \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 5 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Ercole\|Gallegati}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|ITA\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 3 \|\| 0 \|\| 3 \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 7 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Gustav\|Gocke}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|GER\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 1 \|\| 3 \|\| 4 \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 7 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Kalervo\|Rauhala}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|FIN\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 3 \|\| 1 \|\| 4 \|- \| 9 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Lars\|Bilet}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|NOR\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 3 \|\| 3 \|\| 6 \|- \| 9 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Jerzy\|Gryt}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|POL\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 3 \|\| 3 \|\| 6 \|- \| 9 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Adel Ibrahim\|Moustafa}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|EGY\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 3 \|\| 3 \|\| 6 \|} ===Round 3=== ; Bouts {\|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;" ! Winner \|\| Nation \|\| Victory Type \|\| Loser \|\| Nation \|- \| [[Nikolay Belov (wrestler)\|Nikolay Belov]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|URS\|1952 Summer}} \|\| Walkover \|\| [[Émile Courtois]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|BEL\|1952 Summer}} \|- \| [[Axel Grönberg]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|SWE\|1952 Summer}} \|\| Decision, 3–0 \|\| [[Ercole Gallegati]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|ITA\|1952 Summer}} \|- \| [[Kalervo Rauhala]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|FIN\|1952 Summer}} \|\| Fall \|\| [[Gustav Gocke]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|GER\|1952 Summer}} \|- \| [[Gyula Németi]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|HUN\|1952 Summer}} \|\| Decision, 3–0 \|\| [[Ali Özdemir]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|TUR\|1952 Summer}} \|} ; Points {\|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" ! Rank \|\| Wrestler \|\| Nation \|\| Start \|\| Earned \|\| Total \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 1 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Nikolay\|Belov\|dab=wrestler}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|URS\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 2 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Gyula\|Németi}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|HUN\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 2 \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 3 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Axel\|Grönberg}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|SWE\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 2 \|\| 1 \|\| 3 \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 4 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Kalervo\|Rauhala}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|FIN\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 4 \|\| 0 \|\| 4 \|- \| 5 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Ali\|Özdemir}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|TUR\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 2 \|\| 3 \|\| 5 \|- \| 6 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Émile\|Courtois}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|BEL\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 3 \|\| 3 \|\| 6 \|- \| 6 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Ercole\|Gallegati}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|ITA\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 3 \|\| 3 \|\| 6 \|- \| 8 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Gustav\|Gocke}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|GER\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 4 \|\| 3 \|\| 7 \|} ===Round 4=== The tie for third-place was broken by head-to-head results, with Rauhala advancing to the medal rounds due to his win over Németi in this round. ; Bouts {\|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;" ! Winner \|\| Nation \|\| Victory Type \|\| Loser \|\| Nation \|- \| [[Axel Grönberg]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|SWE\|1952 Summer}} \|\| Decision, 3–0 \|\| [[Nikolay Belov (wrestler)\|Nikolay Belov]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|URS\|1952 Summer}} \|- \| [[Kalervo Rauhala]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|FIN\|1952 Summer}} \|\| Decision, 3–0 \|\| [[Gyula Németi]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|HUN\|1952 Summer}} \|} ; Points {\|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" ! Rank \|\| Wrestler \|\| Nation \|\| Start \|\| Earned \|\| Total \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 1 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Nikolay\|Belov\|dab=wrestler}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|URS\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 0 \|\| 3 \|\| 3 \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 2 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Axel\|Grönberg}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|SWE\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 3 \|\| 1 \|\| 4 \|- style="background:#cfc;" \| 3 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Kalervo\|Rauhala}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|FIN\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 4 \|\| 1 \|\| 5 \|- \| 4 \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Gyula\|Németi}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|HUN\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 2 \|\| 3 \|\| 5 \|} ===Medal rounds=== Grönberg's victorys over Rauhala (in round 1) and Belov (in round 2) counted for the medal round, giving him the gold medal. Rauhala and Belov faced off for the silver medal, which Rahuala won. ; Bouts {\|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;" ! Winner \|\| Nation \|\| Victory Type \|\| Loser \|\| Nation \|- \| [[Kalervo Rauhala]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|FIN\|1952 Summer}} \|\| Decision, 3–0 \|\| [[Nikolay Belov (wrestler)\|Nikolay Belov]] \|\| {{FlagIOC\|URS\|1952 Summer}} \|} ; Points {\|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" ! Rank \|\| Wrestler \|\| Nation \|\| Wins \|\| Losses \|\| Start \|\| Earned \|\| Total \|- \| {{gold01}} \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Axel\|Grönberg}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|SWE\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 2 \|\| 0 \|\| 4 \|\| 0 \|\| 4 \|- \| {{silver02}} \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Kalervo\|Rauhala}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|FIN\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 5 \|\| 1 \|\| 6 \|- \| {{bronze03}} \|\|align=left\| {{sortname\|Nikolay\|Belov\|dab=wrestler}} \|\|align=left\| {{flagIOC\|URS\|1952 Summer}} \|\| 0 \|\| 2 \|\| 3 \|\| 3 \|\| 6 \|} ==References== {{Reflist}} '''General''' * {{Cite book \|title=The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the Games of the XV Olympiad Helsinki 1952 \|publisher=[[Bonnier Group\|Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö]] \|year=1955 \|location=[[Porvoo\|Porvoo, Finland]] \|url=https://digital.la84.org/digital/collection/p17103coll8/id/4193/rec/21 \|editor-last=Kolkka \|editor-first=Sulo \|access-date=20 August 2024 \|translator-last=Matson \|translator-first=Alex \|ref={{SfnRef\|Official Report\|1955}} }} {{Footer Olympic Champions Greco-Roman wrestling middleweight}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wrestling at the 1952 Summer Olympics - Men's Greco-Roman middleweight}} [[Category:Wrestling at the 1952 Summer Olympics]]	1,266,974,503	[{"title": "Men's Greco-Roman middleweight \u00b7 at the Games of the XV Olympiad", "data": {"Venue": "Messuhalli", "Dates": "24\u201327 July 1952", "Competitors": "11 from 11 nations"}}, {"title": "Medalists", "data": {"1st place, gold medalist(s)": "Axel Gr\u00f6nberg \u00b7 Sweden", "2nd place, silver medalist(s)": "Kalervo Rauhala \u00b7 Finland", "3rd place, bronze medalist(s)": "Nikolay Belov \u00b7 Soviet Union"}}]	false
# Antikensammlung Berlin The Antikensammlung Berlin (Berlin antiquities collection) is one of the most important collections of classical art in the world, now held in the Altes Museum and Pergamon Museum in Berlin, Germany. It contains thousands of ancient archaeological artefacts from the ancient Greek, Roman, Etruscan and Cypriot civilizations. Its main attraction is the Pergamon Altar and Greek and Roman architectural elements from Priene, Magnesia, Baalbek and Falerii. In addition, the collection includes a large number of ancient sculptures, vases, terracottas, bronzes, sarcophagi, engraved gems and metalwork. ## History of the collection ### Foundation The collection's foundations were laid in the time of the Brandenburg Elector Friedrich Wilhelm I by ancient sculptures looted in 1656 from the Villa Regia Palace in Warsaw. The obtained sculptures were purchased in Italy by Polish kings Sigismund III Vasa and Władysław IV Vasa. This core of the collection, originally housed at the Berlin City Castle, was enlarged through acquisitions, including the acquisition of the collection of Gerrit Reynst in 1671. Acquisitions continued in 1698 when Friedrich III bought the important collection belonging to the Roman archaeologist Giovanni Pietro Bellori. After a longer interval, in which Friedrich Wilhelm I exchanged, among other things, 36 valuable statues for two dragoon regiments with Augustus II the Strong, followed in 1742 by Friedrich II's purchase of the collection of cardinal Melchior de Polignac, which included the well-known figure of the "girl playing a game of knucklebones". He acquired in 1747 the already famous bronze statue of the so-called "praying boy", which was set up on the terrace of the Schloss Sanssouci until 1786. the collection was significantly expanded in 1758 through the inheritance of the Markgräfin von Ansbach-Bayreuth's collection, which included the "Nile mosaic" from Praeneste, and in 1764 through the purchase of Philipp von Stosch's antique gem collection. The majority of the antiquities were scattered among the royal castles in the 1770s, or shown in a specially built ancient temple in Potsdam where they were not accessible to the public. 1797 saw the first thoughts of public access, with the plan to erect a public museum in Berlin to show off the most important pieces in the royal collections, among other things. A commission under the direction of Wilhelm von Humboldt was appointed to select the exhibits. At the same time as this new museum was coming into existence, further important purchases were made, for example in 1827 the collection of bronzes and vases belonging to the consul-general Bartholdy and in 1828 the collection of 1348 antique vases belonging to the general Franz Freiherr von Koller. ### The collection to 1939 The collection found its first home in the Karl Friedrich Schinkel's 1830 building (now the Altes Museum) in the Lustgarten next to the Stadtschloss. The collection was predominantly Greek and Roman in the beginning, though it also included some medieval and modern sculptures. In the course of the 19th century, many further purchases were made, including in 1831 the Dorow-Magnus collection of 442 vases. The vase collection was expanded significantly in the following years by the bequest of the archaeologist Eduard Gerhard's collection and became one of the best in the world. The building's central room was the Rotunda, one of the earliest examples of purpose-built museum architecture, in which was exhibited the first display of sculptures, as chosen by von Humboldt's commission. Off it extended two halls, one of classical gods, the other of classical heroes, to which were joined two rooms with statues of Roman emperors, portraits, sarcophagi, cinerary urns and reliefs. Small objects were initially housed in the Antiquarium room. The new museum's first director was the sculptor Christian Friedrich Tieck, and its first archeological curator (from 1833 to 1855) Eduard Gerhard. Even at this stage – thanks to Gerhard – the focus was not merely on displaying works of art, but also on scientific research and development, then a novelty in museums. A sign of this scientific approach was the beginnings of a systematic catalogue (with drawings) of the museum's ancient artworks from Italy and Greece. This collection of drawings grew fast and its 2500 leaves are used by researchers even in the present day. During his term of office, Gerhard did not restrict himself to acquiring 'star objects', but instead tried to look at the whole breadth of the collection and to expand it in a variety of areas. In order to produce a complete overview of ancient art-history, he also went against opposition to casts and encouraged their acquisition by the collection instead of expensive original statues. The cast collection – in existence since 1796 at Berlin's Prussian Academy of Arts – was connected to the museum in 1842. In the following decades, the collection expanded to become one of the largest of its type. The combination of originals and copies in time came to support the museum's encouragement of research and scholarship. The old museum-building soon became too small for the collection and a further building, the Neues Museum (New Museum), was built by Friedrich August Stüler between 1843 and 1855 to the north of the original building. In this new building, ideas of arranging the archeological collections into a full chronological and conceptual timeline began to become reality. In the lower floor of the museum the Egyptian collection (which had already existed for some years but not been accessible to the public) was put on show, whilst on the upper floor, the cast collection was set up according to designs by Stüler. The rooms' decor and wall paintings were designed specifically to fit the relevant subject or epoch. This new layout, however, did not last long, as in 1879 the vases collection was moved out of the Antiquarium into the new building. Even though the vase collection had outgrown the storage capacity of the old building, the available space was still not enough, so in 1883 it was decided to separate off the post-ancient sculptures into their own collection, to be housed in the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum (now known as the Bode Museum, or the Skulpturensammlung und Museum für Byzantinische Kunst i.e. the Sculpture Collection and Museum for Byzantine Art) that was already in the planning stages. Yet the 1884 purchase of the collection of Peter Alexandrovich Saburov again caused an acute shortage of space. To expand of the collection, the museum had since 1875 carried out its own excavations around the Mediterranean, starting with the ruins of Olympia. In 1878 Carl Humann and Alexander Conze began excavations in Pergamon, which brought the museum its most famous object, the Pergamon Altar. Further excavations followed in Priene, Magnesia, Miletus and Baalbek, but these excavations entailed new problems. The collection was enriched in the early 20th century by acquisitions as well as by excavations, such as that of smaller objects belonging to Friedrich L. von Gans in 1912, the glass collection purchased in 1913 from M. von Rath, the "Thronende Göttin" (Enthroned Goddess) in 1916, the statue of a woman holding an apple in 1925, and a collection of mummy portraits from the Fayum in 1929. For the presentation of all these pieces of ancient architecture, another new museum building was required. Between 1897 and 1899, the architect Fritz Wolff created the first Pergamon Museum. It was opened 1901 and in its light well was displayed the Pergamon altar and other architectural examples. Yet problems with the foundations soon led to its closure and demolition closed and dismantled. Wilhelm von Bode in 1907 planned a new building, begun in 1912, but World War I and the Wall Street crash caused building work to come repeatedly to a standstill. In 1930, at the collection's centenary, a new museum (named the Pergamonmuseum from 1958) could be delivered finally at the public, designed by Alfred Messel and built by Ludwig Hoffmann. The three existing middle halls were reserved for ancient art. The old left wing became the Deutsche Museum, to relieve severe space problems at the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum. The right wing was reserved for the Near East collection and the museum of Islamic art. The three middle halls – after large extensions were added – were able to present ancient architecture to its full height, with innovative use of natural light. There was no discussion as to the form of this presentation, leading to some embittered disputes that became known as the "Berliner Museumskrieg" ("Berlin museum war"). Through connections between the three archaeological museums, from 1930 until the museums' closure on the outbreak of war in 1939 visitors were able to undertake a tour through the early high cultures of ancient Egypt, the ancient Near East and the antique world for the next nine years. ### The "Kriegsinferno" In 1941, safeguarding the objects with sandbags and other measures began. What could be moved was largely taken to the Flaktürme at the Berlin Zoo and at Friedrichshain, and in the vaults of the Berlin Mint. With the bombing becoming worse, these places (especially the Flak-towers) seemed unsuitable, and on 10 March 1945 it was decided to move the artworks to mines west of Berlin. After about ten convoys had started to move the collections there, however, it became too dangerous to do so, and this was postponed to the first week of April. So a large part of the small art and the supply of the magazines of the antique collection was instead taken to the Grasleben mines and to Kaiserroda in Thuringia. In the course of the war, the Altes Museum and the Neue Museum were destroyed, and the Museumsneubau and some of the exhibits were damaged. In spite of the concern over their safety, the art treasures in the Flaktürmen were hardly damaged during the Battle of Berlin. The worst, however, came after the end of the battle, with the guards everywhere deserting their posts and leaving all the stores to be plundered by both Germans and Russians. In two fires in the Flakturm Friedrichshain in May 1945 a large part of the art treasures stored there was probably destroyed including several antiquities. Others were confiscated by the Red Army and taken back to Moscow and Leningrad as "spoils of war", and have still not been returned. How much was taken in this way is still unknown; 25 Greek vases that can be shown to belong to the Berlin collection were shown in 2005 at an exhibition entitled "Archaeology of the War" in the Pushkin Museum in Moscow. Further vases were discovered in the Muscovite Historic Museum. Several vases, that were loaned in 1903 to the Provincial-Museum at Poznań (13 of the 19 vases are demonstrably from the Berlin collection), and several portrait busts that were loaned from 1908 to the Schloss there, were subsumed by Poland in 1945 into the Muzeum Narodowe in Poznań, where they are still held today. How great the losses were over the whole collection could first be investigated and documented after the reunification of the collection, with the first catalogue of losses appearing in 2005. This catalogue named five large bronze statues (including the "Calvatone Victory"), approximately 300 marble and stone statues, more than 40 reliefs, more than 20 stone architectural elements, approximately 30 stone vases, more than 1500 vases and vase-fragments (including pieces by the Amasis Painter, Berlin Painter, Brygos Painter, Edinburgh Painter, Exekias, Geras Painter and Pan Painter), 100 pieces of gold jewellery and more than 150 engraved gems. ### The collection divided #### The collection on the Museum Island In 1958 the USSR returned much of this war bounty to the GDR, but with both the Altes and Neue Museum destroyed a new home was acutely needed for the collections on the Museums Island. The three middle halls of the Pergamon Museum once again housed architectural exhibits, and the central hall again housed the Pergamon Altar. In the right-hand Room was housed Roman architecture, and in the right Wing itself the Near East Museum on the first floor and the Islamic Art museum on the upper floor (as it had been before 1939). In the left hall was housed Greek architecture, with ancient sculptures (formerly in the Altes Museum) in the left wing, and for a short time ancient coins were displayed in the Münzkabinett Berlin. On the upper floor were Roman portraits, Etruscan art and choice pieces from the collection of small-objects. There was no room, however, for the art of ancient Cyprus until the Altes Museum was rebuilt and these objects had to remain in storage. A new entrance was formed in 1982, that led now directly into the middle hall and, from there, to the Pergamon Altar. In 1983–84 the ancient sculptures were redisplayed, this time in a chronological sequence, beginning with archaic Greek art, through classical originals, Hellenistic sculptures and Roman copies of classical originals, and ending with Roman art. Kept out of the international art market, the collection was restricted to maintaining and presenting the existing collection on the Museum Island. Only in a few cases could the collection be enriched by new acquisitions, such as an outstanding Greek marble relief of two horsemen and seven precious vases from private owners. #### The collection in Charlottenburg Also in 1958 the objects that had been evacuated to Thuringia during the war (then moved by the Americans to Celle in West Germany) were returned to Berlin. Though a repatriation to the Museum Island was out of the question, other homes were found for the objects. In 1961 the antiquities (already on public display from 1960 in Stüler's barrack buildings at Schloss Charlottenburg) were placed in the charge of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation. The objects displayed were the core of the collection of small artworks (including the well-known bronze statue of the "Cretan ram-carrier"), most of the former vase collection, the ancient gold jewellery collection (including the Hildesheim silver hoard), parts of the glass collection, the existing mummy portrait collections (with the addition of one of the few surviving ancient panel paintings, the Severus Tondo), and the collection of ancient helmets from Lipperheide. The display of antiquities, including the arrangement of the treasure chamber in the first floor of the Stüler building, was expanded in 1976. In 1987 the first floor became home to the vases from Magna Graecia, upon which the arrangement of the antiquities collection was complete and extensive. In contrast to its East Berlin counterpart, the collection had access to the international art market, and was able to make its first postwar acquisition in 1958, the "torso of a falling wounded man". Up until reunification, as well as the existing material on the museum island, more than 600 new works of art were acquired by purchases and donation. These included numerous ancient vases (among others, the Altamura Painter, Berlin Painter, Brygos Painter, Chiusi Painter, KY Painter, Myson, Pan Painter, Paseas, Pistoxenos Painter, Smikros and the Triptolemos Painter), numerous marble busts (including a portrait bust of Cleopatra VII), sculptures (including a feminine idol of the Cycladic culture) and sarcophagus (among others, a large sarcophagus of a Roman general well known since the 16th century). Along with these single acquisitions, some larger complexes also came into the possession of the museum. In 1976 an ancient coin from Heinrich Amersdorffer's collection, gold jewellery from Tarentum in 1980, a vase collection from a grave in Tarentum in 1984 (including ones by the Armidale Painter, the Dareios Painter, the painter of Copenhagen 4223, the Loebbecke Painter, the Lucera Painter, the Underworld Painter and the Varrese Painter) and the contents of a late Roman grave in Cologne in 1986.	enwiki/12235377	enwiki	12,235,377	Antikensammlung Berlin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikensammlung_Berlin	2025-04-06T01:57:52Z	en	Q475394	85,787	{{Short description\|Collection of ancient Greek, Roman, Etruscan and Cypriot artwork and archaeological finds}} {{More footnotes needed\|date=April 2025}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2025}} The '''Antikensammlung Berlin''' (Berlin [[antiquities]] collection) is one of the most important collections of classical art in the world, now held in the [[Altes Museum]] and [[Pergamon Museum]] in [[Berlin]], [[Germany]]. It contains thousands of ancient archaeological artefacts from the ancient Greek, Roman, Etruscan and Cypriot civilizations. Its main attraction is the [[Pergamon Altar]] and Greek and Roman architectural elements from [[Priene]], [[Magnesia on the Maeander\|Magnesia]], [[Baalbek]] and [[Falerii]]. In addition, the collection includes a large number of ancient sculptures, vases, terracottas, bronzes, [[sarcophagi]], [[engraved gems]] and metalwork. == History of the collection == === Foundation === The collection's foundations were laid in the time of the [[Brandenburg]] [[Prince-elector\|Elector]] [[Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg\|Friedrich Wilhelm I]] by ancient sculptures [[Looting\|looted]] in 1656 from the [[Kazimierzowski Palace\|''Villa Regia'' Palace]] in [[Warsaw]].<ref>{{cite book \|title=Sztuka Warszawy (The art of Warsaw)\|year=1986 \|editor=Mariusz Karpowicz \|page=121 \|publisher= PWN \|isbn=83-01-04060-2 \|language=pl}}</ref><ref>''Król Władysław IV zgromadził w pałacu swój zbiór antycznych rzeźb, które później padły łupem elektora brandenburskiego Fryderyka Wilhelma Hohenzollerna.''<br>{{cite web \|url=http://swiadectwo1.republika.pl/royal1.html \|title=Apartamenty królewskie (Royal apartments) \|work=Pałac Villa Regia \|access-date=2009-12-17 \|language=pl \|archive-date=17 October 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017054751/http://swiadectwo1.republika.pl/royal1.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref> The obtained sculptures were purchased in [[Italy]] by Polish kings [[Sigismund III Vasa]] and [[Władysław IV Vasa]].<ref>{{cite web \|author=Monika Kuhnke \|url=http://www.zabytki.pl/sources/straty/wstep.html \|title= Przyczynek do historii wojennych grabieży dzieł sztuki w Polsce \|work=zabytki.pl \|access-date=2009-12-17\| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100108014253/http://www.zabytki.pl/sources/straty/wstep.html\| archive-date= 8 January 2010 \| url-status= live\|language=pl}}</ref> This core of the collection, originally housed at the [[Stadtschloss, Berlin\|Berlin City Castle]], was enlarged through acquisitions, including the acquisition of the collection of [[Gerrit Reynst]] in 1671. Acquisitions continued in 1698 when [[Frederick I of Prussia\|Friedrich III]] bought the important collection belonging to the Roman archaeologist [[Giovanni Pietro Bellori]]. After a longer interval, in which [[Frederick William I of Prussia\|Friedrich Wilhelm I]] exchanged, among other things, 36 valuable statues for two dragoon regiments with [[Augustus II the Strong]], followed in 1742 by [[Frederick II of Prussia\|Friedrich II]]'s purchase of the collection of cardinal [[Melchior de Polignac]], which included the well-known figure of the "girl playing a game of knucklebones". He acquired in 1747 the already famous bronze statue of the so-called "[[Berlin Adorant\|praying boy]]", which was set up on the terrace of the [[Schloss Sanssouci]] until 1786. the collection was significantly expanded in 1758 through the inheritance of the Markgräfin von Ansbach-Bayreuth's collection, which included the "[[Nile mosaic of Palestrina\|Nile mosaic]]" from [[Praeneste]], and in 1764 through the purchase of [[Philipp von Stosch]]'s antique gem collection. The majority of the antiquities were scattered among the royal castles in the 1770s, or shown in a specially built ancient temple in Potsdam where they were not accessible to the public. 1797 saw the first thoughts of public access, with the plan to erect a public museum in Berlin to show off the most important pieces in the royal collections, among other things. A commission under the direction of [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]] was appointed to select the exhibits. At the same time as this new museum was coming into existence, further important purchases were made, for example in 1827 the collection of bronzes and vases belonging to the consul-general [[Jakob Salomon Bartholdy\|Bartholdy]] and in 1828 the collection of 1348 antique vases belonging to the general Franz Freiherr von Koller. === The collection to 1939 === The collection found its first home in the [[Karl Friedrich Schinkel]]'s 1830 building (now the [[Altes Museum]]) in the [[Lustgarten]] next to the [[Stadtschloss, Berlin\|Stadtschloss]]. The collection was predominantly Greek and Roman in the beginning, though it also included some medieval and modern sculptures. In the course of the 19th century, many further purchases were made, including in 1831 the Dorow-Magnus collection of 442 vases. The vase collection was expanded significantly in the following years by the bequest of the archaeologist [[Eduard Gerhard]]'s collection and became one of the best in the world. The building's central room was the Rotunda, one of the earliest examples of purpose-built [[museum architecture]], in which was exhibited the first display of sculptures, as chosen by von Humboldt's commission. Off it extended two halls, one of classical gods, the other of classical heroes, to which were joined two rooms with statues of Roman emperors, portraits, sarcophagi, cinerary urns and reliefs. Small objects were initially housed in the Antiquarium room. The new museum's first director was the sculptor [[Christian Friedrich Tieck]], and its first archeological curator (from 1833 to 1855) [[Eduard Gerhard]]. Even at this stage – thanks to Gerhard – the focus was not merely on displaying works of art, but also on scientific research and development, then a novelty in museums. A sign of this scientific approach was the beginnings of a systematic catalogue (with drawings) of the museum's ancient artworks from Italy and Greece. This collection of drawings grew fast and its 2500 leaves are used by researchers even in the present day. During his term of office, Gerhard did not restrict himself to acquiring 'star objects', but instead tried to look at the whole breadth of the collection and to expand it in a variety of areas. In order to produce a complete overview of ancient art-history, he also went against opposition to casts and encouraged their acquisition by the collection instead of expensive original statues. The cast collection – in existence since 1796 at Berlin's [[Prussian Academy of Arts]] – was connected to the museum in 1842. In the following decades, the collection expanded to become one of the largest of its type. The combination of originals and copies in time came to support the museum's encouragement of research and scholarship. The old museum-building soon became too small for the collection and a further building, the ''[[Neues Museum]]'' (New Museum), was built by [[Friedrich August Stüler]] between 1843 and 1855 to the north of the original building. In this new building, ideas of arranging the archeological collections into a full chronological and conceptual timeline began to become reality. In the lower floor of the museum the Egyptian collection (which had already existed for some years but not been accessible to the public) was put on show, whilst on the upper floor, the cast collection was set up according to designs by Stüler. The rooms' decor and wall paintings were designed specifically to fit the relevant subject or epoch. This new layout, however, did not last long, as in 1879 the vases collection was moved out of the Antiquarium into the new building. Even though the vase collection had outgrown the storage capacity of the old building, the available space was still not enough, so in 1883 it was decided to separate off the post-ancient sculptures into their own collection, to be housed in the [[Bode Museum\|Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum]] (now known as the Bode Museum, or the Skulpturensammlung und Museum für Byzantinische Kunst i.e. the Sculpture Collection and Museum for Byzantine Art) that was already in the planning stages. Yet the 1884 purchase of the collection of [[Peter Alexandrovich Saburov]]<ref>In French, "Sabouroff", hence "the Sabouroff Painter".</ref> again caused an acute shortage of space. To expand of the collection, the museum had since 1875 carried out its own excavations around the Mediterranean, starting with the ruins of Olympia. In 1878 [[Carl Humann]] and [[Alexander Conze]] began excavations in Pergamon, which brought the museum its most famous object, the [[Pergamon Altar]]. Further excavations followed in Priene, Magnesia, Miletus and Baalbek, but these excavations entailed new problems. The collection was enriched in the early 20th century by acquisitions as well as by excavations, such as that of smaller objects belonging to Friedrich L. von Gans in 1912, the glass collection purchased in 1913 from M. von Rath, the "Thronende Göttin" (Enthroned Goddess) in 1916, the statue of a woman holding an apple in 1925, and a collection of mummy portraits from the Fayum in 1929. For the presentation of all these pieces of ancient architecture, another new museum building was required. Between 1897 and 1899, the architect [[Fritz Wolff]] created the first [[Pergamon Museum]]. It was opened 1901 and in its light well was displayed the Pergamon altar and other architectural examples. Yet problems with the foundations soon led to its closure and demolition closed and dismantled. [[Wilhelm von Bode]] in 1907 planned a new building, begun in 1912, but [[World War I]] and the [[Wall Street crash]] caused building work to come repeatedly to a standstill. In 1930, at the collection's centenary, a new museum (named the Pergamonmuseum from 1958) could be delivered finally at the public, designed by [[Alfred Messel]] and built by [[Ludwig Hoffmann (architect)\|Ludwig Hoffmann]]. The three existing middle halls were reserved for ancient art. The old left wing became the Deutsche Museum, to relieve severe space problems at the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum. The right wing was reserved for the Near East collection and the museum of Islamic art. The three middle halls – after large extensions were added – were able to present ancient architecture to its full height, with innovative use of natural light. There was no discussion as to the form of this presentation, leading to some embittered disputes that became known as the "Berliner Museumskrieg" ("Berlin museum war"). Through connections between the three archaeological museums, from 1930 until the museums' closure on the outbreak of war in 1939 visitors were able to undertake a tour through the early high cultures of ancient Egypt, the ancient Near East and the antique world for the next nine years. === The "Kriegsinferno" === In 1941, safeguarding the objects with [[sandbag]]s and other measures began. What could be moved was largely taken to the [[Flak tower\|Flaktürme]] at the Berlin Zoo and at [[Friedrichshain]], and in the vaults of the Berlin Mint. With the bombing becoming worse, these places (especially the Flak-towers) seemed unsuitable, and on 10 March 1945 it was decided to move the artworks to mines west of Berlin. After about ten convoys had started to move the collections there, however, it became too dangerous to do so, and this was postponed to the first week of April. So a large part of the small art and the supply of the magazines of the antique collection was instead taken to the [[Grasleben]] mines and to [[Kaiserroda]] in [[Thuringia]]. In the course of the war, the Altes Museum and the Neue Museum were destroyed, and the Museumsneubau and some of the exhibits were damaged. In spite of the concern over their safety, the art treasures in the Flaktürmen were hardly damaged during the [[Battle of Berlin]]. The worst, however, came after the end of the battle, with the guards everywhere deserting their posts and leaving all the stores to be plundered by both Germans and Russians. In two fires in the Flakturm Friedrichshain in May 1945 a large part of the art treasures stored there was probably destroyed including several antiquities. Others were confiscated by the [[Red Army]] and taken back to [[Moscow]] and [[Leningrad]] as "spoils of war", and have still not been returned. How much was taken in this way is still unknown; 25 Greek vases that can be shown to belong to the Berlin collection were shown in 2005 at an exhibition entitled "Archaeology of the War" in the [[Pushkin Museum]] in Moscow. Further vases were discovered in the Muscovite Historic Museum. Several vases, that were loaned in 1903 to the Provincial-Museum at [[Poznań]] (13 of the 19 vases are demonstrably from the Berlin collection), and several portrait busts that were loaned from 1908 to the Schloss there, were subsumed by Poland in 1945 into the [[National Museum, Poznań\|Muzeum Narodowe]] in [[Poznań]], where they are still held today. How great the losses were over the whole collection could first be investigated and documented after the reunification of the collection, with the first catalogue of losses appearing in 2005. This catalogue named five large bronze statues (including the "[[Calvatone]] Victory"), approximately 300 marble and stone statues, more than 40 reliefs, more than 20 stone architectural elements, approximately 30 stone vases, more than 1500 vases and vase-fragments (including pieces by the [[Amasis Painter]], [[Berlin Painter]], [[Brygos Painter]], [[Edinburgh Painter]], [[Exekias]], [[Geras Painter]] and [[Pan Painter]]), 100 pieces of gold jewellery and more than 150 engraved gems. === The collection divided === ==== The collection on the Museum Island ==== In 1958 the [[USSR]] returned much of this war bounty to the [[East Germany\|GDR]], but with both the Altes and Neue Museum destroyed a new home was acutely needed for the collections on the [[Museums Island]]. The three middle halls of the Pergamon Museum once again housed architectural exhibits, and the central hall again housed the Pergamon Altar. In the right-hand Room was housed Roman architecture, and in the right Wing itself the Near East Museum on the first floor and the Islamic Art museum on the upper floor (as it had been before 1939). In the left hall was housed Greek architecture, with ancient sculptures (formerly in the Altes Museum) in the left wing, and for a short time ancient coins were displayed in the [[:de:Münzkabinett Berlin\|Münzkabinett Berlin]]. On the upper floor were Roman portraits, [[Etruscan art]] and choice pieces from the collection of small-objects. There was no room, however, for the art of ancient Cyprus until the Altes Museum was rebuilt and these objects had to remain in storage. A new entrance was formed in 1982, that led now directly into the middle hall and, from there, to the Pergamon Altar. In 1983–84 the ancient sculptures were redisplayed, this time in a chronological sequence, beginning with [[archaic period in Greece\|archaic Greek art]], through classical originals, Hellenistic sculptures and Roman copies of classical originals, and ending with Roman art. Kept out of the international art market, the collection was restricted to maintaining and presenting the existing collection on the [[Museum Island]]. Only in a few cases could the collection be enriched by new acquisitions, such as an outstanding Greek marble relief of two horsemen and seven precious vases from private owners. ==== The collection in Charlottenburg ==== Also in 1958 the objects that had been evacuated to Thuringia during the war (then moved by the Americans to [[Celle]] in [[West Germany]]) were returned to Berlin. Though a repatriation to the Museum Island was out of the question, other homes were found for the objects. In 1961 the antiquities (already on public display from 1960 in Stüler's barrack buildings at [[Schloss Charlottenburg]]) were placed in the charge of the [[Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation]]. The objects displayed were the core of the collection of small artworks (including the well-known bronze statue of the "Cretan ram-carrier"), most of the former vase collection, the ancient gold jewellery collection (including the [[Hildesheim]] silver hoard), parts of the glass collection, the existing mummy portrait collections (with the addition of one of the few surviving ancient panel paintings, the [[Severus Tondo]]), and the collection of ancient helmets from [[Lipperheide]]. The display of antiquities, including the arrangement of the treasure chamber in the first floor of the Stüler building, was expanded in 1976. In 1987 the first floor became home to the vases from [[Magna Graecia]], upon which the arrangement of the antiquities collection was complete and extensive. In contrast to its East Berlin counterpart, the collection had access to the international art market, and was able to make its first postwar acquisition in 1958, the "torso of a falling wounded man". Up until reunification, as well as the existing material on the museum island, more than 600 new works of art were acquired by purchases and donation. These included numerous ancient vases (among others, the [[Altamura Painter]], [[Berlin Painter]], [[Brygos Painter]], [[Chiusi Painter]], [[KY Painter]], [[Myson]], [[Pan Painter]], [[Paseas]], [[Pistoxenos Painter]], [[Smikros]] and the [[Triptolemos Painter]]), numerous marble busts (including a portrait bust of [[Cleopatra VII]]), sculptures (including a feminine idol of the [[Cycladic]] culture) and sarcophagus (among others, a large sarcophagus of a Roman general well known since the 16th century). Along with these single acquisitions, some larger complexes also came into the possession of the museum. In 1976 an ancient coin from [[Heinrich Amersdorffer]]'s collection, gold jewellery from Tarentum in 1980, a vase collection from a grave in Tarentum in 1984 (including ones by the [[Armidale Painter]], the [[Dareios Painter]], the painter of Copenhagen 4223, the [[Loebbecke Painter]], the [[Lucera Painter]], the [[Underworld Painter]] and the [[Varrese Painter]]) and the contents of a late Roman grave in [[Cologne]] in 1986. === The collection re-united === {{Empty section\|date=February 2011}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == * Belser Kunstbibliothek, ''Die Meisterwerke aus dem Antikenmuseum Berlin'', Stuttgart / Zürich 1980 * Gerhard and Ursula Stelzer, ''Bilderhandbuch der Kunstsammlungen in der DDR'', Leipzig 1984 * Exhibition catalogue, ''Weltschätze der Kunst – der Menschheit bewahrt'', Berlin 1985 * Wolf-Dieter Heilmeyer (eds.): ''Antikenmuseum Berlin – Die ausgestellten Werke'', Berlin 1988 * {{cite book \| author=Staatliche Museen zu Berlin \| title=Pergamon- und Bodemuseum. \| publisher=Philipp von Zabern \| publication-place=Mainz \| date=1990 \| isbn=3-8053-1186-9 \| oclc=23892157 \| language=de}} * ''Bertelsmanns Museums-Führer'', Gütersloh / München 1992 * {{cite book \| author=Staatliche Museen zu Berlin--Preußischer Kulturbesitz. Antikensammlung \| last2=Knittlmayer \| first2=Brigitte \| last3=Heilmeyer \| first3=Wolf-Dieter \| author4=Staatliche Museen zu Berlin--Preußischer Kulturbesitz \| author5=Staatliche Museen zu Berlin--Preußischer Kulturbesitz. Antikensammlung \| title=Die Antikensammlung : Altes Museum Pergamonmuseum \| publisher=Ph. von Zabern \| publication-place=Mainz am Rhein \| date=1998 \| isbn=3-8053-2449-9 \| oclc=48796478 \| language=de}} * {{cite book \| author=Staatliche Museen zu Berlin--Preußischer Kulturbesitz \| last2=Michaelis \| first2=Rainer \| title=Dokumentation der Verluste \| publisher=Staatliche Museen zu Berlin--Preußischer Kulturbesitz \| publication-place=Berlin \| date=1995 \| isbn=3-88609-329-8 \| oclc=33074616 \| language=de}} * Andreas Scholl and Gertrud Platz (eds.): ''Altes Museum – Pergamonmuseum. Die Antikensammlung. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin''. 3., vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage, Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2007 == External links == {{Commons category\|Antikensammlung (Berlin)}} * {{official website\|https://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/antikensammlung/home/}} {{in lang\|de\|en}} {{coord\|52.519\|N\|13.398\|E\|display=title\|source:dewiki\|format=dms}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Antikensammlung Berlin\| ]] [[Category:Museums in Berlin\|*]] [[Category:Staatliche Museen zu Berlin]] [[Category:Museums of ancient Greece in Germany]]	1,284,179,457	[]	false
# Katy Cavanagh Kathryn Sarah Collins Jupe (born 12 December 1973), known professionally as Katy Cavanagh, is an English actress. She is known for portraying the role of Julie Carp in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street (2008–2015, 2025). She also had regular roles in BBC drama The Cops (1998–2001), and the ITV drama Bob & Rose (2001). In November 2017, she appeared in the comedy television film Murder on the Blackpool Express. ## Early life Cavanagh was born in North Shields, the daughter of Anne, a drama teacher, and Geoff, a headmaster. She grew up in Bolton, Lancashire. She was educated at Canon Slade School and trained at RADA and National Youth Theatre. ## Career Cavanagh has appeared regularly on British television since 1997. She had a regular role as Mel in The Cops from 1998 to 2001. In 2004, she had a regular role as Sergeant Dawn "Spike" Milligan in the television series Dalziel and Pascoe. In 2006, she appeared in an episode of the Channel 4 drama Shameless as Shirley Lawson. In 2008, she joined the ITV soap opera Coronation Street as Julie Carp. In February 2015, it was announced that she would leave Coronation Street in order to pursue other interests. Her final episode aired on 3 July 2015. Cavanagh returned to the role in 2025, to accommodate the departure of Eileen Grimshaw (Sue Cleaver). ## Personal life Cavanagh is married to filmmaker Chris Jupe. They have three children, including Noah. ## Filmography \| Year \| Title \| Role \| Notes \| \| --------------- \| ------------------------------------- \| ------------------------ \| ------------------------------- \| \| 1997 \| Wycliffe \| Mrs. Vassie \| Episode: "Strangers Home" \| \| 1997 \| A Dance to the Music of Time \| Billson \| Episode: "The Thirties" \| \| 1998 \| Sex 'n' Death \| Ruby \| Television film \| \| 1998–2001 \| The Cops \| Mel \| Main role \| \| 2000 \| Holby City \| Lucy Harper \| 2 episodes \| \| 2000 \| The Bill \| Leanne Gibbs \| Episode: "Nightwork" \| \| 2000 \| A Likeness in Stone \| Cathy \| Television film \| \| 2000 \| Peak Practice \| Lynee Rhodes \| Episode: "Hit and Run" \| \| 2000 \| Blue Kenny \| Tania Barrett \| Short film \| \| 2001 \| Where the Heart Is \| Sally Merrick \| Episode: "Choices" \| \| 2001 \| Vacuuming Completely Nude in Paradise \| Sheila \| Television film \| \| 2001 \| Ice Cool Reception \| Nikki \| Short film \| \| 2001 \| Bob & Rose \| Anita Kendrick \| 6 episodes \| \| 2001 \| Judge John Deed \| Monika Latymer \| Episode: "Appropriate Response" \| \| 2002 \| Ted and Alice \| Joy \| \| \| 2003 \| Rehab \| Sam \| Television film \| \| 2003 \| Burn It \| Kelly \| 2 episodes \| \| 2004 \| Dalziel and Pascoe \| DS Dawn "Spike" Milligan \| Recurring role \| \| 2004 \| A Line in the Sand \| Leanne \| Television film \| \| 2004 \| The Golden Hour \| Una Campbell \| 1 episode \| \| 2005, 2006 \| Bodies \| Harriet Hurley \| 3 episodes \| \| 2006 \| Shameless \| Shirley Lawson \| 1 episode \| \| 2006 \| The Royal \| Carol Buxton \| Episode: "Seeking Refuge" \| \| 2006 \| The Family Man \| Tina \| Television film \| \| 2006 \| Cracker \| Helen \| Episode: "Nine Eleven" \| \| 2006 \| The Bill \| Maria Clyne \| Episode: "436" \| \| 2007 \| The Street \| Tracy \| 1 episode \| \| 2007 \| Blue Murder \| Geraldine Pettigrew \| Episode: "Crisis Management" \| \| 2008 \| The Bill \| Linda Johnson \| 2 episodes \| \| 2008–2015, 2025 \| Coronation Street \| Julie Carp \| Regular role 670 episodes \| \| 2008 \| Wired \| DS Stuart \| 2 episodes \| \| 2013 \| Bradford Halifax London \| Mam \| Short film \| \| 2014 \| Text Santa \| Julie Carp \| Coronation Street special \| \| 2016 \| Birds of a Feather \| Lorraine Howe \| 1 episode \| \| 2017 \| Midsomer Murders \| Lena Ferrera \| 1 episode \| \| 2017 \| Murder on the Blackpool Express \| Grace \| Television Film \| \| 2021 \| Not Going Out \| Karen \| 1 episode \|	enwiki/20357991	enwiki	20,357,991	Katy Cavanagh	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_Cavanagh	2025-04-24T20:29:50Z	en	Q6378489	47,185	{{short description\|English actress (born 1973)}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2019}} {{Infobox person \| name = Katy Cavanagh \| image = Katy Cavanagh.jpg \| caption = Cavanagh in 2010 \| birth_name = Kathryn Sarah Collins \| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|df=yes\|1973\|12\|12}} \| birth_place = [[North Shields]], [[Northumberland]], England \| occupation = Actress \| years_active = 1997–present \| spouse = Chris Jupe \| children = 3, including [[Noah Jupe]] and [[Jacobi Jupe]] }} '''Kathryn Sarah Collins Jupe''' (born 12 December 1973),<ref>{{cite web \|title=Kathryn Sarah JUPE \|url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/D9JBJikvjTb_7EKWx4kVCoS2lCo/appointments \|publisher=[[Gov.uk]] \|access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> known professionally as '''Katy Cavanagh''', is an English actress. She is known for portraying the role of [[Julie Carp]] in the [[ITV (TV network)\|ITV]] soap opera ''[[Coronation Street]]'' (2008–2015, 2025). She also had regular roles in [[BBC]] drama ''[[The Cops (British TV series)\|The Cops]]'' (1998–2001), and the ITV drama ''[[Bob & Rose]]'' (2001). In November 2017, she appeared in the comedy [[television film]] ''[[Murder on the Blackpool Express]]''. ==Early life== Cavanagh was born in [[North Shields]], the daughter of Anne, a drama teacher, and Geoff, a headmaster.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/coronation-streets-katy-cavanagh-my-character-173383 \|title=Coronation Street's Katy Cavanagh: My character Julie Carp is a sex symbol for older men \|work=[[Daily Mirror]] \|date=14 January 2012 \|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> She grew up in [[Bolton]], [[Lancashire]]. She was educated at [[Canon Slade School]] and trained at [[RADA]] and [[National Youth Theatre]].<ref>{{Cite news \|url=http://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/news/bolton/10693626.display \|title=Katy Cavanagh leads Coronation Street stars to victory over Emmerdale in netball tournament \|newspaper=[[The Bolton News]] \|date=24 September 2013 \|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> ==Career== Cavanagh has appeared regularly on British television since 1997. She had a regular role as Mel in ''[[The Cops (British TV series)\|The Cops]]'' from 1998 to 2001. In 2004, she had a regular role as Sergeant Dawn "Spike" Milligan in the television series ''[[Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)\|Dalziel and Pascoe]]''. In 2006, she appeared in an episode of the [[Channel 4]] drama ''[[Shameless (UK TV series)\|Shameless]]'' as Shirley Lawson.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Katy Cavanagh \|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bbd997bdc \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026221731/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bbd997bdc \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=26 October 2020 \|publisher=[[British Film Institute]] \|access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> In 2008, she joined the [[ITV (TV network)\|ITV]] soap opera ''[[Coronation Street]]'' as [[Julie Carp]]. In February 2015, it was announced that she would leave ''Coronation Street'' in order to pursue other interests. Her final episode aired on 3 July 2015.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Coronation Street star Katy Cavanagh quits after seven years\|url=https://heatworld.com/entertainment/tv-movies/coronation-street-star-katy-cavanagh-quits-seven-years/\|access-date=2020-10-27\|website=Heat\|date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> Cavanagh returned to the role in 2025, to accommodate the departure of [[Eileen Grimshaw]] ([[Sue Cleaver]]).<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Quinn \|first1=Angie \|title=Coronation Street icon returns after 10 years for Eileen Grimshaw exit \|url=https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/celebs-tv/coronation-street-icon-returns-katy-9846962 \|website=Plymouth Live \|access-date=8 January 2025 \|language=en \|date=8 January 2025}}</ref> ==Personal life== Cavanagh is married to filmmaker Chris Jupe. They have three children, including [[Noah Jupe\|Noah]].<ref>{{cite news \|last=Daniels \|first=Colin \|date=14 July 2013 \|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s3/coronation-street/news/a498233/coronation-streets-katy-cavanagh-welcomes-third-child.html \|title=Coronation Street's Katy Cavanagh welcomes third child \|website=[[Digital Spy]] \|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> ==Filmography== {\| class="wikitable sortable" \|- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class=unsortable\|Notes \|- \|rowspan="2"\|1997 \|''[[Wycliffe (TV series)\|Wycliffe]]'' \|Mrs. Vassie \|Episode: "[[Wycliffe (TV series)#Strangers Home\|Strangers Home]]" \|- \|''{{sortname\|A\|Dance to the Music of Time\|A Dance to the Music of Time (TV series)}}'' \|Billson \|Episode: "[[A Dance to the Music of Time (TV series)#ep2\|The Thirties]]" \|- \|1998 \|''Sex 'n' Death'' \|Ruby \|Television film \|- \|1998–2001 \|''{{sortname\|The\|Cops\|The Cops (British TV series)}}'' \|Mel \|Main role \|- \|rowspan="5"\|2000 \|''[[Holby City]]'' \|Lucy Harper \|2 episodes \|- \|''{{sortname\|The\|Bill}}'' \|Leanne Gibbs \|Episode: "Nightwork" \|- \|''{{sortname\|A\|Likeness in Stone\|nolink=y}}'' \|Cathy \|Television film \|- \|''[[Peak Practice]]'' \|Lynee Rhodes \|Episode: "Hit and Run" \|- \|''Blue Kenny'' \|Tania Barrett \|Short film \|- \|rowspan="5"\|2001 \|''[[Where the Heart Is (British TV series)\|Where the Heart Is]]'' \|Sally Merrick \|Episode: "Choices" \|- \|''Vacuuming Completely Nude in Paradise'' \|Sheila \|Television film \|- \|''Ice Cool Reception'' \|Nikki \|Short film \|- \|''[[Bob & Rose]]'' \|Anita Kendrick \|6 episodes \|- \|''[[Judge John Deed]]'' \|Monika Latymer \|Episode: "[[List of Judge John Deed episodes#Appropriate Response\|Appropriate Response]]" \|- \|2002 \|''Ted and Alice'' \|Joy \| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|2003 \|''Rehab'' \|Sam \|Television film \|- \|''[[Burn It (TV series)\|Burn It]]'' \|Kelly \|2 episodes \|- \|rowspan="3"\|2004 \|''[[Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)\|Dalziel and Pascoe]]'' \|DS Dawn "Spike" Milligan \| Recurring role \|- \|''{{sortname\|A\|Line in the Sand\|nolink=y}}'' \|Leanne \|Television film \|- \|''{{sortname\|The\|Golden Hour\|nolink=y}}'' \|Una Campbell \|1 episode \|- \|2005, 2006 \|''[[Bodies (2004 TV series)\|Bodies]]'' \|Harriet Hurley \|3 episodes \|- \|rowspan="5"\|2006 \|''[[Shameless (British TV series)\|Shameless]]'' \|Shirley Lawson \|1 episode \|- \|''{{sortname\|The\|Royal}}'' \|Carol Buxton \|Episode: "Seeking Refuge" \|- \|''{{sortname\|The\|Family Man\|nolink=y}}'' \|Tina \|Television film \|- \|''[[Cracker (British TV series)\|Cracker]]'' \|Helen \|Episode: "[[List of Cracker episodes#ep25\|Nine Eleven]]" \|- \|''{{sortname\|The\|Bill}}'' \|Maria Clyne \|Episode: "436" \|- \|rowspan="2"\|2007 \|''{{sortname\|The\|Street\|The Street (British TV series)}}'' \|Tracy \|1 episode \|- \|''[[Blue Murder (British TV series)\|Blue Murder]]'' \|Geraldine Pettigrew \|Episode: "[[Blue Murder (British TV series)#ep13\|Crisis Management]]" \|- \|2008 \|''{{sortname\|The\|Bill}}'' \|Linda Johnson \|2 episodes \|- \|2008–2015, 2025 \|''[[Coronation Street]]'' \|[[Julie Carp]] \|Regular role <br>670 episodes \|- \|2008 \|''[[Wired (TV series)\|Wired]]'' \|DS Stuart \|2 episodes \|- \|2013 \|''Bradford Halifax London'' \|Mam \|Short film \|- \|2014 \|''[[Text Santa]]'' \|[[Julie Carp]] \|''Coronation Street'' special \|- \|2016 \|''[[Birds of a Feather (TV series)\|Birds of a Feather]]'' \|Lorraine Howe \| rowspan="2" \|1 episode \|- \| rowspan="2" \|2017 \|''[[Midsomer Murders]]'' \|Lena Ferrera \|- \|''[[Murder on the Blackpool Express]]'' \|Grace \|Television Film \|- \|2021 \|''[[Not Going Out]]'' \|Karen \|1 episode \|} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * {{IMDb name\|0146900}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cavanagh, Katy}} [[Category:1973 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Actors from North Shields]] [[Category:Actresses from Tyne and Wear]] [[Category:Actresses from Bolton]] [[Category:Actresses from County Durham]] [[Category:English television actresses]] [[Category:English stage actresses]] [[Category:English radio actresses]] [[Category:People educated at Canon Slade School]] [[Category:English soap opera actresses]] [[Category:National Youth Theatre members]] [[Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]]	1,287,224,337	[{"title": "Katy Cavanagh", "data": {"Born": "Kathryn Sarah Collins \u00b7 12 December 1973 \u00b7 North Shields, Northumberland, England", "Occupation": "Actress", "Years active": "1997\u2013present", "Spouse": "Chris Jupe", "Children": "3, including Noah Jupe and Jacobi Jupe"}}]	false
# Travis Fisher Travis Lamon Fisher (born September 12, 1979) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback and current coach for UCF. He played college football for the UCF Knights and was selected by the St. Louis Rams in the second round of the 2002 NFL draft. Fisher also played for the Detroit Lions and Seattle Seahawks. ## Early life Fisher attended Godby High School in Tallahassee, Florida and won varsity letters in football and track. In track, he won state championships on the 100 meter dash, the 200 meter dash, and was a member of the 4×100 meter relay, which placed first at the state championship. ## College career At UCF, Fisher started 23-of-33 games and registered 130 tackles (91 solo) with four interceptions and 35 pass defenses. As a senior, he started 11 games and finished season with 61 tackles, (39 solo), two interceptions, 13 passes defensed, and three tackles for losses. The prior season, as a junior, started 11 games and finished season with 37 tackles (27 solo), had 11 passes defensed, and two interceptions. As a sophomore, he played in 11 games with onestart and ended year with 32 tackles and tied for team lead with 11 passes defensed. Fisher played one season at Coffeyville Community College (Kan.), where he led team to number four national ranking in pass defense. He redshirted as a true freshman. ## Playing career ### Pre-draft Fisher was timed at pre-draft workouts as having a 4.37 40-yard time, a vertical jump of 34+1⁄2 in (880 mm), measured height of 5 ft 9+7⁄8 in (1.775 m), and weight of 188 lb (85 kg). ### St. Louis Rams He was selected in the second round by the St. Louis Rams with the 64th overall pick of the 2002 NFL draft. He signed a five-year, $3 million contract with the Rams. The contract called for a $1.15 million signing bonus. In his rookie season he played in 14 games and started 11, and recorded 67 tackles, 2 interceptions, and 14 passes defended. 2003 was his best year as he played in 15 games and recorded 75 tackles, 4 interceptions, and 12 passes defended. He returned two of his four interceptions for touchdowns (57, 74) and also tied for the NFL lead with 205 total interception return yards. In 2004, he sustained a broken right arm in preseason game at forcing him to miss the first six games of the season. He returned to play and start in 10 games and finished season with 42 tackles (35 solo), an interception, a forced fumble and six pass defenses. In 2005, he was the starting right cornerback for eight of the first nine games. Missed five of six games before being placed on reserve/injured list December 14, 2005, with groin injury. In 2006 Fisher played and started in nine games for the Rams and registered 31 tackles (25 solo) and two pass defenses. He left the Week 10 game at Seattle (11/12) in fourth quarter with fractured right arm and was placed on reserve/injured list November 14, 2006. This was the second time in the previous three seasons he broke his arm. ### Detroit Lions He signed a one-year $2.25 million deal with the Lions March 13, 2007, as an unrestricted free agent. Fisher re-signed a three-year $9 million contract (with $4 million in guarantees) with the Lions on March 12, 2008, after recording a career-high 85 tackles during his first year with Detroit in which started 13 of the 16 games he played. In 2008, he had 39 tackles, two passes defensed after starting 8 of the 15 games he played. On May 1, 2009, the Lions released Fisher. ### Seattle Seahawks Fisher signed with the Seattle Seahawks on August 2, 2009. He was waived on November 2. ### Baltimore Ravens Fisher signed with the Baltimore Ravens on May 17, 2010. He was released on September 4. ## NFL career statistics \| Legend \| Legend \| \| ------ \| -------------- \| \| \| Led the league \| \| Bold \| Career high \| ### Regular season \| Year \| Team \| Games \| Games \| Tackles \| Tackles \| Tackles \| Tackles \| Tackles \| Interceptions \| Interceptions \| Interceptions \| Interceptions \| Interceptions \| Fumbles \| Fumbles \| Fumbles \| Fumbles \| \| Year \| Team \| GP \| GS \| Cmb \| Solo \| Ast \| Sck \| TFL \| Int \| Yds \| TD \| Lng \| PD \| FF \| FR \| Yds \| TD \| \| ---- \| ---- \| ----- \| ----- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| \| 2002 \| STL \| 14 \| 11 \| 61 \| 54 \| 7 \| 0.0 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 9 \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 2003 \| STL \| 15 \| 15 \| 61 \| 56 \| 5 \| 0.0 \| 0 \| 4 \| 205 \| 2 \| 74 \| 11 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 2004 \| STL \| 10 \| 10 \| 35 \| 32 \| 3 \| 0.0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 30 \| 0 \| 30 \| 5 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 2005 \| STL \| 8 \| 8 \| 37 \| 37 \| 0 \| 0.0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 3 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 2006 \| STL \| 9 \| 9 \| 30 \| 29 \| 1 \| 0.0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 2007 \| DET \| 16 \| 13 \| 77 \| 59 \| 18 \| 0.0 \| 3 \| 2 \| 25 \| 0 \| 13 \| 5 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 2008 \| DET \| 14 \| 8 \| 37 \| 30 \| 7 \| 0.0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 5 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 2009 \| SEA \| 4 \| 0 \| 5 \| 4 \| 1 \| 0.0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| \| \| 90 \| 74 \| 343 \| 301 \| 42 \| 0.0 \| 3 \| 9 \| 260 \| 2 \| 74 \| 39 \| 2 \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| ### Playoffs \| Year \| Team \| Games \| Games \| Tackles \| Tackles \| Tackles \| Tackles \| Tackles \| Interceptions \| Interceptions \| Interceptions \| Interceptions \| Interceptions \| Fumbles \| Fumbles \| Fumbles \| Fumbles \| \| Year \| Team \| GP \| GS \| Cmb \| Solo \| Ast \| Sck \| TFL \| Int \| Yds \| TD \| Lng \| PD \| FF \| FR \| Yds \| TD \| \| ---- \| ---- \| ----- \| ----- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| \| 2003 \| STL \| 1 \| 1 \| 9 \| 8 \| 1 \| 0.0 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 2004 \| STL \| 2 \| 2 \| 12 \| 12 \| 0 \| 0.0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| \| \| 3 \| 3 \| 21 \| 20 \| 1 \| 0.0 \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| ## Coaching career Fisher has been a college assistant coach for nearly a decade, ranging from quality control assistant to defensive backs coach. He began his coaching career at UCF under Scott Frost. Fisher was the defensive backs coach at Nebraska from 2018 to 2022 and at UCF from 2015 to 2017. Under Fisher's coaching, nine of his defensive backs from 2018 to 2022 have signed NFL contracts, including junior college transfer Mike Hughes, who became an All-American and first-round NFL pick in one season. In January 2023, Fisher was hired by the Syracuse Orange football team as defensive backs coach.	enwiki/3228528	enwiki	3,228,528	Travis Fisher	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Fisher	2025-05-11T18:34:06Z	en	Q7836245	74,665	{{Short description\|American football player and coach (born 1979)}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=June 2024}} {{Use American English\|date=June 2024}} {{Infobox NFL biography \| name = Travis Fisher \| image = File:Travis Fisher 2009.jpg \| caption = Fisher with the Seattle Seahawks in 2009 \| current_team = UCF Knights \| position = Senior defensive analyst <!-- \| number = 22, 21, 28 --> \| currentteam = \| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|1979\|9\|12}} \| birth_place = [[Tallahassee, Florida]], U.S. \| death_date = \| death_place = \| height_ft = 5 \| height_in = 10 \| weight_lbs = 194 \| high_school = [[Amos P. Godby High School\|Godby]] (Tallahassee) \| college = [[UCF Knights football\|UCF]] \| draftyear = 2002 \| draftround = 2 \| draftpick = 64 \| pastteams = * [[St. Louis Rams]] ({{NFL Year\|2002}}–{{NFL Year\|2006}}) * [[Detroit Lions]] ({{NFL Year\|2007}}–{{NFL Year\|2008}}) * [[Seattle Seahawks]] ({{NFL Year\|2009}}) * [[Baltimore Ravens]] ({{NFL Year\|2010}})* \| pastcoaching = * [[UCF Knights football\|UCF]] (2013–2014)<br> Defensive quality assistant * [[Southeast Missouri State Redhawks football\|Southeast Missouri State]] (2014–2015) <br> Cornerbacks coach * UCF (2015–2016) <br> Cornerbacks coach * UCF (2016–2017) <br> Defensive backs coach * [[Nebraska Cornhuskers football\|Nebraska]] (2018–2022) <br> Defensive backs coach * [[Syracuse Orange football\|Syracuse]] (2023) <br> Cornerbacks coach * UCF (2025–present)<br>Senior defensive analyst \| statlabel1 = [[Tackle (football move)\|Total tackles]] \| statvalue1 = 343 \| statlabel2 = [[Fumble\|Forced fumbles]] \| statvalue2 = 2 \| statlabel3 = [[Fumble\|Fumble recoveries]] \| statvalue3 = 3 \| statlabel4 = [[Pass deflections]] \| statvalue4 = 39 \| statlabel5 = [[Interceptions]] \| statvalue5 = 9 \| statlabel6 = [[Touchdown\|Defensive touchdowns]] \| statvalue6 = 2 }} '''Travis Lamon Fisher''' (born September 12, 1979) is an American former professional [[American football\|football]] player who was a [[cornerback]] and current coach for [[UCF Knights football\|UCF]]. He played [[college football]] for the [[UCF Knights football\|UCF Knights]] and was selected by the [[St. Louis Rams]] in the second round of the [[2002 NFL draft]]. Fisher also played for the [[Detroit Lions]] and [[Seattle Seahawks]]. ==Early life== Fisher attended [[Amos P. Godby High School\|Godby High School]] in Tallahassee, Florida and won varsity letters in football and track. In track, he won state championships on the 100 meter dash, the 200 meter dash, and was a member of the 4×100 meter relay, which placed first at the state championship. ==College career== At UCF, Fisher started 23-of-33 games and registered 130 tackles (91 solo) with four interceptions and 35 pass defenses. As a senior, he started 11 games and finished season with 61 tackles, (39 solo), two interceptions, 13 passes defensed, and three tackles for losses. The prior season, as a junior, started 11 games and finished season with 37 tackles (27 solo), had 11 passes defensed, and two interceptions. As a sophomore, he played in 11 games with onestart and ended year with 32 tackles and tied for team lead with 11 passes defensed. Fisher played one season at [[Coffeyville Community College]] (Kan.), where he led team to number four national ranking in pass defense. He redshirted as a true freshman. ==Playing career== ===Pre-draft=== Fisher was timed at pre-draft workouts as having a 4.37 40-yard time,{{clarify\|date=February 2024}} a vertical jump of {{cvt\|34+1/2\|in}}, measured height of {{cvt\|5\|ft\|9+7/8\|in}}, and weight of {{cvt\|188\|lb}}.<ref>James Alder [http://football.about.com/cs/tp/aatp2002stl.htm About.com] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232518/http://football.about.com/cs/tp/aatp2002stl.htm \|date=2016-03-03 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.packerchatters.com/4ums/index.php?showtopic=3627&mode=threaded Pack Chart.com] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715032356/http://www.packerchatters.com/4ums/index.php?showtopic=3627&mode=threaded \|date=July 15, 2011 }}</ref> ===St. Louis Rams=== He was selected in the second round by the [[St. Louis Rams]] with the 64th overall pick of the [[2002 NFL draft]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=2002 NFL Draft Listing \|url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2002/draft.htm \|access-date=2023-03-18 \|website=Pro-Football-Reference.com \|language=en}}</ref> He signed a five-year, $3 million contract with the Rams. The contract called for a $1.15 million signing bonus. In his rookie season he played in 14 games and started 11, and recorded 67 tackles, 2 interceptions, and 14 passes defended. 2003 was his best year as he played in 15 games and recorded 75 tackles, 4 interceptions, and 12 passes defended. He returned two of his four interceptions for touchdowns (57, 74) and also tied for the NFL lead with 205 total interception return yards. In 2004, he sustained a broken right arm in preseason game at forcing him to miss the first six games of the season. He returned to play and start in 10 games and finished season with 42 tackles (35 solo), an interception, a forced fumble and six pass defenses. In 2005, he was the starting right cornerback for eight of the first nine games. Missed five of six games before being placed on reserve/injured list December 14, 2005, with groin injury. In 2006 Fisher played and started in nine games for the Rams and registered 31 tackles (25 solo) and two pass defenses. He left the Week 10 game at Seattle (11/12) in fourth quarter with fractured right arm and was placed on reserve/injured list November 14, 2006. This was the second time in the previous three seasons he broke his arm. ===Detroit Lions=== He signed a one-year $2.25 million deal with the Lions March 13, 2007, as an unrestricted free agent. Fisher re-signed a three-year $9 million contract (with $4 million in guarantees) with the Lions on March 12, 2008, after recording a career-high 85 tackles during his first year with Detroit in which started 13 of the 16 games he played. In 2008, he had 39 tackles, two passes defensed after starting 8 of the 15 games he played. On May 1, 2009, the Lions released Fisher. ===Seattle Seahawks=== Fisher signed with the [[Seattle Seahawks]] on August 2, 2009. He was waived on November 2. ===Baltimore Ravens=== Fisher signed with the [[Baltimore Ravens]] on May 17, 2010.<ref>{{cite web \| title=Veteran CB Fisher signs with Ravens after impressing in tryout \| website=NFL.com \| date=2010-05-17 \| url=https://www.nfl.com/news/veteran-cb-fisher-signs-with-ravens-after-impressing-in-tryout-09000d5d8182c3fa \| access-date=2025-05-11}}</ref> He was released on September 4. ==NFL career statistics== {\| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" ! colspan="2"\| Legend \|- \| style="background:#cfecec; width:3em;"\| \| Led the league \|- \| '''Bold''' \| Career high \|} ===Regular season=== {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|- !rowspan="2"\| Year !rowspan="2"\| Team !colspan="2"\| Games !colspan="5"\| Tackles !colspan="5"\| Interceptions !colspan="4"\| Fumbles \|- ! GP !! GS !! Cmb !! Solo !! Ast !! Sck !! TFL !! Int !! Yds !! TD !! Lng !! PD !! FF !! FR !! Yds !! TD \|- ! [[2002 NFL season\|2002]] !! [[2002 St. Louis Rams season\|STL]] \| 14 \|\| 11 \|\| 61 \|\| 54 \|\| 7 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0 \|\| 2 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 9 \|\| '''1''' \|\| '''1''' \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|- ! [[2003 NFL season\|2003]] !! [[2003 St. Louis Rams season\|STL]] \| 15 \|\| '''15''' \|\| 61 \|\| 56 \|\| 5 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0 \|\| '''4''' \|\| style="background:#cfecec; width:3em;"\| '''205''' \|\| style="background:#cfecec; width:3em;"\| '''2''' \|\| '''74''' \|\| '''11''' \|\| 0 \|\| '''1''' \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|- ! [[2004 NFL season\|2004]] !! [[2004 St. Louis Rams season\|STL]] \| 10 \|\| 10 \|\| 35 \|\| 32 \|\| 3 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 30 \|\| 0 \|\| 30 \|\| 5 \|\| '''1''' \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|- ! [[2005 NFL season\|2005]] !! [[2005 St. Louis Rams season\|STL]] \| 8 \|\| 8 \|\| 37 \|\| 37 \|\| 0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 3 \|\| 0 \|\| '''1''' \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|- ! [[2006 NFL season\|2006]] !! [[2006 St. Louis Rams season\|STL]] \| 9 \|\| 9 \|\| 30 \|\| 29 \|\| 1 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|- ! [[2007 NFL season\|2007]] !! [[2007 Detroit Lions season\|DET]] \| '''16''' \|\| 13 \|\| '''77''' \|\| '''59''' \|\| '''18''' \|\| 0.0 \|\| '''3''' \|\| 2 \|\| 25 \|\| 0 \|\| 13 \|\| 5 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|- ! [[2008 NFL season\|2008]] !! [[2008 Detroit Lions season\|DET]] \| 14 \|\| 8 \|\| 37 \|\| 30 \|\| 7 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 5 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|- ! [[2009 NFL season\|2009]] !! [[2009 Seattle Seahawks season\|SEA]] \| 4 \|\| 0 \|\| 5 \|\| 4 \|\| 1 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|- ! colspan="2"\| !! 90 !! 74 !! 343 !! 301 !! 42 !! 0.0 !! 3 !! 9 !! 260 !! 2 !! 74 !! 39 !! 2 !! 3 !! 0 !! 0 \|} ===Playoffs=== {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|- !rowspan="2"\| Year !rowspan="2"\| Team !colspan="2"\| Games !colspan="5"\| Tackles !colspan="5"\| Interceptions !colspan="4"\| Fumbles \|- ! GP !! GS !! Cmb !! Solo !! Ast !! Sck !! TFL !! Int !! Yds !! TD !! Lng !! PD !! FF !! FR !! Yds !! TD \|- ! [[2003 NFL season\|2003]] !! [[2003 St. Louis Rams season\|STL]] \| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 9 \|\| 8 \|\| '''1''' \|\| 0.0 \|\| '''2''' \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|- ! [[2004 NFL season\|2004]] !! [[2004 St. Louis Rams season\|STL]] \| '''2''' \|\| '''2''' \|\| '''12''' \|\| '''12''' \|\| 0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0 \|\| '''1''' \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| '''1''' \|\| '''1''' \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|- ! colspan="2"\| !! 3 !! 3 !! 21 !! 20 !! 1 !! 0.0 !! 2 !! 1 !! 0 !! 0 !! 0 !! 1 !! 1 !! 0 !! 0 !! 0 \|} ==Coaching career== Fisher has been a college assistant coach for nearly a decade, ranging from quality control assistant to defensive backs coach. He began his coaching career at [[UCF Knights football\|UCF]] under [[Scott Frost]].<ref>{{cite news \|title=Travis Fisher \|url=https://omaha.com/travis-fisher/image_235bd2fa-d95a-11e7-97c4-23059bdf1ccd.html \|access-date=23 January 2023 \|work=[[Omaha World-Herald]] \|date=December 4, 2017 \|language=en}}</ref> Fisher was the defensive backs coach at [[Nebraska Cornhuskers football\|Nebraska]] from 2018 to 2022 and at UCF from 2015 to 2017. Under Fisher's coaching, nine of his defensive backs from 2018 to 2022 have signed NFL contracts, including junior college transfer [[Mike Hughes (American football)\|Mike Hughes]], who became an All-American and first-round NFL pick in one season. In January 2023, Fisher was hired by the [[Syracuse Orange football]] team as defensive backs coach.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Carlson \|first1=Chris \|title=SU football expected to hire former Nebraska assistant, NFL veteran to coach DBs (report) \|url=https://www.syracuse.com/orangebasketball/2023/01/syracuse-football-expected-to-hire-former-nebraska-assistant-nfl-veteran-to-coach-dbs-report.html \|access-date=23 January 2023 \|work=[[Syracuse Post-Standard]] \|date=23 January 2023 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Alandt \|first1=Anthony \|title=Syracuse hires Nebraska defensive backs coach Travis Fisher as cornerbacks coach \|url=https://dailyorange.com/2023/01/syracuse-hires-nebraska-defensive-backs-coach-travis-fisher-cornerbacks/ \|access-date=23 January 2023 \|work=[[The Daily Orange]] \|date=23 January 2023}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [https://cuse.com/sports/football/roster/coaches/travis-fisher/5657 Syracuse Orange bio] {{Rams2002DraftPicks}} {{2017 UCF Knights football navbox}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fisher, Travis}} [[Category:1979 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American football cornerbacks]] [[Category:Baltimore Ravens players]] [[Category:Coffeyville Red Ravens football players]] [[Category:Detroit Lions players]] [[Category:Nebraska Cornhuskers football coaches]] [[Category:Seattle Seahawks players]] [[Category:St. Louis Rams players]] [[Category:UCF Knights football players]] [[Category:UCF Knights football coaches]] [[Category:Players of American football from Tallahassee, Florida]] [[Category:21st-century African-American sportsmen]] [[Category:20th-century African-American sportsmen]] [[Category:20th-century American sportsmen]] [[Category:Syracuse Orange football coaches]]	1,289,925,646	[{"title": "UCF Knights", "data": {"Position": "Senior defensive analyst"}}, {"title": "Personal information", "data": {"Born": "September 12, 1979 \u00b7 Tallahassee, Florida, U.S.", "Height": "5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)", "Weight": "194 lb (88 kg)"}}, {"title": "Career information", "data": {"High school": "Godby (Tallahassee)", "College": "UCF", "NFL draft": "2002: 2nd round, 64th pick"}}, {"title": "As a player:", "data": {"As a player:": ["- St. Louis Rams (2002\u20132006) - Detroit Lions (2007\u20132008) - Seattle Seahawks (2009) - Baltimore Ravens (2010)", " Offseason and/or practice squad member only"]}}, {"title": "As a coach:", "data": {"As a coach:": "- UCF (2013\u20132014) \u00b7 Defensive quality assistant - Southeast Missouri State (2014\u20132015) \u00b7 Cornerbacks coach - UCF (2015\u20132016) \u00b7 Cornerbacks coach - UCF (2016\u20132017) \u00b7 Defensive backs coach - Nebraska (2018\u20132022) \u00b7 Defensive backs coach - Syracuse (2023) \u00b7 Cornerbacks coach - UCF (2025\u2013present) \u00b7 Senior defensive analyst"}}, {"title": "Career NFL statistics", "data": {"Total tackles": "343", "Forced fumbles": "2", "Fumble recoveries": "3", "Pass deflections": "39", "Interceptions": "9", "Defensive touchdowns": "2"}}]	false
# Robert Sterling Yard Robert Sterling Yard (February 1, 1861 – May 17, 1945) was an American writer, journalist, and wilderness activist. Born in Haverstraw, New York, Yard graduated from Princeton University and spent the first twenty years of his career in the editing and publishing business. In 1915, he was recruited by his friend Stephen Mather to help publicize the need for an independent national park agency. Their numerous publications were part of a movement that resulted in legislative support for a National Park Service (NPS) in 1916. Yard served as head of the National Parks Educational Committee for several years after its conception, but tension within the NPS led him to concentrate on non-government initiatives. He became executive secretary of the National Parks Association in 1919. Yard worked to promote the national parks as well as educate Americans about their use. Creating high standards based on aesthetic ideals for park selection, he also opposed commercialism and industrialization of what he called "America's masterpieces". These standards subsequently caused discord with his peers. After helping to establish a relationship between the NPA and the United States Forest Service, Yard later became involved in the protection of wilderness areas. In 1935, he became one of the eight founding members of The Wilderness Society and acted as its first president from 1937 until his death eight years later. Yard is now considered an important figure in the modern wilderness movement. ## Early life and career Robert Sterling Yard was born in 1861 in Haverstraw, New York, to Robert Boyd and Sarah (Purdue) Yard. After attending the Freehold Institute in New Jersey, he graduated from Princeton University in 1883. Known throughout his life as "Bob", he became a prominent member of Princeton's Alumni Association, and founded the Montclair Princeton Alumni Association. In 1895, he married Mary Belle Moffat; they had one daughter, Margaret. During the 1880s and 1890s, Yard worked as a journalist for the New York Sun and the New York Herald. He served in the publishing business from 1900 to 1915, variously as editor-in-chief of The Century Magazine and Sunday editor of the New York Herald. After serving as editor of Charles Scribner's Sons' the Book Buyer, Yard helped launch the publishing firm of Moffat, Yard and Company. He served as vice president and editor-in-chief of the firm. ### National Park Service In 1915, Yard was invited to Washington, D.C., by his friend Stephen Mather, who had started working on national parks as assistant to the Secretary of Interior. Yard and Mather had met while working for the New York Sun and became friends; Yard was the best man at Mather's wedding in 1893. Mather, who wanted someone to help publicize the need for an independent agency to oversee the national parks movement, personally paid Yard's salary from his independent income. The United States had authorized 14 parks and 22 monuments over the previous forty years (1872–1915), but there was no single agency to provide unified management of the resources. In addition, some resources were managed by political appointees without professional qualifications. Together Mather and Yard ran a national parks publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior, writing numerous articles that praised the scenic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational and recreational benefits. The unprecedented press coverage persuaded influential Americans about the importance of national parks, and encouraged Congress to create an independent parks agency. Although Yard was not an outdoorsman like most advocates of a national park service, he felt a connection to the cause, and eventually became personally invested in its success. At the National Park Conference in March 1915, he stated, "I, the treader of dusty city streets, boldly claim common kinship with you of the plains, the mountains, and the glaciers." He gathered data regarding popular American tourist destinations, such as Switzerland, France, Germany, Italy, and Canada, together with reasons why people visited certain areas; he also collected photographs and compiled lists of those who might enlist in the conservation cause. One of his most recognized and passionate articles of the time, entitled "Making a Business of Scenery", appeared in The Nation's Business in June 1916: We want our national parks developed. We want roads and trails like Switzerland's. We want hotels of all prices from lowest to highest. We want comfortable public camps in sufficient abundance to meet all demands. We want lodges and chalets at convenient intervals commanding the scenic possibilities of all our parks. We want the best and cheapest accommodations for pedestrians and motorists. We want sufficient and convenient transportation at reasonable rates. We want adequate facilities and supplies for camping out at lowest prices. We want good fishing. We want our wild animal life conserved and developed. We want special facilities for nature study. Yard's most successful publicity initiative during this time was the National Parks Portfolio (1916), a collection of nine pamphlets that—through photographs interspersed with text lauding the scenic grandeur of the nation's major parks—connected the parks with a sense of national identity to make visitation an imperative of American citizenship. Yard and Mather distributed this publication to a carefully selected list of prominent Americans, including every member of Congress. That same year, Yard wrote and published Glimpses of Our National Parks, which was followed in 1917 by a similar volume titled The Top of the Continent. The latter volume, which was subtitled A Cheerful Journey through Our National Parks and geared toward a younger audience, became a bestseller. Yard and Mather's publicity and lobbying resulted in the creation of the National Park Service; on August 25, 1916, President Woodrow Wilson signed a bill establishing the agency "to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and wild life therein, and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations." Mather served as its first director beginning in 1917, and while he appointed Horace Albright as assistant director, he put Yard in charge of the National Parks Educational Committee. Consisting only of Yard and a secretary, this division of the NPS produced informative publicity in order to draw visitors to parks and develop programs to enhance the educational value of their experience. In January 1917, Mather suffered a mental breakdown and had to take an extended leave. Yard believed he would be appointed interim director at the NPS. Disagreements within the organization, however, kept him from the position. Yard, who has been described as "intense, urbane and opinionated", was disappointed when the position was given to Albright, who was then only 27 years old. After more than a year of working in the Educational Division, Yard began to look outside the NPS for support. ## National Parks Association Yard believed that while the National Park Service was effective as a government agency, it was not capable of promoting the wishes of the common American. He wrote in June 1918 that the national park movement must "be cultivated only by an organization of the people outside the government, and unhampered by politics and routine". On May 29, 1919, the National Parks Association (NPA) was officially created to fill this role. Yard, who became a pivotal figure in the new society, was elected its executive secretary. His duties as the only full-time employee of the NPA were practically the same as they had been with the NPS—to promote the national parks and to educate Americans about their use. In its early years, the NPA was Yard's livelihood and passion: he recruited the key founding members, raised money and wrote various press releases. Yard also served as editor of the NPA's National Parks Bulletin from 1919 to 1936. In the first issue, Yard outlined the organization's objectives in order to craft a broad educational program: not only would they attract students, artists and writers to the parks, but a "complete and rational system" would be created and adhered to by Congress and the Park Service. Yard believed that eligible national parks had to be scenically stunning. He noted in his 1919 volume The Book of the National Parks that the major characteristic of almost all national parks was that their scenery had been forged by geological or biological processes. He wrote, "[W]e shall not really enjoy our possession of the grandest scenery in the world until we realize that scenery is the written page of the History of Creation, and until we learn to read that page." Yard's standards also insisted upon "complete conservation", meaning avoidance of commercialism and industrialization. Often referring to parks as "American masterpieces", he sought to protect them from economic activities such as timber cutting and mineral extracting. In such, Yard often advocated the preservation of "wilderness" conditions in America's national parks. In 1920, Congress passed the Water Power Act, which granted licenses to develop hydroelectric projects on federal lands, including national parks. Yard and the NPA joined again with Mather and the National Park Service to oppose the intrusion on Park Service control. In 1921, Congress passed the Jones-Esch Bill, amending the Water Power Act to exclude existing national parks from hydroelectric development. ## Conflict and the Forest Service Despite agreeing on most issues regarding the protection of national parks, friction between the NPA and NPS was seemingly unavoidable. Mather and Yard disagreed on many issues; whereas Mather was not interested in the protection of wildlife and accepted the Biological Survey's efforts to exterminate predators within parks, Yard criticized the program as early as 1924. Yard was also highly critical of Mather's administration of the parks. Mather advocated plush accommodations, city comforts and various entertainments to encourage park visitation. These plans clashed with Yard's ideals, and he considered such urbanization of the nation's parks misguided. While visiting Yosemite National Park in 1926, he stated that the valley was "lost" after he found crowds, automobiles, jazz music and a bear show. In 1924, the United States Forest Service started a program to set aside "primitive areas" in the national forests to protect wilderness while opening it to use. Yard, who preferred to give the land that did not meet his standards to the Forest Service rather than the NPS, began to work closely with the USFS. Beginning in 1925, he served as secretary of the Joint Committee on the Recreational Survey of Federal Lands, a position he held until 1930. Composed of members of both the NPA and the USFS, the committee sought a separate national recreation policy that would distinguish between recreational and preservation areas. The NPA and Yard were both criticized by activists who feared that the association would be eclipsed by the Forest Service's own program goals. Yard at times felt isolated and under-appreciated by his peers. He wrote in 1926, "I wonder whether I'm justified in forcing this work upon people who seem to care so little about it." By the late 1920s, Yard had come to believe preservation of wilderness was a solution to more commercially motivated park making. He continued to clash with others regarding legislation on park proposals. These included the Shenandoah National Park in Virginia, which Yard thought was too recreational and not of the caliber of a national park. He hesitated at the nomination of the Everglades National Park in Florida. When the Tropic Everglades National Park Association was founded in 1928 to promote the idea of a national park in south Florida, Yard was initially skeptical that it was necessary. Although he recognized the need for preservation, he did not accept proposals for a national park unless the area met his high scenic standards. He slowly warmed to the Everglades idea, and in 1931 supported the proposal under conditions that the area remain pristine, with limited tourist development. The Everglades National Park was authorized by Congress in 1934. ## The Wilderness Society Yard's preservationist goals exceeded those of the Park Service in the 1930s. Drifting away from the national parks lobby, he pushed to preserve what he called "primitive" land; he and John C. Merriam had discussed forming a group called "Save the Primitive League". Although that group was not formed, Yard was soon invited to become a founding member of The Wilderness Society. Seventy-four-years old at the time, he was known for his tireless work ethic and youthfulness; for decades he had jokingly insisted to colleagues that he was a mere 47. The society was officially formed in January 1935 to lead wilderness preservation in the United States. Additional founding members included notable conservationists Bob Marshall, Benton MacKaye, Bernard Frank, Aldo Leopold, and Harvey Broome. In September, Yard published the first issue of the society's magazine, The Living Wilderness. He wrote of the society's genesis, "The Wilderness Society is born of an emergency in conservation which admits of no delay. The craze is to build all the highways possible everywhere while billions may yet be borrowed from the unlucky future. The fashion is to barber and manicure wild America as smartly as the modern girl. Our mission is clear." Although Marshall proposed that Leopold act as the society's first president, in 1937 Yard accepted the role, as well as that of permanent secretary. He ran the society from his home in Washington, D.C., and single-handedly produced The Living Wilderness during its early years, with one issue annually until 1945. Yard did the greater share of work during the Society's early years; he solicited membership, corresponded with other conservation groups, and kept track of congressional activities related to wilderness areas. Although much older than some of his colleagues, Yard was described as a cautious and non-confrontational leader. ## Death and legacy While ill from pneumonia at the end of his life, he ran the society's affairs from his bed. He died on May 17, 1945, at the age of 84. The National Park Service and what is now called the National Parks Conservation Association remain successful organizations. The National Park System of the United States protects more than 400 sites covering an area exceeding 84 million acres (340,000 km2) in all 50 states, Washington, D.C., American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, Saipan, and the Virgin Islands. His work to preserve wilderness in the United States has also endured. After his death, three members of The Wilderness Society took on his various duties; Benton MacKaye officially replaced him as president, but executive secretary Howard Zahniser and director Olaus Murie ran the society for the next two decades. Zahniser also took over the society's magazine, making The Living Wilderness into a successful quarterly publication. The December 1945 issue of The Living Wilderness was dedicated to Yard's life and work; in one article, fellow co-founder Ernest Oberholtzer wrote that "the form he [Yard] gave The Wilderness Society was the crowning of a lifelong vision. He undertook it with a freshness that belied his years and revealed, as nothing else could, the vitality of his inspiration. Few men in America have ever had such understanding of the spiritual quality of the American scene, and fewer still the voice to go with it." Yard's effect on the Wilderness Society proved long-lasting; he was responsible for initiating cooperation with other major preservationist groups, including the National Park Association. He also established a durable alliance with the Sierra Club, founded in 1892 by noted preservationist John Muir. This alliance proved crucial during the proposal and eventual passage of the Wilderness Act. The act, which was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 3, 1964, was the first major victory for The Wilderness Society. Written by Zahniser, it enabled Congress to set aside selected areas in the national forests, national parks, national wildlife refuges and other federal lands, as units to be kept permanently unchanged by humans. Since its conception, 111 million acres (452,000 km2) have been added to the National Wilderness Preservation System. ## Selected list of works - The Publisher (1913) - Glimpses of Our National Parks (1916) - The National Parks Portfolio (1916 and five subsequent editions) - The Top of the Continent (1917) - The Book of the National Parks (1919) - Our Federal Lands: A Romance of American Development (1928)	enwiki/16352265	enwiki	16,352,265	Robert Sterling Yard	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sterling_Yard	2025-06-03T06:42:00Z	en	Q2984227	115,813	{{short description\|American wilderness activist and writer}} [[Image:RobertSterlingYard.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Robert Sterling Yard in [[Yosemite National Park]], 1920]] '''Robert Sterling Yard''' (February 1, 1861 – May 17, 1945) was an American writer, journalist, and [[wilderness]] activist. Born in [[Haverstraw (town), New York\|Haverstraw, New York]], Yard graduated from [[Princeton University]] and spent the first twenty years of his career in the editing and publishing business. In 1915, he was recruited by his friend [[Stephen Mather]] to help publicize the need for an independent national park agency. Their numerous publications were part of a movement that resulted in legislative support for a [[National Park Service]] (NPS) in 1916. Yard served as head of the National Parks Educational Committee for several years after its conception, but tension within the NPS led him to concentrate on non-government initiatives. He became executive secretary of the [[National Parks Conservation Association\|National Parks Association]] in 1919. Yard worked to promote the national parks as well as educate Americans about their use. Creating high standards based on aesthetic ideals for park selection, he also opposed commercialism and industrialization of what he called "America's masterpieces". These standards subsequently caused discord with his peers. After helping to establish a relationship between the NPA and the [[United States Forest Service]], Yard later became involved in the protection of wilderness areas. In 1935, he became one of the eight founding members of [[The Wilderness Society (United States)\|The Wilderness Society]] and acted as its first president from 1937 until his death eight years later. Yard is now considered an important figure in the modern wilderness movement. ==Early life and career== Robert Sterling Yard was born in 1861 in [[Haverstraw (town), New York\|Haverstraw, New York]], to Robert Boyd and Sarah (Purdue) Yard. After attending the Freehold Institute in New Jersey, he graduated from [[Princeton University]] in 1883.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news \| title =R.U. Johnson Resigns as Century's Editor; Robert Sterling Yard Succeeds Him in Charge of the Magazine \| work=[[The New York Times]] \| date =May 31, 1913 \| url =https://www.nytimes.com/1913/05/31/archives/ru-johnson-resigns-as-centurys-editor-robert-sterling-yard-succeeds.html \| access-date =June 12, 2008 }}</ref> Known throughout his life as "Bob", he became a prominent member of Princeton's Alumni Association, and founded the [[Montclair, New Jersey\|Montclair]] Princeton Alumni Association. In 1895, he married Mary Belle Moffat; they had one daughter, Margaret.<ref name="nytimes"/> During the 1880s and 1890s, Yard worked as a journalist for the ''[[The New York Sun\|New York Sun]]'' and the ''[[New York Herald]]''.<ref name="nps">{{cite web \| url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/sontag/yard.htm \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713152733/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/sontag/yard.htm \| url-status=dead \| archive-date=July 13, 2007 \| title=National Park Service: The First 75 Years Biography of Robert Sterling Yard \| access-date=March 17, 2008 \| publisher=National Park Service }}</ref> He served in the publishing business from 1900 to 1915, variously as editor-in-chief of ''[[The Century Magazine]]'' and Sunday editor of the ''New York Herald''.<ref name="sut101">Sutter, p. 101</ref> After serving as editor of [[Charles Scribner's Sons]]' the ''Book Buyer'', Yard helped launch the publishing firm of Moffat, Yard and Company. He served as vice president and editor-in-chief of the firm.<ref name="nytimes"/> ===National Park Service=== [[File:RockyMountainNP Mather Yard.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|The 1915 dedication of [[Rocky Mountain National Park]]; (l to r): [[Stephen Mather]], Yard, acting superintendent Trowbridge, NPS photographer Herford T. Cowling, and [[Horace M. Albright]]]] In 1915, Yard was invited to [[Washington, D.C.]], by his friend [[Stephen Mather]], who had started working on national parks as assistant to the [[United States Secretary of the Interior\|Secretary of Interior]]. Yard and Mather had met while working for the ''New York Sun'' and became friends; Yard was the best man at Mather's wedding in 1893.<ref>Miles, p. 13</ref> Mather, who wanted someone to help publicize the need for an independent agency to oversee the national parks movement, personally paid Yard's salary from his independent income.<ref>Fox (1986), p. 203</ref> The United States had authorized 14 parks and 22 monuments over the previous forty years (1872–1915), but there was no single agency to provide unified management of the resources. In addition, some resources were managed by political appointees without professional qualifications.<ref name="history">{{cite web \| url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/history.htm \| title=History \| access-date=July 22, 2008 \| publisher=National Park Service }}</ref> Together Mather and Yard ran a national parks publicity campaign for the [[United States Department of the Interior\|Department of the Interior]], writing numerous articles that praised the scenic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational and recreational benefits.<ref name="sut102">Sutter, p. 102</ref> The unprecedented press coverage persuaded influential Americans about the importance of national parks, and encouraged [[United States Congress\|Congress]] to create an independent parks agency.<ref name="sut102"/> Although Yard was not an outdoorsman like most advocates of a national park service, he felt a connection to the cause, and eventually became personally invested in its success. At the National Park Conference in March 1915, he stated, "I, the treader of dusty city streets, boldly claim common kinship with you of the plains, the mountains, and the glaciers."<ref name="nps"/> He gathered data regarding popular American tourist destinations, such as Switzerland, France, Germany, Italy, and Canada, together with reasons why people visited certain areas; he also collected photographs and compiled lists of those who might enlist in the conservation cause. One of his most recognized and passionate articles of the time, entitled "Making a Business of Scenery", appeared in ''The Nation's Business'' in June 1916: {{quote\|We want our national parks developed. We want roads and trails like Switzerland's. We want hotels of all prices from lowest to highest. We want comfortable public camps in sufficient abundance to meet all demands. We want lodges and chalets at convenient intervals commanding the scenic possibilities of all our parks. We want the best and cheapest accommodations for pedestrians and motorists. We want sufficient and convenient transportation at reasonable rates. We want adequate facilities and supplies for camping out at lowest prices. We want good fishing. We want our wild animal life conserved and developed. We want special facilities for nature study.<ref>Sellars, p. 28</ref>}} Yard's most successful publicity initiative during this time was the ''National Parks Portfolio'' (1916), a collection of nine pamphlets that—through photographs interspersed with text lauding the scenic grandeur of the nation's major parks—connected the parks with a sense of national identity to make visitation an imperative of American citizenship.<ref>Sutter, p. 103</ref> Yard and Mather distributed this publication to a carefully selected list of prominent Americans, including every member of Congress.<ref name="sut104">Sutter, p. 104</ref> That same year, Yard wrote and published ''Glimpses of Our National Parks'', which was followed in 1917 by a similar volume titled ''The Top of the Continent''. The latter volume, which was subtitled ''A Cheerful Journey through Our National Parks'' and geared toward a younger audience, became a bestseller.<ref>Cevasco, p. 532</ref> Yard and Mather's publicity and lobbying resulted in the creation of the [[National Park Service]]; on August 25, 1916, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] signed a bill establishing the agency "to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and wild life therein, and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations."<ref name="sut104"/> Mather served as its first director beginning in 1917, and while he appointed [[Horace M. Albright\|Horace Albright]] as assistant director, he put Yard in charge of the National Parks Educational Committee. Consisting only of Yard and a secretary,<ref>Miles, p. 16</ref> this division of the NPS produced informative publicity in order to draw visitors to parks and develop programs to enhance the educational value of their experience.<ref name="Sutter, p. 105">Sutter, p. 105</ref> In January 1917, Mather suffered a [[mental breakdown]] and had to take an extended leave. Yard believed he would be appointed interim director at the NPS. Disagreements within the organization, however, kept him from the position. Yard, who has been described as "intense, urbane and opinionated",<ref>Miles, p. 15</ref> was disappointed when the position was given to Albright, who was then only 27 years old.<ref name="sut104"/> After more than a year of working in the Educational Division, Yard began to look outside the NPS for support.<ref name="Sutter, p. 105"/> ==National Parks Association== Yard believed that while the National Park Service was effective as a government agency, it was not capable of promoting the wishes of the common American. He wrote in June 1918 that the national park movement must "be cultivated only by an organization of the people outside the government, and unhampered by politics and routine".<ref>Miles, p. 21</ref> On May 29, 1919, the [[National Parks Conservation Association\|National Parks Association]] (NPA) was officially created to fill this role. Yard, who became a pivotal figure in the new society, was elected its executive secretary.<ref name="nps history">{{cite web \| first=Dwight T \| last=Pitcaithley \| url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/resedu/education.htm \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102195404/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/resedu/education.htm \| url-status=dead \| archive-date=November 2, 2007 \| title=National Parks and Education: The First Twenty Years \| access-date=March 17, 2008 \| publisher=National Park Service }}</ref> His duties as the only full-time employee of the NPA were practically the same as they had been with the NPS—to promote the national parks and to educate Americans about their use.<ref>Sutter, p.105–106</ref> In its early years, the NPA was Yard's livelihood and passion: he recruited the key founding members, raised money and wrote various press releases.<ref>Miles, p. 40</ref> Yard also served as editor of the NPA's ''National Parks Bulletin'' from 1919 to 1936. In the first issue, Yard outlined the organization's objectives in order to craft a broad educational program: not only would they attract students, artists and writers to the parks, but a "complete and rational system" would be created and adhered to by Congress and the Park Service.<ref>Sutter, p. 112</ref> Yard believed that eligible national parks had to be scenically stunning. He noted in his 1919 volume ''The Book of the National Parks'' that the major characteristic of almost all national parks was that their scenery had been forged by geological or biological processes. He wrote, "[W]e shall not really enjoy our possession of the grandest scenery in the world until we realize that scenery is the written page of the History of Creation, and until we learn to read that page."<ref>Sutter, p. 113</ref> Yard's standards also insisted upon "complete conservation", meaning avoidance of commercialism and industrialization. Often referring to parks as "American masterpieces", he sought to protect them from economic activities such as timber cutting and mineral extracting. In such, Yard often advocated the preservation of "[[wilderness]]" conditions in America's national parks.<ref>Sutter, p. 114</ref> In 1920, Congress passed the [[Federal Power Act\|Water Power Act]], which granted licenses to develop [[Hydroelectricity\|hydroelectric]] projects on federal lands, including national parks. Yard and the NPA joined again with Mather and the National Park Service to oppose the intrusion on Park Service control. In 1921, Congress passed the Jones-Esch Bill, amending the Water Power Act to exclude existing national parks from hydroelectric development.<ref name="sut115">Sutter, p. 115</ref> ==Conflict and the Forest Service== [[Image:Horace colorized.png\|thumb\|right\|[[Horace M. Albright\|Horace Albright]] enjoying a "bear dinner"; Yard was opposed to such publicity stunts in national parks]] Despite agreeing on most issues regarding the protection of national parks, friction between the NPA and NPS was seemingly unavoidable. Mather and Yard disagreed on many issues; whereas Mather was not interested in the protection of wildlife and accepted the Biological Survey's efforts to exterminate predators within parks, Yard criticized the program as early as 1924.<ref>Fox (1986), p. 204</ref> Yard was also highly critical of Mather's administration of the parks. Mather advocated plush accommodations, city comforts and various entertainments to encourage park visitation. These plans clashed with Yard's ideals, and he considered such urbanization of the nation's parks misguided. While visiting [[Yosemite National Park]] in 1926, he stated that the valley was "lost" after he found crowds, automobiles, jazz music and a bear show.<ref>Sutter, p. 126</ref> In 1924, the [[United States Forest Service]] started a program to set aside "primitive areas" in the national forests to protect wilderness while opening it to use.<ref name="fox205">Fox (1986), p. 205</ref> Yard, who preferred to give the land that did not meet his standards to the Forest Service rather than the NPS, began to work closely with the USFS. Beginning in 1925, he served as secretary of the Joint Committee on the Recreational Survey of Federal Lands, a position he held until 1930. Composed of members of both the NPA and the USFS, the committee sought a separate national recreation policy that would distinguish between recreational and preservation areas.<ref>Cevasco, p. 533</ref> The NPA and Yard were both criticized by activists who feared that the association would be eclipsed by the Forest Service's own program goals. Yard at times felt isolated and under-appreciated by his peers. He wrote in 1926, "I wonder whether I'm justified in forcing this work upon people who seem to care so little about it."<ref name="fox205"/> By the late 1920s, Yard had come to believe preservation of wilderness was a solution to more commercially motivated park making.<ref>Sutter, p. 130</ref> He continued to clash with others regarding legislation on park proposals. These included the [[Shenandoah National Park]] in [[Virginia]], which Yard thought was too recreational and not of the caliber of a national park. He hesitated at the nomination of the [[Everglades National Park]] in [[Florida]]. When the Tropic Everglades National Park Association was founded in 1928 to promote the idea of a national park in south Florida, Yard was initially skeptical that it was necessary.<ref>Sutter, p. 131</ref> Although he recognized the need for preservation, he did not accept proposals for a national park unless the area met his high scenic standards. He slowly warmed to the Everglades idea, and in 1931 supported the proposal under conditions that the area remain pristine, with limited tourist development.<ref>Sutter, p. 133</ref> The Everglades National Park was authorized by Congress in 1934.<ref>Sutter, p. 135</ref> ==The Wilderness Society== Yard's preservationist goals exceeded those of the Park Service in the 1930s.<ref>Sutter, p. 129</ref> Drifting away from the national parks lobby, he pushed to preserve what he called "primitive" land; he and [[John C. Merriam]] had discussed forming a group called "Save the Primitive League".<ref>Anderson, p. 275</ref> Although that group was not formed, Yard was soon invited to become a founding member of [[The Wilderness Society (United States)\|The Wilderness Society]]. Seventy-four-years old at the time, he was known for his tireless work ethic and youthfulness; for decades he had jokingly insisted to colleagues that he was a mere 47.<ref>{{cite journal \| last =Broome \| first =Harvey \| title =The Last Decade, 1935–1945 \| journal =The Living Wilderness \| volume =10 \| issue =14 and 15 \| page =13 \| publisher =Wilderness Society \| location =Washington \| date =December 1945 }}</ref> The society was officially formed in January 1935 to lead wilderness preservation in the United States. Additional founding members included notable conservationists [[Bob Marshall (wilderness activist)\|Bob Marshall]], [[Benton MacKaye]], [[Bernard Frank (wilderness activist)\|Bernard Frank]], [[Aldo Leopold]], and [[Harvey Broome]].<ref>Fox (1986), p. 210</ref> In September, Yard published the first issue of the society's magazine, ''The Living Wilderness''. He wrote of the society's genesis, "The Wilderness Society is born of an emergency in conservation which admits of no delay. The craze is to build all the highways possible everywhere while billions may yet be borrowed from the unlucky future. The fashion is to barber and manicure wild America as smartly as the modern girl. Our mission is clear."<ref name="fox211">Fox (1986), p. 211</ref> Although Marshall proposed that Leopold act as the society's first president, in 1937 Yard accepted the role, as well as that of permanent secretary.<ref>Anderson, p. 310</ref> He ran the society from his home in Washington, D.C., and single-handedly produced ''The Living Wilderness'' during its early years, with one issue annually until 1945.<ref name="sut250">Sutter, p. 250</ref> Yard did the greater share of work during the Society's early years; he solicited membership, corresponded with other conservation groups, and kept track of congressional activities related to wilderness areas.<ref>Fox (1984), p. 10</ref> Although much older than some of his colleagues, Yard was described as a cautious and non-confrontational leader.<ref>Dowie, p. 30</ref> ==Death and legacy== While ill from pneumonia at the end of his life, he ran the society's affairs from his bed. He died on May 17, 1945, at the age of 84.<ref name="sut250"/><ref name=nytobit>{{cite news \|title=Robert S. Yard, Ex-editor here. Ex-Sunday Chief of The Herald Dies. Conservation Leader Served National Parks \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1945/05/19/archives/robert-s-yard-84-once-editor-here-exsunday-chief-of-the-herald.html \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|date=May 19, 1945 \|access-date=July 24, 2008 }}</ref> The National Park Service and what is now called the National Parks Conservation Association remain successful organizations. The National Park System of the United States protects more than 400 sites covering an area exceeding {{convert\|84\|e6acre\|km2}} in all 50 states, Washington, D.C., [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Saipan]], and the [[Virgin Islands]].<ref name="history"/> His work to preserve wilderness in the United States has also endured.<ref>Sutter, p. 140</ref> After his death, three members of The Wilderness Society took on his various duties; [[Benton MacKaye]] officially replaced him as president, but executive secretary [[Howard Zahniser]] and director [[Olaus Murie]] ran the society for the next two decades. Zahniser also took over the society's magazine, making ''The Living Wilderness'' into a successful quarterly publication.<ref name="sut250"/> The December 1945 issue of ''The Living Wilderness'' was dedicated to Yard's life and work; in one article, fellow co-founder [[Ernest Oberholtzer]] wrote that "the form he [Yard] gave The Wilderness Society was the crowning of a lifelong vision. He undertook it with a freshness that belied his years and revealed, as nothing else could, the vitality of his inspiration. Few men in America have ever had such understanding of the spiritual quality of the American scene, and fewer still the voice to go with it."<ref>{{cite journal \| title =Robert Sterling Yard: 1861–1945 \| journal =The Living Wilderness \| volume =10 \| issue =14 and 15 \| page =3 \| publisher =Wilderness Society \| location =Washington \| date =December 1945 }}</ref> Yard's effect on the Wilderness Society proved long-lasting; he was responsible for initiating cooperation with other major preservationist groups, including the National Park Association. He also established a durable alliance with the [[Sierra Club]], founded in 1892 by noted preservationist [[John Muir]]. This alliance proved crucial during the proposal and eventual passage of the [[Wilderness Act]].<ref name="sut250"/> The act, which was signed into law by President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] on September 3, 1964, was the first major victory for The Wilderness Society. Written by Zahniser, it enabled Congress to set aside selected areas in the national forests, national parks, national wildlife refuges and other federal lands, as units to be kept permanently unchanged by humans.<ref name="society"/> Since its conception, 111 million acres (452,000 km<sup>2</sup>) have been added to the [[National Wilderness Preservation System]].<ref name="society">{{cite web \| url=http://wilderness.org/about-us/history \| title=How The Wilderness Society Was Founded \| access-date=December 24, 2008 \| publisher=The Wilderness Society \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422164452/http://wilderness.org/about-us/history \| archive-date=2009-04-22 \| url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Selected list of works== ''The Publisher'' (1913) ''Glimpses of Our National Parks'' (1916) ''The National Parks Portfolio'' ([http://npshistory.com/centennial/0316/books.htm 1916 and five subsequent editions]) ''The Top of the Continent'' (1917) ''The Book of the National Parks'' (1919) ''Our Federal Lands: A Romance of American Development'' (1928) ==Notes== {{Reflist\|colwidth=30em}} ==References== Anderson, Larry. 2002. ''Benton MacKaye: Conservationist, Planner, and Creator of the Appalachian Trail''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. {{ISBN\|0-8018-7791-1}}. Cevasco, G. A. and Richard P Harmond. 2009. ''Modern American Environmentalists: A Biographical Encyclopedia''. Baltimore, MD : Johns Hopkins University Press. {{ISBN\|978-0-8018-9152-6}}. Dowie, Mark. 1995. ''Losing Ground : American Environmentalism At the Close of the Twentieth Century ''. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. {{ISBN\|978-0-585-35776-8}}. Fox, Stephen. 1986. ''The American Conservation Movement: John Muir and His Legacy''. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. {{ISBN\|0-299-10634-9}}. Fox, Stephen. 1984. "We Want No Straddlers". ''Wilderness'' 48.167 (July): 5–19. Miles, John C. 1995. ''Guardians of the Parks: A History of the National Parks and Conservation Association''. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. {{ISBN\|1-56032-446-5}}. Sellars, Richard West. 1997. ''Preserving Nature in the National Parks : A History ''. New Haven: Yale University Press. {{ISBN\|978-0-585-35068-4}}. Sutter, Paul. 2002. ''Driven Wild: How the Fight against Automobiles Launched the Modern Wilderness Movement''. Seattle: University of Washington Press. {{ISBN\|0-295-98219-5}}. ==External links== [http://www.npca.org/ National Parks Conservation Association] [http://www.wilderness.org/ The Wilderness Society's official website] * {{Gutenberg author \|id=32735\| name=Robert Sterling Yard}} * {{Internet Archive author \|sname=Robert Sterling Yard}} * {{Librivox author \|id=392}} {{The Wilderness Society}} {{featured article}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Yard, Robert Sterling}} [[Category:American conservationists]] [[Category:The New York Times editors]] [[Category:Princeton University alumni]] [[Category:National Park Service personnel]] [[Category:1861 births]] [[Category:1945 deaths]]	1,293,706,525	[]	false
# The Hit List (Saafir album) \| Review scores \| Review scores \| \| Source \| Rating \| \| ------------------- \| ------------- \| \| AllMusic \| [ 1 ] \| \| The Harvard Crimson \| C+ \| The Hit List is the third solo studio album by American rapper Saafir. It was released on October 26, 1999 through Qwest Records. Production was handled by Shock G, Big Nous, Protest, Six July, Corey "R.I.P." Barker, DJ Clark Kent, J Groove, Nick Wiz, Stevie J, The Glove, Tony Pizarro and Omonte Ward. It features guest appearances from Chino XL, Cutthroat, Jayo Felony, Kam, Mahasin and Mr. Doe. The album peaked at number 91 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart in the United States. Its lead single "Crawl Before You Ball" made it to number 47 on the Billboard Hot Rap Songs chart. Songs "Not Fa' Nuthin'" and "Watch How Daddy Ball" were released as promotional singles. ## Track listing \| No. \| Title \| Writer(s) \| Producer(s) \| Length \| \| ------------- \| -------------------------------------------- \| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ---------------------------------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Hit List" \| Reginald Gibson Christopher Taylor \| The Glove \| 3:40 \| \| 2. \| "A Dog's Master" \| Gibson Rodolfo Antonio Franklin \| DJ Clark Kent \| 3:48 \| \| 3. \| "Crawl Before You Ball" \| Gibson Greg Jacobs Maurice White Verdine White Eduardo Del Barrio \| Shock G \| 3:54 \| \| 4. \| "Watch How Daddy Ball" (featuring Kam) \| Gibson Craig Miller Steven Jordan Omonte Ward \| Stevie J Omonte Ward \| 4:11 \| \| 5. \| "Slip into My Eyes" \| Gibson Tony Pizarro Jeff Fortson \| Tony Pizarro \| 4:18 \| \| 6. \| "6 Digits" (featuring Cutthroat and Mr. Doe) \| Gibson Joel Bryant Darnell Jordan Terry Price Douglas Price Corey Parker Carlos Broady \| Corey "R.I.P." Parker Carlos "Six July" Broady \| 3:58 \| \| 7. \| "Not Fa' Nuthin'" (featuring Chino XL) \| Gibson Derek Barbosa Nicholas Loizides Robert Mounsey \| Nick Wiz \| 4:17 \| \| 8. \| "Pokerface" \| Gibson Roger Roberts \| Protest \| 3:42 \| \| 9. \| "25 ta Life" (featuring Mahasin) \| Gibson Tyrone Alston Kejuan Muchita Albert Johnson \| Big Nous \| 2:59 \| \| 10. \| "Mask-A-Raid" (featuring Jayo Felony) \| Gibson James Savage Broady \| Carlos "Six July" Broady \| 4:35 \| \| 11. \| "Liquid Ho Magnet" \| Gibson Jacobs \| Shock G \| 4:52 \| \| 12. \| "Smart Bomb" \| Gibson Roberts \| Protest \| 2:49 \| \| 13. \| "Bedroom Bully" \| Gibson James Carson \| J Groove \| 3:32 \| \| 14. \| "Runnin' Man" \| Gibson Jacobs \| Shock G \| 4:36 \| \| 15. \| "Final Thrill" \| Gibson Alston \| Big Nous \| 4:14 \| \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| 59:25 \| ## Personnel - Reggie "Saafir" Gibson — vocals, mixing (track 8), executive producer - Craig "Kam" Miller — vocals (track 4) - Cutthroat — vocals (track 6) - Mr. Doe — vocals (track 6) - Derek "Chino XL" Barbosa — vocals (track 7) - Mahasin — vocals (track 9) - James "Jayo Felony" Savage — vocals (track 10) - Gregory "Shock G" Jacobs — additional vocals & mixing (tracks: 3, 11), producer (tracks: 3, 11, 14) - Toika Troutman — additional vocals (track 3) - Chameleon — additional vocals (track 4) - Chris "The Glove" Taylor — producer (track 1), mixing (tracks: 1, 12, 15) - Rodolfo "DJ Clark Kent" Franklin — producer (track 2) - Steven "Stevie J." Jordan — producer & mixing (track 4) - Omonte Ward — co-producer (track 4) - Tony Pizarro — producer (track 5), recording (tracks: 11, 14), mixing (tracks: 3–5, 9–13, 15) - Carlos "Six July" Broady — producer (tracks: 6, 10) - Corey "R.I.P." Barker — producer (track 6) - Nicholas "Nick Wiz" Loizides — producer (track 7) - Roger "Protest" Roberts — producer (tracks: 8, 12), mixing (track 8) - Ty "Big Nous" Alston — producer (tracks: 9, 15), mixing (track 9) - James "J Groove" Carson — producer & mixing (track 13) - Rashaan "Cus" Stephens — mixing (track 2) - Andy Grassi — mixing (track 4) - Caveman Haywood — mixing (track 6) - Ken "Duro" Ifill — mixing (track 7) - Kevin Kim — mixing (track 8) - Chris Bellman — mastering - Kairi Brown — executive producer - Tarif Supreme — co-executive producer ## Charts \| Chart (1999) \| Peak position \| \| ------------------------------------- \| ------------- \| \| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) \| 91 \|	enwiki/7431804	enwiki	7,431,804	The Hit List (Saafir album)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hit_List_(Saafir_album)	2025-06-03T04:17:32Z	en	Q7739837	62,309	{{Use mdy dates\|date=June 2025}} {{Infobox album \| name = The Hit List \| type = studio \| artist = [[Saafir]] \| cover = TheHitList.jpg \| alt = \| released = {{Start date\|1999\|10\|26}} \| recorded = 1998–1999 \| studio = \| genre = [[Hip-hop]] \| length = {{Duration\|m=59\|s=25}} \| label = [[Qwest Records\|Qwest]] \| producer = {{hlist\|[[Carlos Broady\|6 July]]\|Big Nous\|Corey "R.I.P." Barker\|[[DJ Clark Kent]]\|J Groove\|Nick Wiz\|Protest\|[[Shock G]]\|[[Stevie J]].\|[[Chris Taylor (music producer)\|The Glove]]\|[[Tony Pizarro]]\|Omonte Ward}} \| prev_title = [[Trigonometry (album)\|Trigonometry]] \| prev_year = 1998 \| next_title = [[Good Game: The Transition]] \| next_year = 2006 \| misc = {{Singles \| name = The Hit List \| type = studio \| single1 = Crawl Before You Ball \| single1date = August 4, 1998 }} }} {{Music ratings \| rev1 = [[AllMusic]] \| rev1score = {{Rating\|3\|5}}<ref>{{Cite web \|last=DiBella \|first=M.F. \|title=The Hit List - Saafir {{!}} Album {{!}} AllMusic \|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-hit-list-mw0000042276 \|access-date=January 31, 2025 \|website=[[AllMusic]] \|language=en}}</ref> \| rev2 = ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]'' \| rev2score = C+<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Leonard \|first=Franklin \|date=November 12, 1999 \|title=Album Review: The Hit List by Saafir {{!}} Arts {{!}} The Harvard Crimson \|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1999/11/12/album-review-the-hit-list-by/ \|access-date=January 31, 2025 \|website=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}</ref> }} '''''The Hit List''''' is the third solo studio album by American rapper [[Saafir]]. It was released on October 26, 1999 through [[Qwest Records]]. Production was handled by [[Shock G]], Big Nous, Protest, [[Carlos Broady\|Six July]], Corey "R.I.P." Barker, [[DJ Clark Kent]], J Groove, Nick Wiz, [[Stevie J]], [[Chris Taylor (music producer)\|The Glove]], [[Tony Pizarro]] and Omonte Ward. It features [[guest appearance]]s from [[Chino XL]], Cutthroat, [[Jayo Felony]], [[Kam (rapper)\|Kam]], Mahasin and Mr. Doe. The album peaked at number 91 on the ''Billboard'' [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]] chart in the United States. Its [[lead single]] "Crawl Before You Ball" made it to number 47 on the ''Billboard'' [[Hot Rap Songs]] chart. Songs "Not Fa' Nuthin'" and "Watch How Daddy Ball" were released as promotional singles. ==Track listing== {{Track listing \| all_writing = \| extra_column = Producer(s) \| title1 = Hit List \| writer1 = {{hlist\|[[Saafir\|Reginald Gibson]]\|[[Chris Taylor (music producer)\|Christopher Taylor]]}} \| extra1 = [[Chris Taylor (music producer)\|The Glove]] \| length1 = 3:40 \| title2 = A Dog's Master \| writer2 = {{hlist\|Gibson\|[[DJ Clark Kent\|Rodolfo Antonio Franklin]]}} \| extra2 = [[DJ Clark Kent]] \| length2 = 3:48 \| title3 = Crawl Before You Ball \| writer3 = {{hlist\|Gibson\|[[Shock G\|Greg Jacobs]]\|[[Maurice White]]\|[[Verdine White]]\|[[Eddie del Barrio\|Eduardo Del Barrio]]}} \| extra3 = [[Shock G]] \| length3 = 3:54 \| title4 = Watch How Daddy Ball \| note4 = featuring [[Kam (rapper)\|Kam]] \| writer4 = {{hlist\|Gibson\|[[Kam (rapper)\|Craig Miller]]\|[[Stevie J\|Steven Jordan]]\|Omonte Ward}} \| extra4 = {{hlist\|[[Stevie J]]\|Omonte Ward}} \| length4 = 4:11 \| title5 = Slip into My Eyes \| writer5 = {{hlist\|Gibson\|[[Tony Pizarro]]\|Jeff Fortson}} \| extra5 = [[Tony Pizarro]] \| length5 = 4:18 \| title6 = 6 Digits \| note6 = featuring Cutthroat and Mr. Doe \| writer6 = {{hlist\|Gibson\|Joel Bryant\|Darnell Jordan\|Terry Price\|Douglas Price\|Corey Parker\|[[Carlos Broady]]}} \| extra6 = {{hlist\|Corey "R.I.P." Parker\|[[Carlos Broady\|Carlos "Six July" Broady]]}} \| length6 = 3:58 \| title7 = Not Fa' Nuthin' \| note7 = featuring [[Chino XL]] \| writer7 = {{hlist\|Gibson\|[[Chino XL\|Derek Barbosa]]\|Nicholas Loizides\|Robert Mounsey}} \| extra7 = Nick Wiz \| length7 = 4:17 \| title8 = Pokerface \| writer8 = {{hlist\|Gibson\|Roger Roberts}} \| extra8 = Protest \| length8 = 3:42 \| title9 = 25 ta Life \| note9 = featuring Mahasin \| writer9 = {{hlist\|Gibson\|Tyrone Alston\|[[Havoc (musician)\|Kejuan Muchita]]\|[[Prodigy (rapper)\|Albert Johnson]]}} \| extra9 = Big Nous \| length9 = 2:59 \| title10 = Mask-A-Raid \| note10 = featuring [[Jayo Felony]] \| writer10 = {{hlist\|Gibson\|[[Jayo Felony\|James Savage]]\|Broady}} \| extra10 = Carlos "Six July" Broady \| length10 = 4:35 \| title11 = Liquid Ho Magnet \| writer11 = {{hlist\|Gibson\|Jacobs}} \| extra11 = Shock G \| length11 = 4:52 \| title12 = Smart Bomb \| writer12 = {{hlist\|Gibson\|Roberts}} \| extra12 = Protest \| length12 = 2:49 \| title13 = Bedroom Bully \| writer13 = {{hlist\|Gibson\|James Carson}} \| extra13 = J Groove \| length13 = 3:32 \| title14 = Runnin' Man \| writer14 = {{hlist\|Gibson\|Jacobs}} \| extra14 = Shock G \| length14 = 4:36 \| title15 = Final Thrill \| writer15 = {{hlist\|Gibson\|Alston}} \| extra15 = Big Nous \| length15 = 4:14 \| total_length = 59:25 }} ==Personnel== {{div col}} Reggie "[[Saafir]]" Gibson — vocals, mixing <small>(track 8)</small>, executive producer Craig "[[Kam (rapper)\|Kam]]" Miller — vocals <small>(track 4)</small> Cutthroat — vocals <small>(track 6)</small> Mr. Doe — vocals <small>(track 6)</small> Derek "[[Chino XL]]" Barbosa — vocals <small>(track 7)</small> Mahasin — vocals <small>(track 9)</small> James "[[Jayo Felony]]" Savage — vocals <small>(track 10)</small> Gregory "[[Shock G]]" Jacobs — additional vocals & mixing <small>(tracks: 3, 11)</small>, producer <small>(tracks: 3, 11, 14)</small> Toika Troutman — additional vocals <small>(track 3)</small> Chameleon — additional vocals <small>(track 4)</small> [[Chris "The Glove" Taylor]] — producer <small>(track 1)</small>, mixing <small>(tracks: 1, 12, 15)</small> Rodolfo "[[DJ Clark Kent]]" Franklin — producer <small>(track 2)</small> Steven "[[Stevie J]]." Jordan — producer & mixing <small>(track 4)</small> Omonte Ward — co-producer <small>(track 4)</small> [[Tony Pizarro]] — producer <small>(track 5)</small>, recording <small>(tracks: 11, 14)</small>, mixing <small>(tracks: 3–5, 9–13, 15)</small> Carlos "[[Carlos Broady\|Six July]]" Broady — producer <small>(tracks: 6, 10)</small> Corey "R.I.P." Barker — producer <small>(track 6)</small> Nicholas "Nick Wiz" Loizides — producer <small>(track 7)</small> Roger "Protest" Roberts — producer <small>(tracks: 8, 12)</small>, mixing <small>(track 8)</small> Ty "Big Nous" Alston — producer <small>(tracks: 9, 15)</small>, mixing <small>(track 9)</small> James "J Groove" Carson — producer & mixing <small>(track 13)</small> Rashaan "Cus" Stephens — mixing <small>(track 2)</small> Andy Grassi — mixing <small>(track 4)</small> Caveman Haywood — mixing <small>(track 6)</small> [[Ken "Duro" Ifill]] — mixing <small>(track 7)</small> Kevin Kim — mixing <small>(track 8)</small> [[Chris Bellman]] — mastering Kairi Brown — executive producer Tarif Supreme — co-executive producer {{div col end}} ==Charts== {\| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" \|- ! scope="col"\| Chart (1999) ! scope="col"\| Peak<br /> position \|- ! scope="row" \|US [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{Cite magazine \|date=December 4, 1999 \|title=Top R&B Albums \|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/r-b-hip-hop-albums/1999-12-04/ \|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]] \|publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media, Inc.]] \|volume=111 \|issue=49 \|page=84 \|issn=0006-2510 \|access-date=January 31, 2025}}</ref> \| 91 \|} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Discogs master\|166045\|Saafir – The Hit List}} {{Saafir}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hit List, the}} [[Category:1999 albums]] [[Category:Saafir albums]] [[Category:Qwest Records albums]] [[Category:Albums produced by Stevie J]] [[Category:Albums produced by Clark Kent (producer)]] [[Category:Albums produced by Chris "The Glove" Taylor]]	1,293,684,746	[{"title": "Studio album by Saafir", "data": {"Released": "October 26, 1999", "Recorded": "1998\u20131999", "Genre": "Hip-hop", "Length": "59:25", "Label": "Qwest", "Producer": "6 July Big Nous Corey \"R.I.P.\" Barker DJ Clark Kent J Groove Nick Wiz Protest Shock G Stevie J . The Glove Tony Pizarro Omonte Ward"}}, {"title": "Saafir chronology", "data": {"Trigonometry \u00b7 (1998)": "The Hit List \u00b7 (1999) \u00b7 Good Game: The Transition \u00b7 (2006)"}}, {"title": "Singles from The Hit List", "data": {"Singles from The Hit List": "1. \"Crawl Before You Ball\" \u00b7 Released: August 4, 1998"}}, {"title": "Saafir", "data": {"Studio albums": "Boxcar Sessions (1994) Trigonometry (1998) The Hit List (1999) Good Game: The Transition (2006)", "Related articles": "Digital Underground"}}]	false
# 4th Independent Spirit Awards The 4th Independent Spirit Awards, honoring the best in independent filmmaking for 1988, were announced on March 25, 1989 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in Los Angeles. It was hosted by Buck Henry. ## Winners and nominees \| Best Feature \| Best Director \| \| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| Stand and Deliver - Hairspray - Patti Rocks - The Thin Blue Line - Torch Song Trilogy \| Ramón Menéndez – Stand and Deliver - David Burton Morris – Patti Rocks - Errol Morris – The Thin Blue Line - Oliver Stone – Talk Radio - John Waters – Hairspray \| \| Best Male Lead \| Best Female Lead \| \| Edward James Olmos – Stand and Deliver - Eric Bogosian – Talk Radio - Harvey Fierstein – Torch Song Trilogy - Chris Mulkey – Patti Rocks - James Woods – The Boost \| Jodie Foster – Five Corners - Ricki Lake – Hairspray - Nobu McCarthy – The Wash - Julia Roberts – Mystic Pizza - Meg Ryan – Promised Land \| \| Best Supporting Male \| Best Supporting Female \| \| Lou Diamond Phillips – Stand and Deliver - Ernest Borgnine – Spike of Bensonhurst - Divine – Hairspray - John Lone – The Moderns - John Turturro – Five Corners \| Rosana De Soto – Stand and Deliver - Bonnie Bedelia – The Prince of Pennsylvania - Debbie Harry – Hairspray - Amy Madigan – The Prince of Pennsylvania - Patti Yasutake – The Wash \| \| Best Screenplay \| Best First Feature \| \| Stand and Deliver – Ramón Menéndez and Tom Musca - Five Corners – John Patrick Shanley - Hairspray – John Waters - The Moderns – Alan Rudolph and Jon Bradshaw - Patti Rocks – John Jenkins, Karen Landry, David Burton Morris and Chris Mulkey \| Mystic Pizza - Border Radio – Allison Anders - The Chocolate War - The Prince of Pennsylvania - The Wash \| \| Best Cinematography \| Best Foreign Film \| \| The Unbearable Lightness of Being – Sven Nykvist - The Moderns – Toyomichi Kurita - Patti Rocks – Gregory Cummins - Stand and Deliver – Tom Richmond - Talk Radio – Robert Richardson \| Wings of Desire • West Germany - Bagdad Cafe • West Germany - The Kitchen Toto • UK - A World Apart • UK - Yeelen • Mali \| ### Films with multiple nominations and awards #### Films that received multiple nominations \| Nominations \| Film \| \| ----------- \| -------------------------- \| \| 7 \| Stand and Deliver \| \| 6 \| Hairspray \| \| 5 \| Patti Rocks \| \| 3 \| Five Corners \| \| 3 \| The Moderns \| \| 3 \| The Prince of Pennsylvania \| \| 3 \| Talk Radio \| \| 3 \| The Wash \| \| 2 \| Mystic Pizza \| \| 2 \| The Thin Blue Line \| \| 2 \| Torch Song Trilogy \| #### Films that won multiple awards \| Awards \| Film \| \| ------ \| ----------------- \| \| 6 \| Stand and Deliver \| ## Special awards ### Friends of Independence Award - The National Coalition of Independent Public Broadcasting Producers	enwiki/12531520	enwiki	12,531,520	4th Independent Spirit Awards	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Independent_Spirit_Awards	2025-06-03T16:11:14Z	en	Q1285352	51,815	{{Infobox film awards \|number=4 \|award=Independent Spirit Awards \|date=March 25, 1989 \|site=[[Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel]]<br/>[[Los Angeles, California]]<br/>U.S. \|host=[[Buck Henry]] \|best_film=''[[Stand and Deliver]]'' \|most_wins=''Stand and Deliver'' (6) \|most_nominations=''Stand and Deliver'' (7) \|last=3rd \|next=5th }} The '''4th [[Independent Spirit Awards]]''', honoring the best in [[independent filmmaking]] for [[1988 in film\|1988]], were announced on March 25, 1989<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-01-24-ca-1010-story.html\|title='Stand and Deliver' Leads With 7 Spirit Nominations\|date=1989-01-24\|work=Los Angeles Times\|access-date=2014-03-13}}</ref> at the [[Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel]] in [[Los Angeles, California\|Los Angeles]]. It was hosted by [[Buck Henry]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://variety.com/2005/film/awards/independence-days-1117918523/\|title=Independence days\|date=2005-02-24\|work=Variety\|access-date=2014-03-13}}</ref> ==Winners and nominees== [[File:Edward James Olmos March 2008 (cropped).jpg\|thumb\|205x205px\|[[Edward James Olmos]], Best Male Lead winner]] [[File:Jodie Foster-8667.jpg\|thumb\|194x194px\|[[Jodie Foster]], Best Female Lead winner]] {\| class="wikitable" ![[Independent Spirit Award for Best Film\|Best Feature]] ![[Independent Spirit Award for Best Director\|Best Director]] \|- \|'''''[[Stand and Deliver]]''''' ''[[Hairspray (1988 film)\|Hairspray]]'' ''[[Patti Rocks]]'' ''[[The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)\|The Thin Blue Line]]'' ''[[Torch Song Trilogy]]'' \|'''[[Ramón Menéndez]] – ''[[Stand and Deliver]]'' ''' David Burton Morris – ''[[Patti Rocks]]'' [[Errol Morris]] – ''[[The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)\|The Thin Blue Line]]'' [[Oliver Stone]] – ''[[Talk Radio (film)\|Talk Radio]]'' [[John Waters]] – ''[[Hairspray (1988 film)\|Hairspray]]'' \|- ![[Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead\|Best Male Lead]] ![[Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead\|Best Female Lead]] \|- \|'''[[Edward James Olmos]] – ''[[Stand and Deliver]]''''' [[Eric Bogosian]] – ''[[Talk Radio (film)\|Talk Radio]]'' [[Harvey Fierstein]] – ''[[Torch Song Trilogy]]'' [[Chris Mulkey]] – ''[[Patti Rocks]]'' [[James Woods]] – ''[[The Boost]]'' \|'''[[Jodie Foster]] – ''[[Five Corners (film)\|Five Corners]]'' ''' [[Ricki Lake]] – ''[[Hairspray (1988 film)\|Hairspray]]'' [[Nobu McCarthy]] – ''[[The Wash (1988 film)\|The Wash]]'' [[Julia Roberts]] – ''[[Mystic Pizza]]'' [[Meg Ryan]] – ''[[Promised Land (1987 film)\|Promised Land]]'' \|- ![[Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male\|Best Supporting Male]] ![[Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female\|Best Supporting Female]] \|- \|'''[[Lou Diamond Phillips]] – ''[[Stand and Deliver]]''''' [[Ernest Borgnine]] – ''[[Spike of Bensonhurst]]'' [[Divine (performer)\|Divine]] – ''[[Hairspray (1988 film)\|Hairspray]]'' [[John Lone]] – ''[[The Moderns]]'' [[John Turturro]] – ''[[Five Corners (film)\|Five Corners]]'' \|'''[[Rosana De Soto]] – ''[[Stand and Deliver]]''''' [[Bonnie Bedelia]] – ''[[The Prince of Pennsylvania]]'' [[Debbie Harry]] – ''[[Hairspray (1988 film)\|Hairspray]]'' [[Amy Madigan]] – ''[[The Prince of Pennsylvania]]'' [[Patti Yasutake]] – ''[[The Wash (1988 film)\|The Wash]]'' \|- ![[Independent Spirit Award for Best Screenplay\|Best Screenplay]] ![[Independent Spirit Award for Best First Feature\|Best First Feature]] \|- \|'''''[[Stand and Deliver]]'' – [[Ramón Menéndez]] and Tom Musca''' ''[[Five Corners (film)\|Five Corners]]'' – [[John Patrick Shanley]] ''[[Hairspray (1988 film)\|Hairspray]]'' – [[John Waters]] ''[[The Moderns]]'' – [[Alan Rudolph]] and Jon Bradshaw ''[[Patti Rocks]]'' – John Jenkins, Karen Landry, David Burton Morris and [[Chris Mulkey]] \|'''''[[Mystic Pizza]]''''' ''[[Border Radio]]'' – [[Allison Anders]] ''[[The Chocolate War (film)\|The Chocolate War]]'' ''[[The Prince of Pennsylvania]]'' ''[[The Wash (1988 film)\|The Wash]]'' \|- ![[Independent Spirit Award for Best Cinematography\|Best Cinematography]] ![[Independent Spirit Award for Best International Film\|Best Foreign Film]] \|- \|'''''[[The Unbearable Lightness of Being (film)\|The Unbearable Lightness of Being]]'' – [[Sven Nykvist]]''' ''[[The Moderns]]'' – [[Toyomichi Kurita]] ''[[Patti Rocks]]'' – Gregory Cummins ''[[Stand and Deliver]]'' – [[Tom Richmond (cinematographer)\|Tom Richmond]] ''[[Talk Radio (film)\|Talk Radio]]'' – [[Robert Richardson (cinematographer)\|Robert Richardson]] \|'''''[[Wings of Desire]]'' • [[West German film\|West Germany]]''' ''[[Bagdad Cafe]]'' • [[West German film\|West Germany]] ''[[The Kitchen Toto]]'' • [[Cinema of the United Kingdom\|UK]] ''[[A World Apart (1988 film)\|A World Apart]]'' • [[Cinema of the United Kingdom\|UK]] ''[[Yeelen]]'' • [[List of Malian films\|Mali]] \|} === Films with multiple nominations and awards === ==== Films that received multiple nominations ==== {\| class="wikitable" !Nominations !Film \|- \|7 \|''Stand and Deliver'' \|- \|6 \|''Hairspray'' \|- \|5 \|''Patti Rocks'' \|- \| rowspan="5" \|3 \|''Five Corners'' \|- \|''The Moderns'' \|- \|''The Prince of Pennsylvania'' \|- \|''Talk Radio'' \|- \|- \|''The Wash'' \|- \| rowspan="3" \|2 \|''Mystic Pizza'' \|- \|''The Thin Blue Line'' \|- \|''Torch Song Trilogy'' \|} ==== Films that won multiple awards ==== {\| class="wikitable" !Awards !Film \|- \|6 \|''Stand and Deliver'' \|} ==Special awards== ===Friends of Independence Award=== * The National Coalition of Independent Public Broadcasting Producers == References == {{Reflist}} ==External links== [https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000349/1989 1988 Spirit Awards at IMDb] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKz68TZ9U4I Full show on Film Independent's official YouTube channel] {{IS Awards Chron}} [[Category:Independent Spirit Awards\|1988]] [[Category:1988 film awards\|Independent Spirit Awards]]	1,293,775,468	[{"title": "4th Independent Spirit Awards", "data": {"Date": "March 25, 1989", "Site": "Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel \u00b7 Los Angeles, California \u00b7 U.S.", "Hosted by": "Buck Henry"}}, {"title": "Highlights", "data": {"Best Film": "Stand and Deliver", "Most awards": "Stand and Deliver (6)", "Most nominations": "Stand and Deliver (7)"}}]	false
# All Good Music Festival The All Good Music Festival and Camp Out was a weekend-long event held annually in July. Since its inception in 1997, it had been held at venues along the Mid-Atlantic, including Trip's Farm (Terra Alta) Masontown, West Virginia, Brandywine, Maryland, and, most notably, Marvin's Mountaintop. It moved to Legend Valley in Thornville, Ohio in 2012. All Good announced they would be taking a short hiatus in 2014 and would not be having a festival. They returned in 2015 in Summit Point, West Virginia. Headlining acts were Primus, moe. and Cake. In 2016, it was announced the festival had been retired and would be replaced by a two-day event at Merriweather Post Pavilion. ## Background The event was organized by Walther Productions and included mostly jam and folk acts, though the festival had expanded its musical repertoire to include reggae, hip-hop fusion, bluegrass, funk, and rock. The 15th Annual festival was held July 14–17, 2011, on Marvin's Mountain Top in Masontown, West Virginia. The lineup had included artists such as Furthur, Derek Trucks, Railroad Earth, Keller Williams, The Flaming Lips, Phil Lesh and Friends, Widespread Panic, Umphrey's McGee, The String Cheese Incident, Les Claypool, Ratdog, Moe., Lotus, Bassnectar, Old Crow Medicine Show, The New Deal, Grace Potter and the Nocturnals, Yonder Mountain String Band, Dark Star Orchestra, and Leftover Salmon. The festival generally featured three performance spaces: the main stage, flanked by a smaller stage, and the Grassroots stage located by Shakedown Street. The two main stages in the concert area operated with no overlapping sets, allowing festival-goers the unique opportunity to see all of the music scheduled at the festival. The location of the main stage at the bottom of a hill created a natural amphitheater with the music from the stage projected to the maximum number of listeners sitting on the hill; the mountains of West Virginia serving as backdrop. ## Legal action A Virginia driver, Clay Lewin, crashed into a tent of sleeping women at the West Virginia festival site near Masontown in July 2011. Nicole Miller, 20, of South Carolina, died in the accident, with two friends severely injured—Yen Ton and Elizabeth Doran, both of Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. Lewin, of Cape Charles, Virginia, lost control of his pickup but blames parking and security agents who guided him to the "steep, grassy slope near tents and other vehicles." Lewin, Ton, Doran, and Kim Miller sued campground operator Marvin’s Mountaintop LLC; Walther Productions; California-based Tobin Productions; M&M Parking Inc. of Pennsylvania; and three security providers, Event Staffing Inc. of Virginia, National Event Services, Inc., of New Hampshire, and Axis Security Inc. of Tennessee. Some principals were sued as individuals; all denied culpability, filing counterclaims against each other. ## Locations On October 13, 2011, Tim Walther sent a request to Caroline County, VA, to ask for a change in a music ordinance. He wanted to move the annual show from West Virginia to Moss Neck Manor, a 1,200-acre site in Port Royal, VA, off U.S. 17 owned by the Silver Cos. The festival would feature 14 to 16 hours of music a day, twice as much as the county allows. - 2015 - Berry Hill Farm - Summit Point, West Virginia: July 9–11 - 2013 - Legend Valley - Thornville, Ohio: July 18–21 - 2012 - Legend Valley - Thornville, Ohio: July 19–22 - 2011 - Marvin's Mountaintop - Masontown, WV: July 14–17 - 2010 - Marvin's Mountaintop - Masontown, WV: July 8–11 - 2009 - Marvin's Mountaintop - Masontown, WV - 2008 - Marvin's Mountaintop - Masontown, WV - 2007 - Marvin's Mountaintop - Masontown, WV - 2006 - Marvin's Mountaintop - Masontown, WV - 2005 - Marvin's Mountaintop - Masontown, WV - 2004 - Marvin's Mountaintop - Masontown, WV - 2003 - Marvin's Mountaintop - Masontown, WV - 2002 - Sunshine Daydream Campground - Terra Alta, WV - 2001 - Oakley Farm - Spotsylvania, VA - 2000 - Buffalo Gap Campground - Capon Bridge, WV - 1999 - Wilmers Park - Brandywine, MD - 1998 - Wilmers Park - Brandywine, MD - 1997 - Wilmers Park - Brandywine, MD ## Line-up by year - The Allman Brothers Band - Phil Lesh & Friends - The Flaming Lips - Bob Weir & Bruce Hornsby featuring Branford Marsalis - Michael Franti & Spearhead - Yonder Mountain String Band - Lotus - Dark Star Orchestra - G. Love & Special Sauce - Big Gigantic - Galactic - Shpongle - Mickey Hart Band - Trampled by Turtles - SOJA - Railroad Earth - Papadosio - The Werks - Tea Leaf Green - Conspirator - Greensky Bluegrass - The Wood Brothers - Lettuce - ALO - Larry Keel & Natural Bridge - Jerry Joseph & The Jackmormons - Passafire - Devil Makes Three - Corey Harris & The Rasta Blues Experience - Rubblebucket - Elephant Revival - The Lumineers - The Pimps of Joytime - Red Wanting Blue - Everyone Orchestra - The Macpodz - Dirtfoot - Moon Hooch - Yellow Dubmarine - Cris Jacobs Band - Rumpke Mountain Boys - The 4onthefloor - The Rex Jam - DJ Who \| Thursday July 14 - Hot Buttered Rum - Beats Antique - John Butler Trio - STS9 (LateNight) Friday July 15 - The Recipe (Grassroots Stage) - Dangermuffin (Grassroots Stage) - Giant Panda Guerilla Dub Squad - The Infamous Stringdusters - That 1 Guy - Galactic - Everyone Orchestra - Keller Williams - Dana Fuchs - Warren Haynes Band - Toubab Krewe - Furthur (featuring Phil Lesh & Bob Weir) (Headliner) - Big Gigantic (LateNight) - Umphrey's McGee (LateNight) \| Saturday July 16 - Fletcher's Grove (Grassroots Stage) - Lubriphonic (Grassroots Stage) - Zach Deputy - The Werks - Donna the Buffalo - Marco Benevento - JJ Grey & MOFRO - J Roddy Walston and the Business - Rebelution - The Rex Jam - Yonder Mountain String Band - Orgone - moe. - Papadosio - Primus (Headliner) - Karl Denson's Tiny Universe (LateNight) - Pretty Lights (LateNight) \| Sunday July 17 - All Mighty Senators - Greensky Bluegrass - These United States - Toots and the Maytals - The Bridge - Dark Star Orchestra \| \| Thursday July 8 - Donna Jean Godchaux Band w Jeff Mattson - Fort Knox Five - Dark Star Orchestra - The New Deal (LateNight) Friday July 9 - Greensky Bluegrass (Grassroots Stage) - Giant Panda Guerilla Dub Squad (Grassroots Stage) - The Bridge - Justin Jones - Tea Leaf Green - The Pimps of Joytime - Femi Kuti & the Positive Force - Everyone Orchestra - Old Crow Medicine Show - Dr. Didg - Umphrey's McGee - Cornmeal - Furthur (Featuring Phil Lesh & Bob Weir) (Headliner) - Bassnectar (LateNight) - Lotus (LateNight) \| Saturday July 10 - The Brew (Grassroots Stage) - Rubblebucket (Grassroots Stage) - The Macpodz - Rebelution - Dr. Dog - Papadosio - Railroad Earth - George Clinton & Parliament Funkadelic - Perpetual Groove - Derek Trucks & Susan Tedeschi Band - The New Mastersounds - Widespread Panic (Headliner) - Garage A Trois (LateNight) - Yonder Mountain String Band (LateNight) \| Sunday July 11 - Keller Williams & The Keels - The Lee Boys - The Travelin' McCourys - The Heavy Pets - SOJA - Grace Potter and the Nocturnals - Keller Williams & the Added Bonus \| \| Thursday July 9 - Seepeoples - BoomBox - Keller Williams - Lotus (LateNight) Friday July 10 - Hill Country Revue - Jackie Greene - That 1 Guy - Galactic - Robert Randolph & The Family Band - Todd Snider - Les Claypool - The New Mastersounds - Bob Weir & Ratdog (Headliner) - Bassnectar - moe. (LateNight) \| Saturday July 11 - Fear Nuttin' Band - Cornmeal - The Bridge - Steve Kimock & Crazy Engine - Jeff Austin & Brendan Bayliss - Buckethead - Assembly of Dust - Yonder Mountain String Band - Lake Trout - STS9 - Ivan Neville's Dumpstaphunk - Ben Harper & Relentless7 (Headliner) - SOJA - Umphrey's McGee (LateNight) \| Sunday July 12 - Trombone Shorty & Orleans Avenue - Donna The Buffalo - Tea Leaf Green - BK3 - Dark Star Orchestra \| \| Thursday July 10 - Jazzam - Perpetual Groove - Brazilian Girls - The Join featuring Jamie Shields & Darren Shearer from The New Deal (band) w/ The Benevento/Russo Duo (LateNight) Friday July 11 - The Wood Brothers - MJ Project - RAQ - Basshound - The Avett Brothers - Reverend Peyton's Big Damn Band - Grace Potter and the Nocturnals - All Mighty Senators - Medeski, Scofield, Martin & Wood - Lettuce - Phil Lesh and Friends (Headliner) - SOJA - Gov't Mule (LateNight) \| Saturday July 12 - Eric Lindell - Outformation - Hot Buttered Rum - Rex Jam - Tea Leaf Green - Scrapomatic - Mike Gordon - Telepath (band) - Derek Trucks & Susan Tedeschi Soul Stew Revival - Pnuma Trio - Keller Williams w/ Keith Moseley, Gibb Droll & Jeff Sipe - Bassnectar - Widespread Panic (Headliner) - The Bridge - Dark Star Orchestra (LateNight) \| Sunday July 13 - Bonerama - JJ Grey & MOFRO - deSol - Railroad Earth - Danielia Cotton - Michael Franti & Spearhead \| \| - Bob Weir & RatDog - moe. - Leftover Salmon - Keller Williams and the Keels - Michael Franti and Spearhead - Les Claypool - Yonder Mountain String Band - Drive-By Truckers - Sound Tribe Sector 9 - Steel Pulse - Soulive w/ Toussaint - Lotus - Tea Leaf Green - Grace Potter and the Nocturnals - Benevento/Russo Duo - Sam Bush - Dark Star Orchestra \| - The Slip - Perpetual Groove - Assembly of Dust - Porter, Batiste, Stoltz - Ozric Tentacles - The Pietasters - The Bridge - Bob Schneider - SOJA - New Monsoon - Will Hoge - Ryan Montbleau Band - Benzos - The Lee Boys - West Indian Girl - Lovewhip - American Dumpster \| \| - Trey Anastasio & Mike Gordon w/Benevento/Russo Duo - Disco Biscuits - Ween - Les Claypool - John Medeski and The Itch - Southern Culture on the Skids - Bob Schneider - Oteil and the Peacemakers - The Bridge - Steel Train - Stephen Kellogg and the Sixers - SOJA - The Brakes - The Black Crowes - Robert Randolph & the Family Band - Umphrey's Mcgee - The Greyboy Allstars \| - Galactic - Donavon Frankenreiter - Railroad Earth - Tea Leaf Green - RAQ - The Hackensaw Boys - Danielia Cotton - Animal Liberation Orchestra - Grace Potter and the Nocturnals - Gary Jules - The Wailers - Aquarium Rescue Unit - Xavier Rudd - Rebirth Brass Band - Mofro - Hot Buttered Rum (band) - Thursday Night Early Bird: - The Boogie Hustlers - Brothers Past - Easy Star All-Stars \| \| Thursday, July 14 - Matisyahu Friday, July 15 - The Flaming Lips - Particle - Les Claypool - Gabby La La - Jason Isbell - Rose Hill Drive - Lake Trout - John Brown's Body - Brother's Past \| Saturday, July 16 - The String Cheese Incident - Umphrey's McGee - Michael Franti & Spearhead - Keller Williams - Yonder Mountain String Band - Ozomatli - Carbon Leaf - Lotus - New Monsoon \| Sunday, July 17 - Dark Star Orchestra - Steve Kimock - Victor Wooten - Benevento/Russo Duo - Ivan Neville's Dumpstaphunk \| \| Thursday, July 8 - The Recipe - Jah Works Friday, July 9 - Ozric Tentacles - Keller Williams - Theresa Anderson - The Greyboy Allstars - Stockholm Syndrome - Steve Kimock Band - Deep Fried - The Assembly of Dust \| Saturday, July 10 - The Disco Biscuits - T.E.R.A (Seishi/Brantigan) - Medeski Martin & Wood - Libby Kirkpatrick - Leftover Salmon (w/ David Lowery & Johnny Hickman of Cracker) - David Lowery & Johnny Hickmann - Burning Spear - Ekoostik Hookah - Soulive - Umphrey's McGee - Jazz Mandolin Project w/ Jon Fishman - The Hackensaw Boys - The Bridge \| Sunday, July 11 - Dark Star Orchestra - Jeff Austin (of YMSB) - North Mississippi Allstars (w/ John Medeski) - Del McCoury Band - Campbell Brothers \| \| Thursday, May 15 - Dark Star Orchestra Friday, May 16 - Galactic - Keller Williams - North Mississippi Allstars - All Mighty Senators - Acoustic Syndicate - Mofro - Seth Yacavone Band \| Saturday, May 17 - Gov't Mule - Karl Denson's Tiny Universe - Leftover Salmon - Big Mountain - The Recipe - Jazz Mandolin Project - Umphrey's McGee - Carbon Leaf - Liz Berlin & Jenn Wertz (of Rusted Root) \| Tweener sets - DJ Logic - Joules Graves Late Night sets - Reid Genauer & the Assembly of Dust - The Slip \| \| Thursday, May 16 - The Bomb Squad - ulu - OM Trio - Ordinary Way Friday, May 17 - Dark Star Orchestra - Sam Bush Band - Vinyl - Entrain - Townhall - All Mighty Senators (late night) \| Saturday, May 18 - moe. - Leftover Salmon - Keller Williams - John Scofield Band - Railroad Earth - Jah Works - Dr. Didg (late night) \| \| Friday, May 18 - Dark Star Orchestra - Karl Denson's Tiny Universe - Blueground Undergrass - John Brown's Body - McLaw's Drive \| Saturday, May 19 - Leftover Salmon - The Recipe - Lake Trout - Keller Williams - Donna the Buffalo - Dr. Didg - The Slip - ulu - Swampadelica - Railroad Earth \| \| Friday, May 19 - Leftover Salmon - The Recipe - Lake Trout - Acoustic Syndicate - The Floodplain Gang - Yonder Mountain String Band \| Saturday, May 20 - moe. - The Disco Biscuits - All Mighty Senators - Soulive - Blueground Undergrass - Dr. Didg - Wise Monkey Orchestra - Baaba Seth \| \| Friday, May 21 - String Cheese Incident - The Recipe - ekoostik hookah - Tony Trischka Band - Runaway Truck Ramp - ulu \| Saturday, May 22 - moe. - Karl Denson's Tiny Universe - Lake Trout (canceled) - The Disco Biscuits (canceled) - Deep Banana Blackout - All Mighty Senators - Viperhouse - The Slip - Calobo - Sector 9 \|	enwiki/4391442	enwiki	4,391,442	All Good Music Festival	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Good_Music_Festival	2025-06-15T15:36:01Z	en	Q4728769	137,645	{{Short description\|American annual music event}} {{Multiple issues\| {{original research\|date=July 2011}} {{more citations needed\|date=July 2011}} }} {{infobox music festival \| \| music_festival_name = All Good Music Festival \| image = All Good Festival Marvin's Mountaintop outside Masontown WV July 2011.jpg \| caption = All Good Music Festival on Marvin's Mountaintop above Masontown, West Virginia USA July 15, 2011. \| location = [[Summit Point, West Virginia]], United States \| founders = Tim Walther \| years_active= 1997–2013, 2015 \| genre = [[Jam band]], [[rock music]], [[bluegrass music]], [[festival\|music]] \| dates = third weekend in July \| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20050706065632/http://www.allgoodfestival.com/ www.allgoodfestival.com/] }} The '''All Good Music Festival and Camp Out''' was a weekend-long event held annually in July. Since its inception in 1997,<ref>[http://festivalpreview.com/festival/all-good-music-festival-campout] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531015427/http://www.festivalpreview.com/festival/all-good-music-festival-campout\|date=2010-05-31}} All Good Music Festival Campout</ref> it had been held at venues along the Mid-Atlantic, including Trip's Farm (Terra Alta) [[Masontown, West Virginia]], Brandywine, Maryland, and, most notably, [[Marvin's Mountaintop]]. It moved to Legend Valley in [[Thornville, Ohio]] in 2012. All Good announced they would be taking a short hiatus in 2014 and would not be having a festival. They returned in 2015 in [[Summit Point, West Virginia]].<ref>{{cite web \| author =Chelsea DeMello \| title =Board of Zoning Appeals rules in favor of All Good Festival \| website =[[The Journal (West Virginia newspaper)\|The Journal]] \| date =October 3, 2014 \| url =http://www.journal-news.net/page/content.detail/id/619243/Board-of-Zoning-Appeals-rules-in-favor-of-All-Good-Festival.html \| accessdate =February 14, 2015 \| archive-date =February 14, 2015 \| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150214222434/http://www.journal-news.net/page/content.detail/id/619243/Board-of-Zoning-Appeals-rules-in-favor-of-All-Good-Festival.html \| url-status =dead }}</ref> Headlining acts were [[Primus (band)\|Primus]], [[moe.]] and [[Cake (band)\|Cake]].<ref>{{cite web \| author =Dave Emke \| title =Primus, Cake to headline All Good Music Festival \| website =[[The Journal (West Virginia newspaper)\|The Journal]] \| date =February 17, 2015 \| url =http://www.journal-news.net/page/content.detail/id/628606/Primus--Cake-to-headline-All-Good-Music-Festival.html?nav=5281 \| accessdate =February 17, 2015 \| archive-date =February 17, 2015 \| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150217215225/http://www.journal-news.net/page/content.detail/id/628606/Primus--Cake-to-headline-All-Good-Music-Festival.html?nav=5281 \| url-status =dead }}</ref> In 2016, it was announced the festival had been retired and would be replaced by a two-day event at [[Merriweather Post Pavilion]]. ==Background== The event was organized by Walther Productions and included mostly [[jam band\|jam]] and [[folk music\|folk]] acts, though the festival had expanded its musical repertoire to include reggae, hip-hop fusion, bluegrass, funk, and rock. The 15th Annual festival was held July 14–17, 2011, on Marvin's Mountain Top in [[Masontown, West Virginia\|Masontown]], West Virginia. The lineup had included artists such as [[Furthur (band)\|Furthur]], [[Derek Trucks]], [[Railroad Earth]], [[Keller Williams]], [[The Flaming Lips]], [[Phil Lesh and Friends]], [[Widespread Panic]], [[Umphrey's McGee]], [[The String Cheese Incident]], [[Les Claypool]], [[Ratdog]], [[Moe.]], [[Lotus (American band)\|Lotus]], [[Bassnectar]], [[Old Crow Medicine Show]], The New Deal, [[Grace Potter and the Nocturnals]], [[Yonder Mountain String Band]], [[Dark Star Orchestra]], and [[Leftover Salmon]].<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Newby \|first1=Tim \|title=Americana Roots: Leftover Salmon \|url=https://americana-uk.com/americana-roots-leftover-salmon \|website=AmericanaUK \|date=10 July 2020 \| access-date=26 December 2022}}</ref> [[File:Festival kite All Good Music Festival Legend Valley Thornville OH July 2012.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Kite flying at All Good.]] The festival generally featured three performance spaces: the main stage, flanked by a smaller stage, and the Grassroots stage located by Shakedown Street. The two main stages in the concert area operated with no overlapping sets, allowing festival-goers the unique opportunity to see all of the music scheduled at the festival. The location of the main stage at the bottom of a hill created a natural amphitheater with the music from the stage projected to the maximum number of listeners sitting on the hill; the mountains of West Virginia serving as backdrop. ==Legal action== A Virginia driver, Clay Lewin, crashed into a tent of sleeping women at the West Virginia festival site near Masontown in July 2011. Nicole Miller, 20, of [[South Carolina]], died in the accident, with two friends severely injured—Yen Ton and Elizabeth Doran, both of [[Mount Pleasant, South Carolina]]. Lewin, of [[Cape Charles, Virginia]], lost control of his pickup but blames parking and security agents who guided him to the "steep, grassy slope near tents and other vehicles." Lewin, Ton, Doran, and Kim Miller sued campground operator Marvin’s Mountaintop LLC; Walther Productions; California-based Tobin Productions; M&M Parking Inc. of Pennsylvania; and three security providers, Event Staffing Inc. of Virginia, National Event Services, Inc., of [[New Hampshire]], and Axis Security Inc. of Tennessee. Some principals were sued as individuals; all denied culpability, filing counterclaims against each other.<ref name="Claims Journal">{{cite news\|last=Smith\|first=Vicki\|title=Virginia Man Settling Lawsuits in West Virginia Festival Death\|url=http://www.claimsjournal.com/news/east/2012/08/01/211089.htm\|accessdate=20 December 2012\|newspaper=Claims Journal\|date=August 1, 2012}}</ref> [[File:Fletcher's Grove AllGood2015.jpg\|thumb\|Fletcher's Grove performing at All Good 2015 (photo by Anthony Paitsel)]] ==Locations== [[Image:Soja at All Good 2008.jpg\|thumb\|Jacob Hemphill of Soldier of Jah Army plays 2008 late night.]] On October 13, 2011, Tim Walther sent a request to [[Caroline County, VA]], to ask for a change in a music ordinance. He wanted to move the annual show from West Virginia to Moss Neck Manor, a 1,200-acre site in [[Port Royal, VA]], off U.S. 17 owned by the Silver Cos. The festival would feature 14 to 16 hours of music a day, twice as much as the county allows. {{columns-list\|colwidth=30em\| 2015 - Berry Hill Farm - [[Summit Point, West Virginia]]: July 9–11 2013 - [[Legend Valley]] - [[Thornville, Ohio]]: July 18–21 2012 - [[Legend Valley]] - [[Thornville, Ohio]]: July 19–22 2011 - [[Marvin's Mountaintop]] - [[Masontown, WV]]: July 14–17 2010 - [[Marvin's Mountaintop]] - [[Masontown, WV]]: July 8–11 2009 - [[Marvin's Mountaintop]] - [[Masontown, WV]] 2008 - [[Marvin's Mountaintop]] - [[Masontown, WV]] 2007 - [[Marvin's Mountaintop]] - [[Masontown, WV]] 2006 - [[Marvin's Mountaintop]] - [[Masontown, WV]] 2005 - [[Marvin's Mountaintop]] - [[Masontown, WV]] 2004 - [[Marvin's Mountaintop]] - [[Masontown, WV]] 2003 - [[Marvin's Mountaintop]] - [[Masontown, WV]] 2002 - Sunshine Daydream Campground - Terra Alta, WV 2001 - Oakley Farm - Spotsylvania, VA 2000 - Buffalo Gap Campground - Capon Bridge, WV 1999 - Wilmers Park - Brandywine, MD 1998 - Wilmers Park - Brandywine, MD 1997 - Wilmers Park - Brandywine, MD}} ==Line-up by year== {{show \|2012: [[The Allman Brothers Band]], [[Phil Lesh & Friends]], [[Michael Franti & Spearhead]], [[Yonder Mountain String Band]], [[Dark Star Orchestra]] and . . \|{{columns-list\|colwidth=22em\| [[The Allman Brothers Band]] [[Phil Lesh & Friends]] [[The Flaming Lips]] [[Bob Weir]] & [[Bruce Hornsby]] featuring [[Branford Marsalis]] [[Michael Franti & Spearhead]] [[Yonder Mountain String Band]] [[Lotus (American band)\|Lotus]] [[Dark Star Orchestra]] [[G. Love & Special Sauce]] [[Big Gigantic]] [[Galactic]] [[Shpongle]] [[Mickey Hart Band]] [[Trampled by Turtles]] [[SOJA]] [[Railroad Earth]] Papadosio [[The Werks]] [[Tea Leaf Green]] [[Marc Brownstein\|Conspirator]] [[Greensky Bluegrass]] [[The Wood Brothers]] [[Lettuce (band)\|Lettuce]] [[Animal Liberation Orchestra\|ALO]] [[Larry Keel & Natural Bridge]] [[Jerry Joseph & The Jackmormons]] [[Passafire]] [[The Devil Makes Three (band)\|Devil Makes Three]] [[Corey Harris & The Rasta Blues Experience]] [[Rubblebucket]] [[Elephant Revival]] [[The Lumineers]] [[The Pimps of Joytime]] [[Red Wanting Blue]] [[Everyone Orchestra]] [[The Macpodz]] [[Dirtfoot]] [[Moon Hooch]] [[Yellow Dubmarine]] [[Cris Jacobs Band]] [[Rumpke Mountain Boys]] [[The 4onthefloor]] [[The Rex Jam]] [[DJ Who]]}}}} {{show \|2011: [[The Infamous Stringdusters]], [[Keller Williams]], [[Furthur (band)\|Furthur]] (featuring [[Phil Lesh]] & [[Bob Weir]]), [[Primus (band)\|Primus]], [[Karl Denson's Tiny Universe]] and . . \|{{Col-begin}} {{Col-1-of-3}} '''Thursday July 14''' [[Hot Buttered Rum]] [[Beats Antique]] [[John Butler Trio]] [[STS9]] '''(LateNight)''' '''Friday July 15''' [[The Recipe (band)\|The Recipe]]''' (Grassroots Stage)''' [[Dangermuffin]]''' (Grassroots Stage)''' [[Giant Panda Guerilla Dub Squad]] [[The Infamous Stringdusters]] [[That 1 Guy]] [[Galactic]] [[Everyone Orchestra]] [[Keller Williams]] [[Dana Fuchs]] [[Warren Haynes]] Band [[Toubab Krewe]] [[Furthur (band)\|Furthur]] (featuring Phil Lesh & Bob Weir) '''(Headliner)''' [[Big Gigantic]] '''(LateNight)''' [[Umphrey's McGee]] '''(LateNight)''' {{Col-2-of-3}} '''Saturday July 16''' [[Fletcher's Grove]]''' (Grassroots Stage)''' [[Lubriphonic]]''' (Grassroots Stage)''' [[Zach Deputy]] [[The Werks (American Band)\|The Werks]] [[Donna the Buffalo]] [[Marco Benevento]] [[JJ Grey & MOFRO]] [[J Roddy Walston and the Business]] [[Rebelution (band)\|Rebelution]] The Rex Jam [[Yonder Mountain String Band]] [[Orgone]] [[moe.]] Papadosio [[Primus (band)\|Primus]] '''(Headliner)''' [[Karl Denson's Tiny Universe]] '''(LateNight)''' [[Pretty Lights]] '''(LateNight)''' {{Col-3-of-3}} '''Sunday July 17''' [[All Mighty Senators]] [[Greensky Bluegrass]] [[These United States]] [[Toots and the Maytals]] [[The Bridge (band)\|The Bridge]] [[Dark Star Orchestra]] {{Col-end}}}} {{show \|2010: [[Dark Star Orchestra]], [[Old Crow Medicine Show]], [[Furthur (band)\|Furthur]] (featuring [[Phil Lesh]] & [[Bob Weir]]), [[Railroad Earth]], [[George Clinton (funk musician)\|George Clinton]] & [[Parliament Funkadelic]] and . . \|{{Col-begin}} {{Col-1-of-3}} '''Thursday July 8''' [[Donna Jean Godchaux Band]] w [[Jeff Mattson]] [[Fort Knox Five]] [[Dark Star Orchestra]] [[The New Deal (band)\|The New Deal]] '''(LateNight)''' '''Friday July 9''' [[Greensky Bluegrass]] '''(Grassroots Stage)''' Giant Panda Guerilla Dub Squad '''(Grassroots Stage)''' [[The Bridge (band)\|The Bridge]] Justin Jones [[Tea Leaf Green]] The Pimps of Joytime [[Femi Kuti]] & the Positive Force [[Everyone Orchestra]] [[Old Crow Medicine Show]] [[Dr. Didg]] [[Umphrey's McGee]] [[Cornmeal]] [[Furthur (band)\|Furthur]] (Featuring Phil Lesh & Bob Weir) '''(Headliner)''' [[Bassnectar]] '''(LateNight)''' [[Lotus (American band)\|Lotus]] '''(LateNight)''' {{Col-2-of-3}} '''Saturday July 10''' [[The Brew (band)\|The Brew]] '''(Grassroots Stage)''' Rubblebucket '''(Grassroots Stage)''' The Macpodz [[Rebelution (band)\|Rebelution]] [[Dr. Dog]] Papadosio [[Railroad Earth]] [[George Clinton (funk musician)\|George Clinton]] & [[Parliament Funkadelic]] [[Perpetual Groove]] [[Derek Trucks]] & [[Susan Tedeschi]] Band [[The New Mastersounds]] [[Widespread Panic]] '''(Headliner)''' [[Garage A Trois]] '''(LateNight)''' [[Yonder Mountain String Band]] '''(LateNight)''' {{Col-3-of-3}} '''Sunday July 11''' [[Keller Williams]] & The Keels [[The Lee Boys]] The Travelin' McCourys The Heavy Pets [[SOJA]] [[Grace Potter and the Nocturnals]] [[Keller Williams]] & the Added Bonus {{Col-end}}}} {{show \|2009: [[Keller Williams]], [[Yonder Mountain String Band]], [[Lake Trout (band)\|Lake Trout]], [[Umphrey's McGee]], [[Les Claypool]], [[Bob Weir & Ratdog]] and . . \|{{Col-begin}} {{Col-1-of-3}} '''Thursday July 9''' Seepeoples [[BoomBox]] [[Keller Williams]] [[Lotus (American band)\|Lotus]] '''(LateNight)''' '''Friday July 10''' Hill Country Revue [[Jackie Greene]] [[That 1 Guy]] [[Galactic]] [[Robert Randolph & The Family Band]] [[Todd Snider]] [[Les Claypool]] [[The New Mastersounds]] [[Bob Weir & Ratdog]] '''(Headliner)''' [[Bassnectar]] [[moe.]] '''(LateNight)''' {{Col-2-of-3}} '''Saturday July 11''' Fear Nuttin' Band [[Cornmeal]] [[The Bridge (band)\|The Bridge]] [[Steve Kimock]] & Crazy Engine [[Jeff Austin (musician)\|Jeff Austin]] & [[Brendan Bayliss]] [[Buckethead]] [[Assembly of Dust]] [[Yonder Mountain String Band]] [[Lake Trout (band)\|Lake Trout]] [[STS9]] [[Ivan Neville's Dumpstaphunk]] [[Ben Harper]] & [[Relentless7]] '''(Headliner)''' [[SOJA]] [[Umphrey's McGee]] '''(LateNight)''' {{Col-3-of-3}} '''Sunday July 12''' [[Trombone Shorty]] & Orleans Avenue [[Donna The Buffalo]] [[Tea Leaf Green]] [[BK3]] [[Dark Star Orchestra]] {{Col-end}}}} {{show \|2008: [[The Avett Brothers]], [[Reverend Peyton's Big Damn Band]], [[Grace Potter and the Nocturnals]], [[Phil Lesh and Friends]], [[Gov't Mule]] and . . \|{{Col-begin}} {{Col-1-of-3}} '''Thursday July 10''' Jazzam [[Perpetual Groove]] [[Brazilian Girls]] The Join featuring [[Jamie Shields]] & Darren Shearer from [[The New Deal (band)]] w/ The [[Benevento/Russo Duo]] '''(LateNight)''' '''Friday July 11''' [[The Wood Brothers]] MJ Project [[RAQ]] Basshound [[The Avett Brothers]] [[Reverend Peyton's Big Damn Band]] [[Grace Potter and the Nocturnals]] All Mighty Senators [[Medeski, Scofield, Martin & Wood]] Lettuce [[Phil Lesh and Friends]] '''(Headliner)''' [[SOJA]] [[Gov't Mule]] '''(LateNight)''' {{Col-2-of-3}} '''Saturday July 12''' [[Eric Lindell]] Outformation [[Hot Buttered Rum]] Rex Jam [[Tea Leaf Green]] [[Scrapomatic]] [[Mike Gordon]] [[Telepath (band)]] [[Derek Trucks]] & [[Susan Tedeschi]] Soul Stew Revival [[Pnuma Trio]] [[Keller Williams]] w/ [[Keith Moseley]], [[Gibb Droll]] & [[Jeff Sipe]] [[Bassnectar]] [[Widespread Panic]] '''(Headliner)''' [[The Bridge (band)\|The Bridge]] [[Dark Star Orchestra]] '''(LateNight)''' {{Col-3-of-3}} '''Sunday July 13''' [[Bonerama]] [[JJ Grey & MOFRO]] deSol [[Railroad Earth]] Danielia Cotton [[Michael Franti]] & Spearhead {{Col-end}}}} {{show \|2007: [[Leftover Salmon]], [[Keller Williams]] and the Keels, [[Michael Franti]] and [[Michael Franti\|Spearhead]], [[Les Claypool]], [[Yonder Mountain String Band]], [[Drive-By Truckers]] and . . \|{{Col-begin}} {{Col-1-of-2}} [[Bob Weir]] & [[RatDog]] [[moe.]] [[Leftover Salmon]] [[Keller Williams]] and the Keels [[Michael Franti]] and [[Michael Franti\|Spearhead]] [[Les Claypool]] [[Yonder Mountain String Band]] [[Drive-By Truckers]] [[Sound Tribe Sector 9]] [[Steel Pulse]] [[Soulive]] w/ Toussaint [[Lotus (rock band)\|Lotus]] [[Tea Leaf Green]] [[Grace Potter and the Nocturnals]] [[Benevento/Russo Duo]] [[Sam Bush]] [[Dark Star Orchestra]] {{Col-2-of-2}} [[The Slip (band)\|The Slip]] [[Perpetual Groove]] [[Assembly of Dust]] [[Porter, Batiste, Stoltz]] [[Ozric Tentacles]] [[The Pietasters]] [[The Bridge (band)\|The Bridge]] [[Bob Schneider]] [[SOJA]] [[New Monsoon]] [[Will Hoge]] [[Ryan Montbleau\|Ryan Montbleau Band]] Benzos [[The Lee Boys]] [[West Indian Girl]] [[Lovewhip]] [[American Dumpster]] {{Col-end}}}} {{show \|2006: [[Trey Anastasio]], [[Disco Biscuits]], [[Les Claypool]], [[Southern Culture on the Skids]], [[Umphrey's Mcgee]], [[Railroad Earth]], [[Tea Leaf Green]] and . . \|{{Col-begin}} {{Col-1-of-2}} [[Trey Anastasio]] & [[Mike Gordon]] w/[[Benevento/Russo Duo]] [[Disco Biscuits]] [[Ween]] [[Les Claypool]] John Medeski and The Itch [[Southern Culture on the Skids]] [[Bob Schneider]] Oteil and the Peacemakers The Bridge Steel Train [[Stephen Kellogg and the Sixers]] [[SOJA]] [[The Brakes]] [[The Black Crowes]] [[Robert Randolph & the Family Band]] [[Umphrey's Mcgee]] [[The Greyboy Allstars]] {{Col-2-of-2}} [[Galactic]] [[Donavon Frankenreiter]] [[Railroad Earth]] [[Tea Leaf Green]] [[RAQ]] [[The Hackensaw Boys]] Danielia Cotton [[Animal Liberation Orchestra]] [[Grace Potter and the Nocturnals]] [[Gary Jules]] [[The Wailers (1963-1974 band)\|The Wailers]] Aquarium Rescue Unit [[Xavier Rudd]] [[Rebirth Brass Band]] [[Mofro]] [[Hot Buttered Rum (band)]] '''Thursday Night Early Bird''': [[The Boogie Hustlers]] [[Brothers Past]] [[Easy Star All-Stars]] {{Col-end}}}} {{show \|2005: [[Lake Trout (band)\|Lake Trout]], [[Del McCoury Band]], [[Dark Star Orchestra]], [[Keller Williams]], [[The String Cheese Incident]], [[Yonder Mountain String Band]] and . . \|{{Col-begin}} {{Col-1-of-3}} '''Thursday, July 14''' [[Matisyahu]] '''Friday, July 15''' [[The Flaming Lips]]<ref name="2005fest">[https://web.archive.org/web/20050706065632/http://www.allgoodfestival.com/ All Good Official Site]</ref> [[Particle (band)\|Particle]] [[Les Claypool]] [[Gabby La La]] Jason Isbell [[Rose Hill Drive]] [[Lake Trout (band)\|Lake Trout]] [[John Brown's Body]] Brother's Past {{Col-2-of-3}} '''Saturday, July 16''' [[The String Cheese Incident]] [[Umphrey's McGee]] [[Michael Franti]] & Spearhead [[Keller Williams]] [[Yonder Mountain String Band]] [[Ozomatli]] [[Carbon Leaf]] [[Lotus (rock band)\|Lotus]] [[New Monsoon]] {{Col-3-of-3}} '''Sunday, July 17''' [[Dark Star Orchestra]] [[Steve Kimock]] [[Victor Wooten]] Benevento/Russo Duo [[Ivan Neville]]'s Dumpstaphunk {{Col-end}}}} {{show \|2004: [[Leftover Salmon]], [[Del McCoury Band]], [[Dark Star Orchestra]], [[Keller Williams]], [[The Hackensaw Boys]] and . . \|{{Col-begin}} {{Col-1-of-3}} '''Thursday, July 8''' The Recipe Jah Works '''Friday, July 9''' [[Ozric Tentacles]] [[Keller Williams]] Theresa Anderson [[The Greyboy Allstars]] Stockholm Syndrome [[Steve Kimock Band]] Deep Fried The Assembly of Dust {{Col-2-of-3}} '''Saturday, July 10''' The Disco Biscuits T.E.R.A (Seishi/Brantigan) Medeski Martin & Wood [[Libby Kirkpatrick]] [[Leftover Salmon]] (w/ David Lowery & Johnny Hickman of Cracker) David Lowery & Johnny Hickmann Burning Spear Ekoostik Hookah [[Soulive]] Umphrey's McGee Jazz Mandolin Project w/ Jon Fishman [[The Hackensaw Boys]] The Bridge {{Col-3-of-3}} '''Sunday, July 11''' [[Dark Star Orchestra]] Jeff Austin (of YMSB) North Mississippi Allstars (w/ John Medeski) [[Del McCoury Band]] Campbell Brothers {{Col-end}}}} {{show \|2003: [[Leftover Salmon]], [[Acoustic Syndicate]], [[Dark Star Orchestra]], [[Keller Williams]], [[Karl Denson's Tiny Universe]] and . . \|{{Col-begin}} {{Col-1-of-3}} '''Thursday, May 15''' [[Dark Star Orchestra]] '''Friday, May 16''' [[Galactic]] [[Keller Williams]] [[North Mississippi Allstars]] All Mighty Senators [[Acoustic Syndicate]] [[Mofro]] Seth Yacavone Band {{Col-2-of-3}} '''Saturday, May 17''' [[Gov't Mule]] [[Karl Denson's Tiny Universe]] [[Leftover Salmon]] [[Big Mountain (band)\|Big Mountain]] The Recipe [[Jazz Mandolin Project]] [[Umphrey's McGee]] [[Carbon Leaf]] Liz Berlin & Jenn Wertz (of Rusted Root) {{Col-3-of-3}} '''Tweener sets''' [[DJ Logic]] Joules Graves '''Late Night sets''' Reid Genauer & the Assembly of Dust [[The Slip (band)\|The Slip]] {{Col-end}}}} {{show \|2002: [[Leftover Salmon]], [[Sam Bush\|Sam Bush Band]], [[Dark Star Orchestra]], [[Keller Williams]], [[Railroad Earth]] and . . \|{{Col-begin}} {{Col-1-of-2}} '''Thursday, May 16''' The Bomb Squad ulu OM Trio Ordinary Way '''Friday, May 17''' [[Dark Star Orchestra]] [[Sam Bush\|Sam Bush Band]] Vinyl Entrain Townhall All Mighty Senators (late night) {{Col-2-of-2}} '''Saturday, May 18''' [[moe.]] [[Leftover Salmon]] [[Keller Williams]] [[John Scofield\|John Scofield Band]] [[Railroad Earth]] [[Jah Works]] [[Dr. Didg]] (late night) {{Col-end}}}} {{show \|2001: [[Leftover Salmon]], [[Lake Trout (band)\|Lake Trout]], [[Dark Star Orchestra]], [[Karl Denson's Tiny Universe]], [[Donna the Buffalo]] and . . \|{{Col-begin}} {{Col-1-of-2}} '''Friday, May 18''' [[Dark Star Orchestra]] [[Karl Denson's Tiny Universe]] Blueground Undergrass [[John Brown's Body (band)\|John Brown's Body]] McLaw's Drive {{Col-2-of-2}} '''Saturday, May 19''' [[Leftover Salmon]] The Recipe [[Lake Trout (band)\|Lake Trout]] [[Keller Williams]] [[Donna the Buffalo]] [[Dr. Didg]] [[The Slip (band)\|The Slip]] ulu Swampadelica [[Railroad Earth]] {{Col-end}}}} {{show \|2000: [[Leftover Salmon]], [[Lake Trout (band)\|Lake Trout]], [[Acoustic Syndicate]], [[Yonder Mountain String Band]] and . . \|{{Col-begin}} {{Col-1-of-2}} '''Friday, May 19''' [[Leftover Salmon]] The Recipe [[Lake Trout (band)\|Lake Trout]] [[Acoustic Syndicate]] The Floodplain Gang [[Yonder Mountain String Band]] {{Col-2-of-2}} '''Saturday, May 20''' [[moe.]] [[The Disco Biscuits]] All Mighty Senators [[Soulive]] Blueground Undergrass [[Dr. Didg]] Wise Monkey Orchestra Baaba Seth {{Col-end}}}} {{show \|1999: [[String Cheese Incident]], [[Tony Trischka\|Tony Trischka Band]], [[Karl Denson's Tiny Universe]], and . . \|{{Col-begin}} {{Col-1-of-2}} '''Friday, May 21''' [[String Cheese Incident]] The Recipe [[ekoostik hookah]] Tony Trischka Band Runaway Truck Ramp ulu {{Col-2-of-2}} '''Saturday, May 22''' [[moe.]] [[Karl Denson's Tiny Universe]] [[Lake Trout (band)\|Lake Trout]] (canceled) [[The Disco Biscuits]] (canceled) [[Deep Banana Blackout]] All Mighty Senators Viperhouse [[The Slip (band)\|The Slip]] Calobo Sector 9 {{Col-end}}}} ==See also== [[List of jam band music festivals]] == References == {{reflist}} == External links == {{Commons category}} [http://www.allgoodfestival.com All Good Music Festival] [http://www.allgoodfestivalphotos.com AllGoodFestivalPhotos.com] - Photos [[Category:Tourist attractions in Preston County, West Virginia]] [[Category:Music festivals in West Virginia]] [[Category:Music festivals in Virginia]] [[Category:Music festivals in Ohio]] [[Category:Jam band festivals]] [[Category:Music festivals established in 1997]]	1,295,741,734	[{"title": "All Good Music Festival", "data": {"Genre": "Jam band, rock music, bluegrass music, music", "Dates": "third weekend in July", "Location(s)": "Summit Point, West Virginia, United States", "Years active": "1997\u20132013, 2015", "Founders": "Tim Walther", "Website": "www.allgoodfestival.com"}}]	false
# Women in Venezuela Gender equality is established in the constitution of Venezuela and the country is a signatory of the United Nations's Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. However, women in the history of Venezuela have played asymmetrical roles in society compared to men. Notable women have participated in the political history since the Venezuelan War of Independence in the 19th century, but universal suffrage was not granted until 1947. In modern times, Venezuela still faces important challenges related to discrimination, unequal political representation, lack of access to adequate health services and child care, and sex violence. Miss Venezuela is considered a matter of national pride. Venezuela is one of the countries with more Miss World and Miss Universe titleholders in the world. Many of them have become notable actresses, journalists and politicians in Venezuela. The popularity of beauty pageants has translated into a culture of cosmetics and high levels of female plastic surgery. Several Venezuelan women are notable for their contributions to the country and to the world's cultural heritage. ## Politics ### Venezuelan independence Women that are considered heroines by the Venezuelan government for their participation in the Venezuelan War of Independence include Manuela Sáenz, Luisa Cáceres de Arismendi, Josefa Camejo, Juana Ramírez, and Eulalia Ramos. ### 20th century Women’s suffrage in Venezuela was first granted with the Constitution of 1947. Women had started organising around the 1930s and 1940s with the death of dictator Juan Vicente Gómez. But it was not until the 1950s that women from all social classes got involved and not only middle-class women. Women also participated in the guerilla struggles during the 1960s but they did not take leading roles due to the male-dominated organisational character of these combatant groups. In the 1970s through so-called Popular Women's Circles (Círculos Femeninos Populares) women tried to organize autonomously, address the problems of poor women and assist them with health, education and employment initiatives. However, their dependence on outside funding and support of male-ruled NGOs often constrained their goals. ### 21st century In 2000, president of Venezuela Hugo Chávez appointed Adina Bastidas as vice-president, becoming the first woman to held that office. The crisis in Venezuela that occurred during the tenure of Chávez's successor Nicolás Maduro resulted with women becoming more reliant on discriminatory social policies of the government, making them more vulnerable if they opposed Maduro's government. ## Laws ### Marriage and family Family law was overhauled in 1982. Cohabitation has increased in Venezuela since the 1990s. ### Representation In 1997, Article 144 of the Suffrage and Political Participation Organic Act established a 30% women quota in the lists of the parliamentary candidates. In 2000 the National Electoral Council suspended this article, declaring it unconstitutional because it violated the equality principle of the Article 21. The expected consequence of this suspension was parity and an increase of the quota to 50%, but this has not been the case due to poor implementations and no measures being taken for infringements of legislations. As of 2019, 38 out of 165 deputies elected to the National Assembly are women. The number of ministries led by female politicians has decreased, compared to Chávez's final cabinet, from 39% to 24%. The Supreme Tribunal with 32 appointed judges (16 women and 16 men) is the only institution in Venezuela that presents parity of gender in its members. At the community level women are increasingly present, which is crucial in the empowerment of lower-class barrio women. Nonetheless, these female leaders of communal councils have reported that their presence is ignored at the higher levels and they are being excluded from political opportunities. ### Abortion Selective abortion in Venezuelan law is punishable by up to six years in jail. Abortion is only allowed to be performed legally in order to save the life of the woman. Illegal abortions are often carried in precarious conditions, but there are no official statistics. ## Current challenges ### Violence In 2007, the country enacted Ley Organica Sobre el Derecho de las Mujeres a una Vida Libre de Violencia (Organic Law on the Right of Women to a Life Free of Violence). During the crisis in Venezuela under the government of Nicolás Maduro, women in Venezuela became more vulnerable to sexual violence as a result of weak institutions and socioeconomic difficulties according to the Atlantic Council. The crisis has left Venezuelan women exposed to exploitation through sex trafficking and prostitution. In 2017, about 2,795 women were murdered based on their gender. With most Venezuelans having a lack of trust in the country's armed forces and public safety, "fewer women are reporting gender-based violence, and femicide has increased by 50%." ### Health access Due to the ongoing political and economic crisis in Venezuela, the country has been facing challenges in providing basic healthcare services and supplies to its population. The healthcare system has suffered from a lack of investment, shortages of medical equipment and medications, and a significant exodus of healthcare professionals. In an interview report by the Human Rights Watch, doctors and patients reported the shortage and absence of certain medication, including but not limited to: antibiotics, anti-seizure medication, anti-convulsants, muscle relaxants, and painkillers. Unsanitary conditions are caused by short supplies of PPE (personal protective equipment), such as "sterile gloves and gauze, antiseptics, medical alcohol, scalpels, needles, catheters, IV solutions, nebulization kits, and surgical sutures." Consequently, the Venezuelan Health Ministry reports that rates of infant and maternal mortality in 2016 were "substantially higher" than those of previous years. A doctor interviewed by the Human Rights Watch explains the failure in prenatal care in Venezuela: Preventive medicine is no longer practiced, and in fact, right now, an [expectant] mother finds it difficult to find iron supplements, folic acid, or multivitamins at the pharmacy. Imagine now going to a clinic and getting it for free; that no longer exists. These shortcomings have consequences, including children who are born with a low birth weight or nutritional deficiencies, and for the mothers, infectious problems such as urinary infections that are left untreated. That is why you have a high rate of complications, because these issues are not controlled [by prenatal care]. Then, this results in a high risk of neonatal mortality. Another challenge facing women, particularly mothers, in Venezuela is the high transmission rate of HIV from mother to child. The usual procedures of antiretroviral medicine use pre-birth, a scheduled caesarean delivery during birth, and post-natal prophylactic treatment of the newborn are no longer wide-spread protocols in the country. Not only are many infant mortalities inevitable, but so are complicated births and, ultimately, complicated lives for infants and children in Venezuela. ### Gender roles According to CEPAZ, women in Venezuela are at risk due to gender discrimination and the "hyper-sexualized stereotypes of Venezuelan women". The professional women and businesswomen of Venezuela generally "work hard at looking great" and they "dress to impress"; their business dress include wearing feminine attire. ### Intersectionality Women in Venezuela are not only susceptible to gender violence and discrimination, but may experience double discrimination if they also belong to another marginalized group. Intersectionality is an analytical framework for understanding how a person's various social and political identities combine to create different modes of discrimination and privilege. For example, Afro-Venezuelan women may experience discrimination or violence from not only being a woman, but also due to her race as a non-white woman. Discrimination against Afro-Venezuelan women can manifest in the form of racial profiling, limited opportunities for advancement, and disproportionate rates of poverty. Skin and phenotype are methods that global society and its institutions use to perpetuate traditional gender roles and stereotypes. One way traditional gender roles are perpetuated in Venezuelan society is through the Miss Universe Pageant. Latina Magazine, for example, can be argued to portray Latin Americans that challenge these norms and break free from traditional expectations; however, the same magazine can also send conflicting messages about Latin American empowerment, with white-centric beauty standards as advertisements and Miss Universe commentary. ## Beauty pageants Beauty pageants are popular in Venezuela. The New York Times wrote in 1997, that " Venezuela has become the beauty queen factory of the world". Venezuela is one of the countries with more "Miss" pageant winners in the world, holding six Miss World (ranked first) and seven Miss Universe titles (second only to United States). The national pageant Miss Venezuela, broadcast on TV every year, is watched by millions. Many of these titeholders and contestants have continued their careers as notable actresses, journalists and even presidential candidates. Miss Venezuela title holders are seen as seen as a symbol of national pride. This has promoted attention on beauty products and cosmetic procedures for women. Venezuela has one of the largest rates of cosmetic procedures per capita in the world. Irene Sáez, 1998 presidential candidate and 1981 Miss Universe, said that "''In Venezuela, beauty contests are not a race, they're a religion.'' Raúl Gallegos, wrote in his 2016 book Crude Nation: How Oil Riches Ruined Venezuela, that the oil richness of Venezuela “has nurtured a culture in which looks have primordial importance.” The contest has been criticized in the past by the Venezuelan feminist movement. Journalist Elizabeth Fuentes recalls how she participated in a feminist rally in 1972, where protesters carried signs next to the pageant venue and tried to spray paint the dresses of the contestants. The protesters were dispersed by the police. Sociologist Esther Pineda G recognizes the popularity of beauty pageants in Venezuela as an indication of the country's enduring sexism. Miss Venezuela organization has been accused of arranging agreements between older men and contestants to finance their needs to advance in the contest. Patricia Velásquez, actress and 1989 Miss Venezuela contestant wrote that she was forced to enter in a relationship with an older man to be able to afford plastic surgery. In 2018, Osmel Sousa, director and main coach of the contestants, left the organization after he was accused in social media of allegedly arranging contestants as escort for government officials. Sousa however has denied accusations and he has been backed by previous participants. ## Notable examples in different fields Throughout history, women in Venezuela have played integral roles in shaping and enriching the nation's cultural landscape through their contributions to music, art, literature and science, and various other creative domains. ### Arts - Marisol Escobar, commonly known as Marisol, Venezuelan-American sculptor known for her large-scale works that explored themes of identity and cultural heritage.[27] She gained prominence in the 1960s for her distinctive figurative sculptures that blended Pop art, folk art, and contemporary influences. Marisol's work often depicted portraits of celebrities and political figures, using materials such as wood, plaster, and others to create larger-than-life figures.[27] - Gego, born Gertrud Goldschmidt in Germany, was a sculptor and printmaker known for her intricate wire sculptures.[28] Her work blurred the boundaries between sculpture and drawing, often exploring light, space, and movement. - Tecla Tofano, Italian-Venezuelan ceramist, draftswoman, metalsmith, and writer.[29] Her work focused on consumer culture, a direct link to her organization and mobilization of the left-wing political party, "Movimiento al Socialismo." ### Fashion - Carolina Herrera, American-Venezuelan fashion designer and business woman known for her personal style. She achieved success in women's and men's fashion and fragrances. Her products are worn by various American celebrities. Her company has stores worldwide and billions in sales.[30] - Nabel Martins, Portuguese-Venezuelan fashion designer who founded her eponymous label with an atelier in Caracas, known for designs that emphasize femininity and timeless elegance.[31] ### Literature - Teresa de la Parra, novelist and essayist known for her exploration of the roles of women in Venezuelan society.[32] She is best known for her 1924 novel Ifigenia: Diario de una señorita que escribió porque se fastidiaba.[33] The novel explores the life of a young Venezuelan woman in Paris and addresses themes of identity, gender, and societal expectations. - Ana Teresa Torres, novelist and journalist who has won numerous awards for her work. Her literary works often explore social and political issues in Venezuela, particularly incorporating elements of magical realism and historical fiction.[34] Her acclaimed 1992 novel Doña Inés contra el olvido, portrays the life of a female guerrilla fighter during the Venezuelan War of Independence.[35] ### Medicine and health - Lya Imber (born in Ukraine) and Sara Bendahan, the first women to complete the degree in medical sciences in Venezuela in the 1930s.[36] - Susana Raffalli, Venezuelan nutritionist. She is recognized for her humanitarian work on alleviating hunger in Venezuela and in particular during the COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela. She was listed as BBC's 100 Women in 2020.[37] ### Music - Teresa Carreño, classical pianist, soprano, composer, and conductor, from the 19th and 20th century. She became an internationally renowned virtuoso pianist and was often referred to as the "Valkyrie of the Piano".[38] - Maria Teresa Chacín, singer and composer who has won numerous awards and is known for her contributions to the development of Venezuelan music.[39] - Soledad Bravo, singer, known for her powerful voice and political activism. Bravo's work reflects her involvement in social and political causes, addressing themes of social justice, human rights, and freedom.[39] Throughout her career, she has recorded and performed songs in various languages, gaining international acclaim. - Glass Marcano, Venezuelan conductor known for her work with the Orquesta Sinfónica Juvenil Simón Bolívar and international performances with leading orchestras. She gained recognition after being a finalist in the La Maestra Competition in Paris.[40] ### Politics - Irene Sáez, Chacao mayor, Nueva Esparta governor and presidential candidate, as well as 1981 Miss Universe.[41] - María Corina Machado, National Assembly deputy and presidential candidate.[42] In 2018, she was listed as one of BBC's 100 Women.[43] - Mercedes Carvajal de Arocha, first woman elected to the Venezuelan Senate.[44] ### Science and math - Zoraida Luces de Febres, botanist, university professor, and first woman to earn a bachelor degree in natural sciences at the Central University of Venezuela (UCV) and first woman to earn earn a doctoral degree in biology in 1958.[45] - Anamaría Font, physics professor at UCV She was awarded the L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Awards in 2023 for he ground breaking work in superstring theory and for development of the S-duality.[46] - Alejandra Melfo, Uruguayan-Venezuelan physicist, known for her efforts of conservation of glaciers, specifically La Corona from Pico Humboldt, the last glacier in Venezuela.[47] - Kathy Vivas, astrophysicist recognized for her investigations of and finding up to 100 new and very distant RR Lyrae stars.[48] ### Sports - Flor Isava Fonseca, journalist, sport woman and former vice president of the Venezuelan Red Cross. In 1981 Isava-Fonseca and Finnish Pirjo Häggman became the first women to be elected to the International Olympic Committee. She was the first woman to serve on the executive board in 1990.[49] - Deyna Castellanos, footballer, winner of two South American U-17 Championships and the 2018 NCAA Division I women's soccer tournament.[50] - Yulimar Rojas, athlete and first woman to win an Olympic gold medal in 2020 Summer Olympics. She is the holder of the world record for women's triple jump, at 15.74 m (51 ft 7+1⁄2 in).[51]	enwiki/39665302	enwiki	39,665,302	Women in Venezuela	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Venezuela	2025-07-05T12:39:59Z	en	Q17014986	266,071	{{Short description\|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Infobox women by region \| image = LuisaCáceresDíazdeArimendi.jpg\| \| caption = Portrait of [[Luisa Cáceres de Arismendi]], heroine of the [[Venezuelan War of Independence]] \| gii = 0.492 (2021) \| gii_rank = 123rd out of 191 \| gii_ref =<ref>{{cite web\|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022\|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf\|publisher=HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORTS\|access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref> \| matdeath = 95 (2015) \| womparl = 23%, 38 out of 165 (2019)<ref name="nat assembly">{{cite web\|title=Female Deputies of National Assembly of Venezuela \|url=http://www.asambleanacional.gob.ve/diputados?id_padre=principal&sexo=femenino\|publisher=República Bolivariana de Venezuela, Asamblea Nacional\|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref> \| femed = 71.7% (2017) \| womlab = 52% (2018)<ref>{{cite web\|title=Labor force participation rate, female\|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.ACTI.FE.ZS\|publisher=The World Bank\|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref> \| ggg = 0.699 (2021) \| ggg_rank = 91st out of 156 \| ggg_ref =<ref>{{cite web\|title=Global Gender Gap Report 2021\|url=https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2021.pdf\|publisher=World Economic Forum\|access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref> }} {{Women in society sidebar}}[[Gender equality]] is established in the constitution of [[Venezuela]] and the country is a signatory of the [[United Nations]]'s [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women]]. However, '''women in the history of Venezuela''' have played asymmetrical roles in society compared to men. Notable women have participated in the political history since the [[Venezuelan War of Independence]] in the 19th century, but [[universal suffrage]] was not granted until 1947. In modern times, Venezuela still faces important challenges related to discrimination, unequal political representation, lack of access to adequate health services and child care, and sex violence. [[Miss Venezuela]] is considered a matter of national pride. Venezuela is one of the countries with more [[Miss World]] and [[Miss Universe]] titleholders in the world. Many of them have become notable actresses, journalists and politicians in Venezuela. The popularity of beauty pageants has translated into a culture of cosmetics and high levels of female plastic surgery. Several Venezuelan women are notable for their contributions to the country and to the world's cultural heritage. ==Politics== === Venezuelan independence === Women that are considered heroines by the Venezuelan government for their participation in the [[Venezuelan War of Independence]] include [[Manuela Sáenz]], [[Luisa Cáceres de Arismendi]], [[Josefa Camejo]], [[Juana Ramírez]], and [[Eulalia Ramos]]. === 20th century === [[Women’s suffrage in Venezuela]] was first granted with the [[Constitution]] of 1947.<ref name="report desde nosotras">{{cite web \|last1=El Entrompe De Falopio \|title=Desde Nosotras: Situación de los derechos humanos de las mujeres venezolanas.Informe Anual 2018 \|url=https://mronline.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Desde-Nosotras-Informe-Completo.pdf \|access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref> Women had started organising around the 1930s and 1940s with the death of dictator [[Juan Vicente Gómez]].<ref name="Espina feminist activism">{{cite book \|last=Espina \|first=Gioconda \|editor-last=Jaquette \|editor-first=Jane S. \|title=Feminist Agendas and Democracy in Latin America \|publisher=Duke University Press \|date=2009 \|pages=65–80 \|chapter=Chapter 3: Feminist Activism in a Changing Political Context: Venezuela \|isbn=978-0-8223-4449-0}}</ref> But it was not until the 1950s that women from all social classes got involved and not only [[middle-class]] women.<ref name="Fernandes">{{cite journal \|last1=Fernandes \|first1=Sujatha \|title=Barrio Women and Popular Politics in Chávez's Venezuela \|journal=Latin American Politics and Society \|date=2007 \|volume=49 \|issue=3 \|pages=97–127 \|jstor=30130812 \|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2007.tb00384.x \|s2cid=232389662 }}</ref> Women also participated in the [[guerrilla warfare\|guerilla]] struggles during the 1960s but they did not take leading roles due to the male-dominated organisational character of these combatant groups.<ref name="Reif">{{cite journal \|last1=Reif \|first1=Linda L. \|title=Women in Latin American Guerrilla Movements: A Comparative Perspective \|journal=Comparative Politics \|date=1986 \|volume=18 \|issue=2 \|pages=147–169 \|jstor=421841 \|doi=10.2307/421841 }}</ref> In the 1970s through so-called [[Popular Women's Circles]] (''Círculos Femeninos Populares'') women tried to organize autonomously, address the problems of poor women and assist them with health, education and employment initiatives. However, their dependence on outside funding and support of male-ruled [[Non-governmental organizations\|NGOs]] often constrained their goals.<ref name="Fernandes" /> === 21st century === In 2000, president of Venezuela [[Hugo Chávez]] appointed [[Adina Bastidas]] as vice-president, becoming the first woman to held that office.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Runrun.es \|first=Redacción \|date=2015-01-14 \|title=Secuestran y roban en su casa a exvicepresidenta Adina Bastidas \|url=https://runrun.es/nacional/181186/secuestran-y-roban-en-su-casa-exvicepresidenta-adina-bastidas/ \|access-date=2023-09-10 \|website=Runrun \|language=es}}</ref> The [[crisis in Venezuela]] that occurred during the tenure of Chávez's successor [[Nicolás Maduro]] resulted with women becoming more reliant on discriminatory social policies of the government, making them more vulnerable if they opposed Maduro's government.<ref name="Chavez-2020">{{Cite web \|last=Chavez \|first=Angela \|date=2020-03-05 \|title=Venezuelan women: The unseen victims of the humanitarian crisis \|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/venezuelan-women-the-unseen-victims-of-the-humanitarian-crisis/ \|access-date=2020-03-10 \|website=[[Atlantic Council]] \|language=en-US}}</ref> == Laws == ===Marriage and family=== [[Family law]] was overhauled in 1982.<ref>[https://derechovenezolano.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/codigo-civil-venezolano.pdf See ''Capítulo XI De los Efectos del Matrimonio'']</ref> [[Cohabitation]] has increased in Venezuela since the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/112/11231067008.pdf \| access-date=2023-09-28 \|title=Cohabitación y matrimonios en Venezuela, 1971-2001. - ¿Contornos diluidos? \| language=es}}</ref> ===Representation=== In 1997, Article 144 of the Suffrage and Political Participation Organic Act established a 30% women quota in the lists of the parliamentary candidates. In 2000 the [[National Electoral Council (Venezuela)\|National Electoral Council]] suspended this article, declaring it [[constitutionality\|unconstitutional]] because it violated the equality principle of the Article 21.<ref name="Espina Polarization">{{cite journal \|last1=Espina \|first1=Gioconda \|date=2007 \|title=Beyond Polarization: Organized Venezuelan Women Promote Their 'Minimum Agenda' \|journal=NACLA Report on the Americas \|volume=40 \|issue=2 \|pages=20–24 \|doi=10.1080/10714839.2007.11722311 \|s2cid=157655034}}</ref> The expected consequence of this suspension was parity and an increase of the quota to 50%, but this has not been the case due to poor implementations and no measures being taken for infringements of legislations.<ref name="report desde nosotras" /> As of 2019, 38 out of 165 deputies elected to the [[National Assembly (Venezuela)\|National Assembly]] are women.<ref name="nat assembly" /> The number of ministries led by female politicians has decreased, compared to Chávez's final cabinet, from 39% to 24%. The [[Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)\|Supreme Tribunal]] with 32 appointed judges (16 women and 16 men) is the only institution in Venezuela that presents parity of gender in its members.<ref name="report desde nosotras" /> At the community level women are increasingly present,{{attribution needed\|date=May 2019}} which is crucial in the empowerment of lower-class barrio women. Nonetheless, these female leaders of [[Venezuelan Communal Councils\|communal councils]] have reported that their presence is ignored at the higher levels and they are being excluded from political opportunities.<ref name="UNPD">{{cite web \|last1=United Nations Development Programme \|title=Women's Political Participation and Good Governance: 21st Century Challenges \|url=https://www.onlinewomeninpolitics.org/beijing12/wpp_gg.pdf \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516181643/https://www.onlinewomeninpolitics.org/beijing12/wpp_gg.pdf \|archive-date=16 May 2019 \|access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref> === Abortion === {{main\|Abortion in Venezuela}} Selective abortion in Venezuelan law is punishable by up to six years in jail. Abortion is only allowed to be performed legally in order to save the life of the woman.<ref name="france24.com">{{Cite web \|date=2023-07-24 \|title='Too many children' as women denied abortion in Venezuela \|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230724-too-many-children-as-women-denied-abortion-in-venezuela \|access-date=2023-09-10 \|website=France 24 \|language=en}}</ref> Illegal abortions are often carried in precarious conditions, but there are no official statistics.<ref name="france24.com"/> == Current challenges == === Violence === {{main\|Violence against women in Venezuela}} {{See also\|Human trafficking in Venezuela}} In 2007, the country enacted ''Ley Organica Sobre el Derecho de las Mujeres a una Vida Libre de Violencia'' (Organic Law on the Right of Women to a Life Free of Violence).<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Ley orgánica sobre el derechode Las mujeres a una vida libre de violencia \|url=http://venezuela.unfpa.org/doumentos/Ley_mujer.pdf \|url-status=dead\|language=es \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701225933/http://venezuela.unfpa.org/doumentos/Ley_mujer.pdf \|archive-date=2015-07-01 \|access-date=2016-01-31}}</ref> During the [[crisis in Venezuela]] under the government of [[Nicolás Maduro]], women in Venezuela became more vulnerable to sexual violence as a result of weak institutions and socioeconomic difficulties according to the [[Atlantic Council]].<ref name="Chavez-2020" /> The crisis has left Venezuelan women exposed to exploitation through sex trafficking and prostitution.<ref name="Chavez-2020" /> In 2017, about 2,795 women were murdered based on their gender.<ref name="Muresan-2020">{{Cite journal \|last1=Muresan \|first1=Arina \|last2=Mongwe \|first2=Simphiwe \|date=2020 \|title=Gender trends \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep25338.9 \|journal=Spotlight on Latin America and the Caribbean \|pages=8}}</ref> With most Venezuelans having a lack of trust in the country's armed forces and public safety, "fewer women are reporting gender-based violence, and femicide has increased by 50%."<ref name="Muresan-2020" /> === Health access === [[File:Cascos Blancos - Crisis humanitaria en Venezuela 04.jpg\|thumb\|Humanitarian crisis in Venezuela]]Due to the ongoing [[Crisis in Venezuela\|political and economic crisis in Venezuela]], the country has been facing challenges in providing basic healthcare services and supplies to its population.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Eoyang \|first1=Mieke \|last2=Peters \|first2=Allison \|last3=Mehta \|first3=Ishan \|last4=Gaskew \|first4=Brandon \|date=2019 \|title=Country Brief: Venezuela \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20154.9 \|journal=2019 Hot Topics in National Security \|pages=64–75}}</ref> The healthcare system has suffered from a lack of investment, shortages of medical equipment and medications, and a significant exodus of healthcare professionals. In an interview report by the [[Human Rights Watch]], doctors and patients reported the shortage and absence of certain medication, including but not limited to: antibiotics, anti-seizure medication, anti-convulsants, muscle relaxants, and painkillers.<ref name="Bouckaert-2016">{{Cite journal \|last=Bouckaert \|first=Peter \|date=2016-10-24 \|title=Venezuela's Humanitarian Crisis \|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/10/24/venezuelas-humanitarian-crisis/severe-medical-and-food-shortages-inadequate-and \|journal=Human Rights Watch \|language=en}}</ref> Unsanitary conditions are caused by short supplies of PPE ([[personal protective equipment]]), such as "sterile gloves and gauze, antiseptics, medical alcohol, scalpels, needles, catheters, IV solutions, nebulization kits, and surgical sutures."<ref name="Bouckaert-2016" /> Consequently, the Venezuelan Health Ministry reports that rates of infant and maternal mortality in 2016 were "substantially higher" than those of previous years.<ref name="Bouckaert-2016"/> A doctor interviewed by the Human Rights Watch explains the failure in prenatal care in Venezuela:<blockquote>Preventive medicine is no longer practiced, and in fact, right now, an [expectant] mother finds it difficult to find iron supplements, folic acid, or multivitamins at the pharmacy. Imagine now going to a clinic and getting it for free; that no longer exists. These shortcomings have consequences, including children who are born with a low birth weight or nutritional deficiencies, and for the mothers, infectious problems such as urinary infections that are left untreated. That is why you have a high rate of complications, because these issues are not controlled [by prenatal care]. Then, this results in a high risk of neonatal mortality.</blockquote>Another challenge facing women, particularly mothers, in Venezuela is the high transmission rate of HIV from mother to child. The usual procedures of antiretroviral medicine use pre-birth, a scheduled caesarean delivery during birth, and post-natal prophylactic treatment of the newborn are no longer wide-spread protocols in the country.<ref name="Bouckaert-2016" /> Not only are many infant mortalities inevitable, but so are complicated births and, ultimately, complicated lives for infants and children in Venezuela. ===Gender roles=== According to CEPAZ, women in Venezuela are at risk due to gender discrimination and the "[[Miss Universe\|hyper-sexualized stereotypes]] of Venezuelan women".<ref name="Chavez-2020" /> The professional women and businesswomen of Venezuela generally "work hard at looking great" and they "dress to impress"; their business dress include wearing feminine attire.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Venezuela \|url=http://www.ediplomat.com/np/cultural_etiquette/ce_ve.htm \|access-date=21 October 2013 \|publisher=eDiplomat}}</ref> === Intersectionality === {{main\|Intersectionality}} Women in Venezuela are not only susceptible to gender violence and discrimination, but may experience double discrimination if they also belong to another marginalized group. Intersectionality is an [[Analytic frame\|analytical framework]] for understanding how a person's various [[Social identity\|social and political identities]] combine to create different modes of [[discrimination]] and [[Social privilege\|privilege]]. For example, [[Afro-Venezuelans\|Afro-Venezuelan]] women may experience discrimination or violence from not only being a woman, but also due to her race as a non-white woman. Discrimination against Afro-Venezuelan women can manifest in the form of [[racial profiling]], limited opportunities for advancement, and disproportionate rates of poverty. Skin and [[phenotype]] are methods that global society and its institutions use to perpetuate traditional gender roles and stereotypes. One way traditional gender roles are perpetuated in Venezuelan society is through the [[Miss Universe Pageant]]. [[Latina (magazine)\|Latina Magazine]], for example, can be argued to portray Latin Americans that challenge these norms and break free from traditional expectations; however, the same magazine can also send conflicting messages about Latin American empowerment, with white-centric beauty standards as advertisements and Miss Universe commentary.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Calafell \|first=Bernadette M. \|date=2001 \|title=In Our Own Image?!: A Rhetorical Criticism of "Latina" Magazine \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23013255 \|journal=Voces: A Journal of Chicana/Latina Studies \|volume=3 \|issue=1/2 \|pages=12–46 \|issn=1065-4690 \|jstor=23013255}}</ref> == Beauty pageants == {{external media \|width=300px \|video1={{YouTube\|id=LHcwoCy_ZHA\|title=The strict beauty standards Venezuelan women experience, resulting in insecurity and surgeries}} \|float= right }}Beauty pageants are popular in Venezuela. ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote in 1997, that " Venezuela has become the beauty queen factory of the world". Venezuela is one of the countries with more "Miss" pageant winners in the world, holding six [[Miss World]] (ranked first) and seven [[Miss Universe]] titles (second only to United States).<ref name="France 24-2023">{{Cite web \|date=2023-05-27 \|title=Sofia Salomon: angling to become first trans Miss Venezuela \|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230527-sofia-salomon-angling-to-become-first-trans-miss-venezuela \|access-date=2023-09-09 \|website=France 24 \|language=en}}</ref><ref name="NBC News-2018">{{Cite web \|date=2018-07-06 \|title=In beleaguered Venezuela, young women use beauty pageants to escape poverty \|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/beleaguered-venezuela-young-women-use-beauty-pageants-escape-poverty-n889361 \|access-date=2023-09-09 \|website=NBC News \|language=en}}</ref> The national pageant [[Miss Venezuela]], broadcast on TV every year, is watched by millions.<ref name="France 24-2023" /><ref name="NBC News-2018" /> Many of these titeholders and contestants have continued their careers as notable actresses, journalists and even presidential candidates.<ref name="NBC News-2018" /> Miss Venezuela title holders are seen as seen as a symbol of national pride.<ref name="Schemo-1997">{{Cite news \|last=Schemo \|first=Diana Jean \|date=1997-12-09 \|title=Caracas Journal; A Venezuelan Factory Line That Is Adept at Assembling Beauty \|language=en-US \|work=The New York Times \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/09/world/caracas-journal-a-venezuelan-factory-line-that-is-adept-at-assembling-beauty.html \|access-date=2023-09-09 \|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|last=Abbady \|first=Tal \|date=2018-05-19 \|title=Opinion {{!}} Pimping Out Miss Venezuela \|language=en-US \|work=The New York Times \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/19/opinion/sunday/miss-venezuela-corruption.html \|access-date=2023-09-09 \|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="null-2018">{{Cite news \|last=null \|date=2018-05-26 \|title=La prostitución del Miss Venezuela \|language=es-LA \|work=The New York Times \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/es/2018/05/26/espanol/opinion/opinion-abbady-miss-venezuela-abuso-sexual.html \|access-date=2023-09-09 \|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> This has promoted attention on beauty products and cosmetic procedures for women. Venezuela has one of the largest rates of cosmetic procedures per capita in the world.<ref name="null-2018" /> [[Irene Sáez]], 1998 presidential candidate and 1981 Miss Universe, said that "<nowiki>''In Venezuela, beauty contests are not a race, they're a religion.''</nowiki><ref name="Schemo-1997" /> Raúl Gallegos, wrote in his 2016 book ''Crude Nation: How Oil Riches Ruined Venezuela'', that the oil richness of Venezuela “has nurtured a culture in which looks have primordial importance.”<ref name="null-2018" /> The contest has been criticized in the past by the Venezuelan feminist movement. Journalist Elizabeth Fuentes recalls how she participated in a feminist rally in 1972, where protesters carried signs next to the pageant venue and tried to spray paint the dresses of the contestants. The protesters were dispersed by the police.<ref name="null-2018" /> Sociologist [[Esther Pineda G]] recognizes the popularity of beauty pageants in Venezuela as an indication of the country's enduring sexism.<ref name="NBC News-2018" /> Miss Venezuela organization has been accused of arranging agreements between older men and contestants to finance their needs to advance in the contest. [[Patricia Velásquez]], actress and 1989 Miss Venezuela contestant wrote that she was forced to enter in a relationship with an older man to be able to afford plastic surgery.<ref name="NBC News-2018" /> In 2018, [[Osmel Sousa]], director and main coach of the contestants, left the organization after he was accused in social media of allegedly arranging contestants as escort for government officials.<ref name="NBC News-2018" /> Sousa however has denied accusations and he has been backed by previous participants.<ref name="NBC News-2018" /> == Notable examples in different fields == Throughout history, women in Venezuela have played integral roles in shaping and enriching the nation's cultural landscape through their contributions to music, art, literature and science, and various other creative domains. === Arts === [[File:Marisol Escobar NYWTS.jpg\|thumb\|[[Marisol Escobar]], Venezuelan-American artist and sculptor.]] * [[Marisol Escobar]], commonly known as Marisol, Venezuelan-American sculptor known for her large-scale works that explored themes of identity and cultural heritage.<ref name="Anderson-1992">{{Cite journal \|last=Anderson \|first=Heather \|date=1992 \|title=Making Women Artists Visible \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3193321 \|journal=Art Education \|volume=45 \|issue=2 \|pages=14–22 \|doi=10.2307/3193321 \|jstor=3193321 \|issn=0004-3125\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> She gained prominence in the 1960s for her distinctive figurative sculptures that blended [[Pop art]], folk art, and contemporary influences. Marisol's work often depicted portraits of celebrities and political figures, using materials such as wood, plaster, and others to create larger-than-life figures.<ref name="Anderson-1992" /> * [[Gego]], born Gertrud Goldschmidt in Germany, was a sculptor and [[printmaker]] known for her intricate wire sculptures.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Rexer \|first=Lyle \|date=2007 \|title=THE GEGO EFFECT \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24556310 \|journal=Art on Paper \|volume=11 \|issue=5 \|pages=29–30 \|jstor=24556310 \|issn=1521-7922}}</ref> Her work blurred the boundaries between [[sculpture]] and [[drawing]], often exploring light, space, and movement. * [[Tecla Tofano]], Italian-Venezuelan ceramist, [[draftswoman]], metalsmith, and writer.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Tecla Tofano {{!}} Hammer Museum \|url=https://hammer.ucla.edu/radical-women/artists/tecla-tofano \|access-date=2023-05-04 \|website=hammer.ucla.edu \|language=en}}</ref> Her work focused on [[Consumer culture theory\|consumer culture]], a direct link to her organization and mobilization of the left-wing political party, "[[Movimiento al Socialismo (Venezuela)\|Movimiento al Socialismo]]." === Fashion === * [[Carolina Herrera]], American-Venezuelan fashion designer and business woman known for her personal style. She achieved success in women's and men's fashion and fragrances. Her products are worn by various American celebrities. Her company has stores worldwide and billions in sales.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2021-09-15 \|title=Carolina Herrera - Career, Fashion & Facts \|url=https://www.biography.com/history-culture/carolina-herrera \|access-date=2023-09-09 \|website=Biography \|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Nabel Martins]], Portuguese-Venezuelan fashion designer who founded her eponymous label with an atelier in Caracas, known for designs that emphasize femininity and timeless elegance.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Encuentros Latinos: Nabel Martins, diseñadora venezolana \|url=https://www.vogue.mx/articulo/encuentros-latinos-nabel-martins-disenadora-venezolana \|website=Vogue México \|access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref> === Literature === * [[Teresa de la Parra]], novelist and essayist known for her exploration of the roles of women in Venezuelan society.<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7zw7wd \|title=Voces Femeninas de Hispanoamerica \|date=1996 \|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press \|doi=10.2307/j.ctt7zw7wd \|jstor=j.ctt7zw7wd \|isbn=978-0-8229-3877-4}}</ref> She is best known for her 1924 novel ''Ifigenia: Diario de una señorita que escribió porque se fastidiaba''.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Ifigenia. Diario de una señorita que escribió porque se fastidiaba – Museo del libro venezolano \|url=https://museodellibrovenezolano.libroria.com/ifigenia-diario-de-una-senorita-que-escribio-porque-se-fastidiaba/ \|access-date=2023-05-04 \|language=es}}</ref> The novel explores the life of a young Venezuelan woman in Paris and addresses themes of identity, gender, and societal expectations. * [[Ana Teresa Torres]], novelist and journalist who has won numerous awards for her work. Her literary works often explore social and political issues in Venezuela, particularly incorporating elements of magical realism and historical fiction.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Kozak-Rovero \|first=Gisela \|title=Ana Teresa Torres \|date=2018 \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48568614 \|journal=INTI \|issue=87/88 \|pages=11–32 \|jstor=48568614 \|issn=0732-6750}}</ref> Her acclaimed 1992 novel ''Doña Inés contra el olvido'', portrays the life of a female guerrilla fighter during the Venezuelan War of Independence.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=TORRES \|first1=ANA TERESA \|last2=BOULLOSA \|first2=CARMEN \|last3=GONZÁLEZ \|first3=MELISSA \|title=Ana Teresa Torres \|date=2010 \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23041529 \|journal=BOMB \|issue=110 \|pages=58–62 \|jstor=23041529 \|issn=0743-3204}}</ref> === Medicine and health === * [[Lya Imber]] (born in Ukraine) and [[Sara Bendahan]], the first women to complete the degree in medical sciences in Venezuela in the 1930s.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Cantor \|first=Astrid \|title=Las pioneras de la medicina en Venezuela \|url=https://www.cinco8.com/perspectivas/las-pioneras-de-la-medicina-en-venezuela/ \|access-date=2023-09-08 \|website=Cinco8 \|language=es}}</ref> * [[Susana Raffalli]], Venezuelan nutritionist. She is recognized for her humanitarian work on alleviating hunger in Venezuela and in particular during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela]]. She was listed as [[100 Women (BBC)\|BBC's 100 Women]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=2020-11-23 \|title=BBC 100 Women 2020: Who is on the list this year? \|language=en-GB \|work=BBC News \|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-55042935 \|access-date=2023-09-21}}</ref> === Music === * [[Teresa Carreño]], classical pianist, [[soprano]], composer, and conductor, from the 19th and 20th century. She became an internationally renowned [[virtuoso]] pianist and was often referred to as the "[[Valkyrie]] of the Piano".<ref>{{Cite journal \|date=June 23, 1917 \|title=Teresa Carreno's Death Ends a Notable Career. \|journal=[[Musical America]] \|pages=13–14}}</ref> * [[María Teresa Chacín\|Maria Teresa Chacín]], singer and composer who has won numerous awards and is known for her contributions to the development of Venezuelan music.<ref name="Peñín-2003">{{Cite journal \|last=Peñín \|first=José \|date=2003 \|title=Música popular de masas, de medios, urbana o mesomúsica venezolana \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3598713 \|journal=Latin American Music Review / Revista de Música Latinoamericana \|volume=24 \|issue=1 \|pages=62–94 \|doi=10.1353/lat.2003.0014 \|issn=0163-0350 \|jstor=3598713 \|s2cid=191132959\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Soledad Bravo]], singer, known for her powerful voice and political activism. Bravo's work reflects her involvement in social and political causes, addressing themes of social justice, human rights, and freedom.<ref name="Peñín-2003" /> Throughout her career, she has recorded and performed songs in various languages, gaining international acclaim. Glass Marcano, Venezuelan conductor known for her work with the Orquesta Sinfónica Juvenil Simón Bolívar and international performances with leading orchestras. She gained recognition after being a finalist in the La Maestra Competition in Paris.<ref>{{cite web \|last=Castro \|first=Blanca \|date=8 February 2021 \|title=De vender frutas en Venezuela a dirigir una orquesta en Francia \|website=euronews \|url=https://es.euronews.com/cultura/2021/02/08/de-vender-frutas-en-venezuela-a-dirigir-una-orquesta-en-francia \|access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref> === Politics === [[Irene Sáez]], [[Chacao, Venezuela\|Chacao]] mayor, [[Nueva Esparta]] governor and presidential candidate, as well as 1981 Miss Universe.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Valdez \|first=Mario \|date=1 Dec 2017 \|title=Irene Sáez: 'La Reina, vuelve a Chacao' \|url=http://www.noticierodigital.com/2017/12/mario-valdez-irene-saez-la-reina-vuelve-a-chacao/ \|journal=Noticiero Digital \|language=es}}</ref> * [[María Corina Machado]], National Assembly deputy and presidential candidate.<ref name="EUpresident">{{in lang\|es}} de la Rosa, Alicia (11 July 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110712234113/http://politica.eluniversal.com/2011/07/11/diputada-machado-anunciara-su-precandidatura-el-proximo-domingo.shtml "Diputada Machado anunciará su precandidatura el próximo domingo".] ''El Universal''. Accessed 12 July 2011.</ref> In 2018, she was listed as one of [[100 Women (BBC)\|BBC's 100 Women]].<ref>{{Cite news \|date=19 November 2018 \|title=BBC 100 Women 2018: Who is on the list? \|language=en-GB \|work=BBC News \|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-46225037 \|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref> * [[Mercedes Carvajal de Arocha]], first woman elected to the [[Senate of Venezuela\|Venezuelan Senate]].<ref name="whoswho">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6IqaAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA119 \|title=Who's Who in Latin America: Part III, Columbia, Ecuador and Venezuela \|publisher=Stanford University Press \|isbn=978-0-8047-0726-8 \|page=119}}</ref> === Science and math === [[File:Yulimar Rojas - Triple saut Femmes (cropped).jpg\|thumb\|[[Yulimar Rojas]], Venezuelan world record holder in women's triple jump.]] * [[Zoraida Luces de Febres]], botanist, university professor, and first woman to earn a bachelor degree in natural sciences at the [[Central University of Venezuela]] (UCV) and first woman to earn earn a doctoral degree in biology in 1958.<ref>{{Cite book \|url=https://acfiman.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Mujeres%20en%20Ciencias%20Junio-2017.pdf \|title=Mujeres en Ciencia:Venezuela sus historias inspiradoras \|publisher=Academia de Ciencias Físicas, Matemáticas y Naturales \|year=2016 \|editor-last=López \|editor-first=Liliana \|editor-last2=Ranaudo \|editor-first2=María Antonieta}}</ref> * [[Anamaría Font]], physics professor at UCV She was awarded the [[L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Awards]] in 2023 for he ground breaking work in [[superstring theory]] and for development of the [[S-duality]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Professor Anamaria Font For Women In Science 2023 Laureate \|url=https://www.loreal.com/en/articles/commitments/professor-anamaria-font/ \|access-date=2023-09-07 \|website=www.loreal.com}}</ref> * [[Alejandra Melfo]], Uruguayan-Venezuelan physicist, known for her efforts of conservation of glaciers, specifically La Corona from [[Pico Humboldt]], the last glacier in Venezuela.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2019-01-15 \|title=Watching Venezuela's Last Glacier Disappear \|url=https://www.biointeractive.org/planning-tools/science-news/watching-venezuelas-last-glacier-disappear \|access-date=2023-09-07 \|website=HHMI BioInteractive \|language=en}}</ref> * [[Kathy Vivas]], astrophysicist recognized for her investigations of and finding up to 100 new and very distant [[RR Lyrae variable\|RR Lyrae]] stars.<ref>{{cite web \|date=12 January 2000 \|title=Yale Researcher Identifies Stars That Give Clues to the Milky Way \|url=https://news.yale.edu/2000/01/12/yale-researcher-identifies-stars-give-clues-milky-way \|access-date=5 April 2017 \|website=Yale News}}</ref> === Sports === * [[Flor Isava Fonseca]], journalist, sport woman and former vice president of the Venezuelan [[Red Cross]]. In 1981 Isava-Fonseca and Finnish [[Pirjo Häggman]] became the first women to be elected to the [[International Olympic Committee]]. She was the first woman to serve on the executive board in 1990.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Findling, John E. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmXi_-Jujj0C&dq=Flor+Isava-Fonseca+first+woman&pg=PA441 \|title=Encyclopedia of the modern Olympic movement \|author2=Pelle, Kimberly \|year=2002 \|isbn=9780313322785 \|page=441\| publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref> * [[Deyna Castellanos]], footballer, winner of two [[South American U-17 Championship]]s and the 2018 [[NCAA Division I women's soccer tournament]].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2019-03-07 \|title=Mujeres que han marcado pauta en la historia venezolana \|url=https://oceandrive.com.ve/entretenimiento/mujeres-que-han-marcado-pauta-en-la-historia-venezolana/ \|access-date=2023-09-10 \|language=es}}</ref> * [[Yulimar Rojas]], [[Sport of athletics\|athlete]] and first woman to win an [[Olympic medal\|Olympic gold medal]] in [[2020 Summer Olympics]]. She is the holder of the [[Triple jump world record progression#Women\|world record]] for women's [[triple jump]], at {{T&Fcalc\|15.74}}.<ref>{{cite web \|date=1 August 2021 \|title=Athletics-Venezuela's Rojas smashes women's triple jump world record to take gold \|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/athletics-rojas-venezuela-jumps-1567m-break-womens-triple-jump-world-record-2021-08-01/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801161814/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/athletics-rojas-venezuela-jumps-1567m-break-womens-triple-jump-world-record-2021-08-01/ \|archive-date=1 August 2021 \|access-date=1 August 2021 \|website=Reuters}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == {{commons category\|Women of Venezuela}} [https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/09/venezuelan-women-are-dying-from-buttock-injections/279693/ Venezuelan Women Are Dying From Buttock Injections], by Alasdair Baverstock, from ''The Atlantic'' magazine [https://newsfeed.time.com/2013/08/12/venezuelan-thieves-target-womens-hair/ Venezuelan Thieves Target Women’s Hair], by Claire Groden, from ''Time'' magazine {{South America topic\|Women in}} {{Venezuela topics}} [[Category:Women in Venezuela\| ]] [[Category:Venezuelan women\| ]] [[Category:Women by country\|Venezuela]]	1,298,898,878	[{"title": "General Statistics", "data": {"Maternal mortality (per 100,000)": "95 (2015)", "Women in parliament": "23%, 38 out of 165 (2019)", "Women over 25 with secondary education": "71.7% (2017)", "Women in labour force": "52% (2018)"}}, {"title": "Gender Inequality Index", "data": {"Value": "0.492 (2021)", "Rank": "123rd out of 191"}}, {"title": "Global Gender Gap Index", "data": {"Value": "0.699 (2021)", "Rank": "91st out of 156"}}]	false
# Pemzashen 40°35′36″N 43°56′24″E / 40.59333°N 43.94000°E Pemzashen (Armenian: Պեմզաշեն) is a village in the Artik Municipality of the Shirak Province of Armenia. During the Soviet era a sewing factory, construction materials plant, and a parts factory to supply hydro-electric stations were based out of Pemzashen. After the collapse of the USSR, most of the village's residents have found themselves out of work and many of the men have moved to Russia to find jobs. In the past 15 years, over 300 families have moved away from the village. There is also the problem of a lack of irrigation water for crops or household gardens, and the land around the village is not flat or fertile (due to no irrigation). Plans are currently underway to put in an irrigation system. In the middle of village is a 7th-century church adjacent to the foundations of a 5th-century basilica. Just west of the village off of the main road leading from Pemzashen to Artik is Arakelots Vank of the 11th century. Along the road south to Lernakert, is also Makaravank built in the 10th to 13th centuries, with the church of Surb Sion of 1001. In the gorge below is a small church built on earlier foundations constructed in the 18th century with a hermit's cell cut into the cliff face behind. ## Demographics \| Year \| Pop. \| ±% p.a. \| \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------- \| \| 1831 \| 191 \| — \| \| 1897 \| 1,496 \| +3.17% \| \| 1926 \| 1,331 \| −0.40% \| \| 1939 \| 1,757 \| +2.16% \| \| 1959 \| 3,599 \| +3.65% \| \| 1989 \| 3,384 \| −0.21% \| \| 2001 \| 2,862 \| −1.39% \| \| 2011 \| 3,244 \| +1.26% \| \| This graph was using the legacy Graph extension , which is no longer supported. It needs to be converted to the new Chart extension . \| \| \| \| Source: \| \| \| \| \| This graph was using the legacy Graph extension, which is no longer supported. It needs to be converted to the new Chart extension. \| \| ## Gallery - Arakelots Vank northwest corner, 11th century - Makaravank Church, 10th-13th century - 18th-century chapel in gorge below Makaravank	enwiki/16051703	enwiki	16,051,703	Pemzashen	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemzashen	2025-07-17T11:03:41Z	en	Q2671137	76,117	{{coord\|40\|35\|36\|N\|43\|56\|24\|E\|display=title}} {{Infobox settlement \| official_name = Pemzashen \| native_name = Պեմզաշեն \| image_skyline = Pemzashen Church.JPG \| image_caption = Pemzashen Church, 7th century \| pushpin_map = Armenia#Shirak \| mapsize = 150px \| subdivision_type = Country \| subdivision_name = [[Armenia]] \| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Armenia\|Province]] \| subdivision_name1 = [[Shirak Province\|Shirak]] \| subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities of Armenia\|Municipality]] \| subdivision_name2 = [[Artik Municipality\|Artik]] \| leader_title = Mayor \| leader_name = Ananik Voskanyan \| population_as_of = 2011 \| population_total = 3,244<ref name="citypopulation.de">{{cite web\|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/armenia/shirak/\|title=Shirak (Armenia): Towns and Villages in Municipalities\|website=www.citypopulation.de\|access-date=2025-07-17}}</ref> \| coordinates = {{coord\|40\|35\|36\|N\|43\|56\|24\|E\|region:AM\|display=inline}} \| image_shield = COA_of_Pemzashen.jpg }} '''Pemzashen''' ({{langx\|hy\|Պեմզաշեն}}) is a village in the [[Artik Municipality]] of the [[Shirak Province]] of [[Armenia]]. During the Soviet era a sewing factory, construction materials plant, and a parts factory to supply hydro-electric stations were based out of Pemzashen. After the collapse of the USSR, most of the village's residents have found themselves out of work and many of the men have moved to Russia to find jobs. In the past 15 years, over 300 families have moved away from the village. There is also the problem of a lack of irrigation water for crops or household gardens, and the land around the village is not flat or fertile (due to no irrigation). Plans are currently underway to put in an irrigation system. In the middle of village is a [[Pemzashen Church\|7th-century church]] adjacent to the foundations of a 5th-century basilica. Just west of the village off of the main road leading from Pemzashen to [[Artik]] is [[Arakelots Vank of Pemzashen\|Arakelots Vank]] of the 11th century. Along the road south to [[Lernakert, Shirak\|Lernakert]], is also [[Makaravank of Pemzashen\|Makaravank]] built in the 10th to 13th centuries, with the church of Surb Sion of 1001. In the gorge below is a small church built on earlier foundations constructed in the 18th century with a hermit's cell cut into the cliff face behind. ==Demographics== {{Historical populations \|1831\|191 \|1897\|1496 \|1926\|1331 \|1939\|1757 \|1959\|3599 \|1989\|3384 \|2001\|2862 \|2011\|3244 \|align=none\|percentages=pagr\|graph-pos=bottom\|source=<ref>{{Cite Republic of Armenia Settlements Dictionary}}</ref>}} == Gallery == <gallery> Image:Arakelots Vank Northwest.JPG\|Arakelots Vank northwest corner, 11th century Image:Makaravank front façade.jpg\|Makaravank Church, 10th-13th century Image:Makaravank Pemzashen Chapel 18th c.JPG\|18th-century chapel in gorge below Makaravank </gallery> == References == {{reflist}} * {{GEOnet2\|32FA881E6B473774E0440003BA962ED3}} * [http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-17 World Gazeteer: Armenia]{{dead link\|date=January 2025\|bot=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot=medic}} – World-Gazetteer.com * {{ArmenianCensus\|194}} * {{citation\|last=Kiesling \|first=Brady \|title=Rediscovering Armenia: Guide \|publisher=Matit Graphic Design Studio\|location=[[Yerevan, Armenia]]\|year=2005}} * {{RediscoveringArmenia\|77}} ==External links== * [http://hetq.am/en/society/pemzashen/ Article: Pemzashen] {{Shirak}} [[Category:Populated places in Shirak Province]] {{Shirak-geo-stub}}	1,300,967,117	[{"title": "Pemzashen \u054a\u0565\u0574\u0566\u0561\u0577\u0565\u0576", "data": {"Country": "Armenia", "Province": "Shirak", "Municipality": "Artik"}}, {"title": "Government", "data": {"\u2022 Mayor": "Ananik Voskanyan"}}, {"title": "Population (2011)", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "3,244"}}]	false
# Injo of Joseon Injo (Korean: 인조; Hanja: 仁祖; 7 December 1595 – 17 June 1649), personal name Yi Jong (이종; 李倧), was the 16th monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. He was a grandson of King Seonjo and the eldest son of Prince Jeongwon. He ascended to the throne after leading a coup d'état against his uncle, Gwanghaegun, in 1623. Today, Injo is considered a weak and incompetent king, as during his reign the country experienced Yi Gwal's Rebellion, the Later Jin invasion, the Qing invasion, and an economic recession, while the government was corrupt and ineffective. ## Biography ### Birth and background King Injo was born in 1595 as a son of Prince Jeongwon, whose father was the ruling monarch King Seonjo. In 1607, Prince Jeongwon's son was given the title, Lord Neungyang (綾陽都正, 능양도정) and later Prince Neungyang (綾陽君, 능양군); and lived as a royal family member, unsupported by any political factions that were in control of Korean politics at the time. In 1608, King Seonjo fell sick and died, and his son, Gwanghaegun, succeeded him to the throne. At the time, the government was divided by various political factions and the liberal Easterner political faction came out strong after the Japanese invasions of 1582–1598, as they fought most actively against the Japanese. The Eastern faction split during the last days of King Seonjo into the Northerner and Southerner political factions. The Northern faction wanted radical reform, while the Southerner faction supported more moderate measures. At the time of Seonjo's death, the Northern faction, which gained control of the government at the time, was divided into left-wing Greater Northerners and more moderate Lesser Northerners. As Gwanghaegun inherited the throne, the Greater Northern political faction, which supported him as heir to the crown, became the major political faction in the royal court. Meanwhile, the conservative Westerner political faction remained a minor player, unable to gain power; however many members of the Westerner faction continued to look for opportunities to return to politics as the ruling faction. ### The coup of 1623 Although King Gwanghaegun was an outstanding administrator and great diplomat, he was largely unsupported by many politicians, scholars, and aristocrats because he was not the first-born and he was born of a concubine. Greater Northerners tried to stomp out those opinions, suppressing Lesser Northerners and killing Prince Imhae, the oldest son of Seonjo, and Grand Prince Yeongchang, the queen's son. It was not Gwanghaegun's plan to keep his throne; and in fact, he actually tried to bring minor factions into the government, but was blocked by opposition from members of the Greater Northerners, such as Chŏng Inhong and Yi Ich'ŏm. The actions made Gwanghaegun even more unpopular among wealthy aristocrats, and they finally began plotting against him. In 1623, members of the ultra-conservative Westerners, Kim Chajŏm, Kim Ryu, Yi Kwi and Yi Kwal, launched a coup that resulted in the dethroning of Gwanghaegun, who was sent into exile on Jeju Island. Chŏng Inhong and Yi Ich'ŏm were killed, and this was followed suddenly by the Westerners replacing the Greater Northerners as the ruling political faction. The Westerners brought Injo to the palace and crowned him as the new King of Joseon. Although Injo was king, he did not have any authority since almost all of the power was held by the Westerners that had dethroned Gwanghaegun. ### Yi Kwal's Rebellion Yi Kwal thought he was mistreated and received too small a reward for his role in the coup. In 1624, he rebelled against Injo after being sent to the Northern front as military commander of Pyongyang to fight against the expanding Manchus, while other significant leaders of the coup were rewarded with positions in the King's court. Yi Kwal led 12,000 troops, including 100 Japanese (who defected to Joseon during Japanese invasions of Korea), to the capital, Hansŏng, where Yi Kwal defeated a regular army under the command of General Chang Man and surrounded Hansŏng. Injo fled to Gongju, and Hansŏng fell into the hands of the rebels. On February 11, 1624, Yi Kwal enthroned Prince Heungan (興安君, 흥안군) as the new King. However, General Chang Man soon returned with another regiment and defeated Yi's forces. The Korean army recaptured the capital soon after, and Yi was murdered by his bodyguard, ending the rebellion. Even though Injo kept his throne, the uprising displayed the weaknesses of royal authority while asserting the superiority of the aristocrats, who had gained even more power by fighting against the rebellion. The economy, which was experiencing a slight recovery from Gwanghaegun's reconstruction, was again ruined, and Korea would remain in a poor economic state for a few centuries. ### War with Later Jin and Qing King Gwanghaegun, who was considered a wise diplomat, kept his neutral policy between the Ming dynasty, which was Joseon's traditional ally, and the growing Jurchens (later Manchus and Qing dynasty). However, following the fall of Gwanghaegun, conservative Westerners took a hard-line policy toward the Jurchen-led Later Jin dynasty, keeping their alliance with Ming dynasty. The Later Jin, who had up until that time remained mostly friendly to Joseon, began to regard Joseon as an enemy. Han Yun, who participated in the rebellion of Yi Kwal, fled to Manchuria and urged the Later Jin ruler Nurhaci to attack Joseon; thus the friendly relationship between the Later Jin and Joseon ended. In 1627, 30,000 Manchu cavalry under General Amin and former Korean General Gang Hong-rip invaded Joseon, calling for the restoration of Gwanghaegun and the execution of Westerners leaders, including Kim Chajŏm. General Chang Man again fought against the Later Jin, but was unable to repel the invasion. Once again, Injo fled to Ganghwa Island. Meanwhile, the Later Jin had no reason to attack Joseon and decided to go back to prepare for war against the Ming, and peace soon settled. The Later Jin and Joseon dynasties were declared brother nations and the Later Jin withdrew from the Korean peninsula. However, most Westerners kept their hard-line policy despite the war. Nurhaci, who had generally good opinion toward Korea, did not invade Korea again; however, when Nurhaci died and Hong Taiji succeeded him as ruler, the Later Jin again began to seek another chance for war. King Injo provided refuge to Ming general Mao Wenlong and with his unit, after they fled from the Later Jin and came to Korea; this action caused the Later Jin to invade Korea once again. In 1636, Hong Taiji officially renamed his dynasty the Qing dynasty, and proceeded to invade Joseon personally. The Qing forces purposely avoided battle with General Im Gyeong-eop, a prominent Joseon army commander who was guarding the Uiju Fortress at the time. A Qing army of 128,000 men marched directly into Hansŏng before Injo could escape to Ganghwa Island, driving Injo to Namhan Mountain Fortress instead. Running out of food and supplies after the Manchu managed to cut all supply lines, Injo finally surrendered to the Qing dynasty ceremoniously bowing to the Hong Taiji nine times as Hong Taiji's servant, and agreeing to the Treaty of Samjeondo, which required Injo's first and second son to be taken to China as captives. Joseon then became a tributary state to the Qing dynasty, and the Qing went on to conquer the Central Plain in 1644. ### Death of the Crown Prince After Qing conquered Beijing in 1644, the two princes returned to Korea. Injo's first son, Crown Prince Sohyeon, brought many new products from the western world, including Christianity, and urged Injo for reform. However, the conservative Injo would not accept his ideas and persecuted the Crown Prince for attempting to bring in foreign Catholicism and Western science into Korea. The Crown Prince was mysteriously found dead in the King's room, bleeding severely from the head. Legends say that Injo killed his own son with an ink slab that Sohyeon brought from China; however, some historians suggest he was poisoned by the fact that he had black spots all over his body after his death and that his body decomposed rapidly. Many, including his wife, tried to uncover what happened but Injo ordered immediate burial and greatly reduced the grandeur of the practice of Crown Prince's funeral. King Injo even shortened the funeral period for his son. Later, Injo also executed Sohyeon's wife who tried to find out the real reason for her husband's death. King Injo appointed Grand Prince Bongrim as new Crown Prince (who later became King Hyojong) rather than Prince Sohyeon's oldest son, Prince Gyeongseon. Soon after, Injo ordered the exile of Prince Sohyeon's three sons to Jeju Island (from which only the youngest son, Prince Gyeongan, returned to the mainland alive) and the execution of Sohyeon's wife, Crown Princess Minhoe, for treason. ## Legacy Today, Injo is mostly regarded as a weak, indecisive and unstable ruler; for he caused the Yi Kwal Rebellion, two wars with the Qing dynasty, and a devastation of the economy. He is often compared negatively to his predecessor, Gwanghaegun, who was dethroned, while Injo had almost no achievements during his reign and was still given a temple name. Blamed for not taking care of his kingdom, many people regard King Injo as a model for politicians not to follow; yet, he is credited for reforming the military and expanding the defense of the nation to prepare for war, since the nation had several military conflicts from 1592 to 1636. Injo died in 1649. His tomb is located in Paju, Gyeonggi Province. ## Family - Father: Wonjong of Joseon (조선 원종; 2 August 1580 – 29 December 1619) - Grandfather: King Seonjo of Joseon (조선 선조; 26 November 1552 – 16 March 1608) - Grandmother: Royal Noble Consort In of the Suwon Kim clan (인빈 김씨; 1555 – 10 December 1613) - Mother: Queen Inheon of the Neungseong Gu clan (인헌왕후 구씨; 17 April 1578 – 14 January 1626) Consort(s) and their respective issue - Queen Inyeol of the Cheongju Han clan (인렬왕후 한씨; 16 August 1594 – 16 January 1636) - Yi Wang, Crown Prince Sohyeon (소현세자 이왕; 5 February 1612 – 21 May 1645), first son - Yi Ho, Grand Prince Bongrim (봉림대군 이호; 3 July 1619 – 23 June 1659), second son - Yi Yo, Grand Prince Inpyeong (인평대군 이요; 10 December 1622 – 13 May 1658), third son - Yi Gon, Grand Prince Yongseong (용성대군 이곤; 24 October 1624 – 22 December 1629), fourth son - First daughter (1626–1626) - Fifth son (1629–1629) - Sixth son (12 January 1636 – 16 January 1636) - Queen Jangnyeol of the Yangju Jo clan (장렬왕후 조씨; 16 December 1624 – 20 September 1688) - Royal Consort Gwi-in of the Okcheon Jo clan (귀인 조씨; 1619 – 24 January 1652) - Princess Hyomyeong (효명옹주; 1637–1700), second daughter - Yi Jing, Prince Sungseon (숭선군 이징; 17 October 1639 – 6 January 1690), seventh son - Yi Suk, Prince Nakseon (낙선군 이숙; 9 December 1641 – 26 April 1695), eighth son - Royal Consort Gwi-in of the Deoksu Jang clan (귀인 장씨; 1630–1671) - Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Na clan (숙의 나씨; 1631–?) - Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Park clan (숙의 박씨) - Royal Consort Suk-won of the Jang clan (숙원 장씨) - Court Lady Yi (승은 상궁 이씨; 1605–1643) ## In popular culture - Portrayed by Kim Dong-hoon in the 1981 KBS1 TV series Daemyeong. - Portrayed by Yu In-chon in the 1986–1987 MBC TV series 500 Years of Joseon: Namhan Mountain Fortress. - Portrayed by Ahn Dae-yong in 1995 KBS TV series West Palace. - Portrayed by Lee Byung-joon in the 2000–2002 MBC TV series Tamra, the Island. - Portrayed by Kim Chang-wan in the 2008 SBS TV series Iljimae. - Portrayed by Choi Jung-woo in the 2008 KBS2 TV series Strongest Chil Woo. - Portrayed by Kim Kap-soo in the 2010 KBS2 TV series The Slave Hunters. - Portrayed by Sunwoo Jae-duk in the 2012–2013 MBC TV series The King's Doctor. - Portrayed by Lee Deok-hwa in the 2013 JTBC TV series Blooded Palace: The War of Flowers. - Portrayed by Kim Myung-soo in the 2014 tvN TV series The Three Musketeers. - Portrayed by Kim Jae-won in the 2015 MBC TV series Splendid Politics. - Portrayed by Park Hae-il in the 2017 film The Fortress. - Portrayed by Kang Tae-oh in the 2019 KBS2 TV series The Tale of Nokdu. - portrayed by Lee Min-jae in 2021 MBN TV series Bossam: Steal the Fate. - Portrayed by Jo Kwan-woo in the 2021 tvN TV series Secret Royal Inspector & Joy. - Portrayed by Yoo Hae-jin in the 2022 film The Night Owl. - Portrayed by Kim Jong-tae in the 2023 MBC TV series My Dearest.	enwiki/2251878	enwiki	2,251,878	Injo of Joseon	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injo_of_Joseon	2025-07-22T20:49:50Z	en	Q484453	144,360	{{Short description\|King of Joseon from 1623 to 1649}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2024}} {{More citations needed\|date=August 2007}} {{Infobox royalty \| name = Injo<br>{{lang\|ko\|인조}}<br>{{lang\|ko\|仁祖}} \| dynasty = [[House of Yi\|Yi]] \| succession = [[List of monarchs of Korea#Joseon dynasty\|King of Joseon]] \| reign = 11 April 1623 – 17 June 1649 \| reign-type = Reign \| predecessor = [[Gwanghaegun of Joseon\|Gwanghaegun]] \| successor = [[Hyojong of Joseon\|Hyojong]] \| burial_place = [[Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty#Jangneung (Paju) (파주 장릉)\|Jangneung Mausoleum]], [[Paju]], South Korea \| spouse = {{plainlist\| * {{marriage\|[[Queen Inyeol]]\|1610\|1636\|end=died}} * {{marriage\|[[Queen Jangnyeol]]\|1638}} }} \| spouse-type = Spouse(s) \| issue = {{plainlist\| * [[Crown Prince Sohyeon]] * [[Hyojong of Joseon]] * [[Grand Prince Inpyeong]] }} \| issue-link = #Family \| issue-pipe = among others... \| full name = Yi Jong ({{Korean\|hangul=이종\|hanja=李倧\|labels=no}}) \| posthumous name = [[Joseon]]: King Heonmun Yeolmu Myeongsuk Sunhyo the Great ({{Korean\|hangul=헌문열무명숙순효대왕\|hanja=憲文烈武明肅純孝大王\|labels=no}}) \| temple name = Injo ({{Korean\|hangul=인조\|hanja=仁祖\|labels=no}}) \| house = [[Jeonju Yi clan\|Jeonju Yi]] \| house-type = Clan \| father = [[Prince Jeongwon\|Wonjong of Joseon]] \| mother = [[Queen Inheon]] \| birth_date = 7 December 1595 \| birth_place = Prince Jeongwon's Mansion, [[Haeju]], [[Hwanghae Province]], [[Joseon]] \| death_date = {{death-date and age\|17 June 1649\|7 December 1595}} \| death_place = Daejojeon Hall, [[Changdeokgung]], [[Seoul\|Hansŏng]], [[Joseon]] \| religion = [[Korean Confucianism]] {{small\|([[Neo-Confucianism]])}} }} {{Infobox Korean name/auto \|hangul=^인조 \|hanja=仁祖 \|hangulborn=%이종 \|hanjaborn=李倧 \|title={{nobold\|Korean name}}}} '''Injo''' ({{Korean\|hangul=인조\|hanja=仁祖}}; 7 December 1595 – 17 June 1649), personal name '''Yi Jong''' ({{Korean\|hangul=이종\|hanja=李倧\|labels=no}}), was the 16th monarch of the [[Joseon\|Joseon dynasty]] of [[Korea]]. He was a grandson of [[Seonjo of Joseon\|King Seonjo]] and the eldest son of [[Prince Jeongwon]]. He ascended to the throne after leading a ''[[coup d'état]]'' against his uncle, [[Gwanghaegun of Joseon\|Gwanghaegun]], in 1623. Today, Injo is considered a weak and incompetent king, as during his reign the country experienced [[Yi Gwal's Rebellion]], the [[Later Jin invasion of Joseon\|Later Jin invasion]], the [[Qing invasion of Joseon\|Qing invasion]], and an economic recession, while the government was corrupt and ineffective. == Biography == === Birth and background === King Injo was born in 1595 as a son of [[Prince Jeongwon]], whose father was the ruling monarch [[Seonjo of Joseon\|King Seonjo]]. In 1607, [[Prince Jeongwon]]'s son was given the title, Lord Neungyang (綾陽都正, 능양도정) and later Prince Neungyang (綾陽君, 능양군); and lived as a royal family member, unsupported by any political factions that were in control of Korean politics at the time. In 1608, [[Seonjo of Joseon\|King Seonjo]] fell sick and died, and his son, [[Gwanghaegun of Joseon\|Gwanghaegun]], succeeded him to the throne. At the time, the government was divided by various political factions and the liberal [[Easterners (Korean political faction)\|Easterner]] political faction came out strong after the [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)\|Japanese invasions of 1582–1598]], as they fought most actively against the Japanese. The Eastern faction split during the last days of [[Seonjo of Joseon\|King Seonjo]] into the [[Northerners (Korean political faction)\|Northerner]] and [[Southerners (Korean political faction)\|Southerner political factions]]. The Northern faction wanted radical reform, while the Southerner faction supported more moderate measures. At the time of [[Seonjo of Joseon\|Seonjo]]'s death, the Northern faction, which gained control of the government at the time, was divided into left-wing Greater Northerners and more moderate Lesser Northerners. As [[Gwanghaegun of Joseon\|Gwanghaegun]] inherited the throne, the Greater Northern political faction, which supported him as heir to the crown, became the major political faction in the royal court. Meanwhile, the conservative [[Westerners (Korean political faction)\|Westerner]] political faction remained a minor player, unable to gain power; however many members of the Westerner faction continued to look for opportunities to return to politics as the ruling faction. === The coup of 1623 === {{See also\|Injo coup}} Although King [[Gwanghaegun of Joseon\|Gwanghaegun]] was an outstanding administrator and great diplomat, he was largely unsupported by many politicians, scholars, and aristocrats because he was not the first-born and he was born of a concubine. Greater Northerners tried to stomp out those opinions, suppressing Lesser Northerners and killing [[Prince Imhae]], the oldest son of [[Seonjo of Joseon\|Seonjo]], and [[Grand Prince Yeongchang]], the queen's son. It was not [[Gwanghaegun of Joseon\|Gwanghaegun]]'s plan to keep his throne; and in fact, he actually tried to bring minor factions into the government, but was blocked by opposition from members of the Greater Northerners, such as [[Chŏng Inhong]] and [[Yi Ich'ŏm]]. The actions made [[Gwanghaegun of Joseon\|Gwanghaegun]] even more unpopular among wealthy aristocrats, and they finally began plotting against him. In 1623, members of the ultra-conservative Westerners, [[Kim Chajŏm]], [[Kim Ryu]], [[Yi Kwi]] and [[Yi Kwal]], launched a coup that resulted in the dethroning of [[Gwanghaegun of Joseon\|Gwanghaegun]], who was sent into exile on [[Jeju Island]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Quartermain \|first1=Thomas \|title=Besieged on a Frozen Mountain Top: Opposing Records from the Qing Invasion of Chosŏn, 1636–1637 \|journal=[[Acta Koreana]] \|date=June 2018 \|volume=21 \|issue=1 \|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/756454 \|access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref> [[Chŏng Inhong]] and Yi Ich'ŏm were killed, and this was followed suddenly by the Westerners replacing the Greater Northerners as the ruling political faction. The Westerners brought Injo to the palace and crowned him as the new [[List of monarchs of Korea#Joseon dynasty\|King of Joseon]]. Although Injo was king, he did not have any authority since almost all of the power was held by the Westerners that had dethroned [[Gwanghaegun of Joseon\|Gwanghaegun]]. {{Joseon monarchs}} ===Yi Kwal's Rebellion=== {{See also\|Yi Kwal's Rebellion}} [[Yi Kwal]] thought he was mistreated and received too small a reward for his role in the coup. In 1624, he rebelled against Injo after being sent to the Northern front as military commander of [[Pyongyang]] to fight against the expanding Manchus, while other significant leaders of the coup were rewarded with positions in the King's court. Yi Kwal led 12,000 troops, including 100 Japanese (who defected to Joseon during [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)\|Japanese invasions of Korea]]), to the capital, [[Seoul\|Hansŏng]], where Yi Kwal defeated a regular army under the command of General {{ill\|Chang Man\|ko\|장만}} and surrounded [[Seoul\|Hansŏng]]. Injo fled to [[Gongju]], and [[Seoul\|Hansŏng]] fell into the hands of the rebels. On February 11, 1624, [[Yi Kwal]] enthroned Prince Heungan (興安君, 흥안군) as the new King. However, General Chang Man soon returned with another regiment and defeated Yi's forces. The Korean army recaptured the capital soon after, and Yi was murdered by his bodyguard, ending the rebellion. Even though Injo kept his throne, the uprising displayed the weaknesses of royal authority while asserting the superiority of the aristocrats, who had gained even more power by fighting against the rebellion. The economy, which was experiencing a slight recovery from [[Gwanghaegun of Joseon\|Gwanghaegun]]'s reconstruction, was again ruined, and Korea would remain in a poor economic state for a few centuries. === War with Later Jin and Qing === {{See also\|Later Jin invasion of Joseon\|Qing invasion of Joseon\|Samjeondo Monument}} King [[Gwanghaegun of Joseon\|Gwanghaegun]], who was considered a wise diplomat, kept his neutral policy between the [[Ming dynasty]], which was Joseon's traditional ally, and the growing Jurchens (later Manchus and Qing dynasty). However, following the fall of [[Gwanghaegun of Joseon\|Gwanghaegun]], conservative Westerners took a hard-line policy toward the Jurchen-led [[Later Jin (1616–1636)\|Later Jin dynasty]], keeping their alliance with Ming dynasty. The Later Jin, who had up until that time remained mostly friendly to Joseon, began to regard Joseon as an enemy. [[Han Yun]], who participated in the rebellion of [[Yi Kwal]], fled to Manchuria and urged the Later Jin ruler [[Nurhaci]] to attack Joseon; thus the friendly relationship between the Later Jin and Joseon ended. In 1627, 30,000 Manchu cavalry under General [[Amin (Qing dynasty)\|Amin]] and former Korean General [[Gang Hong-rip]] invaded [[Joseon]], calling for the restoration of [[Gwanghaegun of Joseon\|Gwanghaegun]] and the execution of Westerners leaders, including [[Kim Chajŏm]]. General [[Chang Man]] again fought against the Later Jin, but was unable to repel the invasion. Once again, Injo fled to [[Ganghwa Island]]. Meanwhile, the Later Jin had no reason to attack Joseon and decided to go back to prepare for war against the Ming, and peace soon settled. The Later Jin and Joseon dynasties were declared brother nations and the Later Jin withdrew from the Korean peninsula. However, most Westerners kept their hard-line policy despite the war. Nurhaci, who had generally good opinion toward Korea, did not invade Korea again; however, when Nurhaci died and [[Hong Taiji]] succeeded him as ruler, the Later Jin again began to seek another chance for war. King Injo provided refuge to Ming general [[Mao Wenlong]] and with his unit, after they fled from the Later Jin and came to Korea; this action caused the Later Jin to invade Korea once again. In 1636, Hong Taiji officially renamed his dynasty the [[Qing dynasty]], and proceeded to invade Joseon personally. The Qing forces purposely avoided battle with General [[Im Gyeong-eop]], a prominent Joseon army commander who was guarding the [[Uiju County\|Uiju]] Fortress at the time. A Qing army of 128,000 men marched directly into [[Seoul\|Hansŏng]] before Injo could escape to [[Ganghwa Island]], driving Injo to [[Namhansanseong\|Namhan Mountain Fortress]] instead. Running out of food and supplies after the Manchu managed to cut all supply lines, Injo finally surrendered to the Qing dynasty ceremoniously bowing to the Hong Taiji nine times as Hong Taiji's servant, and agreeing to the [[Samjeondo Monument\|Treaty of Samjeondo]], which required Injo's first and second son to be taken to China as captives. [[Joseon]] then became a [[Tributary system of China\|tributary state]] to the Qing dynasty, and the Qing went on to conquer the [[Zhongyuan\|Central Plain]] in 1644. === Death of the Crown Prince === After [[Qing dynasty\|Qing]] conquered Beijing in 1644,<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Palais\|first1=James B.\|title=Confucian statecraft and Korean institutions : Yu Hyŏngwŏn and the late Chosŏn dynasty\|date=1995\|publisher=Univ. of Washington Press\|location=Seattle [u.a.]\|isbn=0-295-97455-9\|page=103\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kwpSxkUYCSAC&q=dorgon+korean+princess&pg=PA103}}</ref> the two princes returned to Korea. Injo's first son, [[Crown Prince Sohyeon]], brought many new products from the western world, including [[Christianity]], and urged Injo for reform. However, the conservative Injo would not accept his ideas and persecuted the Crown Prince for attempting to bring in foreign Catholicism and Western science into Korea. The Crown Prince was mysteriously found dead in the King's room, bleeding severely from the head. Legends say that Injo killed his own son with an [[Inkstone\|ink slab]] that Sohyeon brought from China;<ref name="auto">{{cite news \|last1=Yim \|first1=Seung Hye \|title=[FICTION VS. HISTORY] Mysterious death of Crown Prince Sohyeon reimagined in 'The Owl' \|url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2023/01/15/culture/koreanHeritage/korea-fiction-vs-history-the-owl/20230115173936928.html \|access-date=15 January 2024 \|agency=Korea Joongang Daily \|date=January 15, 2023}}</ref> however, some historians suggest he was poisoned by the fact that he had black spots all over his body after his death and that his body decomposed rapidly. Many, including his wife, tried to uncover what happened but Injo ordered immediate burial and greatly reduced the grandeur of the practice of Crown Prince's funeral. King Injo even shortened the funeral period for his son.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.etoday.co.kr/news/view/1515414\|script-title=ko:[한국여성인물사전] 155. 귀인 조씨(貴人趙氏)\|first=이성임 서울대 법학연구소 책임연구원\|last=Opinion@etoday.co.kr\|date=17 July 2017\|website=이투데이}}</ref> Later, Injo also executed Sohyeon's wife who tried to find out the real reason for her husband's death.<ref name="auto"/> King Injo appointed Grand Prince Bongrim as new Crown Prince (who later became [[Hyojong of Joseon\|King Hyojong]]) rather than Prince Sohyeon's oldest son, Prince Gyeongseon. Soon after, Injo ordered the exile of Prince Sohyeon's three sons to Jeju Island (from which only the youngest son, Prince Gyeongan, returned to the mainland alive) and the execution of Sohyeon's wife, Crown Princess Minhoe, for treason. == Legacy == Today, Injo is mostly regarded as a weak, indecisive and unstable ruler; for he caused the Yi Kwal Rebellion, two wars with the Qing dynasty, and a devastation of the economy. He is often compared negatively to his predecessor, Gwanghaegun, who was dethroned, while Injo had almost no achievements during his reign and was still given a temple name. Blamed for not taking care of his kingdom, many people regard King Injo as a model for politicians not to follow; yet, he is credited for reforming the military and expanding the defense of the nation to prepare for war, since the nation had several military conflicts from 1592 to 1636. Injo died in 1649. [[Jangneung (Injo)\|His tomb]] is located in [[Paju]], [[Gyeonggi Province]]. == Family == {{Unreferenced section\|date=March 2024}} * Father: [[Prince Jeongwon\|Wonjong of Joseon]] ({{Korean\|hangul=조선 원종\|labels=no}}; 2 August 1580 – 29 December 1619) Grandfather: [[Seonjo of Joseon\|King Seonjo of Joseon]] ({{Korean\|hangul=조선 선조\|labels=no}}; 26 November 1552 – 16 March 1608) Grandmother: Royal Noble Consort In of the Suwon Kim clan ({{Korean\|hangul=인빈 김씨\|labels=no}}; 1555 – 10 December 1613) * Mother: [[Queen Inheon]] of the [[Neungseong Gu clan]] ({{Korean\|hangul=인헌왕후 구씨\|labels=no}}; 17 April 1578 – 14 January 1626) '''Consort(s) and their respective issue''' * [[Queen Inyeol]] of the [[Cheongju Han clan]] ({{Korean\|hangul=인렬왕후 한씨\|labels=no}}; 16 August 1594 – 16 January 1636) [[Crown Prince Sohyeon\|Yi Wang, Crown Prince Sohyeon]] ({{Korean\|hangul=소현세자 이왕\|labels=no}}; 5 February 1612 – 21 May 1645), first son [[Hyojong of Joseon\|Yi Ho, Grand Prince Bongrim]] ({{Korean\|hangul=봉림대군 이호\|labels=no}}; 3 July 1619 – 23 June 1659), second son [[Grand Prince Inpyeong\|Yi Yo, Grand Prince Inpyeong]] ({{Korean\|hangul=인평대군 이요\|labels=no}}; 10 December 1622 – 13 May 1658), third son Yi Gon, Grand Prince Yongseong ({{Korean\|hangul=용성대군 이곤\|labels=no}}; 24 October 1624 – 22 December 1629), fourth son ''First daughter'' (1626–1626) ''Fifth son'' (1629–1629) ** ''Sixth son'' (12 January 1636 – 16 January 1636) * [[Queen Jangnyeol]] of the Yangju Jo clan ({{Korean\|hangul=장렬왕후 조씨\|labels=no}}; 16 December 1624 – 20 September 1688) * [[Gwiin Jo (Injo)\|Royal Consort Gwi-in]] of the Okcheon Jo clan ({{Korean\|hangul=귀인 조씨\|labels=no}}; 1619 – 24 January 1652) [[Princess Hyomyeong]] ({{Korean\|hangul=효명옹주\|labels=no}}; 1637–1700), second daughter Yi Jing, Prince Sungseon ({{Korean\|hangul=숭선군 이징\|labels=no}}; 17 October 1639 – 6 January 1690), seventh son ** Yi Suk, Prince Nakseon ({{Korean\|hangul=낙선군 이숙\|labels=no}}; 9 December 1641 – 26 April 1695), eighth son * Royal Consort Gwi-in of the [[Deoksu Jang clan]] ({{Korean\|hangul=귀인 장씨\|labels=no}}; 1630–1671) * Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Na clan ({{Korean\|hangul=숙의 나씨\|labels=no}}; 1631–?) * Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Park clan ({{Korean\|hangul=숙의 박씨\|labels=no}}) * Royal Consort Suk-won of the Jang clan ({{Korean\|hangul=숙원 장씨\|labels=no}}) * Court Lady Yi ({{Korean\|hangul=승은 상궁 이씨\|labels=no}}; 1605–1643) == In popular culture == Portrayed by [[Kim Dong-hoon]] in the 1981 [[KBS1]] TV series ''[[Daemyeong]]''. Portrayed by [[Yu In-chon]] in the 1986–1987 [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation\|MBC]] TV series ''500 Years of Joseon: Namhan Mountain Fortress''. Portrayed by [[Ahn Dae-yong]] in 1995 [[Korean Broadcasting System\|KBS]] TV series ''[[West Palace]]''. Portrayed by [[Lee Byung-joon]] in the 2000–2002 MBC TV series ''[[Tamra, the Island]]''. Portrayed by [[Kim Chang-wan]] in the 2008 [[Seoul Broadcasting System\|SBS]] TV series ''[[Iljimae]]''. Portrayed by [[Choi Jung-woo]] in the 2008 [[KBS2]] TV series ''[[Strongest Chil Woo]]''. Portrayed by [[Kim Kap-soo]] in the 2010 KBS2 TV series ''[[The Slave Hunters]]''. Portrayed by [[Sunwoo Jae-duk]] in the 2012–2013 MBC TV series ''[[The King's Doctor]]''. Portrayed by [[Lee Deok-hwa]] in the 2013 [[JTBC]] TV series ''[[Blooded Palace: The War of Flowers]]''. Portrayed by [[L (entertainer)\|Kim Myung-soo]] in the 2014 [[TvN (South Korean TV channel)\|tvN]] TV series ''[[The Three Musketeers (South Korean TV series)\|The Three Musketeers]]''. Portrayed by [[Kim Jaewon\|Kim Jae-won]] in the 2015 MBC TV series ''[[Splendid Politics]]''. Portrayed by [[Park Hae-il]] in the 2017 film ''[[The Fortress (2017 film)\|The Fortress]]''. Portrayed by [[Kang Tae-oh]] in the 2019 KBS2 TV series ''[[The Tale of Nokdu]]''. portrayed by [[Lee Min-jae]] in 2021 [[Maeil Broadcasting Network\|MBN]] TV series ''[[Bossam: Steal the Fate]]''. Portrayed by [[Jo Kwan-woo]] in the 2021 tvN TV series ''[[Secret Royal Inspector & Joy]]''. Portrayed by [[Yoo Hae-jin]] in the 2022 film ''[[The Night Owl (2022 film)\|The Night Owl]]''. * Portrayed by Kim Jong-tae in the 2023 MBC TV series ''[[My Dearest]]''. == See also == [[History of Korea]] [[List of monarchs of Korea]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{s-start}} {{s-hou\|[[House of Yi]]\|\|1595\|\|1649}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef\|before=[[Gwanghaegun of Joseon\|Gwanghaegun]]}} {{s-ttl\|title=[[List of monarchs of Korea\|King of Joseon]]\|years=1623–1649}} {{s-aft\|after=[[Hyojong of Joseon\|Hyojong]]}} {{s-end}} {{House of Yi}}{{Grand princes of Joseon}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:1595 births]] [[Category:1649 deaths]] [[Category:17th-century Korean monarchs]]	1,301,994,907	[{"title": "King of Joseon", "data": {"Reign": "11 April 1623 \u2013 17 June 1649", "Predecessor": "Gwanghaegun", "Successor": "Hyojong"}}, {"title": "Birth name", "data": {"Hangul": "\uc774\uc885", "Hanja": "\u674e\u5027", "RR": "I Jong", "MR": "I Chong"}}]	false
# Mads Pieler Kolding Mads Pieler Kolding (born 27 January 1988) is a Danish badminton player who specializes in doubles. He won the gold medal at the 2016 European Championships in the men's doubles event partnered with Mads Conrad-Petersen. He was also a part of the Denmark national team who won the 2016 Thomas Cup. Kolding announced his retirement from international badminton on 4 November 2021. ## Achievements ### European Championships Men's doubles \| Year \| Venue \| Partner \| Opponent \| Score \| Result \| \| ---- \| ----------------------------------------------------- \| -------------------- \| ----------------------------------- \| ------------------- \| ------ \| \| 2014 \| Gymnastics Center Kazan, Kazan, Russia \| Mads Conrad-Petersen \| Vladimir Ivanov Ivan Sozonov \| 13–21, 16–21 \| Silver \| \| 2016 \| Vendéspace, La Roche-sur-Yon, France \| Mads Conrad-Petersen \| Kim Astrup Anders Skaarup Rasmussen \| 14–21, 21–18, 21–13 \| Gold \| \| 2017 \| Sydbank Arena, Kolding, Denmark \| Mads Conrad-Petersen \| Mathias Boe Carsten Mogensen \| 16–21, 20–22 \| Silver \| \| 2018 \| Palacio de los Deportes Carolina Marín, Huelva, Spain \| Mads Conrad-Petersen \| Kim Astrup Anders Skaarup Rasmussen \| 15–21, retired \| Silver \| Mixed doubles \| Year \| Venue \| Partner \| Opponent \| Score \| Result \| \| ---- \| -------------------------------------- \| ------------------- \| ------------------------------------------- \| ------------------- \| ------ \| \| 2012 \| Telenor Arena, Karlskrona, Sweden \| Julie Houmann \| Robert Mateusiak Nadieżda Zięba \| 12–21, 22–24 \| Silver \| \| 2014 \| Gymnastics Center Kazan, Kazan, Russia \| Kamilla Rytter Juhl \| Joachim Fischer Nielsen Christinna Pedersen \| 24–22, 13–21, 18–21 \| Silver \| ### European Junior Championships Boys' doubles \| Year \| Venue \| Partner \| Opponent \| Score \| Result \| \| ---- \| -------------------------------------------- \| -------------------- \| ------------------------ \| ------------ \| ------ \| \| 2007 \| Hermann-Neuberger-Halle, Völklingen, Germany \| Mads Conrad-Petersen \| Chris Adcock Peter Mills \| 16–21, 15–21 \| Silver \| Mixed doubles \| Year \| Venue \| Partner \| Opponent \| Score \| Result \| \| ---- \| -------------------------------------------- \| ------------------ \| ---------------------------------- \| ------------------- \| ------ \| \| 2007 \| Hermann-Neuberger-Halle, Völklingen, Germany \| Line Damkjær Kruse \| Christian Larsen Joan Christiansen \| 13–21, 21–12, 17–21 \| Bronze \| ### BWF Superseries (3 runners-up) The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, was a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries levels were Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries consisted of twelve tournaments around the world that had been introduced since 2011. Successful players were invited to the Superseries Finals, which were held at the end of each year. Men's doubles \| Year \| Tournament \| Partner \| Opponent \| Score \| Result \| \| ---- \| -------------- \| -------------------- \| ---------------------------------------------- \| ------------ \| --------- \| \| 2015 \| India Open \| Mads Conrad-Petersen \| Chai Biao Hong Wei \| 18–21, 14–21 \| Runner-up \| \| 2015 \| French Open \| Mads Conrad-Petersen \| Lee Yong-dae Yoo Yeon-seong \| 14–21, 19–21 \| Runner-up \| \| 2017 \| Hong Kong Open \| Mads Conrad-Petersen \| Marcus Fernaldi Gideon Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo \| 12–21, 18–21 \| Runner-up \| BWF Superseries Finals tournament BWF Superseries Premier tournament BWF Superseries tournament ### BWF Grand Prix (6 titles, 1 runner-up) The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) and played between 2007 and 2017. Men's doubles \| Year \| Tournament \| Partner \| Opponent \| Score \| Result \| \| ---- \| -------------- \| -------------------- \| ----------------------------------- \| ------------ \| --------- \| \| 2013 \| Bitburger Open \| Mads Conrad-Petersen \| Kim Astrup Anders Skaarup Rasmussen \| 21–11, 21–16 \| Winner \| \| 2013 \| Scottish Open \| Mads Conrad-Petersen \| Kim Astrup Anders Skaarup Rasmussen \| Walkover \| Winner \| \| 2015 \| German Open \| Mads Conrad-Petersen \| Vladimir Ivanov Ivan Sozonov \| 22–20, 21–19 \| Winner \| \| 2015 \| Bitburger Open \| Mads Conrad-Petersen \| Vladimir Ivanov Ivan Sozonov \| 21–18, 21–18 \| Winner \| \| 2017 \| German Open \| Mads Conrad-Petersen \| Kim Astrup Anders Skaarup Rasmussen \| 17–21, 13–21 \| Runner-up \| Mixed doubles \| Year \| Tournament \| Partner \| Opponent \| Score \| Result \| \| ---- \| ----------- \| ------------------- \| ------------------------------------------- \| ------------ \| ------ \| \| 2012 \| Dutch Open \| Kamilla Rytter Juhl \| Marcus Ellis Gabrielle White \| 21–15, 21–13 \| Winner \| \| 2015 \| German Open \| Kamilla Rytter Juhl \| Joachim Fischer Nielsen Christinna Pedersen \| 21–18, 21–17 \| Winner \| BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament BWF Grand Prix tournament ### BWF International Challenge/Series (14 titles, 5 runners-up) Men's doubles \| Year \| Tournament \| Partner \| Opponent \| Score \| Result \| \| ---- \| ----------------------- \| ------------------------ \| ------------------------------------------ \| ------------------- \| --------- \| \| 2007 \| Hungarian International \| Peter Mørk \| Sartono Ekopranoto Andi Hartono Tandaputra \| 21–15, 21–15 \| Winner \| \| 2007 \| Hellas International \| Mikkel Elbjørn \| Au Kok Leong Goh Ying Jin \| 19–21, 18–21 \| Runner-up \| \| 2009 \| Scottish International \| Mads Conrad-Petersen \| Chris Langridge Robin Middleton \| 19–21, 26–24, 21–16 \| Winner \| \| 2009 \| Dutch International \| Mads Conrad-Petersen \| Ruud Bosch Koen Ridder \| 21–14, 22–20 \| Winner \| \| 2009 \| Croatian International \| Mads Conrad-Petersen \| Naoki Kawamae Shoji Sato \| 21–15, 21–19 \| Winner \| \| 2009 \| Czech International \| Mads Conrad-Petersen \| Mikkel Elbjørn Christian John Skovgaard \| 21–14, 17–21, 21–9 \| Winner \| \| 2009 \| Irish International \| Mads Conrad-Petersen \| Marcus Ellis Peter Mills \| 21–18, 21–11 \| Winner \| \| 2010 \| Dutch International \| Mads Conrad-Petersen \| Mikkel Elbjørn Christian John Skovgaard \| 21–17, 21–14 \| Winner \| \| 2012 \| Denmark International \| Christian John Skovgaard \| Kasper Antonsen Rasmus Bonde \| 21–17, 21–10 \| Winner \| \| 2021 \| Portugal International \| Frederik Søgaard \| Emil Lauritzen Mads Vestergaard \| 21–17, 21–18 \| Winner \| Mixed doubles \| Year \| Tournament \| Partner \| Opponent \| Score \| Result \| \| ---- \| ----------------------- \| ------------------ \| ----------------------------------- \| ------------------- \| --------- \| \| 2007 \| Hungarian International \| Line Damkjær Kruse \| Zhang Yi Cai Jiani \| 15–21, 17–21 \| Runner-up \| \| 2007 \| Hellas International \| Line Damkjær Kruse \| Jeppe Lund Louise Hansen \| Walkover \| Winner \| \| 2008 \| Finnish International \| Line Damkjær Kruse \| Fran Kurniawan Shendy Puspa Irawati \| 12–21, 18–21 \| Runner-up \| \| 2010 \| Swedish International \| Britta Andersen \| Valeriy Atrashchenkov Elena Prus \| 18–21, 21–18, 21–17 \| Winner \| \| 2010 \| Turkey International \| Julie Houmann \| Baptiste Carême Laura Choinet \| 21–12, 21–18 \| Winner \| \| 2011 \| Austrian International \| Julie Houmann \| Wong Wai Hong Chau Hoi Wah \| 17–21, 11–21 \| Runner-up \| \| 2011 \| Denmark International \| Julie Houmann \| Rasmus Bonde Maria Helsbøl \| 21–13, 21–15 \| Winner \| \| 2012 \| Swedish Masters \| Julie Houmann \| Nathan Robertson Jenny Wallwork \| 17–21, 17–21 \| Runner-up \| \| 2012 \| Denmark International \| Julie Houmann \| Kim Astrup Line Kjærsfeldt \| 21–19, 21–9 \| Winner \| BWF International Challenge tournament BWF International Series tournament	enwiki/46249689	enwiki	46,249,689	Mads Pieler Kolding	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mads_Pieler_Kolding	2025-07-28T07:36:28Z	en	Q1756115	307,451	{{Short description\|Danish badminton player (born 1988)}} {{Infobox badminton player \| name = Mads Pieler Kolding \| image = Mads Pieler Kolding - Indonesia Open 2018.jpg \| caption = Kolding (left) with his doubles partner [[Mads Conrad-Petersen]] at 2019 Indonesia Open \| country = Denmark \| birth_name = \| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|df=yes\|1988\|01\|27}} \| birth_place = [[Holbæk]], Denmark \| height = 2.05 m \| weight = 92 kg \| retired = 4 November 2021 \| handedness = Right \| coach = \| event = Men's & mixed doubles \| highest_ranking = 4 (MD with [[Mads Conrad-Petersen]] 14 May 2018)<br />9 (XD with [[Kamilla Rytter Juhl]] 23 April 2015) \| date_of_highest_ranking = \| current_ranking = \| date_of_current_ranking = \| bwfbadminton_id = 52958 \| bwf_id = 7D4317F4-B677-4E84-89EC-F221708A237A \| medal_templates = {{MedalSport \| Men's [[badminton]] }} {{MedalCountry \| {{DEN}} }} {{MedalCompetition \| [[Sudirman Cup]] }} {{MedalSilver \| [[2011 Sudirman Cup\|2011 Qingdao]] \| Mixed team }} {{MedalCompetition \| [[Thomas Cup]] }} {{MedalGold \| [[2016 Thomas & Uber Cup\|2016 Kunshan]] \| Men's team }} {{MedalBronze \| [[2012 Thomas & Uber Cup\|2012 Wuhan]] \| Men's team }} {{MedalBronze \| [[2018 Thomas & Uber Cup\|2018 Bangkok]] \| Men's team }} {{MedalBronze \| [[2020 Thomas & Uber Cup\|2020 Aarhus]] \| Men's team }} {{MedalCompetition \| [[European Badminton Championships\|European Championships]] }} {{MedalGold \| [[2016 European Badminton Championships\|2016 La Roche-sur-Yon]] \| Men's doubles}} {{MedalSilver \| [[2012 European Badminton Championships\|2012 Karlskrona]] \| Mixed doubles }} {{MedalSilver \| [[2014 European Badminton Championships\|2014 Kazan]] \| Men's doubles }} {{MedalSilver \| 2014 Kazan \| Mixed doubles }} {{MedalSilver \| [[2017 European Badminton Championships\|2017 Kolding]] \| Men's doubles }} {{MedalSilver \| [[2018 European Badminton Championships\|2018 Huelva]] \| Men's doubles }} {{MedalCompetition \| [[European Mixed Team Badminton Championships\|European Mixed Team Championships]] }} {{MedalGold \| [[2015 European Mixed Team Badminton Championships\|2015 Leuven]] \| Mixed team }} {{MedalGold \| [[2017 European Mixed Team Badminton Championships\|2017 Lubin]] \| Mixed team }} {{MedalGold \| [[2019 European Mixed Team Badminton Championships\|2019 Copenhagen]] \| Mixed team }} {{MedalGold \| [[2021 European Mixed Team Badminton Championships\|2021 Vantaa]] \| Mixed team }} {{MedalCompetition \| [[European Men's and Women's Team Badminton Championships\|European Men's Team Championships]] }} {{MedalGold \| [[2014 European Men's and Women's Team Badminton Championships\|2014 Basel]] \| Men's team }} {{MedalGold \| [[2016 European Men's and Women's Team Badminton Championships\|2016 Kazan]] \| Men's team }} {{MedalGold \| [[2018 European Men's and Women's Team Badminton Championships\|2018 Kazan]] \| Men's team }} {{MedalCompetition \| [[European Junior Badminton Championships\|European Junior Championships]] }} {{MedalSilver \| [[2007 European Junior Badminton Championships\|2007 Völklingen]] \| Boys' doubles }} {{MedalBronze \| 2007 Völklingen \| Mixed doubles }} {{MedalBronze \| 2007 Völklingen \| Mixed team }} }} '''Mads Pieler Kolding''' (born 27 January 1988) is a Danish [[badminton]] player who specializes in doubles.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Profile of the day: Mads Pieler Kolding \|url=http://petanque.dk/wwwPublic/Club/News/Detail/default.aspx?clubid=3547&m=231007 \|website=ClubPeople \|access-date=25 May 2017 \|archive-date=21 February 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221035612/http://petanque.dk/wwwPublic/Club/News/Detail/default.aspx?clubid=3547&m=231007 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> He won the gold medal at the [[2016 European Badminton Championships\|2016 European Championships]] in the men's doubles event partnered with [[Mads Conrad-Petersen]].<ref>{{cite web \|title='Viktor-ious' Danes Dominate – Finals: European Championships 2016 \|url=http://bwfbadminton.com/2016/05/02/viktor-ious-danes-dominate-finals-european-championships-2016/ \|website=Badminton World Federation \|access-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> He was also a part of the [[Denmark national badminton team\|Denmark national team]] who won the [[2016 Thomas & Uber Cup\|2016 Thomas Cup]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Denmark clinches Europe's maiden title \|url=http://www.badmintoneurope.com/cms/default.aspx?clubid=4685&cmsid=239&pageid=5381&m=3551916 \|website=Badminton Europe \|access-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> Kolding announced his retirement from international badminton on 4 November 2021.<ref>{{cite web \|last=Elkjær \|first=Ronni Burkal \|title=Mads Kolding stopper sin internationale karriere \|url=https://badminton.dk/2021/11/04/mads-kolding-stopper-sin-internationale-karriere/ \|website=Badminton Danmark \|date=4 November 2021 \|access-date=6 November 2021 \|language=da \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104143041/https://badminton.dk/2021/11/04/mads-kolding-stopper-sin-internationale-karriere/ \|archive-date=4 November 2021}}</ref> == Achievements == === European Championships === ''Men's doubles'' {\| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" ! Year ! Venue ! Partner ! Opponent ! Score ! Result \|- style="background:#ECF2FF" \| align="center" \| [[2014 European Badminton Championships#Finals 3\|2014]] \| align="left" \| Gymnastics Center Kazan,<br />[[Kazan]], Russia \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Mads Conrad-Petersen]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|RUS}} [[Vladimir Ivanov (badminton)\|Vladimir Ivanov]] <br /> {{flagicon\|RUS}} [[Ivan Sozonov]] \| align="left" \| 13–21, 16–21 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| [[File:Med 2.png\|Silver]] '''Silver''' \|- style="background:#ECF2FF" \| align="center" \| [[2016 European Badminton Championships#Finals 3\|2016]] \| align="left" \| Vendéspace,<br />[[La Roche-sur-Yon]], France \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Mads Conrad-Petersen \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Kim Astrup]] <br /> {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Anders Skaarup Rasmussen]] \| align="left" \| 14–21, 21–18, 21–13 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| [[File:Med 1.png\|Gold]] '''Gold''' \|- style="background:#ECF2FF" \| align="center" \| [[2017 European Badminton Championships#Finals 3\|2017]] \| align="left" \| [[Sydbank Arena]],<br />[[Kolding]], Denmark \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Mads Conrad-Petersen \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Mathias Boe]] <br /> {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Carsten Mogensen]] \| align="left" \| 16–21, 20–22 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| [[File:Med 2.png\|Silver]] '''Silver''' \|- style="background:#ECF2FF" \| align="center" \| [[2018 European Badminton Championships#Finals 3\|2018]] \| align="left" \| [[Palacio de los Deportes Carolina Marín]],<br />[[Huelva]], Spain \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Mads Conrad-Petersen \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Kim Astrup <br /> {{flagicon\|DEN}} Anders Skaarup Rasmussen \| align="left" \| 15–21, retired \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| [[File:Med 2.png\|Silver]] '''Silver''' \|} ''Mixed doubles'' {\| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" ! Year ! Venue ! Partner ! Opponent ! Score ! Result \|- style="background:#ECF2FF" \| align="center" \| [[2012 European Badminton Championships#Mixed doubles\|2012]] \| align="left" \| [[Telenor Arena Karlskrona\|Telenor Arena]],<br />[[Karlskrona]], Sweden \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Julie Houmann]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|POL}} [[Robert Mateusiak]] <br /> {{flagicon\|POL}} [[Nadieżda Zięba]] \| align="left" \| 12–21, 22–24 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| [[File:Med 2.png\|Silver]] '''Silver''' \|- style="background:#ECF2FF" \| align="center" \| [[2014 European Badminton Championships#Finals 5\|2014]] \| align="left" \| Gymnastics Center Kazan,<br />[[Kazan]], Russia \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Kamilla Rytter Juhl]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Joachim Fischer Nielsen]] <br /> {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Christinna Pedersen]] \| align="left" \| 24–22, 13–21, 18–21 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| [[File:Med 2.png\|Silver]] '''Silver''' \|} === European Junior Championships === ''Boys' doubles'' {\| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" ! Year ! Venue ! Partner ! Opponent ! Score ! Result \|- style="background:#AABBCC" \| align="center" \| [[2007 European Junior Badminton Championships\|2007]] \| align="left" \| Hermann-Neuberger-Halle,<br />[[Völklingen]], Germany \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Mads Conrad-Petersen]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|ENG}} [[Chris Adcock]] <br /> {{flagicon\|ENG}} [[Peter Mills (badminton)\|Peter Mills]] \| align="left" \| 16–21, 15–21 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| [[File:Med 2.png\|Silver]] '''Silver''' \|} ''Mixed doubles'' {\| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" ! Year ! Venue ! Partner ! Opponent ! Score ! Result \|- style="background:#AABBCC" \| align="center" \| [[2007 European Junior Badminton Championships\|2007]] \| align="left" \| Hermann-Neuberger-Halle,<br />[[Völklingen]], Germany \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Line Damkjær Kruse]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Christian Larsen (badminton)\|Christian Larsen]] <br /> {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Joan Christiansen]] \| align="left" \| 13–21, 21–12, 17–21 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| [[File:Med 3.png\|Bronze]] '''Bronze''' \|} === BWF Superseries (3 runners-up) === The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007,<ref>{{cite web \|title=BWF Launches Super Series \|url=http://www.badminton.org.au/index.php?id=22&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2&cHash=26fb36d8a5 \|website=Badminton Australia \|date=15 December 2006 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006123828/http://www.badminton.org.au/index.php?id=22&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2&cHash=26fb36d8a5 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=6 October 2007}}</ref> was a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]] (BWF). BWF Superseries levels were [[BWF Superseries\|Superseries and Superseries Premier]]. A season of Superseries consisted of twelve tournaments around the world that had been introduced since 2011.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Yonex All England Elevated To BWF Premier Super Series Event \|url=http://www.ibadmintonstore.com/iBADMINTONstore-News/Yonex-All-England-Elevated-To-BWF-Premier-Super-Se.aspx \|website=IBadmintonstore \|access-date=29 September 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002005757/http://www.ibadmintonstore.com/iBADMINTONstore-News/Yonex-All-England-Elevated-To-BWF-Premier-Super-Se.aspx \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2 October 2013}}</ref> Successful players were invited to the Superseries Finals, which were held at the end of each year. ''Men's doubles'' {\| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" ! Year ! Tournament ! Partner ! Opponent ! Score ! Result \|- style="background:#FFFFCC" \| align="center" \| [[2015 India Super Series#Finals 3\|2015]] \| align="left" \| [[India Open]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Mads Conrad-Petersen]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|CHN}} [[Chai Biao]] <br /> {{flagicon\|CHN}} [[Hong Wei]] \| align="left" \| 18–21, 14–21 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{silver2}} '''Runner-up''' \|- style="background:#FFFFCC" \| align="center" \| [[2015 French Super Series#Finals 3\|2015]] \| align="left" \| [[French Open (badminton)\|French Open]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Mads Conrad-Petersen \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|KOR}} [[Lee Yong-dae]] <br /> {{flagicon\|KOR}} [[Yoo Yeon-seong]] \| align="left" \| 14–21, 19–21 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{silver2}} '''Runner-up''' \|- style="background:#FFFFCC" \| align="center" \| [[2017 Hong Kong Super Series#Finals 3\|2017]] \| align="left" \| [[Hong Kong Open (badminton)\|Hong Kong Open]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Mads Conrad-Petersen \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|INA}} [[Marcus Fernaldi Gideon]] <br /> {{flagicon\|INA}} [[Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo]] \| align="left" \| 12–21, 18–21 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{silver2}} '''Runner-up''' \|} : {{Color box\|#B0C4DE\|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Superseries Finals]] tournament : {{Color box\|#DAA520\|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Superseries\|BWF Superseries Premier]] tournament : {{Color box\|#FFFFCC\|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Superseries]] tournament === BWF Grand Prix (6 titles, 1 runner-up) === The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the [[BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold\|Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold]]. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]] (BWF) and played between 2007 and 2017. ''Men's doubles'' {\| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" ! Year ! Tournament ! Partner ! Opponent ! Score ! Result \|- style="background:#FFFF67" \| align="center" \| [[2013 Bitburger Open Grand Prix Gold#Finals 3\|2013]] \| align="left" \| [[Bitburger Open]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Mads Conrad-Petersen]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Kim Astrup]] <br /> {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Anders Skaarup Rasmussen]] \| align="left" \| 21–11, 21–16 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{gold1}} '''Winner''' \|- style="background:#D4F1C5" \| align="center" \| [[2013 Scottish Open Grand Prix#Finals 3\|2013]] \| align="left" \| [[Scottish Open (badminton)\|Scottish Open]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Mads Conrad-Petersen \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Kim Astrup <br /> {{flagicon\|DEN}} Anders Skaarup Rasmussen \| align="left" \| Walkover \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{gold1}} '''Winner''' \|- style="background:#FFFF67" \| align="center" \| [[2015 German Open Grand Prix Gold#Finals 3\|2015]] \| align="left" \| [[German Open (badminton)\|German Open]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Mads Conrad-Petersen \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|RUS}} [[Vladimir Ivanov (badminton)\|Vladimir Ivanov]] <br /> {{flagicon\|RUS}} [[Ivan Sozonov]] \| align="left" \| 22–20, 21–19 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{gold1}} '''Winner''' \|- style="background:#FFFF67" \| align="center" \| [[2015 Bitburger Open Grand Prix Gold#Finals 3\|2015]] \| align="left" \| Bitburger Open \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Mads Conrad-Petersen \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|RUS}} Vladimir Ivanov <br /> {{flagicon\|RUS}} Ivan Sozonov \| align="left" \| 21–18, 21–18 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{gold1}} '''Winner''' \|- style="background:#FFFF67" \| align="center" \| [[2017 German Open Grand Prix Gold#Finals 3\|2017]] \| align="left" \| German Open \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Mads Conrad-Petersen \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Kim Astrup <br /> {{flagicon\|DEN}} Anders Skaarup Rasmussen \| align="left" \| 17–21, 13–21 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{silver2}} '''Runner-up''' \|} ''Mixed doubles'' {\| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" ! Year ! Tournament ! Partner ! Opponent ! Score ! Result \|- style="background:#D4F1C5" \| align="center" \| [[2012 Dutch Open Grand Prix#Finals 5\|2012]] \| align="left" \| [[Dutch Open (badminton)\|Dutch Open]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Kamilla Rytter Juhl]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|ENG}} [[Marcus Ellis]] <br /> {{flagicon\|ENG}} [[Gabrielle White]] \| align="left" \| 21–15, 21–13 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{gold1}} '''Winner''' \|- style="background:#FFFF67" \| align="center" \| [[2015 German Open Grand Prix Gold#Finals 5\|2015]] \| align="left" \| [[German Open (badminton)\|German Open]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Kamilla Rytter Juhl \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Joachim Fischer Nielsen]] <br /> {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Christinna Pedersen]] \| align="left" \| 21–18, 21–17 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{gold1}} '''Winner''' \|} : {{Color box\|#FFFF67\|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix\|BWF Grand Prix Gold]] tournament : {{Color box\|#D4F1C5\|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix\|BWF Grand Prix]] tournament === BWF International Challenge/Series (14 titles, 5 runners-up) === ''Men's doubles'' {\| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" ! Year ! Tournament ! Partner ! Opponent ! Score ! Result \|- style="background:#D5D5D5" \| align="center" \| 2007 \| align="left" \| [[Hungarian International]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Peter Mørk]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|INA}} [[Sartono Ekopranoto]] <br /> {{flagicon\|INA}} [[Andi Hartono Tandaputra]] \| align="left" \| 21–15, 21–15 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{gold1}} '''Winner''' \|- style="background:#D5D5D5" \| align="center" \| 2007 \| align="left" \| [[Hellas International]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Mikkel Elbjørn]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|MAS}} [[Au Kok Leong]] <br /> {{flagicon\|MAS}} [[Goh Ying Jin]] \| align="left" \| 19–21, 18–21 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{silver2}} '''Runner-up''' \|- style="background:#D8CEF6" \| align="center" \| 2009 \| align="left" \| [[Scottish Open (badminton)\|Scottish International]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Mads Conrad-Petersen]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|ENG}} [[Chris Langridge]] <br /> {{flagicon\|ENG}} [[Robin Middleton]] \| align="left" \| 19–21, 26–24, 21–16 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{gold1}} '''Winner''' \|- style="background:#D8CEF6" \| align="center" \| 2009 \| align="left" \| [[Dutch International]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Mads Conrad-Petersen \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|NED}} [[Ruud Bosch]] <br /> {{flagicon\|NED}} [[Koen Ridder]] \| align="left" \| 21–14, 22–20 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{gold1}} '''Winner''' \|- style="background:#D5D5D5" \| align="center" \| 2009 \| align="left" \| [[Croatian International]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Mads Conrad-Petersen \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|JPN}} [[Naoki Kawamae]] <br /> {{flagicon\|JPN}} [[Shoji Sato]] \| align="left" \| 21–15, 21–19 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{gold1}} '''Winner''' \|- style="background:#D5D5D5" \| align="center" \| 2009 \| align="left" \| [[Czech International]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Mads Conrad-Petersen \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Mikkel Elbjørn <br /> {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Christian John Skovgaard]] \| align="left" \| 21–14, 17–21, 21–9 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{gold1}} '''Winner''' \|- style="background:#D8CEF6" \| align="center" \| 2009 \| align="left" \| [[Irish Open (badminton)\|Irish International]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Mads Conrad-Petersen \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|ENG}} [[Marcus Ellis]] <br /> {{flagicon\|ENG}} [[Peter Mills (badminton)\|Peter Mills]] \| align="left" \| 21–18, 21–11 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{gold1}} '''Winner''' \|- style="background:#D8CEF6" \| align="center" \| 2010 \| align="left" \| Dutch International \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Mads Conrad-Petersen \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Mikkel Elbjørn <br /> {{flagicon\|DEN}} Christian John Skovgaard \| align="left" \| 21–17, 21–14 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{gold1}} '''Winner''' \|- style="background:#D8CEF6" \| align="center" \| 2012 \| align="left" \| [[Denmark International]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Christian John Skovgaard \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Kasper Antonsen]] <br /> {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Rasmus Bonde]] \| align="left" \| 21–17, 21–10 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{gold1}} '''Winner''' \|- style="background:#D5D5D5" \| align="center" \| 2021 \| align="left" \| [[Portugal International]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Frederik Søgaard]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Emil Lauritzen]] <br /> {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Mads Vestergaard]] \| align="left" \| 21–17, 21–18 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{gold1}} '''Winner''' \|} ''Mixed doubles'' {\| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" ! Year ! Tournament ! Partner ! Opponent ! Score ! Result \|- style="background:#D5D5D5" \| align="center" \| 2007 \| align="left" \| [[Hungarian International]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Line Damkjær Kruse]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|CHN}} [[Zhang Yi (badminton)\|Zhang Yi]] <br /> {{flagicon\|CHN}} [[Cai Jiani]] \| align="left" \| 15–21, 17–21 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{silver2}} '''Runner-up''' \|- style="background:#D5D5D5" \| align="center" \| 2007 \| align="left" \| [[Hellas International]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Line Damkjær Kruse \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Jeppe Lund]] <br /> {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Louise Hansen (badminton)\|Louise Hansen]] \| align="left" \| Walkover \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{gold1}} '''Winner''' \|- style="background:#D8CEF6" \| align="center" \| 2008 \| align="left" \| [[Finnish Open (badminton)\|Finnish International]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Line Damkjær Kruse \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|INA}} [[Fran Kurniawan]] <br /> {{flagicon\|INA}} [[Shendy Puspa Irawati]] \| align="left" \| 12–21, 18–21 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{silver2}} '''Runner-up''' \|- style="background:#D8CEF6" \| align="center" \| 2010 \| align="left" \| [[Swedish Masters International Badminton Championships\|Swedish International]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Britta Andersen]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|UKR}} [[Valeriy Atrashchenkov]] <br /> {{flagicon\|UKR}} [[Elena Prus]] \| align="left" \| 18–21, 21–18, 21–17 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{gold1}} '''Winner''' \|- style="background:#D8CEF6" \| align="center" \| 2010 \| align="left" \| [[Turkey International]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Julie Houmann]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|FRA}} [[Baptiste Carême]] <br /> {{flagicon\|FRA}} [[Laura Choinet]] \| align="left" \| 21–12, 21–18 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{gold1}} '''Winner''' \|- style="background:#D8CEF6" \| align="center" \| 2011 \| align="left" \| [[Austrian International]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Julie Houmann \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|HKG}} [[Wong Wai Hong]] <br /> {{flagicon\|HKG}} [[Chau Hoi Wah]] \| align="left" \| 17–21, 11–21 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{silver2}} '''Runner-up''' \|- style="background:#D8CEF6" \| align="center" \| 2011 \| align="left" \| [[Denmark International]] \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Julie Houmann \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Rasmus Bonde]] <br /> {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Maria Helsbøl]] \| align="left" \| 21–13, 21–15 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{gold1}} '''Winner''' \|- style="background:#D8CEF6" \| align="center" \| 2012 \| align="left" \| Swedish Masters \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Julie Houmann \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|ENG}} [[Nathan Robertson]] <br /> {{flagicon\|ENG}} [[Jenny Wallwork]] \| align="left" \| 17–21, 17–21 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{silver2}} '''Runner-up''' \|- style="background:#D8CEF6" \| align="center" \| 2012 \| align="left" \| Denmark International \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} Julie Houmann \| align="left" \| {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Kim Astrup]] <br /> {{flagicon\|DEN}} [[Line Kjærsfeldt]] \| align="left" \| 21–19, 21–9 \| style="text-align:left; background:white" \| {{gold1}} '''Winner''' \|} : {{Color box\|#D8CEF6\|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament : {{Color box\|#D5D5D5\|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == * {{BWF\|7D4317F4-B677-4E84-89EC-F221708A237A\|member_id=52958}} * {{BWF2\|52958}} * {{Instagram\|m_kolding}} {{Footer Thomas Cup Champions Badminton Team Men}} {{Footer European Champions Badminton Doubles Men}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pieler Kolding, Mads}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1988 births]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Holbæk Municipality]] [[Category:Danish male badminton players]] [[Category:Badminton players from Region Zealand]] [[Category:21st-century Danish sportsmen]]	1,302,946,944	[{"title": "Personal information", "data": {"Country": "Denmark", "Born": "27 January 1988 \u00b7 Holb\u00e6k, Denmark", "Height": "2.05 m (6 ft 9 in)", "Weight": "92 kg (203 lb)", "Retired": "4 November 2021", "Handedness": "Right"}}, {"title": "Men's & mixed doubles", "data": {"Highest ranking": "4 (MD with Mads Conrad-Petersen 14 May 2018) \u00b7 9 (XD with Kamilla Rytter Juhl 23 April 2015)"}}, {"title": "Medal record \| \| \| \| \| Men's badminton \| \| \| \| Representing Denmark \| \| \| \| Sudirman Cup \| \| \| \| Silver medal \u2013 second place \| 2011 Qingdao \| Mixed team \| \| Thomas Cup \| \| \| \| Gold medal \u2013 first place \| 2016 Kunshan \| Men's team \| \| Bronze medal \u2013 third place \| 2012 Wuhan \| Men's team \| \| Bronze medal \u2013 third place \| 2018 Bangkok \| Men's team \| \| Bronze medal \u2013 third place \| 2020 Aarhus \| Men's team \| \| European Championships \| \| \| \| Gold medal \u2013 first place \| 2016 La Roche-sur-Yon \| Men's doubles \| \| Silver medal \u2013 second place \| 2012 Karlskrona \| Mixed doubles \| \| Silver medal \u2013 second place \| 2014 Kazan \| Men's doubles \| \| Silver medal \u2013 second place \| 2014 Kazan \| Mixed doubles \| \| Silver medal \u2013 second place \| 2017 Kolding \| Men's doubles \| \| Silver medal \u2013 second place \| 2018 Huelva \| Men's doubles \| \| European Mixed Team Championships \| \| \| \| Gold medal \u2013 first place \| 2015 Leuven \| Mixed team \| \| Gold medal \u2013 first place \| 2017 Lubin \| Mixed team \| \| Gold medal \u2013 first place \| 2019 Copenhagen \| Mixed team \| \| Gold medal \u2013 first place \| 2021 Vantaa \| Mixed team \| \| European Men's Team Championships \| \| \| \| Gold medal \u2013 first place \| 2014 Basel \| Men's team \| \| Gold medal \u2013 first place \| 2016 Kazan \| Men's team \| \| Gold medal \u2013 first place \| 2018 Kazan \| Men's team \| \| European Junior Championships \| \| \| \| Silver medal \u2013 second place \| 2007 V\u00f6lklingen \| Boys' doubles \| \| Bronze medal \u2013 third place \| 2007 V\u00f6lklingen \| Mixed doubles \| \| Bronze medal \u2013 third place \| 2007 V\u00f6lklingen \| Mixed team \|", "data": {"Medal record \| \| \| \| \| Men's badminton \| \| \| \| Representing Denmark \| \| \| \| Sudirman Cup \| \| \| \| Silver medal \u2013 second place \| 2011 Qingdao \| Mixed team \| \| Thomas Cup \| \| \| \| Gold medal \u2013 first place \| 2016 Kunshan \| Men's team \| \| Bronze medal \u2013 third place \| 2012 Wuhan \| Men's team \| \| Bronze medal \u2013 third place \| 2018 Bangkok \| Men's team \| \| Bronze medal \u2013 third place \| 2020 Aarhus \| Men's team \| \| European Championships \| \| \| \| Gold medal \u2013 first place \| 2016 La Roche-sur-Yon \| Men's doubles \| \| Silver medal \u2013 second place \| 2012 Karlskrona \| Mixed doubles \| \| Silver medal \u2013 second place \| 2014 Kazan \| Men's doubles \| \| Silver medal \u2013 second place \| 2014 Kazan \| Mixed doubles \| \| Silver medal \u2013 second place \| 2017 Kolding \| Men's doubles \| \| Silver medal \u2013 second place \| 2018 Huelva \| Men's doubles \| \| European Mixed Team Championships \| \| \| \| Gold medal \u2013 first place \| 2015 Leuven \| Mixed team \| \| Gold medal \u2013 first place \| 2017 Lubin \| Mixed team \| \| Gold medal \u2013 first place \| 2019 Copenhagen \| Mixed team \| \| Gold medal \u2013 first place \| 2021 Vantaa \| Mixed team \| \| European Men's Team Championships \| \| \| \| Gold medal \u2013 first place \| 2014 Basel \| Men's team \| \| Gold medal \u2013 first place \| 2016 Kazan \| Men's team \| \| Gold medal \u2013 first place \| 2018 Kazan \| Men's team \| \| European Junior Championships \| \| \| \| Silver medal \u2013 second place \| 2007 V\u00f6lklingen \| Boys' doubles \| \| Bronze medal \u2013 third place \| 2007 V\u00f6lklingen \| Mixed doubles \| \| Bronze medal \u2013 third place \| 2007 V\u00f6lklingen \| Mixed team \|": "BWF profile"}}, {"title": "Sudirman Cup", "data": {"Silver medal \u2013 second place": "2011 Qingdao \u00b7 Mixed team"}}, {"title": "Thomas Cup", "data": {"Gold medal \u2013 first place": "2016 Kunshan \u00b7 Men's team", "Bronze medal \u2013 third place": ["2012 Wuhan \u00b7 Men's team", "2018 Bangkok \u00b7 Men's team", "2020 Aarhus \u00b7 Men's team"]}}, {"title": "European Championships", "data": {"Gold medal \u2013 first place": "2016 La Roche-sur-Yon \u00b7 Men's doubles", "Silver medal \u2013 second place": ["2012 Karlskrona \u00b7 Mixed doubles", "2014 Kazan \u00b7 Men's doubles", "2014 Kazan \u00b7 Mixed doubles", "2017 Kolding \u00b7 Men's doubles", "2018 Huelva \u00b7 Men's doubles"]}}, {"title": "European Mixed Team Championships", "data": {"Gold medal \u2013 first place": ["2015 Leuven \u00b7 Mixed team", "2017 Lubin \u00b7 Mixed team", "2019 Copenhagen \u00b7 Mixed team", "2021 Vantaa \u00b7 Mixed team"]}}, {"title": "European Men's Team Championships", "data": {"Gold medal \u2013 first place": ["2014 Basel \u00b7 Men's team", "2016 Kazan \u00b7 Men's team", "2018 Kazan \u00b7 Men's team"]}}, {"title": "European Junior Championships", "data": {"Silver medal \u2013 second place": "2007 V\u00f6lklingen \u00b7 Boys' doubles", "Bronze medal \u2013 third place": ["2007 V\u00f6lklingen \u00b7 Mixed doubles", "2007 V\u00f6lklingen \u00b7 Mixed team"]}}]	false
# Nathan Hauritz Nathan Michael Hauritz (/ˈhɔːrɪts/; born 18 October 1981) is a former Australian cricketer who has represented Australia in Tests, One-dayers and Twenty20 Internationals. He is mainly noted for his off spin bowling. He was a part of the Australian squad which won the 2003 Cricket World Cup and the 2009 ICC Champions Trophy. After representing Australia at Under-19 level and making his ODI debut in 2002 at the age of 20, Hauritz made his Test debut in 2004 in India, where he turned out a credible performance. Upon his return to Australia, however, his form at first class level did not live up to expectations and as a result he found himself out of the Australian side and struggling to hold a place in the Queensland side. As a result, he switched to playing State cricket for New South Wales in the 2006–07 season. Nevertheless, even after the move Hauritz's opportunities to play regularly in senior cricket were limited. On the eve of the 2nd Test against New Zealand at the Adelaide Oval in November 2008, Hauritz found himself unexpectedly called into the Australian side, four years after making his debut, as Australia searched for a spinner to replace Shane Warne. He went on to play three Tests during the 2008–09 Australian home season and was subsequently selected for Australia's tour to South Africa. Although he did not play in any of the Tests, he played in all of the One Day Internationals. Later during Australia's one-day series against Pakistan, Hauritz was Australia's leading wicket-taker. These performances were enough for the Australian selectors to include Hauritz in the squad for the 2009 Ashes series. In January 2016, Hauritz announced his retirement from competitive cricket. ## Early life and career Nathan Michael Hauritz was born in Wondai, Queensland on 18 October 1981. As a junior Hauritz played his cricket with the Hervey Bay Cricket Association, representing Wide Bay at the Under 12 to Under 15 levels before captaining the Under 14 Queensland Development side that toured New Zealand in 1996. Between the 1996–97 and 2000–01 seasons Hauritz represented Queensland at both Under 17 and Under 19 levels, as well as taking part in the Under 19 Australian side's tour to England in 1999 and the 1999–2000 Under 19 tour to Sri Lanka. In 2000–01 Hauritz attended the Australian Institute of Sport in Adelaide during which time he played a number of matches against academy sides from New Zealand and Sri Lanka before captaining the Australian Under 19 side on its tour to Bangladesh. In total Hauritz played six Youth Tests and 14 Youth One Day Internationals. ## Domestic career On the back of his performances at Under 19s level for Queensland and Australia in 2001 Hauritz was selected to play for the Queensland one-day side to play against Victoria at the Gabba on 19 January 2001. In a day-night game that Victoria went on to win, Hauritz took 0/38 off his ten overs and scored a duck with the bat. Nevertheless, he was selected again for the next match and played out the rest of the Mercantile Mutual Cup season for the Bulls. Later in the year, in Queensland's opening game of the 2001–02 Pura Cup, Hauritz made his first class debut playing against Victoria at the Punt Road Oval in Melbourne on 24 October 2001. In a rain shortened match, Hauritz scored 41 after coming in at number ten in Queensland's first innings, before taking 1/35 off 16 overs and 0/36 off 12 overs with the ball. Following this Hauritz played first class and one-day domestic cricket for Queensland with regularity between 2001 and 2005, however, following his inclusion in squad for Australia's tour to India in 2004, where Hauritz made his Test debut, he found himself struggling for form in the first class game, and his opportunities to play regularly for Queensland became more infrequent. In the 2004–05 domestic season he played just six matches and the following season he played only one. In the 2005 off season, Hauritz undertook a stint in the Lancashire League in which he played 24 matches for the Nelson Cricket Club. Following criticism about his ability to spin the ball, Hauritz made the decision to move to New South Wales to play for the Blues, where he felt that he might have more opportunities to showcase his talents as a spinner on the traditionally spin-friendly Sydney Cricket Ground wicket. Nevertheless, opportunities at first class level remained elusive for Hauritz and in the 2006–07 Pura Cup season he played only three first class games, including the final against Tasmania, in which he played alongside his main rival Stuart MacGill and took 0/22 and 1/56 in a match that Tasmania won by 426 runs. He encountered more competition for selection when left arm unorthodox spinner Beau Casson moved from Western Australia to New South Wales. The following season Hauritz found himself out of favour once more, playing only one first class game for New South Wales, although he played in eight one-day domestic games as part of the Ford Ranger Cup. The 2008–09 season began only a little better for Hauritz, playing the first couple of matches of the Sheffield Shield competition and a tour game against New Zealand, however, he found himself not selected for New South Wales' next Shield game and it seemed once again that he might spend the rest of the season on the sidelines. A surprise return to the Australian Test team for the 2nd Test against New Zealand, however, seemed to offer him a lifeline and after a creditable performance against New Zealand in the Test at Adelaide, Hauritz found himself back in the New South Wales side, playing two more Sheffield Shield games in which he took ten wickets—including a career best 4/86—before being called for international duty in South Africa. ## International career Hauritz began his international cricket career when he made his One Day International debut against South Africa on 22 March 2002 at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg. He subsequently went on to play seven more One Day Internationals between then and May 2003 before finding himself out of favour with the Australian selectors. In November 2004, however, Hauritz and leg spinner Cameron White were surprise selections ahead of Stuart MacGill for Australia's tour of India. The reasoning given by the selectors was that as they intended to play only one spinner—Shane Warne—MacGill was unlikely to play so they would not lose anything by taking some young spinners instead, in order to gain experience. However, Warne suffered an injury on the eve of the 4th Test at Mumbai, so Hauritz played, as it was too late to fly MacGill in. Hauritz took 3/16 in the first innings, including the wickets of Sachin Tendulkar and VVS Laxman, and match figures of 5/103. Nevertheless, upon his return to Australia afterwards he found himself struggling to maintain a place in both the Queensland and New South Wales state first class sides and was not selected to play another Test again until four years later, when in November 2008 he was recalled back into the Australian squad for the 2nd Test against New Zealand at the Adelaide Oval to replace Jason Krejza who had suffered an ankle injury. Hauritz went on to take four wickets in the match, but was not selected for the next Test, against South Africa at Perth, as Krezja had recovered by then. However, after Australia's loss to South Africa Krejza was dropped and Hauritz called into the side to play the remaining two Tests. Since Warne's retirement at the start of 2007, Australia had used Brad Hogg, MacGill, Casson, Krejza and White in Tests with limited success, and none played more than four in that period. He played his third Test, the Boxing Day Test at the Melbourne Cricket Ground and was found to be quite economical, bowling 43 overs in South Africa's 1st innings for only 3/98. In the 3rd Test at Sydney, Hauritz scored 41 with the bat and although he went wicketless in South Africa's first innings, in the second he took the important wicket of Hashim Amla as Australia went on to win the match by 103 runs. Following his performances in the Tests against South Africa in Australia, Hauritz was selected for the reciprocal tour to South Africa, however, in the end he did not play in any of the Tests. Nevertheless, he played in all five of the One Day Internationals, taking a career best of 4/29 in the first ODI against South Africa on 3 April 2009. He also went on to play in all the one-day matches in Australia's ODI series against Pakistan in the United Arab Emirates where was Australia's highest wicket-taker, taking seven wickets in five matches. These performances led to his selection in squad for the 2009 Ashes series in England, where he took part in the first three of the five Tests that were played, taking match figures of 6/158 in the first Test and 3/106 in the second. It was in the second Test, on 16 July 2009 that Hauritz suffered a dislocation of his middle finger on his bowling hand from the ball catching the tip during a "caught-and-bowled" catch attempt and was unable to bowl at a crucial stage of the innings. Although Hauritz came back and took two quick wickets, England later went on to win the match by 115 runs. In the third Test he took 1 for 57 off 18 overs in his only innings. Australia played out a draw in the rain affected match. Hauritz was overlooked for the fourth Ashes Test with NSW fast bowler Stuart Clark preferred. Australia won the 4th Ashes Test, leveling the series and needed a win in the fifth and final Test of the 2009 Ashes. Hauritz again was overlooked on what appeared to be a "spinners paradise" and Graeme Swann claimed eight wickets as England won the match and regained the Ashes. Selectors later admitted to misreading the pitch and Hauritz should have been selected. Hauritz was picked for the ODI series against England, where he performed well, playing all seven matches and taking nine wickets at an average of 28.77. He subsequently later took part in Australia's successful Champions Trophy campaign. Hauritz remained a fixture in the Australian side during the 2009–10 season, fighting off injury concerns to play in Test series against West Indies and Pakistan. Most notably, he finished 2009 on a high with 5/101, his maiden five-wicket haul, against Pakistan at the MCG, and then replicated the effort in the next Test at the SCG against the same opponents, taking 5/53 in the second innings as Australia sealed a remarkable comeback victory. Hauritz picked up his 50th Test Wicket in Hobart 2010. Following the test series against Pakistan, the One Day Series against Pakistan and West Indies begun and Hauritz played every match, including 3/28 against the West Indies in the first ODI. The following tour was to New Zealand in which Hauritz played both tests, maintaining economical spells with regular important strikes. Notably was having New Zealand batsmen Ross Taylor pad up to a ball that turned back in sharply to strike him in front of the stumps, out LBW. Due to an ankle injury, Hauritz could not take part in the test series in the neutral grounded test series against Pakistan in England and Steven Smith, the legspinning all rounder filled in for the two matches. Hauritz recovered from his injury to tour India the following tour, however bad lucked combined with mediocre bowling at times resulted in a poor series for Hauritz which India won 2–0. There was criticism over his ability against the Indian batsmen, who are notably good players of spin. Ironically Hauritz has a great record against Pakistan who are also considered excellent players of spin. Upon the return to Australia Hauritz found himself out of favour with the selectors with a focus on left arm spin becoming more apparent. Left arm Spinner Xavier Doherty was given one day international experience, taking 4 wickets. Hauritz was then left out of the first test at Brisbane for the 2010–11 Ashes series, a series in which he was a certainty to play in favour of Xavier Doherty. Nathan Hauritz returned to First Class Cricket for NSW and begun participating in the Sheffield Shield, hoping to gain a test recall. He was a strong contributor for the side notching his maiden first class hundred, 146, breaking a long-standing record for the most runs by a night watchmen in the Sheffield Shield and then followed that up with another hundred in the following game. He was also the shield's leading spinner at this stage with the ball taking 19 wickets at 26.78 including a career best 5/39 and match figures of 7/104 at the WACA. There were calls for an "S.O.S" style test recall as Xavier Doherty performed miserably however the selectors included uncapped spinner Michael Beer for the Sydney Test despite Hauritz's better performances. At the end of the summer Hauritz was recalled to the ODI match against England in Hobart. His regain to form had Hauritz set for a World Cup berth but he dislocated his shoulder in the outfield while fielding a ball at Hobart, which subsequently needed a full shoulder reconstruction, ruling him out of competitive cricket for some time. Hauritz's domestic season was not prosperous for NSW in the 2011–12 season, with NSW sitting last on the Sheffield Shield ladder. Hauritz moved back to his original State, Queensland with fellow NSW batsmen Usman Khawaja. ## Life after cricket Hauritz now works as a cricket coach and consultant at schools. He coaches at Brisbane cricket club Northern Suburbs He lives in Bulimba. Nathan Haurtiz was spin bowling coach of Ireland Men's cricket team till July 2023. ## Career best performances \| \| Bowling \| Bowling \| Bowling \| Bowling \| \| \| Score \| Fixture \| Venue \| Season \| \| ---- \| ------- \| ----------------------------------- \| ----------------------------------- \| ------- \| \| Test \| 5/53 \| Australia v Pakistan \| SCG \| 2009/10 \| \| ODI \| 4/29 \| Australia v South Africa \| Kingsmead, Durban \| 2008/09 \| \| T20I \| 1/20 \| Australia v Pakistan \| Dubai International Cricket Stadium \| 2009 \| \| FC \| 5/39 \| New South Wales v Western Australia \| WACA, Perth \| 2010/11 \| \| LA \| 4/29 \| Australia v South Africa \| Kingsmead, Durban \| 2008/09 \| \| T20 \| 3/18 \| Brisbane Heat v Melbourne Stars \| Gabba, Brisbane \| 2011/12 \|	enwiki/2503074	enwiki	2,503,074	Nathan Hauritz	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Hauritz	2025-08-02T02:54:07Z	en	Q3522091	159,173	{{short description\|Australian cricketer}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2020}} {{Use Australian English\|date=April 2019}} {{Infobox cricketer \| name = Nathan Hauritz \| image = Nathan Hauritz 3.jpg \| caption = \| country = Australia \| fullname = Nathan Michael Hauritz \| nickname = Ritz \| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|1981\|10\|18\|df=yes}} \| birth_place = [[Wondai, Queensland]], Australia \| heightft = \| heightinch = \| heightcm = 181 \| batting = Right-handed \| bowling = Right-arm offbreak \| role = [[Bowling (cricket)\|Bowler]] \| international = true \| internationalspan = 2002–2011 \| testdebutdate = 3 November \| testdebutyear = 2004 \| testdebutagainst = India \| testcap = 390 \| lasttestdate = 9 October \| lasttestyear = 2010 \| lasttestagainst = India \| odidebutdate = 22 March \| odidebutyear = 2002 \| odidebutagainst = South Africa \| odicap = 147 \| lastodidate = 21 January \| lastodiyear = 2011 \| lastodiagainst = England \| odishirt = 43 \| club1 = [[Queensland Bulls\|Queensland]] \| year1 = {{nowrap\|2001/02–2005/06}} \| club2 = [[New South Wales cricket team\|New South Wales]] \| year2 = {{nowrap\|2006/07–2011/12}} \| club3 = [[Brisbane Heat]] \| year3 = {{nowrap\|2011/12–2013/14}} \| clubnumber3 = 43 \| club4 = Queensland \| year4 = {{nowrap\|2012/13–2013/14}} \| club5 = [[Sydney Thunder]] \| year5 = 2014/15 \| club6 = [[Melbourne Renegades]] \| year6 = 2015/16 \| clubnumber6 = 43 \| columns = 4 \| column1 = [[Test cricket\|Test]] \| matches1 = 17 \| runs1 = 426 \| bat avg1 = 25.05 \| 100s/50s1 = 0/2 \| top score1 = 75 \| deliveries1 = 4,200 \| wickets1 = 63 \| bowl avg1 = 34.98 \| fivefor1 = 2 \| tenfor1 = 0 \| best bowling1 = 5/53 \| catches/stumpings1 = 3/– \| column2 = [[One Day International\|ODI]] \| matches2 = 58 \| runs2 = 336 \| bat avg2 = 22.40 \| 100s/50s2 = 0/1 \| top score2 = 53[[not out\|]] \| deliveries2 = 2,724 \| wickets2 = 63 \| bowl avg2 = 34.15 \| fivefor2 = 0 \| tenfor2 = 0 \| best bowling2 = 4/29 \| catches/stumpings2 = 24/– \| column3 = [[First-class cricket\|FC]] \| matches3 = 79 \| runs3 = 1,747 \| bat avg3 = 21.04 \| 100s/50s3 = 2/4 \| top score3 = 146 \| deliveries3 = 15,768 \| wickets3 = 187 \| bowl avg3 = 43.02 \| fivefor3 = 4 \| tenfor3 = 0 \| best bowling3 = 5/39 \| catches/stumpings3 = 45/– \| column4 = [[List A cricket\|LA]] \| matches4 = 172 \| runs4 = 1,208 \| bat avg4 = 19.17 \| 100s/50s4 = 0/2 \| top score4 = 53[[not out\|]] \| deliveries4 = 8,299 \| wickets4 = 196 \| bowl avg4 = 32.87 \| fivefor4 = 0 \| tenfor4 = 0 \| best bowling4 = 4/29 \| catches/stumpings4 = 60/– \| medaltemplates = <!-- MENTION HOST NAMES FOR TEAM SPORTS --> {{MedalSport\|Men's [[Cricket]]}} {{MedalCountry \|{{AUS}}}} {{MedalCompetition\|[[ICC Cricket World Cup]]}} {{Medal\|W\|[[2003 Cricket World Cup\|2003 South Africa-Zimbabwe-Kenya]]\|}} \| date = 19 January \| year = 2016 \| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/player/5593.html ESPNcricinfo }} '''Nathan Michael Hauritz''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|h\|ɔːr\|ɪ\|t\|s}}; born 18 October 1981) is a former Australian [[cricket]]er who has represented [[Australian national cricket team\|Australia]] in [[Test cricket\|Tests]], [[One Day International\|One-dayers]] and [[Twenty20 Internationals]]. He is mainly noted for his [[off spin bowling]]. He was a part of the Australian squad which won the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]] and the [[2009 ICC Champions Trophy]]. After representing Australia at Under-19 level and making his ODI debut in 2002 at the age of 20, Hauritz made his Test debut in 2004 in India, where he turned out a credible performance. Upon his return to Australia, however, his form at [[First class cricket\|first class]] level did not live up to expectations and as a result he found himself out of the Australian side and struggling to hold a place in the [[Queensland Bulls\|Queensland]] side. As a result, he switched to playing State cricket for [[New South Wales cricket team\|New South Wales]] in the 2006–07 season. Nevertheless, even after the move Hauritz's opportunities to play regularly in senior cricket were limited. On the eve of the 2nd Test against [[New Zealand national cricket team\|New Zealand]] at the [[Adelaide Oval]] in November 2008, Hauritz found himself unexpectedly called into the Australian side, four years after making his debut, as Australia searched for a spinner to replace [[Shane Warne]]. He went on to play three Tests during the 2008–09 Australian home season and was subsequently selected for [[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2008–09\|Australia's tour to South Africa]]. Although he did not play in any of the Tests, he played in all of the One Day Internationals. Later during Australia's one-day series against [[Pakistan national cricket team\|Pakistan]], Hauritz was Australia's leading wicket-taker. These performances were enough for the Australian selectors to include Hauritz in the squad for the [[Australian cricket team in England in 2009\|2009 Ashes series]]. In January 2016, Hauritz announced his retirement from competitive cricket.<ref name="retire">{{Cite web\|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/963431.html \|title=Hauritz retires from competitive cricket \|access-date=19 January 2016 \|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> ==Early life and career== Nathan Michael Hauritz was born in [[Wondai, Queensland]] on 18 October 1981.<ref name=ESPNcricinfo1>{{cite web\|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/5593.html\|title=Player Profile: Nathan Hauritiz\|publisher=ESPNcricinfo\|access-date=2009-07-24}}</ref> As a junior Hauritz played his cricket with the Hervey Bay Cricket Association, representing Wide Bay at the Under 12 to Under 15 levels before captaining the Under 14 Queensland Development side that toured [[New Zealand]] in 1996.<ref name=hervey>{{cite web\|url=http://herveybaycricket.com.au/playerprofile.html\|title=Player Profile: Nathan Hauritz\|publisher=Hervey Bay Cricket Association\|access-date=2009-07-24\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706104620/http://herveybaycricket.com.au/playerprofile.html\|archive-date=6 July 2011}}</ref> Between the 1996–97 and 2000–01 seasons Hauritz represented Queensland at both Under 17 and Under 19 levels, as well as taking part in the Under 19 Australian side's tour to England in 1999 and the 1999–2000 Under 19 tour to [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=hervey/> In 2000–01 Hauritz attended the [[Australian Institute of Sport]] in [[Adelaide]] during which time he played a number of matches against academy sides from New Zealand and Sri Lanka before captaining the Australian Under 19 side on its tour to [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=hervey/> In total Hauritz played six Youth Tests<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/5593.html?class=20;template=results;type=allround;view=match\|title=StatsGuru Search: Nathan Hauritz Under-19s Youth Test matches\|publisher=ESPNcricinfo\|access-date=2009-07-24}}</ref> and 14 Youth One Day Internationals.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/5593.html?class=21;template=results;type=allround;view=match\|title=StatsGuru Search: Nathan Hauritz Under-19s Youth One-Day Internationals\|publisher=ESPNcricinfo\|access-date=2009-07-24}}</ref> ==Domestic career== On the back of his performances at Under 19s level for Queensland and Australia in 2001 Hauritz was selected to play for the [[Queensland Bulls\|Queensland]] one-day side to play against [[Victorian Bushrangers\|Victoria]] at the [[The Gabba\|Gabba]] on 19 January 2001.<ref name=lista>{{cite web\|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/10/10013/List_A_Matches.html\|title=List A matches played by Nathan Hauritz\|publisher=CricketArchive\|access-date=2009-07-24}}</ref> In a day-night game that Victoria went on to win, Hauritz took 0/38 off his ten overs and scored a [[Duck (cricket)\|duck]] with the bat.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/71/71453.html\|title=Scorecard: Queensland v Victoria at the Brisbane Cricket Ground, 19 January 2001\|publisher=CricketArchive\|access-date=2009-07-24}}</ref> Nevertheless, he was selected again for the next match and played out the rest of the Mercantile Mutual Cup season for the Bulls. Later in the year, in Queensland's opening game of the 2001–02 [[Pura Cup]], Hauritz made his first class debut playing against Victoria at the Punt Road Oval in [[Melbourne]] on 24 October 2001.<ref name=firstc>{{cite web\|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/10/10013/First-Class_Matches.html\|title=First Class matches played by Nathan Hauritz\|publisher=CricketArchive\|access-date=2009-07-24}}</ref> In a rain shortened match, Hauritz scored 41 after coming in at number ten in Queensland's first innings, before taking 1/35 off 16 overs and 0/36 off 12 overs with the ball.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/73/73274.html\|title=Scorecard: Queensland v Victoria at Richmond Cricket Ground, 24–27 October 2001\|publisher=CricketArchive\|access-date=2009-07-24}}</ref> Following this Hauritz played first class and one-day domestic cricket for Queensland with regularity between 2001 and 2005, however, following his inclusion in squad for Australia's tour to India in 2004, where Hauritz made his Test debut, he found himself struggling for form in the first class game, and his opportunities to play regularly for Queensland became more infrequent. In the 2004–05 domestic season he played just six matches and the following season he played only one.<ref name=firstc/> In the 2005 off season, Hauritz undertook a stint in the [[Lancashire League (cricket)\|Lancashire League]] in which he played 24 matches for the [[Nelson Cricket Club]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/10/10013/Lancashire_League_Matches.html\|title=Lancashire League matches played by Nathan Hauritz\|publisher=CricketArchive\|access-date=2009-07-24}}</ref> Following criticism about his ability to spin the ball, Hauritz made the decision to move to New South Wales to play for the Blues, where he felt that he might have more opportunities to showcase his talents as a spinner on the traditionally spin-friendly Sydney Cricket Ground wicket.<ref name=ESPNcricinfo1/> Nevertheless, opportunities at first class level remained elusive for Hauritz and in the 2006–07 Pura Cup season he played only three first class games, including the final against Tasmania, in which he played alongside his main rival [[Stuart MacGill]] and took 0/22 and 1/56 in a match that Tasmania won by 426 runs.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/103/103332.html\|title=Scorecard: New South Wales v Tasmania at Bellerive Oval, Hobart, 19–23 March 2007\|publisher=CricketArchive\|access-date=2009-07-24}}</ref> He encountered more competition for selection when [[left arm unorthodox spin]]ner [[Beau Casson]] moved from Western Australia to New South Wales.<ref name=brown>{{cite web\|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/416341.html\|title=The Anonymous Mr Hauritz\|last=Brown\|first=Alex\|publisher=ESPNcricinfo\|access-date=2009-07-26}}</ref> The following season Hauritz found himself out of favour once more, playing only one first class game for New South Wales, although he played in eight one-day domestic games as part of the Ford Ranger Cup.<ref name=lista/><ref name=firstc/> The 2008–09 season began only a little better for Hauritz, playing the first couple of matches of the Sheffield Shield competition and a tour game against New Zealand, however, he found himself not selected for New South Wales' next Shield game and it seemed once again that he might spend the rest of the season on the sidelines. A surprise return to the Australian Test team for the 2nd Test against New Zealand,<ref name=ESPNcricinfo1/> however, seemed to offer him a lifeline and after a creditable performance against New Zealand in the Test at Adelaide, Hauritz found himself back in the New South Wales side, playing two more Sheffield Shield games in which he took ten wickets—including a career best 4/86—before being called for international duty in South Africa.<ref name=firstc/> ==International career== Hauritz began his international cricket career when he made his One Day International debut against [[South African national cricket team\|South Africa]] on 22 March 2002 at the [[Wanderers Stadium]] in [[Johannesburg]]. He subsequently went on to play seven<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/5593.html?class=2;template=results;type=allround;view=match\|title=StatsGuru Search: Nathan Hauritz One-day Internationals\|publisher=ESPNcricinfo\|access-date=2009-07-24}}</ref> more One Day Internationals between then and May 2003 before finding himself out of favour with the Australian selectors. [[File:Nathan Hauritz bowling 2.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Hauritz bowling at the Adelaide Oval nets, January 2009]] In November 2004, however, Hauritz and [[leg spin]]ner [[Cameron White]] were surprise selections ahead of Stuart MacGill for Australia's tour of India. The reasoning given by the selectors was that as they intended to play only one spinner—[[Shane Warne]]—MacGill was unlikely to play so they would not lose anything by taking some young spinners instead, in order to gain experience. However, Warne suffered an injury on the eve of the 4th Test at [[Mumbai]], so Hauritz played, as it was too late to fly MacGill in. Hauritz took 3/16 in the first innings, including the wickets of [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and [[VVS Laxman]], and match figures of 5/103.<ref name=ESPNcricinfo1/> Nevertheless, upon his return to Australia afterwards he found himself struggling to maintain a place in both the Queensland and New South Wales state first class sides and was not selected to play another Test again until four years later, when in November 2008 he was recalled back into the Australian squad for the 2nd Test against New Zealand at the Adelaide Oval to replace [[Jason Krejza]] who had suffered an ankle injury.<ref name=story>{{cite web\|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ausvrsa2008_09/content/story/383750.html\|title=Hilfenhaus in for MCG as Krejza dropped\|publisher=ESPNcricinfo\|access-date=2009-07-24}}</ref><ref name="smh-tweakin">{{cite web\|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/sport/cricket/hauritz-gets-his-turn/2008/11/27/1227491735348.html?page=fullpage\|title=Tweak in, tweak out—Hauritz gets his turn\|last=Brown\|first=Alex\|date=2008-11-28\|work=The Sydney Morning Herald\|access-date=2008-12-03}}</ref> Hauritz went on to take four wickets in the match, but was not selected for the next Test, against South Africa at Perth, as Krezja had recovered by then. However, after Australia's loss to South Africa Krejza was dropped and Hauritz called into the side<ref name=story/> to play the remaining two Tests. Since Warne's retirement at the start of 2007, Australia had used [[Brad Hogg]], MacGill, Casson, Krejza and White in Tests with limited success, and none played more than four in that period. He played his third Test, the [[Boxing Day]] Test at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] and was found to be quite economical, bowling 43 overs in South Africa's 1st innings for only 3/98. In the 3rd Test at Sydney, Hauritz scored 41 with the bat and although he went wicketless in South Africa's first innings, in the second he took the important wicket of [[Hashim Amla]] as Australia went on to win the match by 103 runs.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ausvrsa2008_09/engine/match/351683.html\|title=Scorecard: Australia v South Africa, 3rd Test, at Sydney, 3–7 January 2009\|publisher=ESPNcricinfo\|access-date=2009-07-24}}</ref> Following his performances in the Tests against South Africa in Australia, Hauritz was selected for the reciprocal tour to South Africa, however, in the end he did not play in any of the Tests.<ref name=brown/> Nevertheless, he played in all five of the One Day Internationals, taking a career best of 4/29 in the first ODI against South Africa on 3 April 2009. He also went on to play in all the one-day matches in Australia's ODI series against Pakistan in the United Arab Emirates where was Australia's highest wicket-taker, taking seven wickets in five matches.<ref name=ESPNcricinfo1/> These performances led to his selection in squad for the 2009 Ashes series in England, where he took part in the first three of the five Tests that were played, taking match figures of 6/158 in the first Test and 3/106 in the second. It was in the second Test, on 16 July 2009 that Hauritz suffered a dislocation of his middle finger on his bowling hand from the ball catching the tip during a "caught-and-bowled" catch attempt and was unable to bowl at a crucial stage of the innings.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.inthenews.co.uk/sports/sport/general-sport/ashes-2009-latest-half-tons-keep-england-in-driving-seat-$1311874.htm\|title=Cheap wickets take gloss off superb Strauss century\|last=Potter\|first=Alistair\|publisher=inthenews.co.uk\|access-date=2009-07-24\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301143239/http://www.inthenews.co.uk/sports/sport/general-sport/ashes-2009-latest-half-tons-keep-england-in-driving-seat-$1311874.htm\|archive-date=1 March 2012\|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although Hauritz came back and took two quick wickets,<ref name=brown/> England later went on to win the match by 115 runs.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/engine/match/345971.html\|title=Scorecard: England v Australia, 2nd Test at Lord's, 16–20 July 2009\|publisher=ESPNcricinfo\|access-date=2009-07-24}}</ref> In the third Test he took 1 for 57 off 18 overs in his only innings. Australia played out a draw in the rain affected match. Hauritz was overlooked for the fourth Ashes Test with NSW fast bowler [[Stuart Clark]] preferred. Australia won the 4th Ashes Test, leveling the series and needed a win in the fifth and final Test of the 2009 Ashes. Hauritz again was overlooked on what appeared to be a "spinners paradise" and [[Graeme Swann]] claimed eight wickets as England won the match and regained the Ashes. Selectors later admitted to misreading the pitch and Hauritz should have been selected.<ref>{{cite web \|title='Everybody misread the wicket' - Hilditch \|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/everybody-misread-the-wicket-hilditch-421930 \|website=ESPNcricinfo \|access-date=11 November 2024 \|date=24 August 2009}}</ref> Hauritz was picked for the ODI series against England, where he performed well, playing all seven matches and taking nine wickets at an average of 28.77.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=4287;type=series\|title=Most Wickets: NatWest Series 2009—England v. Australia\|publisher=ESPNcricinfo\|access-date=2009-10-08}}</ref> He subsequently later took part in Australia's successful Champions Trophy campaign. Hauritz remained a fixture in the Australian side during the 2009–10 season, fighting off injury concerns to play in Test series against West Indies and Pakistan. Most notably, he finished 2009 on a high with 5/101, his maiden five-wicket haul, against Pakistan at the [[MCG]], and then replicated the effort in the next Test at the [[Sydney Cricket Ground\|SCG]] against the same opponents, taking 5/53 in the second innings as Australia sealed a remarkable comeback victory. Hauritz picked up his 50th Test Wicket in Hobart 2010. Following the test series against Pakistan, the One Day Series against Pakistan and West Indies begun and Hauritz played every match, including 3/28 against the West Indies in the first ODI. The following tour was to New Zealand in which Hauritz played both tests, maintaining economical spells with regular important strikes. Notably was having New Zealand batsmen Ross Taylor pad up to a ball that turned back in sharply to strike him in front of the stumps, out LBW. Due to an ankle injury, Hauritz could not take part in the test series in the neutral grounded test series against Pakistan in England and [[Steve Smith (cricketer)\|Steven Smith]], the legspinning all rounder filled in for the two matches. Hauritz recovered from his injury to tour India the following tour, however bad lucked combined with mediocre bowling at times resulted in a poor series for Hauritz which India won 2–0. There was criticism over his ability against the Indian batsmen, who are notably good players of spin. Ironically Hauritz has a great record against Pakistan who are also considered excellent players of spin. Upon the return to Australia Hauritz found himself out of favour with the selectors with a focus on left arm spin becoming more apparent. Left arm Spinner [[Xavier Doherty]] was given one day international experience, taking 4 wickets. Hauritz was then left out of the first test at Brisbane for the 2010–11 Ashes series, a series in which he was a certainty to play in favour of [[Xavier Doherty]]. Nathan Hauritz returned to First Class Cricket for NSW and begun participating in the Sheffield Shield, hoping to gain a test recall. He was a strong contributor for the side notching his maiden first class hundred, 146, breaking a long-standing record for the most runs by a night watchmen in the Sheffield Shield and then followed that up with another hundred in the following game. He was also the shield's leading spinner at this stage with the ball taking 19 wickets at 26.78 including a career best 5/39 and match figures of 7/104 at the WACA. There were calls for an "S.O.S" style test recall as Xavier Doherty performed miserably however the selectors included uncapped spinner [[Michael Beer (cricketer)\|Michael Beer]] for the Sydney Test despite Hauritz's better performances. At the end of the summer Hauritz was recalled to the ODI match against England in Hobart. His regain to form had Hauritz set for a World Cup berth but he dislocated his shoulder in the outfield while fielding a ball at Hobart, which subsequently needed a full shoulder reconstruction, ruling him out of competitive cricket for some time. Hauritz's domestic season was not prosperous for NSW in the 2011–12 season, with NSW sitting last on the Sheffield Shield ladder. Hauritz moved back to his original State, Queensland with fellow NSW batsmen [[Usman Khawaja]]. ==Life after cricket== Hauritz now works as a cricket coach and consultant at schools. He coaches at Brisbane cricket club Northern Suburbs<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.frasercoastchronicle.com.au/news/hauritzs-transition-from-international-cricketer-t/3275504/\|title=Hauritz's transition from international cricketer to trader\|website=Fraser Coast Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.chac.qld.edu.au/news-view/chac-welcomes-a-baggy-green-52\|title=CHAC News\|first=Cannon Hill Anglican\|last=College\|website=Cannon Hill Anglican College\|access-date=17 August 2018\|archive-date=18 January 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118050828/https://www.chac.qld.edu.au/news-view/chac-welcomes-a-baggy-green-52\|url-status=dead}}</ref> He lives in [[Bulimba]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.couriermail.com.au/questnews/southeast/former-australian-spinner-nathan-hauritz-helping-next-generation-of-cricketers-at-brisbane-school/news-story/75b4930a339868f0b728d7cb83505088\|title=Hauritz sends students into spin\|date=10 February 2018\|website=Couriermail.com.au}}</ref> Nathan Haurtiz was spin bowling coach of Ireland Men's cricket team till July 2023. ==Career best performances== {\| class="wikitable" \|- !\| ! colspan="4"\|Bowling \|- ! !Score !Fixture !Venue !Season \|- \|'''[[Test cricket\|Test]]''' \| style="text-align:center;"\|5/53 \|[[Australia national cricket team\|Australia]] v [[Pakistan national cricket team\|Pakistan]] \|[[Sydney Cricket Ground\|SCG]] \| style="text-align:center;"\|2009/10<ref name="ESPNcricinfo - 3–6 January 2010 - Pakistan tour of Australia, 2009/10 - Australia v Pakistan">{{cite news\|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ausvpak09/engine/match/406200.html\|title= Pakistan tour of Australia, 2009/10 - Australia v Pakistan Scorecard\|date=6 January 2010\|publisher=ESPNcricinfo\|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref> \|- \|'''[[One Day International\|ODI]]''' \| style="text-align:center;"\|4/29 \|[[Australia national cricket team\|Australia]] v [[South Africa national cricket team\|South Africa]] \|[[Kingsmead Cricket Ground\|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]] \| style="text-align:center;"\|2008/09<ref name="ESPNcricinfo - 3 April 2009 - Australia tour of South Africa, 2008/09 - South Africa v Australia">{{cite news\|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/rsavaus2009/engine/match/350477.html\|title= Australia tour of South Africa, 2008/09 - South Africa v Australia Scorecard\|date=3 April 2009\|publisher=ESPNcricinfo\|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref> \|- \|'''[[Twenty20 International\|T20I]]''' \| style="text-align:center;"\|1/20 \|[[Australia national cricket team\|Australia]] v [[Pakistan national cricket team\|Pakistan]] \|[[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]] \| style="text-align:center;"\|2009<ref name="ESPNcricinfo - 7 May 2009 - Only T20I: Australia v Pakistan, 2009 - Australia v Pakistan">{{cite news\|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakvaus2009/engine/match/392615.html\|title= Only T20I: Australia v Pakistan, 2009 - Australia v Pakistan Scorecard\|date=7 May 2009\|publisher=ESPNcricinfo\|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref> \|- \|'''[[First-class cricket\|FC]]''' \| style="text-align:center;"\|5/39 \|[[New South Wales cricket team\|New South Wales]] v [[Western Australia cricket team\|Western Australia]] \|[[WACA Ground\|WACA]], [[Perth]] \| style="text-align:center;"\|2010/11<ref name="ESPNcricinfo - 28 November – 1 December 2010 - Sheffield Shield, 2010/11 - WA v NSW">{{cite news\|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ausdomestic-2010/engine/match/474033.html\|title= Sheffield Shield, 2010/11 - WA v NSW Scorecard\|date=1 December 2010\|publisher=ESPNcricinfo\|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref> \|- \|'''[[List A cricket\|LA]]''' \| style="text-align:center;"\|4/29 \|[[Australia national cricket team\|Australia]] v [[South Africa national cricket team\|South Africa]] \|[[Kingsmead Cricket Ground\|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]] \| style="text-align:center;"\|2008/09<ref name="ESPNcricinfo - 3 April 2009 - Australia tour of South Africa, 2008/09 - South Africa v Australia"/> \|- \|'''[[Twenty20 cricket\|T20]]''' \| style="text-align:center;"\|3/18 \|[[Brisbane Heat]] v [[Melbourne Stars]] \|[[The Gabba\|Gabba]], [[Brisbane]] \| style="text-align:center;"\|2011/12<ref name="ESPNcricinfo - 20 December 2011 - Big Bash League, 2011/12 - Brisbane Heat v Melbourne Stars">{{cite news\|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/big-bash-league-2011/engine/match/524919.html\|title= Big Bash League, 2011/12 - Brisbane Heat v Melbourne Stars Scorecard\|date=20 December 2011\|publisher=ESPNcricinfo\|access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref> \|} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{commons category\|Nathan Hauritz}} {{Navboxes \|title= Australia squads \|bg = #FFD700 \|fg = green \|bordercolor=green \|list1= {{Australia Squad 2003 Cricket World Cup}} {{Australia Squad 2009 ICC Champions Trophy}} {{Australia Squad 2011 Cricket World Cup}} }} {{s-start}} {{s-sports}} {{succession box\| before = [[Cameron Cuffy]] \| title = [[Nelson Cricket Club]] professional \| after = [[Robin Peterson]] \| years = 2005}} {{s-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hauritz, Nathan}} [[Category:Australian cricketers]] [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Australia Test cricketers]] [[Category:Australia One Day International cricketers]] [[Category:Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup]] [[Category:Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup]] [[Category:Australia Twenty20 International cricketers]] [[Category:Cricketers from Queensland]] [[Category:Queensland cricketers]] [[Category:New South Wales cricketers]] [[Category:Brisbane Heat cricketers]] [[Category:Melbourne Renegades cricketers]] [[Category:Sydney Thunder cricketers]] [[Category:People from Wide Bay–Burnett]] [[Category:21st-century Australian sportsmen]]	1,303,793,413	[{"title": "Personal information", "data": {"Full name": "Nathan Michael Hauritz", "Born": "18 October 1981 \u00b7 Wondai, Queensland, Australia", "Nickname": "Ritz", "Height": "181 cm (5 ft 11 in)", "Batting": "Right-handed", "Bowling": "Right-arm offbreak", "Role": "Bowler"}}, {"title": "International information", "data": {"National side": "- Australia (2002\u20132011)", "Test debut (cap 390)": "3 November 2004 v India", "Last Test": "9 October 2010 v India", "ODI debut (cap 147)": "22 March 2002 v South Africa", "Last ODI": "21 January 2011 v England", "ODI shirt no.": "43"}}, {"title": "Domestic team information", "data": {"Years": "Team", "2001/02\u20132005/06": "Queensland", "2006/07\u20132011/12": "New South Wales", "2011/12\u20132013/14": "Brisbane Heat (squad no. 43)", "2012/13\u20132013/14": "Queensland", "2014/15": "Sydney Thunder", "2015/16": "Melbourne Renegades (squad no. 43)"}}, {"title": "Career statistics", "data": {"Competition": "Test \u00b7 ODI \u00b7 FC \u00b7 LA", "Matches": "17 \u00b7 58 \u00b7 79 \u00b7 172", "Runs scored": "426 \u00b7 336 \u00b7 1,747 \u00b7 1,208", "Batting average": "25.05 \u00b7 22.40 \u00b7 21.04 \u00b7 19.17", "100s/50s": "0/2 \u00b7 0/1 \u00b7 2/4 \u00b7 0/2", "Top score": "75 \u00b7 53* \u00b7 146 \u00b7 53*", "Balls bowled": "4,200 \u00b7 2,724 \u00b7 15,768 \u00b7 8,299", "Wickets": "63 \u00b7 63 \u00b7 187 \u00b7 196", "Bowling average": "34.98 \u00b7 34.15 \u00b7 43.02 \u00b7 32.87", "5 wickets in innings": "2 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 4 \u00b7 0", "10 wickets in match": "0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 0 \u00b7 0", "Best bowling": "5/53 \u00b7 4/29 \u00b7 5/39 \u00b7 4/29", "Catches/stumpings": "3/\u2013 \u00b7 24/\u2013 \u00b7 45/\u2013 \u00b7 60/\u2013"}}, {"title": "Medal record \| \| \| \| \| Men's Cricket \| \| \| \| Representing Australia \| \| \| \| ICC Cricket World Cup \| \| \| \| Winner \| 2003 South Africa-Zimbabwe-Kenya \| \|", "data": {"Medal record \| \| \| \| \| Men's Cricket \| \| \| \| Representing Australia \| \| \| \| ICC Cricket World Cup \| \| \| \| Winner \| 2003 South Africa-Zimbabwe-Kenya \| \|": "Source: ESPNcricinfo, 19 January 2016"}}, {"title": "ICC Cricket World Cup", "data": {"Winner": "2003 South Africa-Zimbabwe-Kenya"}}, {"title": "Australia squad \u2013 2003 Cricket World Cup \u2013 Champions (3rd title)", "data": {"11 McGrath 12 Bevan 14 Ponting ( c ) 18 Gilchrist 25 Lehmann 28 Hayden 29 Harvey 30 Martyn 31 Hogg 34 Bichel 39 Symonds 43 Hauritz 46 Maher 58 Lee 59 Bracken Coach: Buchanan": "Australia"}}, {"title": "Australia squad \u2013 2009 ICC Champions Trophy \u2013 Champions (2nd title)", "data": {"4 Bollinger 7 White 10 Siddle 12 Ferguson 14 Ponting ( c ) 20 Hilfenhaus 24 Voges 25 Johnson 29 D. Hussey 33 Watson 36 Paine ( wk ) 39 Hopes 43 Hauritz 48 M. Hussey 58 Lee Coach: Tim Nielsen": "Australia"}}, {"title": "Australia squad \u2013 2011 Cricket World Cup", "data": {"7 White 11 Nannes 12 Ferguson 14 Ponting ( c ) 18 Krejza 23 Clarke 25 Johnson 29 D. Hussey 32 Tait 33 Watson 36 Paine ( wk ) 41 Hastings 48 M. Hussey 49 Smith 57 Haddin ( wk ) 58 Lee Coach: Nielsen": "Australia"}}]	false
# Hot Rod (2007 film) Hot Rod is a 2007 American comedy film directed by Akiva Schaffer (in his directorial debut) and written by Pam Brady. The film stars Andy Samberg (in his film debut) as amateur accident-prone stuntman Rod Kimble, whose stepfather, Frank (Ian McShane), continuously mocks and disrespects him. When Frank becomes ill, Rod raises money for his heart operation by executing his largest stunt yet. The film also stars Jorma Taccone, Sissy Spacek, Will Arnett, Danny McBride, Isla Fisher and Bill Hader. The film was initially drafted by Pam Brady (who retains full writing credit) as a vehicle for Saturday Night Live star Will Ferrell, but the project never commenced. Lorne Michaels convinced Paramount to let The Lonely Island, which was gaining fame for its work on SNL, take over the film. The group subsequently rewrote the movie with a heavy emphasis on offbeat surreal humor. Seth Meyers contributed in this rewriting process. It was shot in Vancouver in the summer of 2006. The score is by former Yes guitarist Trevor Rabin, and the soundtrack features several songs by the Swedish rock band Europe. Paramount Pictures released Hot Rod on August 3, 2007. It was a box-office failure, grossing only $14 million on a $25 million budget. As its producers predicted, the film received mixed reviews, with criticism towards its script and humor. Since its release, Hot Rod has become a cult film. ## Plot Throughout his life, Rod Kimble has believed his dead father was a successful and respectable stuntman working for Evel Knievel. He aspires to follow in his father's footsteps and become a famous stuntman himself. Meanwhile, his stepfather, Frank, does not respect Rod as a man, often going out of his way to beat him in sparring sessions, mocking his stuntman dreams. Rod makes many attempts to land jumps with his Tomos moped, most of them unsuccessful. After another failed jump attempt at a public pool, he returns home and learns that Frank is in urgent need of a heart transplant that the family's health insurance will not cover. Angered at the thought of Frank dying without getting a chance to gain his respect, Rod runs into the woods to let out his fury and tumbles down a steep hill, where he sees an inspirational billboard and gets an idea. Rod quickly meets with his childhood friends Rico and Dave and his half-brother Kevin, and tells them he plans to jump over 15 school buses and use the proceeds to fund Frank's surgery. Later, Denise, his neighbor and love interest, joins his team. To promote his stunt and raise funds, Rod works parties, corporate get-togethers, and other events, performing activities such as taping pillows to his body and having a washing machine suspended by a crane swing to hit him. One day, he gets curious about what Kevin is working on as he hears music coming from his computer. Kevin says he was experimenting with editing footage, and shows Rod the video. Impressed by Kevin's work, Rod gets the idea to release a stuntman film to raise money. Kevin releases the movie using his footage of Rod's stunts and sells several tickets to the screening, where the audience laughs at Rod as the film depicts his failed training attempts. Rod gets angry and throws the theater's projector out of a window, smashing the projectionist's car below. He gives the projectionist all the money he has raised to cover the damages and avoid arrest. Upset, he returns home, where his mother reveals that his biological father was not the stuntman he thought he was. Humiliated, Rod quits the team and his dream to beat Frank, despite his friends' objections, but is reinvigorated when Dave gives him advice that inspires him to apologize to Kevin. As Kevin accepts his apology, he reveals that Rod's stunt footage has grown popular online and that a show on a local AM radio station, hosted by Barry Pasternak, has offered to cover the planned jump's expenses. Rod gets his friends back together, and they start setting up for the jump. On the day of the event, his friends give him a new suit, a rock representing Rico's extensive pyrotechnic work, and a motorbike. He also receives a kiss from Denise, who broke up with Jonathan, her insensitive and callous boyfriend. As Rod jumps off the ramp, his bike's speed enables him to jump over the buses, but the motorcycle smashes through a stage and goes flying. Rod lands squarely on the ground and has an unconscious out-of-body experience. When he wakes, Rod, with Kevin and Denise's help, triumphantly gets up to applause and sees that the donations have accumulated over $50,000. Six months later, Rod once again spars with Frank, finally gaining the upper hand and Frank's respect. After the credits, Rod is seen bowing down to his moped with the sunset in the background. ## Cast - Andy Samberg as Rod Kimble - Jorma Taccone as Kevin Powell - Bill Hader as Dave McLean - Danny McBride as Rico Brown - Isla Fisher as Denise Harris - Sissy Spacek as Marie Powell - Ian McShane as Frank Powell - Will Arnett as Jonathan Ault - Chris Parnell as Barry Pasternak - Chester Tam as Richardson - Mark Acheson as Homeless Dude - Alvin Sanders as Furious Boss - Akiva Schaffer as Derek - Britt Irvin as Cathy Fay - Brittany Tiplady as Maggie McLean - Andrew Moxham as Sullivan Tom - Queens of the Stone Age as Gown ## Production Hot Rod was written by Pam Brady, a former South Park writer, as a project for Will Ferrell during his tenure at Saturday Night Live. The project never commenced, and the script remained in limbo at Paramount Pictures for several years. In the meantime, The Lonely Island was hired at SNL in 2005, and by the end of the year, it had a breakthrough with its short "Lazy Sunday." The sketch, an "SNL Digital Short," received millions of views online (especially on the then-fledgling YouTube), making the trio, especially Samberg, stars. Lorne Michaels, SNL's creator, convinced Paramount to allow the troupe to direct and star in the film. The trio had no prior experience with feature-length films, but Michaels had confidence, envisioning the film as a "different generation's comedy." The studio wanted the film to remain less coarse to obtain a PG-13 rating from the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), like DodgeBall: A True Underdog Story (2004). Initially reluctant, as the script was designed for Ferrell and the summer filming schedule was less than ideal, Paramount authorized a rewrite, allowing the writers to incorporate bizarre, offbeat humor and absurdist comedy. The script had to "match their standards"—"another way of saying, 'just dumb it down'", said Schaffer. This involved deleting comedy designed for Ferrell (which Samberg called "so well-written") and replacing it with their own. "We didn't want it to seem like I was doing a Ferrell impression," said Samberg. The result was a balance between "weird" humor and what Paramount considered accessible. Samberg was inspired by Wet Hot American Summer, which was, according to him, "designed to fuck around with what's expected from a movie." Many jokes from the film deemed "too weird" were cut, including a scene in which Rod "jokingly," asks his younger brother Kevin to pull out his genitalia. Samberg aimed for a performance that was: Bad, but you know it's bad... There's a lot said about how this is the nerdy generation, and it's Internet-driven. The comedy that's influenced me has always been that. From the Three Stooges through Steve Martin in The Jerk and Ace Ventura and Chris Farley and Billy Madison, they were village idiots. That's definitely the tradition we're trying to follow. Hot Rod was largely filmed in Vancouver in the summer of 2006. Shooting locations include Cloverdale, British Columbia, and under the Surrey end of the Pattullo Bridge southeast of Vancouver. Other locations in British Columbia include Coquitlam, North Vancouver, Burnaby and Downtown Vancouver. Samberg had a stunt double, but did as many of his own stunts as was allowed. The MPAA objected to using the word "semen" in a scene in which Chris Parnell reveals a profane tattoo on his stomach. It was changed to "residue." Another scene that barely made it into the film involved Samberg and Taccone repeating the phrase "cool beans" until it evolves into a "bizarre pseudo-rap." Schaffer initially cut the scene, but Samberg and Taccone edited it themselves. Schaffer reinserted the scene in the film's last test screening, where it received high marks from audiences as one of their favorite bits. The film's original poster featured a silhouetted Samberg atop a hill beside his motorbike in a martial-arts pose. Paramount changed the poster to a large close-up of Samberg's face. ## Reception Before its release, the Lonely Island promoted the film with interstitials during Comedy Central movie marathons. In the promos, the trio attempt to convince viewers that Hot Rod is the story of a sex offender ("He does stunts to raise money to sex-offend") and spoof the quality of films run during daytime marathons ("Stay tuned for Teen Wolf Too!"). The premiere was at the John Ford Amphitheatre in Los Angeles. Samberg predicted that critics would not like the film, telling Entertainment Weekly: "It will get bad reviews. Comedy is traditionally not reviewed that well." He added that if future generations viewed Hot Rod with a similar reverence to films such as Billy Madison, he would consider it a success. The "punchdance" term the film introduced was a reference to Footloose. ### Commercial performance The film opened at #9 at the U.S. box office in 2007 and grossed $5.3 million in its opening weekend. Overall, it bombed in theaters, leaving after 68 days, grossing just under $14 million. ### Critical reception Hot Rod received mixed reviews from film critics upon its initial release. On Metacritic, it has an average score of 43 out of 100, based on 27 reviews, indicating "mixed or average" reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a score of 39% from 119 reviews, with an average rating of 5.10/10. The site's consensus reads "Hot Rod has brazen silliness and a few humorous set pieces on its side, but it's far too inconsistent to satisfy all but the least demanding slapstick lovers." After its release, Paper wrote, "Depending on whom you talk to, Hot Rod is either a terrible stinker or a really strange and wonderful movie that you can't believe they got away with making." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of B− on an A+ to F scale. The Hollywood Reporter's Frank Scheck criticized the film's "formulaic" script and humor, but commended Samberg's "reasonably engaging and sweet comedic screen presence." "No one seems to have told the Lonely Island boys that the stakes are a little higher in features than they are in music videos and that underlighted shots and sloppy editing are more distracting on the big screen than on television," wrote Marjorie Baumgarten of The Austin Chronicle. Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe called the film "playfully dumb," commenting, "The filmmakers [...] have skipped right past the kitsch of tribute and gone straight for jokey delusion [...] And in that sense, Hot Rod is post-parody, taking nothing seriously, not even being a movie." Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote, "The film's low-key Wayne's World vibe takes it only so far. I laughed, then I wished it was funnier, then I just wished it would end. Peter Debruge of Variety called the movie "yet another example of a comedy that refuses to be taken seriously—concept as clothesline for all manner of silliness." Nick Schager of Slant Magazine noted that the trio "care far less about clever plotting than random ridiculousness," deeming the film "a tired rehash of every SNL alum's big-screen debut since Adam Sandler's Billy Madison." For their part, the film's producers remained optimistic about the movie in the press. "The movies I've always liked, comedy-wise—Billy Madison, The Jerk—always got terrible reviews. When our reviews came in, it was like, 'Oh, we're right on track,'" said Samberg. Lorne Michaels predicted it would find a different audience in the future: I've lived through everything from Wayne's World with Mike [Myers] and Dana [Carvey] to Tommy Boy with Chris Farley, all the things I did with [Will] Ferrell, and even Three Amigos. Critics just don't like new comedians, and they certainly don't like them if they come from SNL or television. Later on, they revise their opinions and say that so-and-so's later films aren't as good as the first ones. I think the picture will be thought of differently in two years. Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars: The movie is funny because it is sincere. It likes Rod. It doesn't portray him as a maniacal goofball, but as an ambitious kid who really thinks, every single time, that he will succeed. In creating this aura of sincerity, Hot Rod benefits from Spacek's performance—she plays the mom absolutely straight, without inflection, as if she were not in a comedy. That's the only right choice—supporting characters are needed to reinforce Rod, not compete with him. The A.V. Club later wrote that the film differentiated itself from other Michaels comedies: "They may be just as poorly received, but their rhythms are unpredictable and exciting, shocked to life by moments of anti-comedy and wacky deconstruction. Hardcore comedy devotees pick up on them like a dog whistle." ## Home media Hot Rod was released on DVD and HD DVD on November 27, 2007, and on Blu-ray on December 16, 2008. ## Soundtrack \| Review scores \| Review scores \| \| Source \| Rating \| \| ------------- \| ------------- \| \| Allmusic \| [ 26 ] \| The soundtrack was composed by ex-Yes guitarist Trevor Rabin. Several songs by the Swedish rock band Europe are in the movie, including "Cherokee" and "Rock the Night." The trailer contains three Swedish rock songs, Europe's "Cherokee" and "The Final Countdown", and The Hives' "See Through Head". It also includes the UK rock band Test Icicles' "Circle. Square. Triangle" as well as American Hi-Fi's "The Art of Losing." The band called Gown that plays at Rod's final jump is actually Queens of the Stone Age. Track listing 1. "Danger on the Track" – Europe 2. "A Gringo Like Me" – Ennio Morricone 3. "Never" – Moving Pictures 4. "Two of Hearts" – Stacey Q 5. "Cherokee" – Europe 6. "Skulls" – The Nutley Brass (Written by Glenn Danzig) 7. "Street Luge" – Trevor Rabin 8. "You're the Voice" – John Farnham 9. "Head Honcho" – Gown 10. "Chase" – Giorgio Moroder 11. "Cool Beans" – Jorma Taccone & Andy Samberg 12. "(I Just) Died in Your Arms" – Cutting Crew 13. "Dave on Acid" – Trevor Rabin 14. "Rock the Night" – Europe 15. "Stunt Suite" – Trevor Rabin 16. "Time Has Come" – Europe 17. "The Real Bass" – Brooklyn Bounce	enwiki/6937139	enwiki	6,937,139	Hot Rod (2007 film)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Rod_(2007_film)	2025-08-05T18:48:08Z	en	Q1630741	158,954	{{short description\|2007 film by Akiva Schaffer}} {{For\|a car modified for speed\|Hot rod}} {{Use American English\|date=January 2025}} {{Infobox film \| name = Hot Rod \| image = Hot Rod (2007 film).png \| caption = Theatrical release poster \| director = [[Akiva Schaffer]] \| producer = [[John Goldwyn]]<br />[[Lorne Michaels]] \| writer = [[Pam Brady]] \| starring = {{unbulleted list\|[[Andy Samberg]]\|[[Isla Fisher]]\|[[Jorma Taccone]]\|[[Bill Hader]]\|[[Danny McBride]]\|[[Sissy Spacek]]\|[[Ian McShane]]}} \| music = [[Trevor Rabin]] \| cinematography = [[Andrew Dunn (cinematographer)\|Andrew Dunn]] \| editing = Malcolm Campbell \| studio = {{Plainlist\| * [[Broadway Video\|Michaels/Goldwyn]] * [[Paramount Pictures]] }} \| distributor = Paramount Pictures \| released = {{Film date\|2007\|8\|3\|United States}} \| runtime = 88 minutes \| country = United States \| language = English \| budget = $25 million<ref name="numbers" /> \| gross = $14.4 million<ref name="numbers" /> }} '''''Hot Rod''''' is a 2007 American [[comedy film]] directed by [[Akiva Schaffer]] (in his directorial debut) and written by [[Pam Brady]]. The film stars [[Andy Samberg]] (in his film debut) as amateur accident-prone [[stuntman]] Rod Kimble, whose stepfather, Frank ([[Ian McShane]]), continuously mocks and disrespects him. When Frank becomes ill, Rod raises money for his heart operation by executing his largest stunt yet. The film also stars [[Jorma Taccone]], [[Sissy Spacek]], [[Will Arnett]], [[Danny McBride]], [[Isla Fisher]] and [[Bill Hader]]. The film was initially drafted by [[Pam Brady]] (who retains full writing credit) as a vehicle for ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' star [[Will Ferrell]], but the project never commenced. [[Lorne Michaels]] convinced Paramount to let [[The Lonely Island]], which was gaining fame for its work on ''SNL'', take over the film. The group subsequently rewrote the movie with a heavy emphasis on offbeat [[surreal humor]]. [[Seth Meyers]] contributed in this rewriting process.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.iheart.com/podcast/867-the-lonely-island-and-seth-166198348/ \| title=The Lonely Island and Seth Meyers Podcast }}</ref> It was shot in [[Vancouver]] in the summer of 2006. The score is by former [[Yes (band)\|Yes]] guitarist [[Trevor Rabin]], and the soundtrack features several songs by the Swedish rock band [[Europe (band)\|Europe]]. [[Paramount Pictures]] released ''Hot Rod'' on August 3, 2007. It was a box-office failure, grossing only $14 million on a $25 million budget. As its producers predicted,<ref name="EW">{{cite magazine\|author= Whitney Pastorek \|date=July 23, 2007\|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2007/07/23/andy-samberg-gets-stupid-hot-rod\|title=''Hot'' Diggity!\|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]\|issue=945\|access-date=May 24, 2011}}</ref> the film received mixed reviews, with criticism towards its script and humor. Since its release, ''Hot Rod'' has become a [[cult film]].<ref name="Olson">{{Cite book \|last=Olson \|first=Christopher J. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yUdODwAAQBAJ \|title=100 Greatest Cult Films \|date=2018-04-12 \|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield \|isbn=978-1-4422-1104-9 \|language=en}}</ref> ==Plot== <!-- IMPORTANT: Please see WP:FILMPLOT before editing this section. Plot summaries for film articles should be 400-700 words. --> Throughout his life, Rod Kimble has believed his dead father was a successful and respectable [[stuntman]] working for [[Evel Knievel]]. He aspires to follow in his father's footsteps and become a famous stuntman himself. Meanwhile, his stepfather, Frank, does not respect Rod as a man, often going out of his way to beat him in [[sparring]] sessions, mocking his stuntman dreams. Rod makes many attempts to land jumps with his [[Tomos]] [[moped]], most of them unsuccessful. After another failed jump attempt at a public pool, he returns home and learns that Frank is in urgent need of a heart transplant that the family's health insurance will not cover. Angered at the thought of Frank dying without getting a chance to gain his respect, Rod runs into the woods to let out his fury and tumbles down a steep hill, where he sees an inspirational billboard and gets an idea. Rod quickly meets with his childhood friends Rico and Dave and his half-brother Kevin, and tells them he plans to jump over 15 school buses and use the proceeds to fund Frank's surgery. Later, Denise, his neighbor and love interest, joins his team. To promote his stunt and raise funds, Rod works parties, corporate get-togethers, and other events, performing activities such as taping pillows to his body and having a washing machine suspended by a crane swing to hit him. One day, he gets curious about what Kevin is working on as he hears music coming from his computer. Kevin says he was experimenting with editing footage, and shows Rod the video. Impressed by Kevin's work, Rod gets the idea to release a stuntman film to raise money. Kevin releases the movie using his footage of Rod's stunts and sells several tickets to the screening, where the audience laughs at Rod as the film depicts his failed training attempts. Rod gets angry and throws the theater's projector out of a window, smashing the projectionist's car below. He gives the projectionist all the money he has raised to cover the damages and avoid arrest. Upset, he returns home, where his mother reveals that his biological father was not the stuntman he thought he was. Humiliated, Rod quits the team and his dream to beat Frank, despite his friends' objections, but is reinvigorated when Dave gives him advice that inspires him to apologize to Kevin. As Kevin accepts his apology, he reveals that Rod's stunt footage has grown popular online and that a show on a local AM radio station, hosted by Barry Pasternak, has offered to cover the planned jump's expenses. Rod gets his friends back together, and they start setting up for the jump. On the day of the event, his friends give him a new suit, a rock representing Rico's extensive pyrotechnic work, and a motorbike. He also receives a kiss from Denise, who broke up with Jonathan, her insensitive and callous boyfriend. As Rod jumps off the ramp, his bike's speed enables him to jump over the buses, but the motorcycle smashes through a stage and goes flying. Rod lands squarely on the ground and has an unconscious out-of-body experience. When he wakes, Rod, with Kevin and Denise's help, triumphantly gets up to applause and sees that the donations have accumulated over $50,000. Six months later, Rod once again spars with Frank, finally gaining the upper hand and Frank's respect. After the credits, Rod is seen bowing down to his moped with the sunset in the background. ==Cast== * [[Andy Samberg]] as Rod Kimble * [[Jorma Taccone]] as Kevin Powell * [[Bill Hader]] as Dave McLean * [[Danny McBride]] as Rico Brown * [[Isla Fisher]] as Denise Harris * [[Sissy Spacek]] as Marie Powell * [[Ian McShane]] as Frank Powell * [[Will Arnett]] as Jonathan Ault * [[Chris Parnell]] as Barry Pasternak * Chester Tam as Richardson * [[Mark Acheson]] as Homeless Dude * [[Alvin Sanders]] as Furious Boss * [[Akiva Schaffer]] as Derek * [[Britt Irvin]] as Cathy Fay * [[Brittany Tiplady]] as Maggie McLean * Andrew Moxham as Sullivan Tom * [[Queens of the Stone Age]] as Gown ==Production== [[File:Lorne Michaels David Shankbone 2010.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|''SNL'' executive producer [[Lorne Michaels]] was key in giving the Lonely Island creative control of the film.]] ''Hot Rod'' was written by [[Pam Brady]], a former ''[[South Park]]'' writer, as a project for [[Will Ferrell]] during his tenure at ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''.<ref name="NYM"/> The project never commenced, and the script remained in limbo at [[Paramount Pictures]] for several years. In the meantime, The Lonely Island was hired at ''SNL'' in 2005, and by the end of the year, it had a breakthrough with its short "[[Lazy Sunday (The Lonely Island song)\|Lazy Sunday]]." The sketch, an "[[SNL Digital Short]]," received millions of views online (especially on the then-fledgling [[YouTube]]), making the trio, especially Samberg, stars. [[Lorne Michaels]], ''SNL'''s creator, convinced Paramount to allow the troupe to direct and star in the film.<ref name="NYM"/><ref name="Olson"/> The trio had no prior experience with feature-length films, but Michaels had confidence, envisioning the film as a "different generation's comedy."<ref name="NYM"/> The studio wanted the film to remain less coarse to obtain a [[PG-13 (Motion Picture Association)\|PG-13]] rating from the [[Motion Picture Association of America]] (MPAA), like ''[[DodgeBall: A True Underdog Story]]'' (2004).<ref name="NYM"/> Initially reluctant, as the script was designed for Ferrell and the summer filming schedule was less than ideal,<ref name="Paper"/> Paramount authorized a rewrite, allowing the writers to incorporate bizarre, offbeat humor and absurdist comedy.<ref name="PM">{{cite news\|author=Colin Covert\|url=http://www.popmatters.com/article/saturday-night-live-phenom-hopes-to-rev-up-a-movie-career/\|title='Saturday Night Live' phenom hopes to rev up a movie career\|date=August 3, 2007\|newspaper=[[Star Tribune]]\|access-date=September 5, 2014}}</ref> The script had to "match their standards"—"another way of saying, 'just dumb it down'", said Schaffer.<ref name="EW"/> This involved deleting comedy designed for Ferrell (which Samberg called "so well-written") and replacing it with their own. "We didn't want it to seem like I was doing a Ferrell impression," said Samberg.<ref name="Nerve">{{cite web\|author=Peter Smith\|url=http://www.nerve.com/filmlounge/interview/andysamberg\|title=Q&A: Andy Samberg\|date=August 3, 2007\|publisher=[[Nerve (website)\|Nerve]]\|access-date=September 5, 2014}}</ref> The result was a balance between "weird" humor and what Paramount considered accessible. Samberg was inspired by ''[[Wet Hot American Summer]]'', which was, according to him, "designed to fuck around with what's expected from a movie."<ref name="NYM"/> Many jokes from the film deemed "too weird" were cut, including a scene in which Rod "jokingly," asks his younger brother Kevin to pull out his genitalia.<ref name="NYM"/> Samberg aimed for a performance that was: {{cquote\|Bad, but you know it's bad... There's a lot said about how this is the nerdy generation, and it's [[Internet]]-driven. The comedy that's influenced me has always been that. From [[the Three Stooges]] through [[Steve Martin]] in ''[[The Jerk]]'' and ''[[Ace Ventura]]'' and [[Chris Farley]] and ''[[Billy Madison]]'', they were village idiots. That's definitely the tradition we're trying to follow.}} ''Hot Rod'' was largely filmed in [[Vancouver]] in the summer of 2006.<ref name="gq1">{{cite magazine\|author=Alex Pappademas\|date=October 2006\|url=https://www.gq.com/entertainment/humor/200609/andy-samberg-snl-comedian\|title=The Next Sandler? \|magazine=[[GQ]]\|access-date=May 24, 2011}}</ref> Shooting locations include [[Cloverdale, British Columbia]], and under the Surrey end of the [[Pattullo Bridge]] southeast of Vancouver. Other locations in British Columbia include [[Coquitlam]], [[North Vancouver (city)\|North Vancouver]], [[Burnaby]] and [[Downtown Vancouver]]. Samberg had a stunt double, but did as many of his own stunts as was allowed.<ref name="AJL">{{cite web\|author=Peter Travers\|url=http://www.ajlmagazine.com/archivesblog/2007/09/ajl-mini-hot-list-andy-samberg-hot-hot.html\|title=The AJL Mini Hot List: Andy Samberg\|date=September 4, 2007\|publisher=American Jewish Life\|access-date=September 5, 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231010/http://www.ajlmagazine.com/archivesblog/2007/09/ajl-mini-hot-list-andy-samberg-hot-hot.html\|archive-date=March 3, 2016\|url-status=dead}}</ref> The MPAA objected to using the word "semen" in a scene in which Chris Parnell reveals a profane tattoo on his stomach. It was changed to "residue."<ref name="NYM"/> Another scene that barely made it into the film involved Samberg and Taccone repeating the phrase "cool beans" until it evolves into a "bizarre pseudo-rap." Schaffer initially cut the scene, but Samberg and Taccone edited it themselves. Schaffer reinserted the scene in the film's last test screening, where it received high marks from audiences as one of their favorite bits.<ref name="NYM"/> The film's original poster featured a silhouetted Samberg atop a hill beside his motorbike in a martial-arts pose. Paramount changed the poster to a large close-up of Samberg's face.<ref name="NYM"/> ==Reception== Before its release, the Lonely Island promoted the film with interstitials during [[Comedy Central]] movie marathons. In the promos, the trio attempt to convince viewers that ''Hot Rod'' is the story of a [[sex offender]] ("He does stunts to raise money to sex-offend") and spoof the quality of films run during daytime marathons ("Stay tuned for ''[[Teen Wolf Too]]''!").<ref name="NYM">{{cite magazine\|author= Adam Sternbergh \|date=July 15, 2007\|url=http://nymag.com/news/features/34738/\|title=Three Easy Steps to Comedy Stardom\|magazine=[[New York (magazine)\|New York]]\|access-date=September 22, 2014}}</ref> The premiere was at the John Ford Amphitheatre in Los Angeles.<ref name="NYM"/> Samberg predicted that critics would not like the film, telling ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'': "It will get bad reviews. Comedy is traditionally not reviewed that well." He added that if future generations viewed ''Hot Rod'' with a similar reverence to films such as ''Billy Madison'', he would consider it a success.<ref name="EW"/> The "[[punchdance]]"<ref>{{cite video \|quote=I needed to think last night. So I galloped into a wooded glen, and after '''punch dancing''' out my rage and suffering an extremely long and very painful fall, I realized what has to be done. \|first=Kimble \|last=Rod \|title=Hot Rod}}</ref> term the film introduced was a reference to [[Footloose (1984 film)\|''Footloose'']].<ref>{{cite web \|website=[[Moviefone]] \|url=http://news.moviefone.com/2011/08/10/footloose-remake-soundtrack-kenny-wormald-interview-white-stripes/ \|title='Footloose' Star Kenny Wormald on Updating a Classic '80s Soundtrack With the White Stripes \|first=Eric \|last=Larnick \|date=10 August 2011 \|quote=there is one track—central to the film—that doesn't appear on the soundtrack. That's the song Ren McCormack '''punch-dances''' to all by himself in an abandoned factory, in one of the great frustration-venting scenes in pop-cinema history. So what does Ren McCormack '''punch-dance''' to when he needs to left off some steam in the year 2011? \|access-date=20 October 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415004354/http://news.moviefone.com/2011/08/10/footloose-remake-soundtrack-kenny-wormald-interview-white-stripes/ \|archive-date=15 April 2014 \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|website=[[The Good Men Project]] \|url=http://goodmenproject.com/arts/the-good-men-playlist-choosing-your-2014-montage-song-js/ \|title=The Good Men Playlist: Choosing Your 2014 Montage Song \|date=28 December 2013 \|first=James \|last=Stafford \|quote=If you'd rather '''punch dance''' your anger out, stick with Footloose.}}</ref> ===Commercial performance=== The film opened at #9 at the U.S. box office in 2007 and grossed $5.3 million in its opening weekend. Overall, it bombed in theaters, leaving after 68 days, grossing just under $14 million.<ref name="numbers">{{cite web\|url=http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2007/HOTRD.php \|title=Movie Hot Rod – Box Office Data, News, Cast Information – The Numbers\|publisher=The-numbers.com\|access-date=2013-09-02}}</ref> ===Critical reception=== [[File:Akiva Schaffer - Premiere of Hot Rod.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|[[Akiva Schaffer]] at the film's premiere. His directorial style was criticized in reviews.]] ''Hot Rod'' received mixed reviews from film critics upon its initial release. On [[Metacritic]], it has an average score of 43 out of 100, based on 27 reviews, indicating "mixed or average" reviews.<ref name="Metacritic">{{cite web\|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/hot-rod \|title=Hot Rod \|website=[[Metacritic]] \|access-date=September 22, 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023014519/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/hot-rod \|archive-date=October 23, 2014 \|url-status=live }}</ref> On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], it has a score of 39% from 119 reviews, with an average rating of 5.10/10. The site's consensus reads "''Hot Rod'' has brazen silliness and a few humorous set pieces on its side, but it's far too inconsistent to satisfy all but the least demanding slapstick lovers."<ref>{{Cite web \|title = Hot Rod \|url = http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/hot_rod/\|website = www.rottentomatoes.com\|date = 2007-08-03\|access-date = 2015-12-18 }}</ref> After its release, ''[[Paper (magazine)\|Paper]]'' wrote, "Depending on whom you talk to, ''Hot Rod'' is either a terrible stinker or a really strange and wonderful movie that you can't believe they got away with making."<ref name="Paper">{{cite magazine \|author=Alexis Swerdloff \|url=http://www.papermag.com/2007/09/man-child_in_the_promised_land.php\|title=Man Child in the Promised Land\|date=September 28, 2007\|magazine=[[Paper (magazine)\|Paper]] \|access-date=September 5, 2014}}</ref> Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of B− on an A+ to F scale.<ref name="Kilday">{{cite web \|date=7 August 2007 \|last=Kilday \|first=Gregg \|title=Uni's 'Ultimatum' accepted: No. 1 open \|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/unis-ultimatum-accepted-no-1-146855/ \|website=The Hollywood Reporter \|quote=Skewing toward younger males, it earned an overall Cinemascore grade of B-minus. }}</ref> ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''{{'s}} Frank Scheck criticized the film's "formulaic" script and humor, but commended Samberg's "reasonably engaging and sweet comedic screen presence."<ref name="HR">{{cite web\|author=Frank Scheck\|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/hot-rod-159330\|title=''Hot Rod'' - ''The Hollywood Reporter''\|date=August 1, 2007\|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] \|access-date=September 5, 2014}}</ref> "No one seems to have told the Lonely Island boys that the stakes are a little higher in features than they are in music videos and that underlighted shots and sloppy editing are more distracting on the big screen than on television," wrote Marjorie Baumgarten of ''[[The Austin Chronicle]]''.<ref name="AC">{{cite news\|author=Marjorie Baumgarten \|url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/calendar/film/2007-08-03/hot-rod/\|title=''Hot Rod'' - Film Calendar\|date=August 3, 2007\|newspaper=[[The Austin Chronicle]] \|access-date=September 5, 2014}}</ref> Wesley Morris of ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' called the film "playfully dumb," commenting, "The filmmakers [...] have skipped right past the kitsch of tribute and gone straight for jokey delusion [...] And in that sense, ''Hot Rod'' is post-parody, taking nothing seriously, not even being a movie."<ref name="BG">{{cite news\|author=Wesley Morris\|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/movies/articles/2007/08/03/stuntman_comedy_stints_on_story/\|title=Stuntman comedy stints on story\|date=August 3, 2007\|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] \|access-date=September 5, 2014}}</ref> Peter Travers of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' wrote, "The film's low-key ''[[Wayne's World (film)\|Wayne's World]]'' vibe takes it only so far. I laughed, then I wished it was funnier, then I just wished it would end.<ref name="RS">{{cite magazine\|author=Peter Travers\|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/hot-rod-20070802\|title=''Hot Rod'' - ''Rolling Stone''\|date=August 2, 2007\|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] \|access-date=September 5, 2014}}</ref> Peter Debruge of ''[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]'' called the movie "yet another example of a comedy that refuses to be taken seriously—concept as clothesline for all manner of silliness."<ref name="Variety">{{cite magazine\|author=Peter Debruge\|url=https://variety.com/2007/film/reviews/hot-rod-1200558212/\|title=''Hot Rod'' - ''Variety''\|date=June 29, 2007\|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|access-date=September 5, 2014}}</ref> Nick Schager of ''[[Slant Magazine]]'' noted that the trio "care far less about clever plotting than random ridiculousness," deeming the film "a tired rehash of every SNL alum's big-screen debut since Adam Sandler's ''Billy Madison''."<ref name="slant">{{cite magazine\|author=Nick Schager\|url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/hot-rod\|title=''Hot Rod'' - Film Review - ''Slant''\|date=August 2, 2007\|magazine=[[Slant Magazine]] \|access-date=September 5, 2014}}</ref> For their part, the film's producers remained optimistic about the movie in the press. "The movies I've always liked, comedy-wise—''Billy Madison'', ''[[The Jerk]]''—always got terrible reviews. When our reviews came in, it was like, 'Oh, we're right on track,'" said Samberg.<ref name="Paper"/> Lorne Michaels predicted it would find a different audience in the future: {{cquote\|I've lived through everything from ''Wayne's World'' with [[Mike Myers\|Mike [Myers]]] and [[Dana Carvey\|Dana [Carvey]]] to ''[[Tommy Boy]]'' with [[Chris Farley]], all the things I did with [[Will Ferrell\|[Will] Ferrell]], and even ''[[Three Amigos]]''. Critics just don't like new comedians, and they certainly don't like them if they come from ''SNL'' or television. Later on, they revise their opinions and say that so-and-so's later films aren't as good as the first ones. I think the picture will be thought of differently in two years.<ref name="Paper"/>}} ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' critic [[Roger Ebert]] gave the film three out of four stars: {{cquote\|The movie is funny because it is sincere. It likes Rod. It doesn't portray him as a maniacal goofball, but as an ambitious kid who really thinks, every single time, that he will succeed. In creating this aura of sincerity, ''Hot Rod'' benefits from Spacek's performance—she plays the mom absolutely straight, without inflection, as if she were not in a comedy. That's the only right choice—supporting characters are needed to reinforce Rod, not compete with him.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/hot-rod-2007\|title=Hot Rod Movie Review & Film Summary (2007)\|first=Roger\|last=Ebert\|website=www.rogerebert.com\|access-date=7 November 2018}}</ref>}} ''[[The A.V. Club]]'' later wrote that the film differentiated itself from other Michaels comedies: "They may be just as poorly received, but their rhythms are unpredictable and exciting, shocked to life by moments of anti-comedy and wacky deconstruction. Hardcore comedy devotees pick up on them like a dog whistle."<ref name="AV1">{{cite news\|author=Scott Tobias \|url=http://www.avclub.com/article/lonely-islands-ihot-rodi-is-strangely-funny-and-of-83883\|title=Lonely Island's Hot Rod is strangely funny (and often just strange)\|date=August 16, 2012\|newspaper=[[The A.V. Club]] \|access-date=September 5, 2014}}</ref> ==Home media== ''Hot Rod'' was released on DVD and HD DVD on November 27, 2007, and on Blu-ray on December 16, 2008.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://forum.dvdtalk.com/dvd-talk/529443-out-print-titles-recently-discovered-2nd-thread-14.html\|title=DVDTalk Forum : Out-of-Print Titles (recently discovered)\|publisher=Forum.dvdtalk.com\|access-date=2013-09-02}}</ref> ==Soundtrack== {{Infobox album \| name = Hot Rod \| type = Soundtrack \| artist = Various \| cover = \| caption = \| alt = \| released = July 31, 2007 \| recorded = \| venue = \| studio = \| genre = Soundtrack \| length = \| label = Sony Legacy \| producer = \| prev_title = \| prev_year = \| next_title = \| next_year = }} {{Music ratings \| rev1 = [[Allmusic]] \| rev1Score = {{Rating\|3\|5}}<ref>{{cite web\|author=Mark Deming \|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/hot-rod-original-soundtrack-mw0000577416 \|title=Hot Rod [Original Soundtrack] – Original Soundtrack \| Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards \|website=AllMusic \|date=2007-07-31 \|access-date=2013-09-02}}</ref> \| rev2 = \| rev2Score = }} The soundtrack was composed by ex-[[Yes (band)\|Yes]] guitarist [[Trevor Rabin]]. Several songs by the Swedish rock band [[Europe (band)\|Europe]] are in the movie, including "[[Cherokee (Europe song)\|Cherokee]]" and "[[Rock the Night (song)\|Rock the Night]]." The [[trailer (film)\|trailer]] contains three [[Swedish popular music\|Swedish rock]] songs, [[Europe (band)\|Europe]]'s "Cherokee" and "[[The Final Countdown (song)\|The Final Countdown]]", and [[The Hives]]' "[[See Through Head]]". It also includes the UK rock band [[Test Icicles]]' "[[Circle. Square. Triangle]]" as well as [[American Hi-Fi]]'s "[[The Art of Losing (song)\|The Art of Losing]]." The band called Gown that plays at Rod's final jump is actually [[Queens of the Stone Age]]. '''Track listing''' # "Danger on the Track" – [[Europe (band)\|Europe]] # "A Gringo Like Me" – [[Ennio Morricone]] # "[[Never (Moving Pictures song)\|Never]]" – [[Moving Pictures (band)\|Moving Pictures]] # [[Two of Hearts (song)\|"Two of Hearts"]] – [[Stacey Q]] # [[Cherokee (Europe song)\|"Cherokee"]] – Europe # "Skulls" – The Nutley Brass (Written by [[Misfits (band)\|Glenn Danzig]]) # "Street Luge" – Trevor Rabin # "[[You're the Voice]]" – [[John Farnham]] # "Head Honcho" – Gown # [[Chase (composition)\|"Chase"]] – [[Giorgio Moroder]] # "Cool Beans" – Jorma Taccone & Andy Samberg # "[[(I Just) Died in Your Arms]]" – [[Cutting Crew]] # "Dave on Acid" – Trevor Rabin # "Rock the Night" – Europe # "Stunt Suite" – Trevor Rabin # "Time Has Come" – Europe # "The Real Bass" – [[Brooklyn Bounce]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Wikiquote}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070811212114/http://www.hotrodmovie.com/ Official website] * {{IMDb title\|id=0787475\|title=Hot Rod}} * {{tcmdb title\|id=642076}} * {{AFI film\|64312}} * {{Mojo title\|hotrod}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121113104643/https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/hot-rod-soundboard/id411262946?mt=8&ls=1/ Official ''Hot Rod'' iOS App] {{Lorne Michaels}} {{Akiva Schaffer}} {{The Lonely Island}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hot Rod (Film)}} [[Category:2007 action comedy films]] [[Category:American sports comedy films]] [[Category:Films shot in Vancouver]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures films]] [[Category:American action comedy films]] [[Category:2007 directorial debut films]] [[Category:2007 films]] [[Category:Films directed by Akiva Schaffer]] [[Category:Films scored by Trevor Rabin]] [[Category:The Lonely Island films]] [[Category:Films produced by Lorne Michaels]] [[Category:Films with screenplays by Pam Brady]] [[Category:2007 comedy films]] [[Category:2000s English-language films]] [[Category:2000s American films]] [[Category:2000s sports comedy films]] [[Category:English-language action comedy films]] [[Category:English-language sports comedy films]]	1,304,384,570	[{"title": "Hot Rod", "data": {"Directed by": "Akiva Schaffer", "Written by": "Pam Brady", "Produced by": "John Goldwyn \u00b7 Lorne Michaels", "Starring": "- Andy Samberg - Isla Fisher - Jorma Taccone - Bill Hader - Danny McBride - Sissy Spacek - Ian McShane", "Cinematography": "Andrew Dunn", "Edited by": "Malcolm Campbell", "Music by": "Trevor Rabin", "Production \u00b7 companies": "- Michaels/Goldwyn - Paramount Pictures", "Distributed by": "Paramount Pictures", "Release date": "- August 3, 2007 (United States)", "Running time": "88 minutes", "Country": "United States", "Language": "English", "Budget": "$25 million", "Box office": "$14.4 million"}}, {"title": "Soundtrack album by Various", "data": {"Released": "July 31, 2007", "Genre": "Soundtrack", "Label": "Sony Legacy"}}, {"title": "The Lonely Island", "data": {"Discography": "Studio albums Incredibad Turtleneck & Chain The Wack Album Singles \" Dick in a Box \" \" Jizz in My Pants \" \" I'm on a Boat \" \" Motherlover \" \" I Just Had Sex \" \" The Creep \" \" We're Back! \" \" Jack Sparrow \" \" 3-Way (The Golden Rule) \" \" YOLO \" \" Spring Break Anthem \" \" Hugs \" \" Natalie's Rap 2.0 \" Other songs \" Lazy Sunday \" \" Like a Boss \" \" Everything Is Awesome \" \" Here I Go \"", "Film": "Hot Rod (2007) Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping (2016) Michael Bolton's Big, Sexy Valentine's Day Special (2017) Brigsby Bear (2017) The Unauthorized Bash Brothers Experience (2019) Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (2022)", "Television": "Party Over Here I Think You Should Leave with Tim Robinson"}}, {"title": "Studio albums", "data": {"Studio albums": "Incredibad Turtleneck & Chain The Wack Album", "Singles": "\" Dick in a Box \" \" Jizz in My Pants \" \" I'm on a Boat \" \" Motherlover \" \" I Just Had Sex \" \" The Creep \" \" We're Back! \" \" Jack Sparrow \" \" 3-Way (The Golden Rule) \" \" YOLO \" \" Spring Break Anthem \" \" Hugs \" \" Natalie's Rap 2.0 \"", "Other songs": "\" Lazy Sunday \" \" Like a Boss \" \" Everything Is Awesome \" \" Here I Go \""}}]	false
# William Poole William Poole (July 24, 1821 – March 8, 1855), also known as Bill the Butcher, was the leader of the Washington Street Gang, which later became known as the Bowery Boys gang. He was a local leader of the Know Nothing political movement in mid-19th-century New York City. ## Early life Poole was born in Sussex County, New Jersey, to parents of English descent. In 1832, his family moved to New York City to open a butcher shop in Washington Market, Manhattan. Poole became skilled in his father's trade and eventually took over the family store. In the 1840s, he worked with the Howard (Red Rover) Volunteer Fire Engine Company #34, on Hudson and Christopher Streets, and started the Washington Street Gang which later became the Bowery Boys. During this period in New York, fires were a problem for the city. Volunteer fire groups, such as the one Poole was in were important for keeping fires under control. These firefighting groups were closely tied with street gangs, and were seen as a public service provided by those groups. Throughout the years there was an ongoing rivalry between gangs over who would be the one to extinguish the fire. There began a common strategy that the Bowery Boys utilized to ensure that other fire engine companies could not put out the fires. Upon hearing the alarm sound indicating that a fire had broken out, a member of the Bowery Boys would find the nearest fire hydrant. He would then proceed to flip over an empty barrel upon the hydrant so it could not be seen or used. The Bowery Boys would sit on the barrel until his own fire engine arrived. Fights over the hydrants would break out, and often the Bowery Boys had no time to actually extinguish the fire. ## Personality William Poole was a large man for the time. He weighed over two hundred pounds and was about six feet tall. He was known for his brutal boxing style: "He was well known as being a notoriously dirty fighter, not averse to biting off noses, gouging out eyeballs, or beating a man to jelly." He fought in many fights that were considered illegal due to the brutality of bare-knuckle boxing. He was also a known skilled knife fighter, as a result of his profession as a butcher. Poole was a known gambler and a heavy drinker. He closed his family's butchery business in the 1850s and opened a drinking saloon, known as the "Bank Exchange". ## Street gangs Street gangs in New York were fluid in their membership and name as they merged and found new leaders. The most well-known of these was the Bowery Boys, which Poole formed from his own Washington Street gang and a collection of many other street gangs. Other key gangs incorporated into the Bowery Boys were the American Guards, Atlantic Guards, True Blue Americans, and the Order of the Star-Spangled Guard. These gangs were composed of nativist White Anglo-Saxon Protestants who were opposed to enfranchisement of the growing number of Irish Catholic refugees from the Great Famine. Street gangs, like the Bowery Boys, "were bound by ethnic ties or nativist belief; the members tended to be deeply patriotic, and a common thread was the belief that the country was pretty well full, so that newcomers were not welcomed." Poole's gang was located near to the Five Points neighborhood, where many recent Irish Catholic immigrants settled. Five Points was located in what is now Chinatown in Lower Manhattan. Waves of Irish- and German-Americans moved into the Five Points as their first stop on the way to the American dream. In response to attacks by Poole and his followers, the Irish created their own street gangs. The Dead Rabbits were an Irish-membership gang and the biggest rival of Poole's Bowery Boys. Much of the hatred between the two gangs was based on racial and religious differences. "For years the Bowery Boys and the Dead Rabbits waged a bitter feud, and a week seldom passed in which they did not come to blows, either along the Bowery, or in the Five Points section." Both gangs were primarily brawlers and street fighters, another reason why William Poole was a well-known fighter, and most of their battling was done in open spaces. Poole made many alliances with other street gangs that supported his ideology. ## Political views William Poole detested the Democratic Party's local political machine, Tammany Hall, because they accepted and included immigrants as members. Tammany Hall-affiliated street gangs also protected Irish Catholics from Poole's Bowery Boys, whom he sent to terrorize immigrants and keep them from registering to vote. Poole and the Bowery Boys were a de facto extension of the Know Nothings, a nativist and militantly anti-Catholic political party. According to the New Orleans True Delta, the purpose of the Know Nothings was "twofold – part religious, part political; and the ends aimed at the disenfranchisement of adopted citizens, and their exclusion from office, and perpetual war upon the Catholic religion." Originally, the Know Nothings were known as the Native American Party, but changed their name in 1855. Members of the Know Nothing Party had to "be a native-born citizen, of native-born parents, and not of the Catholic religion". The goal was to organize native White Anglo-Saxon Protestants to defend and preserve their religion and control of American politics from enfranchised Catholics, immigrants and their descendants. Poole was nominated by the Whig party in April 1848 as a candidate for alderman, representing the Sixth Ward. Poole fared poorly in the general election, receiving only 199 votes and tying for last place with his ticket-mate against four other candidates. In February of 1853, Poole was appointed to represent the Sixth Ward on the New York City Board of Education. ## Attack at Florence's Hotel As a well-known gang leader and pugilist, Poole was frequently involved in fights, brawls, and other confrontations. The New York Daily Times reported the following on October 23, 1851: A Brutal Outrage in Broadway. We learn that at an early hour yesterday morning, two noted pugilists entered Florence's Hotel, corner of Broadway and Howard street, and without any provocation seized the bar-keeper and beat his face to a jelly. It appears that Thomas Hyer, William Poole, and several others entered the above hotel, and while one of the party held Charles Owens (the bar-keeper) by the hair of his head, another of the gang beat him in the face to such an extent that his left eye was completely ruined and the flesh of his cheek mangled in the most shocking manner. After thus accomplishing the heartless act, all of them made an effort to find Mr. John Florence, the proprietor of the hotel, with a view of serving him in the same manner, but not succeeding in their latter design, they found the hat of Mr. Florence and wantonly cut it into strips, and trampled it under their feet. The desperadoes then left the house, and in the meantime Mr. Owens was placed under medical attendance, and in the course of a short time he proceeded to the Jefferson Market Police, in company with Mr. Florence, where they made their affidavits respecting the inhuman outrage, upon which Justice Blakeley issued his warrants for Hyer, Poole, and such of the others who were concerned in the affair, and the same were placed in the hands of officer Baldwin for service. Since the above was written we have been reliably informed that the affray originated from the fact of the barkeeper having refused them drinks, after they had been furnished with them twice in succession. ## Dispute with John Morrissey Poole's arch rival John Morrissey was an Irish immigrant and worked for the political machine at Tammany Hall. Morrissey was also a popular bare-knuckle boxer and challenged Poole to a match. Though the two men were of differing ethnic backgrounds and political parties, the initial grounds for their dispute may have arisen from an earlier bet by Poole on a boxing match at Boston Corners on October 12, 1853, in which Poole had placed his bet on Morrissey's opponent, "Yankee Sullivan". The results of the boxing match were disputed—Sullivan beat Morrisey but was then distracted into leaving the ring by Morrisey's friends and the referee announced Morrisey winner for being in the ring—and Poole was against Morrissey being paid. In 1854 a fight was arranged between Morrissey and Poole, which Poole won. ### Shooting and death Morrissey plotted revenge and on February 25, 1855, recently-fired NYPD patrolman Lewis Baker and Jim Turner, who were allegedly acting as enforcers for Morrissey, shot Poole in the leg and chest at Stanwix Hall, a bar on Broadway near Prince, at that time a center of the city's nightlife. The New York Daily Times reported on February 26, 1855, the following: Terrible Shooting Affray in Broadway – Bill Poole Fatally Wounded – The Morrissey and Poole Feud – Renewal of Hostilities – Several Persons Severely Wounded. Broadway, in the vicinity of Prince and Houston Streets, was the scene of an exciting shooting affair about 1 o'clock yesterday morning, which is but a repetition of a similar occurrence that transpired a few weeks ago under Wallack's Theatre between Tom Hyer, Lewis Baker, Jim Turner and several other noted pugilists... View Full Article at Wikisource Several days after the shooting, on March 8, 1855, Poole died in his home on Christopher Street at the age of 33. Poole was survived by his wife and son, Charles Poole. The war between Poole and Morrissey had been very public and The New York Times covered the events of Stanwix Hall almost every day for a month. One local newsman reported Poole's last words were, "Good-bye, boys; I die a true American," although the New York Evening Post, quoting an unnamed man who was at Poole's bedside when he died, reported that his last words named Morrissey as his killer. He was buried on March 11, 1855, in Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery with thousands of spectators. Lewis Baker fled New York City, with the help of Daniel Kerrigan, a twenty-four year old 1853 Democratic nominee for councilman. Kerrigan was an Irish-American and expressed sympathy for Baker. The Times called Kerrigan "one 'of the principle accessories to the murder of Poole and the flight of Baker." Facing an international manhunt organized by Poole's patrons in the Know Nothing Party, Baker boarded the Jewett and sailed for the Canary Islands. He was intercepted, however, on the high seas on April 17, 1855. Baker was arrested and returned to New York City to be tried for the murder of William Poole. All three trials, however, ended with a hung jury and Baker ultimately walked away a free man. Morrissey went on to open up several Irish pubs and accumulated a fortune of $1.5 million. He later served two terms as a New York state senator and two more terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. Morrissey died in 1878 and lies buried in a Roman Catholic cemetery in his childhood hometown of Troy, New York. ## In popular culture Daniel Day-Lewis played a heavily fictionalized version of Bill the Butcher, renamed William Cutting, in the 2002 Martin Scorsese film Gangs of New York. Day-Lewis received an Academy Award for Best Actor nomination for his performance. The chief differences between the historical Poole and the cinematic "Butcher" are that, while Poole died before the Civil War, the fictional character is still alive and leading his street gang in 1862, ultimately dying in the film in a street battle instead of being mortally shot at Stanwix Hall. Day-Lewis's Poole reveals to Leonardo DiCaprio’s character that he is 47 years old, making him born in 1815, and claimed his father was killed by the British at the Battle of Lundy's Lane, six years before the real Poole was born. ### Selected coverage in theNew York Daily Times - New York Daily Times, Volume 1, Number 0031, Thursday, October 23, 1851, page 1 "Boxing" - New York Daily Times, Volume 3, Number 0646, Thursday, October 13, 1853, page 1 "hotel" - New York Daily Times, Volume 3, Number 0892, July 28, 1854, page 4 "Boxing teaser" - New York Daily Times, Volume 3, Number 0892, July 28, 1854, page 8 "Boxing" - New York Daily Times, Volume 4, Number 1074, Monday, February 26, 1855, page 1, "Shooting" - New York Daily Times, Volume 4, Number 1084, Friday, March 9, 1855, page 1, "Coroner's Inquest" ### Selected coverage in theBrooklyn Eagle - Brooklyn Eagle, March 20, 1855, page 2, "The Poole murder" - Brooklyn Eagle, March 20, 1855, page 3, "The death of bully Poole" - Brooklyn Eagle, March 24, 1855, page 3, "Grand jury" ### Selected coverage in theNew York Times - New York Times, March 9, 1855, page 1, "The Pugilist's Encounter" - New York Times, March 10, 1855, page 1, "The Death of William Poole" - New York Times, March 12, 1855, page 1, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" - New York Times, March 12, 1855, page 4, "The Funeral of Poole" - New York Times, March 13, 1855, page 1, "The Poole Murder" - New York Times, March 17, 1855, page 1, "The Poole Murder" - New York Times, March 19, 1855, page 1, "The Poole Murder" - New York Times, March 24, 1855, page 3, "The Kissane Trial" - New York Times, April 16, 1855, page 3, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" - New York Times, May 16, 1855; page 1, "Baker Arrested!" - New York Times, May 17, 1855; page 4, "The Poole Murder—What is to come of it?" - New York Times, November 28, 1855, page 7, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" - New York Times, November 29, 1855, page 3, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" - New York Times, December 1, 1855, page 2, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" - New York Times, December 3, 1855, page 2, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" - New York Times, December 4, 1855, page 7, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" - New York Times, December 5, 1855, page 3, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" - New York Times, December 6, 1855, page 2, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" - New York Times, December 7, 1855, page 3, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" - New York Times, December 8, 1855, page 3, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" - New York Times, December 10, 1855, page 2, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" - New York Times, December 11, 1855, page 2, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" - New York Times, December 12, 1855, page 3, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" - New York Times, December 13, 1855, page 7, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" - New York Times, December 14, 1855, page 1, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy"	enwiki/1096747	enwiki	1,096,747	William Poole	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Poole	2025-08-05T04:30:17Z	en	Q4346116	108,750	{{short description\|American boxer and gang leader}} {{Other people}} {{redirect-distinguish\|Bill the Butcher\|Butcher Billy\|Billy Butcher\|William Butcher\|Will Butcher}} {{Infobox person \| name = William Poole \| image = Bill Poole.jpg \| image_size = 275px \| caption = An 1888 engraving of Poole \| birth_date = {{Birth date\|1821\|7\|24\|mf=y}} \| birth_place = [[Sussex County, New Jersey\|Sussex County]], [[New Jersey]], United States \| death_date = {{Death date and age\|1855\|3\|8\|1821\|7\|24\|mf=y}} \| death_place = [[Manhattan]], [[New York (state)\|New York]]<!-- NYC did not exist before 1898 --> \| death_cause = [[Murder]] by [[gunshot]] \| resting_place = [[Green-Wood Cemetery]], [[Kings County, New York]] \| nationality = American \| other_names = Bill the Butcher \| occupation = Butcher, fireman, criminal gang leader, politician \| known_for = [[Nativism (politics)\|Nativism]], was a [[Bare-knuckle boxing\|pugilist]] and leader of the [[Bowery Boys (gang)\|Bowery Boys]], a street gang of [[Know Nothings]] and volunteer firemen; murdered by supporters of his political rival, [[John Morrissey]] of [[Tammany Hall]] }} {{Infobox Criminal organization \| name = Washington Street Gang \| founding location = [[Washington Market Park\|Washington Market]], [[Manhattan]]<!-- NYC did not exist before 1898 --> \| founded by = William "Bill the Butcher" Poole \| years active = 1840s \| territory = Washington Market, Manhattan<!-- NYC did not exist before 1898 --> \| ethnic makeup = [[English Americans\|English American]] \| membership est = ? \| criminal activities = ? \| rivals = }} {{Infobox Criminal organization \| name = Bowery Boys \| founding location = [[Bowery]], [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]] \| founded by = William "Bill the Butcher" Poole \| years active = Mid-19th century \| territory = Bowery, Manhattan, New York City \| ethnic makeup = Non-Irish, [[European Americans\|European American]] \| membership est = ? \| criminal activities = ? \| rivals = [[Dead Rabbits]], [[Plug Uglies]] }} {{Listen \| filename = The Funeral of Poole from The NY Times, March 12, 1855 - read by loubet for LibriVox (2011).ogg \| title = {{center\|''The Funeral of Poole from The NY Times, March 12, 1855''}} \| description = {{center\|00:06:12}} \| pos = right \| type = speech }} '''William Poole''' (July 24, 1821 – March 8, 1855), also known as '''Bill the Butcher''', was the leader of the Washington Street Gang, which later became known as the [[Bowery Boys (gang)\|Bowery Boys]] gang. He was a local leader of the [[Know Nothing]] political movement in mid-19th-century [[New York City]]. ==Early life== Poole was born in [[Sussex County, New Jersey]], to parents of [[English American\|English descent]].<ref>[http://herbertasbury.com/billthebutcher/billp.asp] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825213036/http://herbertasbury.com/billthebutcher/billp.asp#\|date=2007-08-25}} Herbert Asbury website</ref> In 1832, his family moved to New York City to open a [[butcher]] shop in [[Washington Market Park\|Washington Market]], [[Manhattan]]. Poole became skilled in his father's trade and eventually took over the family store. In the 1840s, he worked with the Howard (Red Rover) Volunteer Fire Engine Company #34, on Hudson and Christopher Streets, and started the Washington Street Gang which later became the Bowery Boys. During this period in New York, fires were a problem for the city. Volunteer fire groups, such as the one Poole was in were important for keeping fires under control. These firefighting groups were closely tied with street gangs, and were seen as a public service provided by those groups. Throughout the years there was an ongoing rivalry between gangs over who would be the one to extinguish the fire. There began a common strategy that the Bowery Boys utilized to ensure that other fire engine companies could not put out the fires. Upon hearing the alarm sound indicating that a fire had broken out, a member of the Bowery Boys would find the nearest fire hydrant. He would then proceed to flip over an empty barrel upon the hydrant so it could not be seen or used. The Bowery Boys would sit on the barrel until his own fire engine arrived. Fights over the hydrants would break out, and often the Bowery Boys had no time to actually extinguish the fire.<ref name=":1" /> == Personality == William Poole was a large man for the time. He weighed over two hundred pounds and was about six feet tall. He was known for his brutal boxing style: "He was well known as being a notoriously dirty fighter, not averse to biting off noses, gouging out eyeballs, or beating a man to jelly."<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|title=Bill the Butcher: The Life and Death of William Poole\|last=Stanway \|first=Eric\|publisher=EUM Books\|year=2019\|location=San Bernardino\|pages=155}}</ref> He fought in many fights that were considered illegal due to the brutality of bare-knuckle boxing. He was also a known skilled knife fighter, as a result of his profession as a butcher. Poole was a known gambler and a heavy drinker. He closed his family's butchery business in the 1850s and opened a drinking saloon, known as the "Bank Exchange".<ref name=":0" /> == Street gangs == Street gangs in New York were fluid in their membership and name as they merged and found new leaders. The most well-known of these was the [[Bowery Boys (gang)\|Bowery Boys]], which Poole formed from his own Washington Street gang and a collection of many other street gangs. Other key gangs incorporated into the Bowery Boys were the [[American Guards]], [[Atlantic Guards]], [[True Blue Americans]], and the [[Order of the Star-Spangled Guard]]. These gangs were composed of nativist [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant]]s who were opposed to enfranchisement of the growing number of [[Irish Catholic]] refugees from the [[Great Famine (Ireland)\|Great Famine]]. Street gangs, like the Bowery Boys, "were bound by ethnic ties or nativist belief; the members tended to be deeply patriotic, and a common thread was the belief that the country was pretty well full, so that newcomers were not welcomed."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|title=The Gangs of New York: An Informal History of the Underworld\|last=Asbury\|first=Herbert\|publisher=Vintage Books\|year=1927\|location=New York\|pages=29}}</ref> Poole's gang was located near to the [[Five Points, Manhattan\|Five Points]] neighborhood, where many recent [[Irish Catholic]] immigrants settled. Five Points was located in what is now [[Chinatown, Manhattan\|Chinatown]] in [[Lower Manhattan]]. Waves of [[Irish-Americans\|Irish-]] and [[German-Americans]] moved into the Five Points as their first stop on the way to the [[American dream]]. In response to attacks by Poole and his followers, the Irish created their own street gangs. The [[Dead Rabbits]] were an Irish-membership gang and the biggest rival of Poole's Bowery Boys. Much of the hatred between the two gangs was based on racial and religious differences. "For years the Bowery Boys and the Dead Rabbits waged a bitter feud, and a week seldom passed in which they did not come to blows, either along the Bowery, or in the Five Points section."<ref name=":1" /> Both gangs were primarily brawlers and street fighters, another reason why William Poole was a well-known fighter, and most of their battling was done in open spaces. Poole made many alliances with other street gangs that supported his ideology. ==Political views== William Poole detested the [[Democratic Party (United States)\|Democratic Party]]'s local [[political machine]], [[Tammany Hall]], because they accepted and included immigrants as members. Tammany Hall-affiliated [[street gang]]s also protected [[Irish Catholic]]s from Poole's Bowery Boys, whom he sent to terrorize immigrants and keep them from registering to vote. Poole and the Bowery Boys were a de facto extension of the [[Know Nothings]], a [[nativism (politics)\|nativist]] and militantly [[Anti-Catholicism in the United States\|anti-Catholic]] [[political party]]. According to the ''New Orleans True Delta'', the purpose of the Know Nothings was "twofold – part religious, part political; and the ends aimed at the [[disenfranchisement]] of [[naturalization\|adopted citizens]], and their exclusion from [[political office\|office]], and perpetual war upon the [[Roman Catholicism\|Catholic religion]]."<ref name=":0" /> Originally, the Know Nothings were known as the Native American Party, but changed their name in 1855. Members of the Know Nothing Party had to "be a native-born citizen, of native-born parents, and not of the Catholic religion".<ref name=":0" /> The goal was to organize native [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant]]s to defend and preserve their religion and control of American politics from enfranchised Catholics, [[immigration to the United States \|immigrants]] and their descendants. Poole was nominated by the [[Whig Party (United States)\|Whig party]] in April 1848 as a candidate for [[alderman]], representing the Sixth Ward.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=11 Apr 1848, Page 2 - The Brooklyn Daily Eagle at Newspapers.com\|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/50331157/?terms=%22William%20Poole%22&match=1\|access-date=2021-06-27\|website=Newspapers.com\|language=en}}</ref> Poole fared poorly in the general election, receiving only 199 votes and tying for last place with his ticket-mate against four other candidates.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=13 Apr 1848, Page 2 - The Brooklyn Daily Eagle at Newspapers.com\|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/50331174/?terms=%22William%20Poole%22&match=1\|access-date=2021-06-27\|website=Newspapers.com\|language=en}}</ref> In February of 1853, Poole was appointed to represent the Sixth Ward on the New York City Board of Education.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=9 Feb 1853, Page 2 - The Brooklyn Daily Eagle at Newspapers.com\|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/50247013/?terms=%22William%20Poole%22&match=1\|access-date=2021-06-27\|website=Newspapers.com\|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Bill Poole Tobacco Advertisement Card II.jpeg\|thumb\|right\|180px\|Bill Poole portrait from a [[tobacco]] company boxer profile card, circa late 1880s]] ==Attack at Florence's Hotel== As a well-known gang leader and [[Boxing\|pugilist]], Poole was frequently involved in fights, brawls, and other confrontations. The ''[[New York Daily Times]]'' reported the following on October 23, 1851: {{quote\|A Brutal Outrage in Broadway. We learn that at an early hour yesterday morning, two noted pugilists entered Florence's Hotel, corner of Broadway and Howard street, and without any provocation seized the bar-keeper and beat his face to a jelly. It appears that [[Tom Hyer\|Thomas Hyer]], ''William Poole'', and several others entered the above hotel, and while one of the party held Charles Owens (the bar-keeper) by the hair of his head, another of the gang beat him in the face to such an extent that his left eye was completely ruined and the flesh of his cheek mangled in the most shocking manner. After thus accomplishing the heartless act, all of them made an effort to find Mr. John Florence, the proprietor of the hotel, with a view of serving him in the same manner, but not succeeding in their latter design, they found the hat of Mr. Florence and wantonly cut it into strips, and trampled it under their feet. The desperadoes then left the house, and in the meantime Mr. Owens was placed under medical attendance, and in the course of a short time he proceeded to the Jefferson Market Police, in company with Mr. Florence, where they made their affidavits respecting the inhuman outrage, upon which Justice Blakeley issued his warrants for Hyer, ''Poole'', and such of the others who were concerned in the affair, and the same were placed in the hands of officer Baldwin for service. Since the above was written we have been reliably informed that the affray originated from the fact of the barkeeper having refused them drinks, after they had been furnished with them twice in succession.}} ==Dispute with John Morrissey== {{unreferenced section\|date=September 2017}} Poole's arch rival [[John Morrissey]] was an [[Irish people\|Irish]] immigrant and worked for the political machine at [[Tammany Hall]]. Morrissey was also a popular bare-knuckle boxer and challenged Poole to a match. Though the two men were of differing ethnic backgrounds and political parties, the initial grounds for their dispute may have arisen from an earlier bet by Poole on a boxing match at [[Boston Corners]] on October 12, 1853, in which Poole had placed his bet on Morrissey's opponent, "[[Yankee Sullivan]]". The results of the boxing match were disputed—Sullivan beat Morrisey but was then distracted into leaving the ring by Morrisey's friends and the referee announced Morrisey winner for being in the ring—and Poole was against Morrissey being paid. In 1854 a fight was arranged between Morrissey and Poole, which Poole won.<ref name="The Lancaster Ledger 9 August 1854">{{cite news \|title=Prize Fight in New York \|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026900/1854-08-09/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1854&index=0&rows=20&words=Morrissey+Poole&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1854&proxtext=poole+morrissey&y=6&x=17&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 \|access-date=28 November 2018 \|work=The Lancaster Ledger \|agency=Library of Congress \|date=9 August 1854\|page=2}}</ref> ===Shooting and death=== Morrissey plotted revenge and on February 25, 1855, recently-fired [[NYPD]] patrolman [[Lew Baker\|Lewis Baker]] and [[Jim Turner (criminal)\|Jim Turner]], who were allegedly acting as enforcers for Morrissey, shot Poole in the leg and chest at Stanwix Hall, a bar on [[Broadway (Manhattan)\|Broadway]] near Prince, at that time a center of the city's nightlife.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Duke \|first1=Thomas Samuel \|chapter=THE MURDER OF PUGILIST BILL POOLE IN NEW YORK. (From Sutton's History of New York Tombs.) \|pages=593–594 \|title=Celebrated Criminal Cases of America \|date=1910 \|publisher=James H. Barry Company \|location=San Francisco \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pkQ37-_VMpQC \|oclc=3811019 \|language=en \|quote=By Thomas Samuel Duke, Captain of Police, San Francisco; Published with Approval of the Honorable Board of Police Commissioners of San Francisco, 1910. (Public Domain Free Download)}} <!-- https://books.google.com/books?id=M1ocAAAAMAAJ https://www.historicalcrimedetective.com/ccca/ https://archive.org/details/celebratedcrimi00dukegoog --> </ref> The ''New York Daily Times'' reported on February 26, 1855, the following: [[File:Murder of Bill Poole – Stanwix Hall.jpg\|600px\|center\|thumb\|Illustration of Bill Poole's murder in George W. Walling's "Recollections of a New York Chief of Police" (1887).]] {{quote\|Terrible Shooting Affray in Broadway – Bill Poole Fatally Wounded – The Morrissey and Poole Feud – Renewal of Hostilities – Several Persons Severely Wounded. Broadway, in the vicinity of Prince and Houston Streets, was the scene of an exciting shooting affair about 1 o'clock yesterday morning, which is but a repetition of a similar occurrence that transpired a few weeks ago under Wallack's Theatre between Tom Hyer, Lewis Baker, Jim Turner and several other noted pugilists... ''[[:s:en:The New York Times/Shooting\|View Full Article at Wikisource]]''\|sign=\|source=}} Several days after the shooting, on March 8, 1855, Poole died in his home on [[Christopher Street]] at the age of 33. Poole was survived by his wife and son, Charles Poole. The war between Poole and Morrissey had been very public and ''The New York Times'' covered the events of Stanwix Hall almost every day for a month. One local newsman reported Poole's last words were, "Good-bye, boys; I die a true American," although the [[New York Evening Post]], quoting an unnamed man who was at Poole's bedside when he died, reported that his last words named Morrissey as his killer.<ref>New York Evening Post, March 8, 1855</ref><ref name=":0" /> He was buried on March 11, 1855, in Brooklyn's [[Green-Wood Cemetery]] with thousands of spectators. Lewis Baker fled New York City, with the help of [[Dan Kerrigan\|Daniel Kerrigan]], a twenty-four year old 1853 Democratic nominee for councilman. Kerrigan was an [[Irish-American]] and expressed sympathy for Baker. The ''Times'' called Kerrigan "one 'of the principle accessories to the murder of Poole and the flight of Baker."<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Five Points: The 19th-Century New York City Neighborhood That Invented Tap Dance, Stole Elections, and Became the World's Most Notorious Slum\|last=Anbinder\|first=Tyler\|publisher=Free Press\|year=2010\|location=New York\|pages=275}}</ref> Facing an international manhunt organized by Poole's patrons in the Know Nothing Party, Baker boarded the ''Jewett'' and sailed for the [[Canary Islands]]. He was intercepted, however, on the high seas on April 17, 1855. Baker was arrested and returned to New York City to be tried for the murder of William Poole. All three trials, however, ended with a [[hung jury]] and Baker ultimately walked away a free man. Morrissey went on to open up several [[Irish pub]]s and accumulated a fortune of $1.5 million. He later served two terms as a [[New York (State)\|New York]] [[state senator]] and two more terms in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]]. Morrissey died in 1878 and lies buried in a Roman Catholic cemetery in his childhood hometown of [[Troy, New York]].<ref name=":0" /> ==In popular culture== [[Daniel Day-Lewis]] played a heavily fictionalized version of Bill the Butcher, renamed William Cutting, in the 2002 [[Martin Scorsese]] film ''[[Gangs of New York]]''. Day-Lewis received an [[Academy Award for Best Actor]] nomination for his performance. The chief differences between the historical Poole and the cinematic "Butcher" are that, while Poole died before the [[American Civil War\|Civil War]], the fictional character is still alive and leading his street gang in 1862, ultimately dying in the film in a street battle instead of being mortally shot at Stanwix Hall. Day-Lewis's Poole reveals to [[Leonardo DiCaprio]]’s character that he is 47 years old, making him born in 1815, and claimed his father was killed by the British at the [[Battle of Lundy's Lane]], six years before the real Poole was born. ==See also== * [[Dead Rabbits riot]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Refbegin}} * Charlton T. Lewis, ''Harper's Book of Facts'', New York, 1906 * [[Herbert Asbury]], ''The Gangs of New York'', New York, 1928 * Mark Caldwell, ''New York Night: The Mystique and Its History'', New York, 2005 * Seth F. Abrams and Rose Keefe, ''The Killing of Bill the Butcher: William Poole and the Battle for Old New York'', New York, 2010 {{Refend}} ===Selected coverage in the ''New York Daily Times''=== {{Refbegin}} * ''New York Daily Times'', Volume 1, Number 0031, Thursday, October 23, 1851, page 1 "Boxing" * ''New York Daily Times'', Volume 3, Number 0646, Thursday, October 13, 1853, page 1 "hotel" * ''New York Daily Times'', Volume 3, Number 0892, July 28, 1854, page 4 "Boxing teaser" * ''New York Daily Times'', Volume 3, Number 0892, July 28, 1854, page 8 "Boxing" * ''New York Daily Times'', Volume 4, Number 1074, Monday, February 26, 1855, page 1, "Shooting" * ''New York Daily Times'', Volume 4, Number 1084, Friday, March 9, 1855, page 1, "Coroner's Inquest" {{Refend}} ===Selected coverage in the ''Brooklyn Eagle''=== {{Refbegin}} * ''Brooklyn Eagle'', March 20, 1855, page 2, "The Poole murder" * ''Brooklyn Eagle'', March 20, 1855, page 3, "The death of bully Poole" * ''Brooklyn Eagle'', March 24, 1855, page 3, "Grand jury" {{Refend}} ===Selected coverage in the ''New York Times''=== {{Refbegin}} * ''New York Times'', March 9, 1855, page 1, "The Pugilist's Encounter" * ''New York Times'', March 10, 1855, page 1, "The Death of William Poole" * ''New York Times'', March 12, 1855, page 1, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" * ''New York Times'', March 12, 1855, page 4, "The Funeral of Poole" * ''New York Times'', March 13, 1855, page 1, "The Poole Murder" * ''New York Times'', March 17, 1855, page 1, "The Poole Murder" * ''New York Times'', March 19, 1855, page 1, "The Poole Murder" * ''New York Times'', March 24, 1855, page 3, "The Kissane Trial" * ''New York Times'', April 16, 1855, page 3, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" * ''New York Times'', May 16, 1855; page 1, "Baker Arrested!" * ''New York Times'', May 17, 1855; page 4, "The Poole Murder—What is to come of it?" * ''New York Times'', November 28, 1855, page 7, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" * ''New York Times'', November 29, 1855, page 3, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" * ''New York Times'', December 1, 1855, page 2, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" * ''New York Times'', December 3, 1855, page 2, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" * ''New York Times'', December 4, 1855, page 7, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" * ''New York Times'', December 5, 1855, page 3, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" * ''New York Times'', December 6, 1855, page 2, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" * ''New York Times'', December 7, 1855, page 3, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" * ''New York Times'', December 8, 1855, page 3, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" * ''New York Times'', December 10, 1855, page 2, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" * ''New York Times'', December 11, 1855, page 2, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" * ''New York Times'', December 12, 1855, page 3, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" * ''New York Times'', December 13, 1855, page 7, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" * ''New York Times'', December 14, 1855, page 1, "The Stanwix Hall Tragedy" {{refend}} ==External links== {{wikiquote}} [http://www.anb.org/articles/20/20-01912.html Bill Poole - American National Biography] {{Find a Grave\|6938059\|William Poole}} *[https://www.proquest.com/docview/95880162/abstract/C3725EC935A34994PQ/ Article From New York Times] reporting February 26, 1855, on the shooting of Bill Poole at Stanwix Hall on Broadway in NYC (requires user account) {{Authority control}} {{Gangs of New York}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Poole, William}} [[Category:1821 births]] [[Category:1855 deaths]] [[Category:People from Sussex County, New Jersey]] [[Category:Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery]] [[Category:Deaths by firearm in Manhattan]] [[Category:American people of English descent]] [[Category:American political bosses from New York (state)]] [[Category:American white supremacists]] [[Category:New York (state) Know Nothings]] [[Category:19th-century American politicians]] [[Category:Murdered American gangsters]] [[Category:People murdered in New York City]] [[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in New York City]] [[Category:Anti-Irish sentiment]] [[Category:People murdered in 1855]]	1,304,292,701	[{"title": "William Poole", "data": {"Born": "July 24, 1821 \u00b7 Sussex County, New Jersey, United States", "Died": "March 8, 1855 (aged 33) \u00b7 Manhattan, New York", "Cause of death": "Murder by gunshot", "Resting place": "Green-Wood Cemetery, Kings County, New York", "Nationality": "American", "Other names": "Bill the Butcher", "Occupation(s)": "Butcher, fireman, criminal gang leader, politician", "Known for": "Nativism, was a pugilist and leader of the Bowery Boys, a street gang of Know Nothings and volunteer firemen; murdered by supporters of his political rival, John Morrissey of Tammany Hall"}}, {"title": "Washington Street Gang", "data": {"Founded by": "William \"Bill the Butcher\" Poole", "Founding location": "Washington Market, Manhattan", "Years active": "1840s", "Territory": "Washington Market, Manhattan", "Ethnicity": "English American", "Membership (est.)": "?", "Criminal activities": "?"}}, {"title": "Bowery Boys", "data": {"Founded by": "William \"Bill the Butcher\" Poole", "Founding location": "Bowery, Manhattan, New York City", "Years active": "Mid-19th century", "Territory": "Bowery, Manhattan, New York City", "Ethnicity": "Non-Irish, European American", "Membership (est.)": "?", "Criminal activities": "?", "Rivals": "Dead Rabbits, Plug Uglies"}}]	false
# Ihtiman Ihtiman (Bulgarian: Ихтиман [ixtiˈman]) is a town in western Bulgaria, part of Sofia Province. It is located in the Ihtiman Valley of the Ihtimanska Sredna Gora mountain range and lies in a valley 48 km from Sofia and 95 km from Plovdiv, close to the Trakiya motorway. Formerly a Roman defensive station guarding the important roads to the Bosphorus, Ihtiman was then called Stipon. It continued to play this role under the Byzantine Empire and later under the First and Second Bulgarian Empires, with the main defensive centre in the region of the Gate of Trajan hill pass. In 986 the Bulgarian Emperor Samuel dealt a crushing defeat on the Byzantines in the battle of the Gates of Trajan. Following the Ottoman conquest of Bulgaria in the 14th century, the town's name was changed to Ihtiman, which is thought to be of Ottoman Turkish origin. The traditional and dominant religion is Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Ihtiman Hook on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Ihtiman. ## Climate Ihtiman has a temperate continental climate with very cold and snowy winters and not too hot, relatively short summers. The average annual temperature is 8.9C. \| Climate data for Ikhtiman \| Climate data for Ikhtiman \| Climate data for Ikhtiman \| Climate data for Ikhtiman \| Climate data for Ikhtiman \| Climate data for Ikhtiman \| Climate data for Ikhtiman \| Climate data for Ikhtiman \| Climate data for Ikhtiman \| Climate data for Ikhtiman \| Climate data for Ikhtiman \| Climate data for Ikhtiman \| Climate data for Ikhtiman \| Climate data for Ikhtiman \| \| Month \| Jan \| Feb \| Mar \| Apr \| May \| Jun \| Jul \| Aug \| Sep \| Oct \| Nov \| Dec \| Year \| \| --------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------- \| ------------------------- \| ------------------------- \| ------------------------- \| ------------------------- \| ------------------------- \| ------------------------- \| ------------------------- \| ------------------------- \| ------------------------- \| ------------------------- \| ------------------------- \| ------------------------- \| \| Record high °C (°F) \| 18.5 (65.3) \| 21.2 (70.2) \| 30.4 (86.7) \| 28.5 (83.3) \| 33.4 (92.1) \| 35.4 (95.7) \| 37.5 (99.5) \| 42.5 (108.5) \| 36.9 (98.4) \| 32.8 (91.0) \| 25.8 (78.4) \| 19.2 (66.6) \| 42.5 (108.5) \| \| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) \| 3.3 (37.9) \| 5.8 (42.4) \| 10.7 (51.3) \| 16.6 (61.9) \| 21.3 (70.3) \| 25.2 (77.4) \| 28.1 (82.6) \| 28.0 (82.4) \| 23.7 (74.7) \| 17.8 (64.0) \| 10.9 (51.6) \| 4.9 (40.8) \| 16.4 (61.5) \| \| Daily mean °C (°F) \| −1.5 (29.3) \| 0.5 (32.9) \| 5.4 (41.7) \| 10.2 (50.4) \| 14.9 (58.8) \| 18.7 (65.7) \| 21.2 (70.2) \| 21.0 (69.8) \| 16.5 (61.7) \| 11.5 (52.7) \| 6.0 (42.8) \| 0.4 (32.7) \| 10.4 (50.7) \| \| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) \| −5.2 (22.6) \| −3.8 (25.2) \| 0.1 (32.2) \| 3.7 (38.7) \| 8.5 (47.3) \| 11.1 (52.0) \| 13.4 (56.1) \| 13.0 (55.4) \| 9.2 (48.6) \| 5.1 (41.2) \| 1.1 (34.0) \| −3.2 (26.2) \| 4.4 (39.9) \| \| Record low °C (°F) \| −33.9 (−29.0) \| −31 (−24) \| −28 (−18) \| −9.6 (14.7) \| −3.7 (25.3) \| −1.2 (29.8) \| 1.5 (34.7) \| 1.3 (34.3) \| −5.8 (21.6) \| −8.4 (16.9) \| −19.5 (−3.1) \| −33.5 (−28.3) \| −33.9 (−29.0) \| \| Average precipitation mm (inches) \| 39 (1.5) \| 30 (1.2) \| 38 (1.5) \| 50 (2.0) \| 70 (2.8) \| 78 (3.1) \| 59 (2.3) \| 46 (1.8) \| 40 (1.6) \| 44 (1.7) \| 49 (1.9) \| 42 (1.7) \| 585 (23.0) \| \| Source: Stringmeteo.com Retrieved on 30 March 2013. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ## Municipality Ihtiman is also the seat of Ihtiman municipality (part of Sofia Province), which includes the following 27 villages: \| - Balyovtsi - Belitsa - Boeritsa - Borika - Buzyakovtsi - Bardo - Chernyovo - Dzhamuzovtsi - Grozdyovtsi - Kostadinkino - Lyubnitsa - Mechkovtsi - Mirovo - Muhovo \| - Panovtsi - Paunovo - Polyantsi - Popovtsi - Razhana - Selyanin - Sredishtna - Stambolovo - Suevtsi - Vakarel - Venkovets - Verinsko - Zhivkovo \| ## Twin-towns - Russia Klimovsk - Portugal Ílhavo	enwiki/6068906	enwiki	6,068,906	Ihtiman	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihtiman	2025-08-17T09:44:43Z	en	Q405712	107,994	{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2025}} {{Infobox settlement <!--more fields are available for this Infobox--See Template:Infobox Settlement--> \| official_name = Ihtiman \| image_skyline = Ihtiman-central-square.jpg \| subdivision_type = Country \| subdivision_name = [[Bulgaria]] \| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Bulgaria\|Province]]<br><small>(Oblast)</small> \| timezone = [[Eastern European Time\|EET]] \| utc_offset = +2 \| timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time\|EEST]] \| utc_offset_DST = +3 \| map_caption = Location of Ihtiman \| pushpin_map = Bulgaria#Balkans \| pushpin_label_position = \| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Ihtiman \| pushpin_mapsize = \| pushpin_relief = 1 \| leader_title = Mayor \| postal_code_type = Postal Code\| \| subdivision_name1 = [[Sofia Province]] \| population_total = 14525 \| population_footnotes = \| population_as_of = 13 September 2005 \| elevation_m = 658 \| postal_code = 2050 \| area_code = 0724 \| coordinates = {{coord\|42\|26\|24\|N\|23\|48\|54\|E\|region:BG\|display=inline,title}} \| leader_name = Kaloyan Iliev \| website = }} '''Ihtiman''' ({{langx\|bg\|Ихтиман}} {{IPA\|bg\|ixtiˈman\|}}) is a town in western [[Bulgaria]], part of [[Sofia Province]]. It is located in the [[Ihtiman Valley]] of the Ihtimanska [[Sredna Gora]] mountain range and lies in a valley 48 km from [[Sofia]] and 95 km from [[Plovdiv]], close to the [[Trakiya motorway]]. Formerly a [[Ancient Rome\|Roman]] defensive station guarding the important roads to the [[Bosphorus]], Ihtiman was then called ''Stipon''. It continued to play this role under the [[Byzantine Empire]] and later under the [[First Bulgarian Empire\|First]] and [[Second Bulgarian Empire]]s, with the main defensive centre in the region of the [[Gate of Trajan]] hill pass. In 986 the Bulgarian Emperor [[Samuel of Bulgaria\|Samuel]] dealt a crushing defeat on the Byzantines in the [[battle of the Gates of Trajan]]. Following the [[Ottoman Empire\|Ottoman]] conquest of Bulgaria in the 14th century, the town's name was changed to ''Ihtiman'', which is thought to be of [[Ottoman Turkish language\|Ottoman Turkish]] origin. The traditional and dominant religion is [[Eastern Orthodox Christianity]]. [[Ihtiman Hook]] on [[Livingston Island]] in the [[South Shetland Islands]], [[Antarctica]] is named after Ihtiman.<ref>[https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=136825 Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica:] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127184237/https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=136825 \|date=27 January 2020 }} Ihtiman Hook.</ref> == Climate == Ihtiman has a temperate continental climate with very cold and snowy winters and not too hot, relatively short summers. The average annual temperature is 8.9C. <div style="width:75%"> {{Weather box \|location = Ikhtiman \|single line = Yes \|metric first = Yes \|Jan record high C = 18.5 \|Feb record high C = 21.2 \|Mar record high C = 30.4 \|Apr record high C = 28.5 \|May record high C = 33.4 \|Jun record high C = 35.4 \|Jul record high C = 37.5 \|Aug record high C = 42.5 \|Sep record high C = 36.9 \|Oct record high C = 32.8 \|Nov record high C = 25.8 \|Dec record high C = 19.2 \|year record high C = 42.5 \|Jan mean C = -1.5 \|Feb mean C = 0.5 \|Mar mean C = 5.4 \|Apr mean C = 10.2 \|May mean C = 14.9 \|Jun mean C = 18.7 \|Jul mean C = 21.2 \|Aug mean C = 21.0 \|Sep mean C = 16.5 \|Oct mean C = 11.5 \|Nov mean C = 6.0 \|Dec mean C = 0.4 \|year mean C = 10.4 \|Jan high C = 3.3 \|Feb high C = 5.8 \|Mar high C = 10.7 \|Apr high C = 16.6 \|May high C = 21.3 \|Jun high C = 25.2 \|Jul high C = 28.1 \|Aug high C = 28.0 \|Sep high C = 23.7 \|Oct high C = 17.8 \|Nov high C = 10.9 \|Dec high C = 4.9 \|year high C = 16.4 \|Jan low C = -5.2 \|Feb low C = -3.8 \|Mar low C = 0.1 \|Apr low C = 3.7 \|May low C = 8.5 \|Jun low C = 11.1 \|Jul low C = 13.4 \|Aug low C = 13.0 \|Sep low C = 9.2 \|Oct low C = 5.1 \|Nov low C = 1.1 \|Dec low C = -3.2 \|year low C = 4.4 \|Jan record low C = -33.9 \|Feb record low C = -31 \|Mar record low C = -28 \|Apr record low C = -9.6 \|May record low C = -3.7 \|Jun record low C = -1.2 \|Jul record low C = 1.5 \|Aug record low C = 1.3 \|Sep record low C = -5.8 \|Oct record low C = -8.4 \|Nov record low C = -19.5 \|Dec record low C = -33.5 \|Jan precipitation mm = 39 \|Feb precipitation mm = 30 \|Mar precipitation mm = 38 \|Apr precipitation mm = 50 \|May precipitation mm = 70 \|Jun precipitation mm = 78 \|Jul precipitation mm = 59 \|Aug precipitation mm = 46 \|Sep precipitation mm = 40 \|Oct precipitation mm = 44 \|Nov precipitation mm = 49 \|Dec precipitation mm = 42 \|year precipitation mm = 585 \|source 1 = Stringmeteo.com Retrieved on 30 March 2013. \|date=March 2013 }} </div> ==Municipality== Ihtiman is also the seat of Ihtiman municipality (part of Sofia Province), which includes the following 27 villages: {\| \| valign="top" \| * [[Balyovtsi]] * [[Belitsa, Sofia Province\|Belitsa]] * [[Boeritsa]] * [[Borika, Sofia Province\|Borika]] * [[Buzyakovtsi]] * [[Bardo, Bulgaria\|Bardo]] * [[Chernyovo]] * [[Dzhamuzovtsi]] * [[Grozdyovtsi]] * [[Kostadinkino]] * [[Lyubnitsa]] * [[Mechkovtsi]] * [[Mirovo, Sofia Province\|Mirovo]] * [[Muhovo, Sofia Province\|Muhovo]] \| valign="top" \| * [[Panovtsi]] * [[Paunovo]] * [[Polyantsi]] * [[Popovtsi, Sofia Province\|Popovtsi]] * [[Razhana]] * [[Selyanin]] * [[Sredishtna]] * [[Stambolovo, Sofia Province\|Stambolovo]] * [[Suevtsi]] * [[Vakarel]] * [[Venkovets]] * [[Verinsko]] * [[Zhivkovo, Sofia Province\|Zhivkovo]] \|} ==Twin-towns== * {{flagcountry\|Russia}} [[Klimovsk]] * {{flagcountry\|Portugal}} [[Ílhavo]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091006033341/http://ihtiman.info/ Information portal for IHTIMAN] * [https://www.ihtiman-obshtina.com/index.php?pg=4/ Portal of IHTIMAN municipality] {{Sofia Province}} {{Cities in Bulgaria}} {{Ihtiman}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Ihtiman\| ]] {{Sofia-geo-stub}}	1,306,361,454	[{"title": "Ihtiman", "data": {"Country": "Bulgaria", "Province \u00b7 (Oblast)": "Sofia Province"}}, {"title": "Government", "data": {"\u2022 Mayor": "Kaloyan Iliev", "Elevation": "658 m (2,159 ft)"}}, {"title": "Population (13 September 2005)", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "14,525", "Time zone": "UTC+2 (EET)", "\u2022 Summer (DST)": "UTC+3 (EEST)", "Postal Code": "2050", "Area code": "0724"}}]	false
# Economy of Bristol Bristol is a city in south west England. Its economy has long connections with the sea and its ports. In the 20th century aeronautics played an important role in the economy, and the city still plays a role in the manufacture of aircraft. Bristol is also a tourist destination, and has significant media, information technology and financial services sectors. Reports released in 2018 showed that the city is growing exponentially with a projected 2.3 percent annual growth rate until 2020. ## History Bristol has a long history of trade, originally exporting wool cloth and importing fish, wine, grain and dairy products; later imports were tobacco, tropical fruits and plantation goods. Major imports are motor vehicles, grain, timber, produce and petroleum products. Since the 13th century, the rivers have been modified for docks; during the 1240s, the Frome was diverted into a deep, human-made channel (known as Saint Augustine's Reach) which flowed into the River Avon. Ships occasionally departed Bristol for Iceland as early as 1420, and speculation exists that sailors (fishermen who landed on the Canadian coast to salt/ smoke their catch) from Bristol made landfall in the Americas before Christopher Columbus or John Cabot. Beginning in the early 1480s, the Bristol Society of Merchant Venturers sponsored exploration of the North Atlantic in search of trading opportunities. In 1552, Edward VI granted a royal charter to the Merchant Venturers to manage the port. Among explorers to depart from the port after Cabot were Martin Frobisher, Thomas James, after whom James Bay, on southern coast of Hudson Bay is named, and Martin Pring, who discovered Cape Cod and the southern New England coast in 1603. By 1670 the city had 6,000 tons of shipping (of which half was imported tobacco). Bristol was one of England's main slave-trading hubs and that by the early 18th century, this trade accounted for half of the city's entire income. It steadily increased its market share so that at its peak, it claimed 70 percent of the slave voyages to America. Financial institutions emerged to support it and while the slave trade has long been abolished, the banks have persisted. This is seen in the way the city enjoys one of the highest concentrations of finance jobs in the United Kingdom today. When the slave trade ceased, Bristol began transitioning into a manufacturing city during the age of Industrial Revolution. The rate, however, of growth was significantly lower than main industrial regions of Britain such as the Midlands and North. In the nineteenth century, the city's economy sustained a gradual decline. At the dawn of the twentieth century, it was 10th among the league of British cities. The economy began to pick up after this period especially with a series of economic reforms such as the change in the port administration. Industries began to thrive like those involved in the manufacture of cotton, tobacco, and chocolate as well as shipbuilding. ## GVA \| Year \| GVA (£million) \| Growth (%) \| \| ---- \| -------------- \| ---------- \| \| 2002 \| 8,463 \| 05.8% \| \| 2003 \| 8,812 \| 04.1% \| \| 2004 \| 9,149 \| 03.8% \| \| 2005 \| 9,599 \| 04.9% \| \| 2006 \| 9,928 \| 03.4% \| \| 2007 \| 10,759 \| 08.4% \| \| 2008 \| 10,949 \| 01.8% \| \| 2009 \| 11,110 \| 01.5% \| \| 2010 \| 11,924 \| 07.3% \| \| 2011 \| 11,550 \| 03.1% \| \| 2012 \| 11,740 \| 01.6% \| In 2012, Bristol's gross value added (GVA) was £11.7bn, accounting for 21.8% of the GVA of the Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Bristol/Bath area, 11.6% of the GVA of South West England, and 0.8% of the GVA of the UK. The economy of Bristol fared comparatively well during the Great Recession of 2008–10 and continued to grow while most cities shrank, but in 2011 the economy contracted by 3.1%. Whilst Bristol's economy is in recovery, it remains 1.5% behind its peak output in 2010. Compared with other major cities, Bristol enjoys a high GVA per head value, £27,148, the highest amongst the Core Cities and overall fifth highest in the United Kingdom after London, Edinburgh, Belfast and Glasgow. \| Area \| GVA (£million) \| Annual GVA growth (%) \| GVA (£ per head) \| GVA per head growth (%) \| \| ------------------------------------------------ \| -------------- \| --------------------- \| ---------------- \| ----------------------- \| \| Bristol \| 11,740 \| 01.6% \| 27,148 \| 00.6% \| \| Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Bristol/Bath area \| 53,746 \| 01.9% \| 22,663 \| 01.0% \| \| Core Cities average1 \| 17,040 \| 02.3% \| 21,927 \| 01.3% \| 1excluding Bristol, included Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle, Nottingham and Sheffield ## Productivity GVA per employee in Bristol was estimated to be £33,900 in 2012. Compared with other major cities, it is relatively low, behind all other major cities in the United Kingdom. Between 2007 and 2012, productivity in Bristol shrank 4%. \| Area \| GVA per worker (£) \| % change 2007–12 \| \| -------------------- \| ------------------ \| ---------------- \| \| Bristol \| 33,900 \| 04% \| \| Core Cities average2 \| 41,900 \| 012.4% \| 2excluding Bristol, included Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle, Nottingham and Sheffield ## Employment trends In 2000 Bristol's unemployment rate was 5.9%, compared to 4.8% for the south west, 5.8% for England, and 6.0% for the United Kingdom. In 2005 this was down to 5.2%, compared to 3.6% for the South West and 4.8% for the United Kingdom. In 2000, employment in the former County of Avon area was categorised into the following sectors: \| Sector \| Employees \| % \| \| ----------------------------- \| --------- \| ---- \| \| Public services \| 134,699 \| 27.5 \| \| Business & financial services \| 95,604 \| 19.5 \| \| Wholesale & retail \| 76,972 \| 15.7 \| \| Manufacturing \| 64,538 \| 13.2 \| \| Transport & communications \| 36,248 \| 7.4 \| \| Construction \| 33,939 \| 6.9 \| \| Hotels & restaurants \| 25,580 \| 5.2 \| \| Primary industry \| 5,522 \| 1.1 \| \| Other \| 16,198 \| 3.3 \| Recent employment figures released by the Office for National Statistics Office stated that the South West region has posted a 79.4 percent employment rate, which is higher than the rest of the country, including major cities such as London and the South East. ## Aeronautics In the 20th century, Bristol's manufacturing activities expanded to include aircraft production at Filton, six miles (9.7 km) north of the city centre, by the Bristol Aeroplane Company, and aero-engine manufacture by Bristol Aero Engines (later Rolls-Royce) at Patchway. The aeroplane company became famous for the World War I Bristol Fighter, and Second World War Blenheim and Beaufighter aircraft. In the 1950s it became one of the country's major manufacturers of civil aircraft, with the Bristol Freighter and Britannia and the huge Brabazon airliner. In the 1960s Filton played a key role in the Anglo-French Concorde supersonic airliner project. Concorde components were manufactured in British and French factories and shipped to the two final assembly plants by road, sea and air. The French assembly lines were in Toulouse in southern France with the British lines in Filton. The very large three-bay hangar built for the Bristol Brabazon was available for Concorde production. The French manufactured the centre fuselage and centre wing and the British the nose, rear fuselage, fin and wingtips. The largest proportion of the British share of the work was the powerplant, the Rolls-Royce/Snecma 593. The engine's manufacture was split between British Aircraft Corporation, Rolls-Royce (Filton) and SNECMA at Villaroche near Paris. The British Concorde prototype G-BSST made its 22-minute maiden flight from Filton to RAF Fairford on 9 April 1969, the French prototype F-WTSS had flown from Toulouse five weeks earlier. Most of the employees of BAC and Rolls-Royce, plus a huge crowd, watched from around the airfield. Fairford was chosen as the test airfield for Concorde because the runway at Filton was rejected for test flying, its length was inadequate and there were problems with the slope, and the first 1,000 feet (300 m) of the runway at its eastern (A38) end could not be used. However, from the end of 1977, all test flying on the second production aircraft G-BBDG was done from Filton, following the closure of the BAC Fairford test base. In 2003 the two airlines using Concorde (British Airways and Air France) and the company supplying spares and support (Airbus) made the decision to cease flying the aircraft and to retire them to locations (mostly museums) around the world. For the location of all the aircraft see Concorde. On 26 November 2003, Concorde 216 (G-BOAF) made the final ever Concorde flight, returning to Filton airfield to be kept there permanently as the centrepiece of a projected air museum. This museum will include the existing Bristol Aero Collection which until May 2012 operated a public museum in a hangar at Kemble Airfield, forty miles (64 km) from Filton. This collection includes Bristol-built helicopters and missiles The major aeronautical companies in Bristol now are BAE Systems, Airbus and Rolls-Royce, both based at Filton. Another important aeronautical company in the city is Cameron Balloons, a manufacturer of hot air balloons. Annually, in August, the city is host to the Bristol International Balloon Fiesta, one of Europe's largest hot air balloon events. ## Port The Bristol Port Company operates the surviving commercial docks of the Port of Bristol at Portbury and Avonmouth. Since privatisation in 1991 trade has increased to 12 million tonnes per annum, with a revenue exceeding £75 million, making it the fifteenth largest port in the UK, tenth largest in England. The main trades are forest products, cars, containers, bulk (coal, grain, animal feeds, aggregates), liquids (petroleum, aviation fuel, molasses, fruit juice), metals, and fresh produce. Plans are in place to massively increase capacity by building a new deepsea container terminal capable of handling ships up to 12,000 TEU. ## Film and TV production Bristol has long been a major BBC production centre, based at Broadcasting House, renowned for its BBC Natural History Unit, and is a base of ITV Wales & West. Oscar-winning Aardman Animations was established in 1972 in Bristol. In 2010, The Bottle Yard Studios was opened in partnership with Bristol City Council, which in 2021 was credited with helping achieve about a tripling of drama production in Bristol since 2010. One of the two Channel 4 Creative Hubs opened in 2020 in Finzels Reach. ## Tobacco As one of the largest ports in the UK, Bristol became very important in the tobacco trade. It is still the headquarters of Imperial Tobacco Group, the world's fourth largest international tobacco company. Imperial's group headquarters was consolidated into a new award-winning premises designed by architects AWW inspired environments and is located on the Winterstoke Road. ## Former industries ### Bristol Cars The Bristol Aeroplane Company diversified into car manufacturing in the 1940s, building luxury hand-built cars at their factory in Filton, under the name Bristol Cars. The car manufacturer became independent from the Bristol Aeroplane Company in 1960. The company ceased manufacturing in March 2011 when it called in the receivers. ### Coal mining During the 19th century coal mining was important in parts of Bristol providing the energy for manufacturing industry. The coal field is part of a large area which stretched from the Somerset coalfield into Gloucestershire. All pits have now closed. ### Sources - Brace, Keith (1976). Portrait of Bristol. Robert Hale. ISBN 978-0-7091-5435-8. - Poole, Steve, ed. (2013). A City Built Upon the Water: Maritime Bristol 1750–1900. Redcliffe Press. ISBN 978-1-908326-10-2. - Watson, Sally (1991). Secret Underground Bristol. The Bristol Junior Chamber. ISBN 978-0-907145-01-1.	enwiki/4686992	enwiki	4,686,992	Economy of Bristol	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Bristol	2025-08-17T12:02:27Z	en	Q5333644	165,029	{{Short description\|none}} {{update\|date=January 2014}} {{EngvarB\|date=September 2013}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2020}} {{Infobox economy \| city = Bristol \| image = File:Bristol City Centre - geograph.org.uk - 7185051.jpg \| image_size = \| caption = Bristol City Centre \| currency = \| fixed exchange = \| year = \| organs = \| group = \| population = 482,998 (2023)<ref name="ONS_ITL">{{cite web \|title=Regional economic activity by gross domestic product, UK: 1998 to 2023 \|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/regionalgrossdomesticproductallnutslevelregions \|website=Office for National Statistics \|access-date=20 April 2025}}</ref> \| gdp = £22.8 billion (2023)<ref name="ONS_ITL"/> \| gdp rank = \| growth = \| per capita = £47,148 (2023)<ref name="ONS_ITL"/> \| per capita rank = \| sectors = \| components = \| inflation = \| bankrate = \| poverty = \| risk of poverty = \| gini = \| hdi = \| cpi = \| labor = \| occupations = \| unemployment = \| average gross salary = \| average net salary = \| consumption = \| gfcf = \| savings = \| yield curve = \| pmi = \| industries = \| edbr = \| exports = \| export-goods = \| export-partners = \| imports = \| import-goods = \| import-partners = \| FDI = \| current account = \| gross external debt = \| NIIP = \| debt = \| balance = \| revenue = \| expenses = \| aid = \| credit = \| reserves = \| cianame = \| spelling = \| usebelowbox = no \| presentUS$asdefault = no }} '''[[Bristol]]''' is a city in south west England. Its economy has long connections with the sea and its ports. In the 20th century [[aeronautics]] played an important role in the economy, and the city still plays a role in the manufacture of aircraft. Bristol is also a tourist destination, and has significant media, information technology and financial services sectors.<ref>{{cite web \|publisher=Bristol City Council\|url=http://www.bristol-city.gov.uk/ccm/content/Business/economic-sectors-bristol.en \|title=Bristol Economy Key Sectors\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523065951/http://www.bristol-city.gov.uk/ccm/content/Business/economic-sectors-bristol.en\|archive-date=23 May 2006\|access-date=12 November 2015}}</ref> Reports released in 2018 showed that the city is growing exponentially with a projected 2.3 percent annual growth rate until 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.bristol247.com/business/news-business/bristols-economy-is-flourishing-but-prosperity-is-not-shared-among-all/\|title=Bristol's economy is flourishing, but prosperity is not shared among all\|date=18 June 2018\|work=Bristol 24/7\|access-date=21 June 2018\|language=en-GB}}</ref> == History == [[File:BristolTheNails.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright\|alt=Two ornate metal pillars with large dishes on top in a paved street, with an eighteenth-century stone building behind, upon which can be seen the words "Tea Blenders Estabklishec 177-". People sitting at café-style tables outside. On the right are iron railings.\|Two of the four Nails (bronze tables used for conducting business) in [[Corn Street]]]] Bristol has a long history of trade, originally exporting wool cloth and importing fish, wine, grain and dairy products;<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Henry Bush \|date=1828 \|title=Chapter 3: Murage, keyage and pavage \|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/bristol-duties/pp84-112 \|url-status=live \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512160253/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/bristol-duties/pp84-112 \|archivedate=12 May 2015 \|accessdate=8 June 2015 \|website=Bristol Town Duties\|publisher=Institute of Historical Research}}</ref> later imports were tobacco, tropical fruits and plantation goods. Major imports are motor vehicles, grain, timber, [[produce]] and petroleum products.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=UK Port Freight Statistics \|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/9258/port-freight-statistics-full-summary-2011.pdf \|url-status=live \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224165438/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/9258/port-freight-statistics-full-summary-2011.pdf \|archivedate=24 December 2013 \|accessdate=25 August 2015 \|publisher=Department for Transport \|pages=PORT0210, PORT0303}}</ref> Since the 13th century, the rivers have been modified for docks; during the 1240s, the Frome was diverted into a deep, human-made channel (known as Saint Augustine's Reach) which flowed into the River Avon.{{sfn\|Poole\|2013\|pp=8–9}}{{sfn\|Watson\|1991\|pp=81–82}} Ships occasionally departed Bristol for [[Iceland]] as early as 1420, and speculation exists that sailors (fishermen who landed on the Canadian coast to salt/ smoke their catch) from Bristol made landfall in the Americas before [[Christopher Columbus]] or John Cabot.{{sfn\|Brace\|1976\|pp=13–15}} Beginning in the early 1480s, the Bristol [[Society of Merchant Venturers]] sponsored exploration of the North Atlantic in search of trading opportunities.{{sfn\|Brace\|1976\|pp=13–15}} In 1552, [[Edward VI of England\|Edward VI]] granted a [[royal charter]] to the Merchant Venturers to manage the port. Among explorers to depart from the port after Cabot were [[Martin Frobisher]], [[Thomas James (sea captain)\|Thomas James]], after whom [[James Bay]], on southern coast of [[Hudson Bay]] is named, and [[Martin Pring]], who discovered [[Cape Cod]] and the southern [[New England]] coast in 1603.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Pring, Martin, 1580–1646 \|url=http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-040/summary/index.asp \|url-status=live \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128023015/http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-040/summary/index.asp \|archivedate=28 November 2012 \|accessdate=1 November 2016 \|publisher=American Journeys}}</ref> By 1670 the city had 6,000{{nbsp}}tons of shipping (of which half was imported tobacco). Bristol was one of England's main slave-trading hubs and that by the early 18th century, this trade accounted for half of the city's entire income.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2016/03/17/london-upon-avon\|title=London-upon-Avon\|newspaper=The Economist\|access-date=21 June 2018\|language=en}}</ref> It steadily increased its market share so that at its peak, it claimed 70 percent of the slave voyages to America.<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Foul Means\|last=Parent\|first=Anthony\|publisher=UNC Press Books\|year=2003\|isbn=0807828130\|pages=100}}</ref> Financial institutions emerged to support it and while the slave trade has long been abolished, the banks have persisted. This is seen in the way the city enjoys one of the highest concentrations of finance jobs in the United Kingdom today.<ref name=":1" /> When the slave trade ceased, Bristol began transitioning into a manufacturing city during the age of [[Industrial Revolution]]. The rate, however, of growth was significantly lower than main industrial regions of Britain such as the Midlands and North.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://humanities.uwe.ac.uk/bhr/Main/industry/intro_industry.htm\|title=Industrial Change in Bristol SInce 1800\|website=humanities.uwe.ac.uk\|access-date=21 June 2018\|archive-date=4 May 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504223425/http://humanities.uwe.ac.uk/bhr/Main/industry/intro_industry.htm\|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the nineteenth century, the city's economy sustained a gradual decline. At the dawn of the twentieth century, it was 10th among the league of British cities. The economy began to pick up after this period especially with a series of economic reforms such as the change in the port administration.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://humanities.uwe.ac.uk/bhr/Main/industry/2_industry.htm\|title=Industrial Change in Bristol SInce 1800\|website=humanities.uwe.ac.uk\|access-date=21 June 2018\|archive-date=9 October 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009201834/http://humanities.uwe.ac.uk/bhr/Main/industry/2_industry.htm\|url-status=dead}}</ref> Industries began to thrive like those involved in the manufacture of cotton, tobacco, and chocolate as well as shipbuilding. ==GVA== {{See also\|List of UK cities by GVA}} {\| class="wikitable" border="1" align="right" \|+''GVA for Bristol 2002–2012''<ref name="ONS regional GVA" >[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/regional-accounts/regional-gross-value-added--income-approach-/december-2013/rft-nuts3.xls ONS regional GVA accounts 2013]</ref> \|- ! Year \|\| GVA (£million) \|\| Growth (%) \|- \| 2002 \|\| 8,463 \|\| {{increase}}{{0}}5.8% \|- \| 2003 \|\| 8,812 \|\| {{increase}}{{0}}4.1% \|- \| 2004 \|\| 9,149 \|\| {{increase}}{{0}}3.8% \|- \| 2005 \|\| 9,599 \|\| {{increase}}{{0}}4.9% \|- \| 2006 \|\| 9,928 \|\| {{increase}}{{0}}3.4% \|- \| 2007 \|\| 10,759 \|\| {{increase}}{{0}}8.4% \|- \| 2008 \|\| 10,949 \|\| {{increase}}{{0}}1.8% \|- \| 2009 \|\| 11,110 \|\| {{increase}}{{0}}1.5% \|- \| 2010 \|\| 11,924 \|\| {{increase}}{{0}}7.3% \|- \| 2011 \|\| 11,550 \|\| {{decrease}}{{0}}3.1% \|- \| 2012 \|\| 11,740 \|\| {{increase}}{{0}}1.6% \|} In 2012, Bristol's [[Gross Value Added\|gross value added (GVA)]] was £11.7bn, accounting for 21.8% of the GVA of the Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Bristol/Bath area, 11.6% of the GVA of [[South West England]], and 0.8% of the GVA of the UK.<ref name="ONS regional GVA"/> The economy of Bristol fared comparatively well during the [[Great Recession]] of 2008–10 and continued to grow while most cities shrank, but in 2011 the economy contracted by 3.1%. Whilst Bristol's economy is in recovery, it remains 1.5% behind its peak output in 2010. Compared with other major cities, Bristol enjoys a high GVA per head value, £27,148, the highest amongst the Core Cities and overall fifth highest in the United Kingdom after London, Edinburgh, Belfast and Glasgow.<ref name="ONS regional GVA"/> {\| class="wikitable" \|+''Total GVA and GVA per head, 2012''<ref name="ONS regional GVA"/> \|- ! '''Area''' \|\| '''GVA (£million)''' \|\| '''Annual GVA growth (%) '''\|\| '''GVA (£ per head)''' \|\| '''GVA per head growth (%)''' \|- \| '''Bristol''' \|\| 11,740 \|\| {{increase}}{{0}}1.6% \|\| 27,148 \|\| {{increase}}{{0}}0.6% \|- \| Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Bristol/Bath area \|\| 53,746 \|\| {{increase}}{{0}}1.9% \|\| 22,663 \|\| {{increase}}{{0}}1.0% \|- \| '''[[Core Cities]] average{{ref\|1\|1}}''' \|\| 17,040 \|\| {{increase}}{{0}}2.3% \|\| 21,927 \|\| {{increase}}{{0}}1.3% \|} {{ref\|1\|1}}''<small>excluding Bristol, included Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle, Nottingham and Sheffield</small>'' ==Productivity== GVA per employee in Bristol was estimated to be £33,900 in 2012. Compared with other major cities, it is relatively low, behind all other major cities in the United Kingdom. Between 2007 and 2012, productivity in Bristol shrank 4%. {\| class="wikitable" \|+''GVA per employee, 2012''<ref name="Leeds Economy">{{cite web \|url=http://www.leeds.gov.uk/docs/LEH%2004%20Leeds%20Economy.pdf \|title=Archived copy \|access-date=9 August 2014 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219012657/http://www.leeds.gov.uk/docs/LEH%2004%20Leeds%20Economy.pdf \|archive-date=19 December 2013 }}</ref> \|- ! '''Area''' \|\| '''GVA per worker (£) '''\|\| '''% change 2007–12''' \|- \| '''Bristol''' \|\| 33,900 \|\| {{decrease}}{{0}}4% \|- \| '''[[Core Cities]] average{{ref\|2\|2}} '''\|\| 41,900 \|\| {{increase}}{{0}}12.4% \|} {{ref\|2\|2}}''<small>excluding Bristol, included Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle, Nottingham and Sheffield</small>'' ==Employment trends== In 2000 Bristol's unemployment rate was 5.9%, compared to 4.8% for the south west, 5.8% for England, and 6.0% for the United Kingdom.<ref name=rt36>Office for National Statistics, 2001. [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/regional_trends_2001/rt36.pdf Regional Trends, no. 36] {{webarchive\|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20031222031333/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/regional_trends_2001/rt36.pdf \|date=22 December 2003 }}.</ref> In 2005 this was down to 5.2%, compared to 3.6% for the South West and 4.8% for the United Kingdom.<ref>Nomis, 2005. "[http://www.bristol-city.gov.uk/ccm/cms-service/download/asset/?asset_id=5676034 Bristol labour market]{{Dead link\|date=December 2019 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}." (PDF).</ref> In 2000, employment in the former [[Avon (county)\|County of Avon]] area was categorised into the following sectors:<ref>Westec, 2000. "[http://www.intelligencewest.org.uk/economy/data/jobind00.pdf Industrial sector of (main) job or self-employment in urban and rural areas (Avon)] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928014435/http://www.intelligencewest.org.uk/economy/data/jobind00.pdf \|date=28 September 2007 }}." (PDF).</ref> {\|class="wikitable" \|- !width=250px\|Sector !width=150px\|Employees !width=80px\|% \|- \|\|Public services \|\|134,699 \|\|27.5 \|- \|\|Business & financial services \|\|95,604 \|\|19.5 \|- \|\|Wholesale & retail \|\|76,972 \|\|15.7 \|- \|\|Manufacturing \|\|64,538 \|\|13.2 \|- \|\|Transport & communications \|\|36,248 \|\|7.4 \|- \|\|Construction \|\|33,939 \|\|6.9 \|- \|\|Hotels & restaurants \|\|25,580 \|\|5.2 \|- \|\|Primary industry \|\|5,522 \|\|1.1 \|- \|\|Other \|\|16,198 \|\|3.3 \|} Recent employment figures released by the Office for National Statistics Office stated that the South West region has posted a 79.4 percent employment rate, which is higher than the rest of the country, including major cities such as London and the South East.<ref name=":0" /> ==Aeronautics== In the 20th century, Bristol's manufacturing activities expanded to include aircraft production at [[Filton]], {{convert\|6\|mi\|km\|spell=in}} north of the city centre, by the [[Bristol Aeroplane Company]], and aero-engine manufacture by [[Bristol Aero Engines]] (later [[Rolls-Royce plc\|Rolls-Royce]]) at [[Patchway]]. The aeroplane company became famous for the [[World War I]] [[Bristol F.2 Fighter\|Bristol Fighter]], and [[Second World War]] [[Bristol Blenheim\|Blenheim]] and [[Beaufighter]] aircraft. In the 1950s it became one of the country's major manufacturers of civil aircraft, with the Bristol Freighter and Britannia and the huge Brabazon airliner. In the 1960s Filton played a key role in the Anglo-French ''[[Concorde]]'' supersonic airliner project. Concorde components were manufactured in British and French factories and shipped to the two final assembly plants by road, sea and air. The French assembly lines were in [[Toulouse]] in southern France with the British lines in [[Filton]]. The very large three-bay hangar built for the [[Bristol Brabazon]] was available for Concorde production. [[Image:Concorde on Bristol.jpg\|thumb\|The last ever flight of any [[Concorde]], 26 November 2003. The aircraft is seen a few minutes before landing on the [[Filton]] runway from which she first flew in 1969.]] The French manufactured the centre fuselage and centre wing and the British the nose, rear fuselage, fin and wingtips. The largest proportion of the British share of the work was the powerplant, the Rolls-Royce/Snecma 593. The engine's manufacture was split between [[British Aircraft Corporation]], Rolls-Royce (Filton) and [[SNECMA]] at Villaroche near Paris. The British Concorde prototype [[G-BSST]] made its 22-minute maiden flight from Filton to RAF Fairford on 9 April 1969, the French prototype [[F-WTSS]] had flown from Toulouse five weeks earlier. Most of the employees of BAC and Rolls-Royce, plus a huge crowd, watched from around the airfield. Fairford was chosen as the test airfield for Concorde because the runway at Filton was rejected for test flying, its length was inadequate and there were problems with the slope, and the first {{convert\|1000\|ft\|m}} of the runway at its eastern (A38) end could not be used. However, from the end of 1977, all test flying on the second production aircraft [[G-BBDG]] was done from Filton, following the closure of the BAC Fairford test base. In 2003 the two airlines using Concorde ([[British Airways]] and [[Air France]]) and the company supplying spares and support ([[Airbus]]) made the decision to cease flying the aircraft and to retire them to locations (mostly museums) around the world. For the location of all the aircraft see [[Concorde]]. On 26 November 2003, Concorde 216 ([[G-BOAF]]) made the final ever Concorde flight, returning to Filton airfield to be kept there permanently as the centrepiece of a projected air museum. This museum will include the existing Bristol Aero Collection which until May 2012 operated a public museum in a hangar at Kemble Airfield, {{convert\|40\|mi\|km\|spell=in}} from Filton. This collection includes Bristol-built helicopters and missiles The major aeronautical companies in Bristol now are BAE Systems, Airbus and [[Rolls-Royce plc\|Rolls-Royce]], both based at Filton. Another important aeronautical company in the city is [[Cameron Balloons]], a manufacturer of [[hot air balloon]]s. Annually, in August, the city is host to the [[Bristol International Balloon Fiesta]], one of Europe's largest hot air balloon events. ==Port== The Bristol Port Company operates the surviving commercial docks of the [[Port of Bristol]] at Portbury and Avonmouth. Since privatisation in 1991 trade has increased to 12 million tonnes per annum, with a revenue exceeding £75 million,<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.bristolport.co.uk/about \|title=About The Bristol Port Company \|work=The Bristol Port Company \|access-date=19 December 2008 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210031653/http://www.bristolport.co.uk/about \|archive-date=10 December 2008 }}</ref> making it the fifteenth largest port in the UK, tenth largest in England.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/172974/173025/221412/221658/236005/374887/provportstats2007.xls \|title=Total Port Traffic by Direction: Provisional 2007 and 2006 \|work=Department of Trade \|format=xls \|access-date=19 December 2008 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606073129/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090305044224/http%3A//www.dft.gov.uk/172974/173025/221412/221658/236005/374887/provportstats2007.xls \|archive-date=6 June 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> The main trades are forest products, cars, containers, bulk (coal, grain, animal feeds, aggregates), liquids (petroleum, aviation fuel, molasses, fruit juice), metals, and fresh produce. Plans are in place to massively increase capacity by building a new deepsea container terminal capable of handling ships up to 12,000 [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit\|TEU]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.worldcargonews.com/htm/w20050602.314263.htm \|title=Suezmax terminal for Bristol? \|work=WorldCargo News \|access-date=19 December 2008 }}{{Dead link\|date=July 2025 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://dsct.bristolport.co.uk/ \|title=Welcome to Bristol's Deep Sea Container Terminal \|work=The Bristol Port Company \|access-date=19 December 2008 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210100137/http://dsct.bristolport.co.uk/ \|archive-date=10 December 2008 }}</ref> ==Film and TV production== {{Category see also\|Films shot in Bristol\|Television shows shot in Bristol\|Aardman Animations}} Bristol has long been a major [[BBC]] production centre, based at [[Broadcasting House, Bristol\|Broadcasting House]], renowned for its [[BBC Natural History Unit]], and is a base of [[ITV Wales & West]]. Oscar-winning [[Aardman Animations]] was established in 1972 in Bristol. In 2010, [[The Bottle Yard Studios]] was opened in partnership with [[Bristol City Council]], which in 2021 was credited with helping achieve about a tripling of drama production in Bristol since 2010.<ref name=observer-20211211>{{cite news \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/dec/11/bristol-film-tv-crews-drama-locations-bristolywood \|title=Why TV crews are falling over each other to film drama in 'Bristolywood' \|last=Wall \|first=Tom \|newspaper=The Observer \|date=11 December 2021 \|access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref> One of the two [[Channel 4]] Creative Hubs opened in 2020 in [[Finzels Reach]].<ref name=bp-20200116>{{cite news \|url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/channel-4-creative-hub-bristol-3745624 \|title=Channel 4's Creative Hub opens for business in Bristol \|last=King \|first=Jasper \|newspaper=Bristol Post \|date=16 January 2020 \|access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref> ==Tobacco== As one of the largest ports in the UK, Bristol became very important in the tobacco trade. It is still the headquarters of [[Imperial Tobacco]] Group, the world's fourth largest international tobacco company. Imperial's group headquarters was consolidated into a new award-winning premises designed by architects AWW inspired environments and is located on the Winterstoke Road. ==Former industries== ===Bristol Cars=== [[File:1952 Bristol 401 in Holland Park, Kensington, London.JPG\|thumb\|1952 [[Bristol 401]]]] The Bristol Aeroplane Company diversified into car manufacturing in the 1940s, building luxury hand-built cars at their factory in [[Filton]], under the name [[Bristol Cars]]. The car manufacturer became independent from the Bristol Aeroplane Company in 1960. The company ceased manufacturing in March 2011 when it called in the [[receivership\|receivers]].<ref>{{cite news \| url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-12645501 \| title= Bristol Cars announces 22 staff redundancies \| work= [[BBC News]] \| date= 4 March 2011 \| access-date= 4 March 2011}}</ref> ===Coal mining=== During the 19th century coal mining was important in parts of Bristol providing the energy for manufacturing industry. The coal field is part of a large area which stretched from the [[Somerset coalfield]] into Gloucestershire. All pits have now closed. ==References== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== {{Cite book \|last=Brace \|first=Keith \|title=Portrait of Bristol \|publisher=Robert Hale \|year=1976 \|isbn=978-0-7091-5435-8 }} {{Cite book \|title=A City Built Upon the Water: Maritime Bristol 1750–1900 \|date=2013 \|publisher=Redcliffe Press \|isbn=978-1-908326-10-2 \|editor-last=Poole \|editor-first=Steve}} *{{Cite book \|last=Watson \|first=Sally \|title=Secret Underground Bristol \|date=1991 \|publisher=The Bristol Junior Chamber \|isbn=978-0-907145-01-1}} {{Economy of the United Kingdom}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Economy of Bristol}} [[Category:Economy of Bristol\| ]] [[Category:Economy of England by city\|Bristol]]	1,306,378,373	[{"title": "Statistics", "data": {"Population": "482,998 (2023)", "GDP": "\u00a322.8 billion (2023)", "GDP per capita": "\u00a347,148 (2023)"}}]	false
# Karen (name) Karen (/ˈkærən/ KARR-ən) is a given name and occasional surname. In English, it is a feminine given name derived from the name Katherine, and it is also found in modern Africa, as well as in East Asia (particularly Japan). However, in other countries such as Iran and Armenia, it is a masculine name deriving from Middle Iranian. ## English Karen entered the English language from Danish, where it has been a short form of "Katherine" since medieval times. It became popular in the English-speaking world in the 1940s. The name Karen was one of the top 10 names for girls born in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s, peaking as the third most popular girl's name in 1965. Variants include Caren, Caryn, Karena, Karin, Karyn, and others. In part due to its increasingly common derogatory use since 2017, the name has become significantly less popular in the United States in recent years. However, the name had already peaked in use and gone out of fashion prior to 2017. One recent study found that the perceived disrespect and verbal abuse they experience because of their name has had a negative impact on the mental health of women who are named Karen. Participants in the study came from a variety of racial, cultural, and economic backgrounds, reflecting the enormous, widespread popularity of the name in the Anglosphere during the mid-20th century. ## Armenian In Armenia Karen (Armenian: Կարեն, IPA: [kɑˈɾɛn]) is a common masculine given name. The masculine given name Karen derived from the Parthian name of House of Karen (or Caren), one of the seven aristocratic families of ancient Iran. Several Iranian princes named Karen are known before and after the Islamic period. The Karen house ruled the Tabaristan region of Iran, which approximately corresponds to the current provinces of Gilan state and Mazandaran. The masculine given name Garen is a Western Armenian form of the Eastern Armenian Karen. The masculine given name Karen was mentioned by the prominent Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi (ca. 410–490s AD; Armenian: Մովսես Խորենացի) in his book History of Armenia. Karen can also be a surname. ## In East Asia In East Asia, Karen is a feminine given name. The name can be found in Japan. It may come from 可憐 ("pretty, lovely"), 華蓮 (combining kanji meaning "flower" and "lotus or water lily") or other meanings. ## Notable people ### First name - Karen Aardal (born 1961), Norwegian and Dutch applied mathematician - Karen Ackerman (born 1951), American children's author - Karen Aline Peliçari (born 1989), Brazilian footballer - Karen Allen (born 1951), American actress - Karen Alexander (disambiguation), several people - Karen Anderson (writer) (1932–2018), American fantasy writer - Karen Anderson (squash player) (born 1971), Jamaican squash player - Karen Anette Anti (born 1972), Norwegian Sami politician - Karen Armstrong (born 1944), British author on comparative religion - Karen Arthur (born 1941), American film director, producer, and actress - Karen Austin, American actress - Karen Dianne Baldwin (born 1963), Miss Universe 1982 - Karen Bass (writer) (born 1962), Canadian author of young adult fiction - Karen Bernstein (born 1969), Canadian voice actress - Karen Bjornson (born 1952), American model - Karen Black (1939–2013), American actress - Karen Blixen (1885–1962), Danish author under the pen name Isak Dinesen - Karen Bordador (born 1992), Filipina television host and influencer - Karen Breumsø (born 1979), Danish Paralympic swimmer - Karen Carlson (born 1944), American actress - Karen Carpenter (1950–1983), American singer and drummer - Karen Cashman, American short track speed skater - Karen Cellini (born 1958), American actress - Karen Chen, American figure skater - Karen Chin, American paleontologist, coprolitologist, and taphonomist - Karen Clark-Sheard (born 1960), American gospel singer and songwriter, member of the Clark Sisters - Karen Cockburn (born 1980), Canadian Olympic trampolinist - Karen Connelly (born 1969), Canadian travel writer and novelist - Karen Crouse, American journalist and author - Karen Daley, president of the American Nurses Association - Karen Dalton (1937-1993), American country blues musician. - Karen David (born 1979/1980), Indian-born Canadian actress - Karen Davila (born 1970), Filipina newscaster and broadcast journalist - Karen delos Reyes (born 1984), Filipina actress - Karen Devine, American computer scientist - Karen Dotrice (born 1955), English former actress - Karen Dunne (born 1967), American track and road cyclist - Karen Durbin, American journalist, feminist, and critic - Karen Elson (born 1979), British model and singer - Karen Fairchild co-lead singer of (Little Big Town) - Karen Fisher, New Zealand geographer - Karen Fogg, British diplomat - Karen Fralich, Canadian artist - Karen Friedman, several people - Karen Fukuhara (born 1992), American actress - Karen Gillan (born 1987), Scottish actress - Karen L. Gould (born 1948) American scholar of French-Canadian literature, president of Brooklyn College - Karen Grassle, American actress - Karen Hampton (disambiguation), several people - Karen Handel (born 1962), American politician - Karen Harding (born 1991), English singer - Karen Hassan (born 1981), Northern Irish actress - Karen Haude, German field hockey player - Karen Hegner, American politician - Karen Horning (born 1966), Peruvian breaststroke swimmer - Karen Ibasco (born 1990), Filipina physicist and beauty pageant titleholder of Miss Philippines Earth 2017 - Karen Kain (born 1951), Canadian ballerina, currently artistic director of the National Ballet of Canada - Karen Kamon (1951–2020), American singer and actress - Karen Keys-Gamarra, American politician from Virginia - Karen Khachanov, Russian professional tennis player - Karen Kilgariff (born 1970), American comedian and podcast host - Karen Killilea (1940–2020), subject of two books by her mother, Marie Killilea - Karen Kingsbury (born 1963), Christian fiction author - Karen King-Aribisala, Nigerian writer - Karen Kohanowich, former United States Navy diver - Karen Kong (born 1984), Malaysian singer - Karen Kopins (born 1961), American beauty pageant winner, actress and model - Karen Kotte (died 1509), Danish merchant - Karen Kurreck (born 1962), American road cyclist - Karen LaFace (born 1966), American diver - Karen Lam, Canadian filmmaker - Karen Lam (researcher), diabetes and obesity researcher - Karen Lancaume (1973–2005), French pornographic actress - Karen Lang, American mayor - Karen MacLeod (1958–2021), British long-distance runner - MØ (Karen Marie Aagaard Ørsted Andersen), Danish singer - Karen Marrongelle, American mathematics educator - Karen Martello (born 1978), Venezuelan singer and television presenter. - Karen Matheson, Scottish folk singer - Karen McDougal (born 1971), American model, actress and Playboy Playmate - Karen Mok (born 1970), Hong Kong-based actress and singer-songwriter - Karen Morrison-Comstock (born 1955), Miss USA 1974 - Karen Montell, American politician - Karen Muenster (born 1942), American politician - Karen Mulder (born 1970), Dutch model and singer - Karen Muir (1952–2013), South African swimmer - Karen L. Nyberg (born 1969), American astronaut - Karen O (born 1978), American Singer/Musician of The Yeah Yeah Yeahs - Karen O'Leary, New Zealand comedian - Karen Palacios, Venezuelan clarinetist - Karen Pence (born 1957), Second Lady of the United States - Karen Pickering (born 1971), British swimmer - Karen Poutasi (born 1949), New Zealand government official - Karen Prell (born 1959), American puppeteer and animator - Karen Press (born 1956), South African poet - Karen Ann Quinlan (1954–1985), central figure in an American right-to-die controversy - Karen Reyes (born 1996), Filipina actress - Karen Rosenberg (born 1975), Danish singer - Karen Sheffield (born 1961), Canadian judo champion - Karen Smith (Australian field hockey) (born 1979), Australian field hockey player - Karen Smith (New Zealand field hockey) (born 1970), New Zealand field hockey player - Karen Smyers (born 1961), American triathlete - Karen Spencer, Countess Spencer, wife of Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer - Karen Strassman (born 1966), American voice actress - Karen Taylor (comedian) (born 1976), British comedian - Karen Elizabeth Tilley, Miss Canada 1985 - Karen Valentine (born 1947), American actress - Karen White, English prisoner - Karen Villanueva (born 1998), Mexican rhythmic gymnast - Karen Vogtmann (born 1949), American mathematician - Karen Washington, American political activist and community organizer - Karen Winkfield (born 1970), American radiation oncologist and physician-scientist - Karen Young (1951–1991), American disco singer - Karen Zoid (born 1987), South African rock singer ### Surname - Anna Karen (1936–2022), South African British actress - James Karen (1923–2018), American actor - Tom Karen (1926–2022), Austrian-born British industrial designer ## West Asian people ### Armenian people - Karen Abrahamyan (born 1966), Armenian politician - Karen Aghamyan (born 1946), Armenian painter - Karen Aleksanyan (born 1980), Armenian football midfielder - Karen Andreasyan (born 1977), Armenian human rights defender - Karen Asatryan (born 1974), Armenian football player - Karen Asrian (1980–2008), Armenian chess grandmaster - Karen Demirchyan (1932–1999), Armenian politician - Karen Drambjan (1954–2011), Armenian-born Estonian lawyer, politician and activist - Karen Jalavyan (born 1971), Armenian Colonel in Artsakh - Karen Kavaleryan (born 1961), Russian musician and composer - Karen Karapetyan (born 1963), Armenian politician and Prime minister of Armenia from 2016 to 2018 - Karen Khachanov (born 1996), Russian tennis player of Armenian descent - Karen Khachaturian (1920–2011), Russian composer of Armenian descent - Karen Sargsyan (conductor) (born 1952), Armenian choirmaster - Karen Shakhnazarov (born 1952), Russian filmmaker, producer and screenwriter of Armenian descent ### Surname #### Iranian people - Zarmihr Karen (died 558), Iranian nobleman and Sasanian governor of Zabulistan ## East Asian people - Karen Iwata (born 1998), Japanese singer - Karen Kong, Malaysian singer - Karen Makishima (born 1976), Japanese politician - Karen Miyama (born 1996), Japanese actress - Karen Mok (born 1970), Hong Kong singer and actress - Karen Nun-Ira (born 1991), Japanese judoka - Karen Tanaka (born 1961), Japanese composer - Karen Takizawa (born 1992), Japanese model, tarento and actress - Karen Yu (born 1980), Taiwanese politician ## Fictional people ### Live action - Karen, a character in the 2012 American comedy movie Wanderlust - Karen (The Walking Dead), a female character in the TV series The Walking Dead - Karen Arnold, a character in the American coming-of-age, comedy-drama television series The Wonder Years - Karen Barclay, on the hit 1988 horror film Child's Play - Karen Brockman, character from British comedy Outnumbered - Karen Collins, wife of protagonist in Irving Wallace's novel The R Document - Karen Cooper Fairgate MacKenzie, on the television series Knots Landing - Karen Darling, on the television series Dirty Sexy Money - Karen Davis, in the 2004 motion picture The Grudge - Karen Filippelli, on the U.S. version of the television series The Office - Karen Fisher, headteacher in Waterloo Road - Karen Foster, fictional character on Step By Step - Karen Hayes, on the television series 24 - Karen Holmes, a character played by Deborah Kerr in 1953 movie From Here to Eternity - Karen McDonald, on ITV soap opera Coronation Street - Karen Mizuki, in J.A.K.Q. Dengekitai - Karen Nelson in the motion picture Halloween (2018) - Karen Page, a version of the comics character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe - Karen Pelly, from the Canadian series Corner Gas - Karen Richards, a character played by Celeste Holm in the 1950 motion picture All About Eve - Karen Roe, a character from the One Tree Hill - Karen Sisco, an American television series, eponymous character played by Carla Gugino - Karen Smith, played by Amanda Seyfried in the motion picture Mean Girls (2004) - Karen Spencer, on the CBS Daytime soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful - Karen Taylor, in the BBC soap opera EastEnders - Chief Karen Vick, a character from the American television dramedy Psych - Karen Walker, in the television series Will & Grace - Karen Wheeler, a main character on the show Stranger Things - Karen Yeo, a character from the 2006 Singaporean film I Not Stupid Too ### Animation - Caren, a character in Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch media - Karen, companion of Frosty the Snowman - Karen, a character in Pokémon media - Karen, in Sister Princess - Karen, a character and bachelorette in the Story of Seasons video game franchise - Karen Aijou, the main protagonist of Revue Starlight - Karen Araragi, in Bakemonogatari - Karen Jones, a character in the game Red Dead Redemption 2 - Karen Joshua, in Mobile Suit Gundam: The 08th MS Team - Karen Kasumi, a firemaster in anime and manga X/1999 - Karen Kisaragi, in Danganronpa 3: The End of Hope's Peak High School - Karen Kohiruimaki (小比類巻香蓮), protagonist of the light novel series Sword Art Online Alternative: Gun Gale Online - Karen Kouzuki (Kallen Stadtfeld) in Code Geass - Karen Kujō from Kin-iro Mosaic - Karen Low, a character from the anime Jormungand - Karen McCormick, Kenny's younger sister in the Comedy Central series South Park - Karen Minazuki, in Yes! Pretty Cure 5 - Karen Onodera from Please Twins! - Karen Plankton, one of two main antagonists in SpongeBob SquarePants and its film series - Karen Shinomiya (篠宮可憐), an idol in the multimedia series The Idolmaster Million Live! - Karen Tendō, in Gamers! - Karen Travers, a character in the game Scarlet Nexus ### Print - Karen Page, a character created by Marvel Comics - Karen Starr, a character created by DC Comics, civilian identity of Power Girl	enwiki/7402490	enwiki	7,402,490	Karen (name)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_(name)	2025-08-17T20:54:37Z	en	Q1221747	77,951	'''Karen''' ({{IPAc-en\|'\|k\|aer\|ə\|n}} {{respell\|KARR\|ən}}) is a [[given name]] and occasional [[surname]]. In [[English language\|English]], it is a feminine given name derived from the name [[Katherine]], and it is also found in modern [[Africa]], as well as in [[East Asia]] (particularly [[Japan]]). However, in other countries such as [[Iran]] and [[Armenia]], it is a masculine name deriving from [[Middle Iranian]]. ==English== Karen entered the English language from [[Danish language\|Danish]], where it has been a short form of "Katherine" since medieval times.<ref name="Onomastics">{{cite thesis \| url=https://repozitorij.ffos.hr/islandora/object/ffos:1830 \| title=Onomastics as evidence of linguistic influence \| author=Fijok, Ivana \|year=2012\| publisher=Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences. Department of English Language and Literature \| type=info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis }}</ref> It became popular in the English-speaking world in the 1940s. The name Karen was one of the top 10 names for girls born in the [[United States]] during the 1950s and 1960s, peaking as the third most popular girl's name in 1965.<ref>{{citation\|last=Davidson\|first=Andrew\|url=http://www.nameplayground.com/Karen\|title=Population Statistics for Karen\|year=2007\|publisher=nameplayground.com\|location=Raleigh, NC}}</ref> Variants include [[Caren (name)\|Caren]], [[Caryn]], [[Karena]], [[Karin (given name)\|Karin]], [[Karyn]], and others.<ref>[http://www.behindthename.com/name/karen-1 Вehind the Name – Karen (1)]</ref> In part due to its increasingly common [[Karen (slang)\|derogatory use]] since 2017, the name has become significantly less popular in the United States in recent years.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/karen-the-least-popular-name-for-baby-girls-in-the-u-s-now-that-its-a-social-media-slur\|title='Karen' the least popular name for baby girls in the U.S (now that it's a social media slur)\|publisher=National Post\|date=June 3, 2021}}</ref> However, the name had already peaked in use and gone out of fashion prior to 2017. One recent study found that the perceived disrespect and verbal abuse they experience because of their name has had a negative impact on the [[mental health]] of women who are named Karen. Participants in the study came from a variety of racial, cultural, and economic backgrounds, reflecting the enormous, widespread popularity of the name in the [[Anglosphere]] during the mid-20th century.<ref>{{Citation \| last = Nick \| first = I.M. \| author-link = \| title = For the Love of Karen: A Socio-onomastic Investigation into Prejudice and Discrimination Targeting Karen and its Name-Bearers \| journal = Names: A Journal of Onomastics \| volume = 73 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 42-60 \| date = March 2025 \| orig-date = 3-14 \| language = English \| url = https://ans-names.pitt.edu/ans/article/view/2750/2479 \| jstor = \| doi = \| id = \| mr = \| zbl = \| jfm = }}</ref> == Armenian == In [[Armenia]] ''Karen'' ({{langx\|hy\|Կարեն}}, {{IPA\|hy\|kɑˈɾɛn\|IPA}}) is a common masculine given name. The masculine given name ''Karen'' derived from the [[Parthia]]n name of [[House of Karen]] (or Caren), one of the [[Seven Parthian clans\|seven aristocratic families]] of ancient Iran. Several Iranian princes named Karen are known before and after the Islamic period. The Karen house ruled the [[Tabaristan]] region of Iran, which approximately corresponds to the current provinces of [[Gilan Province\|Gilan]] state and [[Mazandaran Province\|Mazandaran]]. The masculine given name '''[[Garen (disambiguation)\|Garen]]''' is a [[Western Armenian]] form of the [[Eastern Armenian]] ''Karen''. The masculine given name ''Karen'' was mentioned by the prominent Armenian historian [[Movses Khorenatsi]] (ca. 410–490s AD; Armenian: Մովսես Խորենացի) in his book ''[[History of Armenia (book)\|History of Armenia]]''.<ref>History of the Armenia by Movses Khorenatsi: Book_2_#28 and Book_2_#68</ref> ''Karen'' can also be a surname. ==In East Asia== In [[East Asia]], ''Karen'' is a feminine given name. The name can be found in [[Japan]]. It may come from {{Nihongo2\|可憐}} ("pretty, lovely"),<ref>[https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/可憐/ 可憐の英訳]</ref> {{Nihongo2\|華蓮}} (combining kanji meaning "flower" and "lotus or water lily")<ref>[https://www.behindthename.com/name/karen-3 Behind the name – Karen (3)]</ref> or other meanings. ==Notable people== ===First name=== {{columns-list\|colwidth=30em\| [[Karen Aardal]] (born 1961), Norwegian and Dutch applied mathematician [[Karen Ackerman]] (born 1951), American children's author [[Karen Aline Peliçari]] (born 1989), Brazilian footballer [[Karen Allen]] (born 1951), American actress [[Karen Alexander (disambiguation)]], several people [[Karen Anderson (writer)]] (1932–2018), American fantasy writer [[Karen Anderson (squash player)]] (born 1971), Jamaican squash player [[Karen Anette Anti]] (born 1972), Norwegian Sami politician [[Karen Armstrong]] (born 1944), British author on comparative religion [[Karen Arthur]] (born 1941), American film director, producer, and actress [[Karen Austin]], American actress [[Karen Dianne Baldwin]] (born 1963), Miss Universe 1982 [[Karen Bass (writer)]] (born 1962), Canadian author of young adult fiction [[Karen Bernstein]] (born 1969), Canadian voice actress [[Karen Bjornson]] (born 1952), American model [[Karen Black]] (1939–2013), American actress [[Karen Blixen]] (1885–1962), Danish author under the pen name Isak Dinesen [[Karen Bordador]] (born 1992), Filipina television host and influencer [[Karen Breumsø]] (born 1979), Danish Paralympic swimmer [[Karen Carlson]] (born 1944), American actress [[Karen Carpenter]] (1950–1983), American singer and drummer [[Karen Cashman]], American short track speed skater [[Karen Cellini]] (born 1958), American actress [[Karen Chen]], American figure skater [[Karen Chin]], American paleontologist, coprolitologist, and taphonomist [[Karen Clark-Sheard]] (born 1960), American gospel singer and songwriter, member of the ''Clark Sisters'' [[Karen Cockburn]] (born 1980), Canadian Olympic trampolinist [[Karen Connelly]] (born 1969), Canadian travel writer and novelist [[Karen Crouse]], American journalist and author [[Karen Daley]], president of the [[American Nurses Association]] [[Karen Dalton]] (1937-1993), American country blues musician. [[Karen David]] (born 1979/1980), Indian-born Canadian actress [[Karen Davila]] (born 1970), Filipina newscaster and broadcast journalist [[Karen delos Reyes]] (born 1984), Filipina actress [[Karen Devine]], American computer scientist [[Karen Dotrice]] (born 1955), English former actress [[Karen Dunne]] (born 1967), American track and road cyclist [[Karen Durbin]], American journalist, feminist, and critic [[Karen Elson]] (born 1979), British model and singer [[Karen Fairchild]] co-lead singer of ([[Little Big Town]]) [[Karen Fisher (geographer)\|Karen Fisher]], New Zealand geographer [[Karen Fogg]], British diplomat [[Karen Fralich]], Canadian artist [[Karen Friedman (disambiguation)\|Karen Friedman]], several people [[Karen Fukuhara]] (born 1992), American actress [[Karen Gillan]] (born 1987), Scottish actress [[Karen L. Gould]] (born 1948) American scholar of French-Canadian literature, president of [[Brooklyn College]] [[Karen Grassle]], American actress [[Karen Hampton (disambiguation)]], several people [[Karen Handel]] (born 1962), American politician [[Karen Harding]] (born 1991), English singer [[Karen Hassan]] (born 1981), Northern Irish actress [[Karen Haude]], German field hockey player [[Karen Hegner]], American politician [[Karen Horning]] (born 1966), Peruvian breaststroke swimmer [[Karen Ibasco]] (born 1990), Filipina physicist and beauty pageant titleholder of [[Miss Philippines Earth 2017]] [[Karen Kain]] (born 1951), Canadian ballerina, currently artistic director of the National Ballet of Canada [[Karen Kamon]] (1951–2020), American singer and actress [[Karen Keys-Gamarra]], American politician from Virginia [[Karen Khachanov]], Russian professional tennis player [[Karen Kilgariff]] (born 1970), American comedian and podcast host [[Karen Killilea]] (1940–2020), subject of two books by her mother, Marie Killilea [[Karen Kingsbury]] (born 1963), Christian fiction author [[Karen King-Aribisala]], Nigerian writer [[Karen Kohanowich]], former United States Navy diver [[Karen Kong]] (born 1984), Malaysian singer [[Karen Kopins]] (born 1961), American beauty pageant winner, actress and model [[Karen Kotte]] (died 1509), Danish merchant [[Karen Kurreck]] (born 1962), American road cyclist [[Karen LaFace]] (born 1966), American diver [[Karen Lam]], Canadian filmmaker [[Karen Lam (researcher)]], diabetes and obesity researcher [[Karen Lancaume]] (1973–2005), French pornographic actress [[Karen Lang]], American mayor [[Karen MacLeod]] (1958–2021), British long-distance runner [[MØ\|MØ (Karen Marie Aagaard Ørsted Andersen)]], Danish singer [[Karen Marrongelle]], American mathematics educator [[Karen Martello]] (born 1978), Venezuelan singer and television presenter. [[Karen Matheson]], Scottish folk singer [[Karen McDougal]] (born 1971), American model, actress and ''Playboy'' Playmate [[Karen Mok]] (born 1970), Hong Kong-based actress and singer-songwriter [[Karen Morrison-Comstock]] (born 1955), Miss USA 1974 [[Karen Montell]], American politician [[Karen Muenster]] (born 1942), American politician [[Karen Mulder]] (born 1970), Dutch model and singer [[Karen Muir]] (1952–2013), South African swimmer [[Karen L. Nyberg]] (born 1969), American astronaut [[Karen O]] (born 1978), American Singer/Musician of [[The Yeah Yeah Yeahs]] [[Karen O'Leary]], New Zealand comedian [[Karen Palacios]], Venezuelan clarinetist [[Karen Pence]] (born 1957), [[Second Lady of the United States]] [[Karen Pickering]] (born 1971), British swimmer [[Karen Poutasi]] (born 1949), New Zealand government official [[Karen Prell]] (born 1959), American puppeteer and animator [[Karen Press]] (born 1956), South African poet [[Karen Ann Quinlan]] (1954–1985), central figure in an American right-to-die controversy [[Karen Reyes]] (born 1996), Filipina actress [[Karen Rosenberg]] (born 1975), Danish singer [[Karen Sheffield]] (born 1961), Canadian judo champion [[Karen Smith (Australian field hockey)]] (born 1979), Australian field hockey player [[Karen Smith (New Zealand field hockey)]] (born 1970), New Zealand field hockey player [[Karen Smyers]] (born 1961), American triathlete [[Karen Spencer, Countess Spencer]], wife of [[Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer]] [[Karen Strassman]] (born 1966), American voice actress [[Karen Taylor (comedian)]] (born 1976), British comedian [[Karen Elizabeth Tilley]], Miss Canada 1985 [[Karen Valentine]] (born 1947), American actress [[Karen White case\|Karen White]], English prisoner [[Karen Villanueva]] (born 1998), Mexican rhythmic gymnast [[Karen Vogtmann]] (born 1949), American mathematician [[Karen Washington]], American political activist and community organizer [[Karen Winkfield]] (born 1970), American radiation oncologist and physician-scientist [[Karen Young (American singer)\|Karen Young]] (1951–1991), American disco singer [[Karen Zoid]] (born 1987), South African rock singer }} ===Surname=== [[Anna Karen]] (1936–2022), South African British actress [[James Karen]] (1923–2018), American actor [[Tom Karen]] (1926–2022), Austrian-born British industrial designer ==West Asian people== ===Armenian people=== [[Karen Abrahamyan]] (born 1966), Armenian politician [[Karen Aghamyan]] (born 1946), Armenian painter [[Karen Aleksanyan]] (born 1980), Armenian football midfielder [[Karen Andreasyan]] (born 1977), Armenian human rights defender [[Karen Asatryan]] (born 1974), Armenian football player [[Karen Asrian]] (1980–2008), Armenian chess grandmaster [[Karen Demirchyan]] (1932–1999), Armenian politician [[Karen Drambjan]] (1954–2011), Armenian-born Estonian lawyer, politician and activist [[Karen Jalavyan]] (born 1971), Armenian Colonel in Artsakh [[Karen Kavaleryan]] (born 1961), Russian musician and composer [[Karen Karapetyan]] (born 1963), Armenian politician and Prime minister of Armenia from 2016 to 2018 [[Karen Khachanov]] (born 1996), Russian tennis player of Armenian descent [[Karen Khachaturian]] (1920–2011), Russian composer of Armenian descent [[Karen Sargsyan (conductor)]] (born 1952), Armenian choirmaster [[Karen Shakhnazarov]] (born 1952), Russian filmmaker, producer and screenwriter of Armenian descent ===Surname=== ====Iranian people==== [[Zarmihr Karen]] (died 558), Iranian nobleman and Sasanian governor of Zabulistan ==East Asian people== [[Karen Iwata]] (born 1998), Japanese singer [[Karen Kong]], Malaysian singer [[Karen Makishima]] (born 1976), Japanese politician [[Karen Miyama]] (born 1996), Japanese actress [[Karen Mok]] (born 1970), Hong Kong singer and actress [[Karen Nun-Ira]] (born 1991), Japanese judoka [[Karen Tanaka]] (born 1961), Japanese composer [[Karen Takizawa]] (born 1992), Japanese model, tarento and actress [[Karen Yu]] (born 1980), Taiwanese politician ==Fictional people== ===Live action=== {{columns-list\|colwidth=30em\| * Karen, a character in the 2012 American comedy movie [[Wanderlust (2012 film)#Cast\|''Wanderlust'']] * [[Karen (The Walking Dead)\|Karen (''The Walking Dead'')]], a female character in the TV series ''[[The Walking Dead (TV series)\|The Walking Dead]]'' * Karen Arnold, a character in the American coming-of-age, comedy-drama television series ''[[List of The Wonder Years characters#Main characters\|The Wonder Years]]'' * Karen Barclay, on the hit 1988 horror film [[Child's Play (1988 film)\|''Child's Play'']] * Karen Brockman, character from British comedy ''[[Outnumbered (British TV series)\|Outnumbered]]'' * Karen Collins, wife of protagonist in [[Irving Wallace]]'s novel ''The R Document'' * [[Karen Cooper Fairgate MacKenzie]], on the television series ''[[Knots Landing]]'' * Karen Darling, on the television series ''[[Dirty Sexy Money]]'' * [[Karen Davis (The Grudge)\|Karen Davis]], in the 2004 motion picture ''[[The Grudge]]'' * [[Karen Filippelli]], on the U.S. version of the television series ''The Office'' * Karen Fisher, headteacher in ''[[Waterloo Road (TV series)\|Waterloo Road]]'' * [[Step by Step (TV series)#Foster family\|Karen Foster]], fictional character on ''Step By Step'' * [[Karen Hayes]], on the television series ''24'' * Karen Holmes, a character played by [[Deborah Kerr]] in 1953 movie ''[[From Here to Eternity]]'' * [[Karen McDonald (Coronation Street)\|Karen McDonald]], on [[ITV (TV network)\|ITV]] soap opera ''[[Coronation Street]]'' * [[Karen Mizuki]], in ''[[J.A.K.Q. Dengekitai]]'' * Karen Nelson in the motion picture [[Halloween (2018 film)\|''Halloween'']] (2018) * [[Karen Page (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\|Karen Page]], a version of the comics character in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] * Karen Pelly, from the Canadian series ''[[Corner Gas]]'' * Karen Richards, a character played by [[Celeste Holm]] in the 1950 motion picture ''[[All About Eve]]'' * Karen Roe, a character from the ''[[One Tree Hill (TV series)\|One Tree Hill]]'' * ''[[Karen Sisco]]'', an American television series, eponymous character played by [[Carla Gugino]] * Karen Smith, played by [[Amanda Seyfried]] in the motion picture ''[[Mean Girls]]'' (2004) * [[Karen Spencer]], on the CBS Daytime soap opera ''The Bold and the Beautiful'' * [[Karen Taylor (EastEnders)\|Karen Taylor]], in the [[BBC]] soap opera ''[[EastEnders]]'' * Chief [[Karen Vick]], a character from the American television dramedy ''[[Psych]]'' * [[Karen Walker (Will & Grace)\|Karen Walker]], in the television series ''[[Will & Grace]]'' * Karen Wheeler, a main character on the show ''[[Stranger Things]]'' * Karen Yeo, a character from the 2006 Singaporean film ''[[I Not Stupid Too]]'' }} ===Animation=== {{columns-list\|colwidth=30em\| Caren, a character in ''[[Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch]]'' media [[Karen (Frosty the Snowman)\|Karen]], companion of [[Frosty the Snowman]] Karen, a character in ''[[Pokémon]]'' media Karen, in ''[[Sister Princess]]'' Karen, a character and bachelorette in the ''[[Story of Seasons]]'' video game franchise Karen Aijou, the main protagonist of ''[[Revue Starlight]]'' Karen Araragi, in ''[[Bakemonogatari]]'' Karen Jones, a character in the game ''[[Red Dead Redemption 2]]'' Karen Joshua, in ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam: The 08th MS Team]]'' Karen Kasumi, a firemaster in anime and manga ''[[X/1999]]'' Karen Kisaragi, in ''[[Danganronpa 3: The End of Hope's Peak High School]]'' Karen Kohiruimaki (小比類巻香蓮), protagonist of the light novel series ''[[Sword Art Online Alternative: Gun Gale Online]]'' [[Kallen Stadtfeld\|Karen Kouzuki]] (Kallen Stadtfeld) in ''[[Code Geass]]'' Karen Kujō from ''[[Kin-iro Mosaic]]'' Karen Low, a character from the anime [[Jormungand (manga)\|''Jormungand'']] Karen McCormick, Kenny's younger sister in the Comedy Central series ''[[South Park]]'' Karen Minazuki, in [[Yes! Pretty Cure 5]] [[Karen Onodera]] from ''[[Please Twins!]]'' [[Plankton and Karen#Karen\|Karen Plankton]], one of two main antagonists in ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]'' and its [[SpongeBob SquarePants (film series)\|film series]] Karen Shinomiya (篠宮可憐), an idol in the multimedia series ''[[The Idolmaster Million Live!]]'' Karen Tendō, in ''[[Gamers!]]'' Karen Travers, a character in the game ''[[Scarlet Nexus]]'' }} ===Print=== [[Karen Page]], a character created by Marvel Comics Karen Starr, a character created by DC Comics, civilian identity of [[Power Girl]] ==See also== {{srt\|name}} * [[Caron (name)]] * [[Garen (disambiguation)]] [[Karan (given name)]] [[Karan (surname)]] [[Karien]] [[Karen people]] [[Karen (slang)]] [[Karey (disambiguation)]] ==References== <references/> {{given name\|type=both}} [[Category:Armenian masculine given names]] [[Category:Masculine given names]] [[Category:Danish feminine given names]] [[Category:Dutch feminine given names]] [[Category:English feminine given names]] [[Category:Finnish feminine given names]] [[Category:German feminine given names]] [[Category:Icelandic feminine given names]] [[Category:Irish feminine given names]] [[Category:Japanese feminine given names]] [[Category:Feminine given names]] [[Category:Norwegian feminine given names]] [[Category:Scottish feminine given names]] [[Category:Swedish feminine given names]] [[Category:English-language feminine given names]]	1,306,450,759	[]	false
# I Am (Monrose album) I Am is the third studio album by German pop trio Monrose. It was first released by Starwatch Music, Cheyenne Records and Warner Music on 26 September 2008 in German-speaking Europe. The band reunited with frequent contributors Jiant and Snowflakers and Danish producer Jonas Jeberg to work on the bulk of the album, though several new collaborators were consulted to hand in music, including Ronny Svendsen and Nermin Harambasic from Norwegian music collective Dsign Music, Oscar Gorres, Didrik Thott, Carl Björsell, JoelJoel, Guy Chambers, and OneRepublic frontman Ryan Tedder. Taking Monrose's work further into dance and electro music, the album scored a generally negative reception from music critics, with critics highlighting its lack of cohesion, uninspired production, and failure to meet the expectations set by its predecessor, although some noted the album’s fresh sound and well-executed ballads. Upon its release, I Am debuted at number nine on the German Albums Chart and reached top twenty in Austria and Switzerland. It spawned three singles, including Tedder-penned up tempo song "Strike the Match," a top ten hit in Germany, as well as "Hit'n'Run" and "Why Not Us", both of which missed the top ten. ## Production and songs The songs on I Am were selected out of more than six hundred demo tracks. The album's opening track, "Strike the Match", was penned by OneRepublic singer Ryan Tedder and Deborah Epstein. Selected out of several tracks in Tedder's repertoire, it was the first song confirmed to be appearing on the album. Released as its leading single, the song reached the top ten of the German Singles Chart. Second track "A Love Bizarre" is a cover version of the 1985 single by Sheila E. and Prince. Using the original instrumental as produced by Prince, the song has been described as all-time favorite by band member Guemmour. "Certified" was written by longtime contributors Edwin "Lil' Eddie" Serrano and Jonas Jeberg, and has been described as "high-pitched, technical, and scratching." "Why Not Us" by Guy Chambers has been categorized as an "emotional mid-tempo ballad [...] for the wintertime." Originally planned to be released as the album's second single, it was released as the third. In addition, the song served as a promotional track for the We Love Otto mail order campaign. "Stolen" features background vocals by Jamie Pineda from the successful pop music project Sweetbox after Jamie had recorded the song first. Fifth track "Going Out Tonight" incorporates elements of ragga and dancehall music, including rapped verses by all three band members, while "You Can Look" combines dance-pop with rock music. "Teach Me How to Jump" deals with death. The song was recorded in dedication to lost ones, including Guemmour's father, who died in 1992. ## Critical reception \| Review scores \| Review scores \| \| Source \| Rating \| \| ----------------- \| ------------- \| \| CDStarts \| 3/10 \| \| laut.de \| [ 7 ] \| \| LetMeEntertainYou \| [ 8 ] \| I Am received mainly negative reviews. Christian Bartz from Beatblogger wrote that the album "falls short of the high expectations set by its impressive predecessor, Strictly Physical. The hit density is noticeably lower than on the second album, and some filler tracks are hard to avoid. On the plus side, the sound is fresh and often ventures into experimental territory, with production that consistently feels international. A few more memorable melodies wouldn’t have hurt, and at times, the otherwise strong vocals of the Monrose girls fade too far into the background." Saarbrücker Zeitung editor Christina Korb called the album a "mix of high-energy club dance tracks, '80s-inspired dance tunes, and soulful mid-tempo numbers [...] Even if some tracks might not be to everyone’s taste, there’s something here for a wide range of audiences. The ballads, however, are particularly well done." laut.de critic Artur Schulz described I Am as an "album with less substance than a bag of trail mix. A patchwork of hastily thrown-together, lightweight tunes—stitched together with a hot needle. By now, these three girls reveal themselves as the Sugababes for bargain-bin shoppers. Better Mon Chérie than Monrose — it's just more tasteful." Albert Ranner from CDStarts dismissed the "formulaic, uninspired blend of pop songs" on I Am, calling it a "total sham: heavy beats and female vocals, flawlessly produced, but utterly soulless and interchangeable." He found that "unfortunately, the producers squander the potential here, as their constant eye on the charts gets in the way—preventing the kind of relaxed and unrestrained songwriting that, [...] it deplored their attempt to go more into electropop as doing them no favors, and suggested that it could lead to a downfall from their established position in the German music scene." LetMeEntertainYou found that the album "belongs in the digital dumpster" and conluded: "Two decent little pop songs out of fifteen is a pretty poor return — and makes I Am the weakest Monrose album to date." ## Chart performance I Am debuted and peaked at number 9 on the German Albums Chart on 10 October 2008. It marked the band's third consecutive top ten entry and remained 14 weeks on the chart. In Switzerland, I Am debuted at number 14 on the Swiss Hitparade. It spent another four weeks on the chart. In Austria, the album became the band's first album to miss the top 20 of the Ö3 Austria Albums Chart. It peaked at number 20. ## Track listing \| No. \| Title \| Writer(s) \| Producer(s) \| Length \| \| --- \| ----------------------- \| --------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ---------------------------------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Strike the Match" \| Ryan Tedder Deborah Epstein \| Tedder Andrew Murray [A] Christian Ballard [A] \| 2:56 \| \| 2. \| "A Love Bizarre" \| Sheila Escovedo Prince Rogers Nelson \| Jiant Snowflakers \| 3:47 \| \| 3. \| "Certified" \| Edwin Serrano Eritza Laues \| Jonas Jeberg Cutfather \| 3:06 \| \| 4. \| "Why Not Us" \| Guy Chambers Alexis Strum \| Chambers Pete Kirtley [B] \| 3:29 \| \| 5. \| "Going Out Tonight" \| Kirtley Obi Mhondera \| Jiant \| 2:50 \| \| 6. \| "You Can Look" \| Nermin Harambasic Anne Judith Wik Ronny Svendsen Robin Jenssen \| Ronny Svendsen Nermin Harambasic \| 3:25 \| \| 7. \| "Tip Toe" \| Costandia Costi Carl Ryden Hugo Lira Ian-Paolo Lira Thomas Gustafsson \| Jiant \| 2:59 \| \| 8. \| "Teach Me How to Jump" \| David Eriksen Virginia McGrail \| Jiant Snowflaker \| 3:31 \| \| 9. \| "Stolen" \| Carl Björsell Edward Steve Louis Didrik Thott \| Björsell Thott \| 3:19 \| \| 10. \| "Electricity" \| Daniel Volpe Thomas Lipp \| Roman Preylowski Emanuel Rehwald Jiant \| 2:56 \| \| 11. \| "Hit'n'Run" \| JoelJoel The Provider Charlie Mason \| JoelJoel Oscar Görres \| 3:14 \| \| 12. \| "No Never" \| Rob Divas Shelly Poole \| Jiant Snowflakers \| 3:45 \| \| 13. \| "Stained" \| Andreas Romdhane Josef Larossi Linda Király Savan Kotecha \| Jiant Snowflakers \| 3:37 \| \| 14. \| "What They Want" \| Alex Cartana Pete Martin Jasmine Baird \| Jiant Snowflakers \| 3:53 \| \| 15. \| "Don't Touch the Fader" \| Karen Poole Mathias Wollo Jonas Quant \| Jiant Snowflakers \| 3:17 \| \| No. \| Title \| Writer(s) \| Producer(s) \| Length \| \| --- \| ------------ \| -------------------- \| ---------------- \| ------ \| \| 16. \| "Step Aside" \| Serrano Eritza Laues \| Jeberg Cutfather \| 3:07 \| Notes - ^[A] denotes additional producer - ^[B] denotes co-producer Sample credits - "A Love Bizarre" is a cover version of the same-titled 1985 song performed by American singer Sheila E. ## Charts \| Chart (2008) \| Peak position \| \| ----------------------------------- \| ------------- \| \| Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) \| 20 \| \| European Top 100 Albums (Billboard) \| 35 \| \| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) \| 9 \| \| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) \| 14 \| ## Release history \| Region \| Date \| Edition \| Format \| Label \| \| ----------- \| ----------------- \| -------- \| ------------------- \| ------------------------- \| \| Austria \| 26 September 2008 \| Standard \| CD digital download \| Starwatch Cheyenne Warner \| \| Germany \| 26 September 2008 \| Standard \| CD digital download \| Starwatch Cheyenne Warner \| \| Switzerland \| 26 September 2008 \| Standard \| CD digital download \| Starwatch Cheyenne Warner \|	enwiki/17873255	enwiki	17,873,255	I Am (Monrose album)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_(Monrose_album)	2025-08-19T11:11:07Z	en	Q924136	111,916	{{Infobox album \| name = I Am \| type = studio \| artist = [[Monrose]] \| cover = I Am (Monrose album).jpg \| alt = \| released = 26 September 2008 \| recorded = \| venue = \| studio = \| genre = \| length = 50:13 \| label = {{hlist\|[[Starwatch Music\|Starwatch]]\|[[Cheyenne Records\|Cheyenne]]\|[[Warner Music Group\|Warner]]}} \| producer = {{hlist\|Carl Björsell\|[[Guy Chambers]]\|[[Cutfather]]\|[[Oscar Görres]]\|[[Dsign Music\|Nermin Harambasic]]\|JoelJoel\|[[Pete Kirtley]]\|[[Jonas Jeberg]]\|[[Jiant]]\|Roman Preylowski\|Emanuel Rehwald\|Snowflakers\|[[Dsign Music\|Ronny Svendsen]]\|[[Ryan Tedder]]\|Didrik Thott}} \| prev_title = [[Strictly Physical (album)\|Strictly Physical]] \| prev_year = 2007 \| next_title = [[Ladylike]] \| next_year = 2010 \| misc = {{Singles \| name = I Am \| type = studio \| single1 = [[Strike the Match]] \| single1date = 6 June 2008 \| single2 = [[Hit n Run (Monrose song)\|Hit'n'Run]] \| single2date = 3 October 2008 \| single3 = [[Why Not Us]] \| single3date = 28 November 2008 }} }} '''''I Am''''' is the third [[studio album]] by [[Germany\|German]] [[pop music\|pop]] trio [[Monrose]]. It was first released by [[Starwatch Music]], Cheyenne Records and [[Warner Music Group\|Warner Music]] on 26 September 2008 in [[German-speaking Europe]]. The band reunited with frequent contributors [[Jiant]] and Snowflakers and Danish producer [[Jonas Jeberg]] to work on the bulk of the album, though several new collaborators were consulted to hand in music, including Ronny Svendsen and [[Dsign Music\|Nermin Harambasic]] from Norwegian music collective [[Dsign Music]], Oscar Gorres, Didrik Thott, Carl Björsell, JoelJoel, [[Guy Chambers]], and [[OneRepublic]] frontman [[Ryan Tedder]].<ref name="laut3">{{cite web\|title=Diary entry\|work=Official fanclub\|url=http://www.monrose-fanclub.net/V2/index2.html\|access-date=2008-03-10\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312112619/http://www.monrose-fanclub.net/V2/index2.html\|archive-date=2008-03-12}}</ref><ref name="bild1">{{cite web\|title=Ryan Tedder: Konkurrenz für Top-Produzent Timbaland?\|work=Bild-Zeitung\|url=http://www.bild.de/BILD/entertainment/musik/2008/03/27/ryan-tedder/schreibt-jetzt-hits-fuer-deutsche-musikkuenstler,geo=4114118.html\|access-date=2008-03-28\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324105705/http://www.bild.de/BILD/entertainment/musik/2008/03/27/ryan-tedder/schreibt-jetzt-hits-fuer-deutsche-musikkuenstler%2Cgeo%3D4114118.html\|archive-date=2009-03-24}}</ref> Taking Monrose's work further into [[dance music\|dance]] and [[electro music]], the album scored a generally negative reception from music critics, with critics highlighting its lack of cohesion, uninspired production, and failure to meet the expectations set by its predecessor, although some noted the album’s fresh sound and well-executed ballads. Upon its release, ''I Am'' debuted at number nine on the [[German Albums Chart]] and reached top twenty in Austria and Switzerland. It spawned three singles, including Tedder-penned up tempo song "[[Strike the Match]]," a top ten hit in Germany, as well as "[[Hit n Run (Monrose song)\|Hit'n'Run]]" and "[[Why Not Us]]", both of which missed the top ten. ==Production and songs== The songs on ''I Am'' were selected out of more than six hundred [[Demo (music)\|demo tracks]].<ref name="neu">{{cite web\|author=Kraus, Walter\|date=2008-09-22\|title=Interview mit Monrose-Chanteuse Bahar\|work=Beatblogger\|url=http://www.beatblogger.de/2008/09/interview-monrose/\|accessdate=2008-11-15}}</ref> The album's [[opening track]], "[[Strike the Match]]", was penned by [[OneRepublic]] singer [[Ryan Tedder]] and [[Deborah Epstein]]. Selected out of several tracks in Tedder's [[songwriting\|repertoire]], it was the first song confirmed to be appearing on the album.<ref name="bild1"/> Released as its [[lead single\|leading single]], the song reached the top ten of the [[Media Control\|German Singles Chart]].<ref name="ac">{{cite web\|title='Strike the Match' - song performance\|work=A-Charts\|url=http://acharts.us/song/36283\|accessdate=2008-06-22}}</ref> Second track "[[A Love Bizarre]]" is a [[cover version]] of the 1985 single by [[Sheila E.]] and [[Prince (musician)\|Prince]]. Using the original [[instrumental]] as produced by Prince, the song has been described as all-time favorite by band member Guemmour.<ref name="woodz">{{cite web\|title=Unser Team ist einfach perfekt!\|work=Woodz\|date=2008-10-01\|url=http://woodz.schwarzwaelder-bote.de/cms/woodz.jsp?catId=183&artId=13239051&art=article\|accessdate=2008-11-28\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105922/http://woodz.schwarzwaelder-bote.de/cms/woodz.jsp?catId=183&artId=13239051&art=article\|archive-date=2008-12-11\|url-status=dead}}</ref> "Certified" was written by longtime contributors [[Edwin "Lil' Eddie" Serrano]] and Jonas Jeberg, and has been described as "high-pitched, technical, and scratching."<ref name="cdstarts"/> "[[Why Not Us]]" by [[Guy Chambers]] has been categorized as an "emotional mid-tempo ballad [...] for the [[winter]]time."<ref name="neu"/> Originally planned to be released as the album's second single, it was released as the third.<ref name="neu"/> In addition, the song served as a promotional track for the ''We Love'' [[Otto GmbH\|Otto]] [[mail order]] campaign. "Stolen" features background vocals by [[Jamie Pineda]] from the successful pop music project [[Sweetbox]] after Jamie had recorded the song first. Fifth track "Going Out Tonight" incorporates elements of [[ragga]] and [[dancehall music]], including rapped verses by all three band members,<ref name="neu"/> while "You Can Look" combines [[dance-pop]] with [[rock music]].<ref name="cdstarts"/> "Teach Me How to Jump" deals with [[death]]. The song was recorded in dedication to lost ones, including Guemmour's father, who died in 1992.<ref name="woodz"/> ==Critical reception== {{Music ratings \|rev1 = ''CDStarts'' \|rev1score = 3/10<ref name="cdstarts">{{cite web\|first=Albert\|last=Ranner\|url=https://cdstarts.de/kritiken/98988-I-Am.html\|title=Monrose – I Am\|website=CDStars.de\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205155007/https://cdstarts.de/kritiken/98988-I-Am.html \|archive-date=5 December 2008\|accessdate=12 August 2025\|language=German}}</ref> \|rev2 = ''[[laut.de]]'' \|rev2score = {{rating\|1\|5}}<ref name="laut">{{cite web\|first=Artur \|last=Schulz\|url=http://www.laut.de/lautstark/cd-reviews/m/monrose/i_am/index.htm\|title=Ideal für den nächsten Miss Wet-Shirt-Contest im Festzelt\|website=[[laut.de]]\|accessdate=12 August 2025\|language=German}}</ref> \|rev3 = ''LetMeEntertainYou'' \|rev3score = {{rating\|1\|5}}<ref name="letmeentertainyou">{{cite web\|first=Albert\|last=Ranner\|url=https://cdstarts.de/kritiken/98988-I-Am.html\|title=Monrose: I Am\|website=letmeentertainyou.de\|date=30 September 2008\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203232829/http://www.letmeentertainyou.de/artikel_3796.html\|archive-date=3 December 2008\|accessdate=13 August 2025\|language=German}}</ref> }} ''I Am'' received mainly negative reviews. Christian Bartz from ''Beatblogger'' wrote that the album "falls short of the high expectations set by its impressive predecessor, ''Strictly Physical''. The hit density is noticeably lower than on the second album, and some filler tracks are hard to avoid. On the plus side, the sound is fresh and often ventures into experimental territory, with production that consistently feels international. A few more memorable melodies wouldn’t have hurt, and at times, the otherwise strong vocals of the Monrose girls fade too far into the background."<ref name="beatblogger">{{cite web\|url=https://www.beatblogger.de/2008/10/monrose-i-am/\|title=Monrose – I Am\|website=beatblogger.de\|date=7 October 2008 \|accessdate=12 August 2025\|language=German}}</ref> ''[[Saarbrücker Zeitung]]'' editor Christina Korb called the album a "mix of high-energy club dance tracks, '80s-inspired dance tunes, and soulful mid-tempo numbers [...] Even if some tracks might not be to everyone’s taste, there’s something here for a wide range of audiences. The ballads, however, are particularly well done."<ref name="sz">{{cite web\|first=Christina \|last=Korb \|url=https://www.saarbruecker-zeitung.de/saarland/kunterbunter-mix-das-neue-album-i-am-der-popstars-gewinner-monrose-ist-da_aid-837552\|title=Kunterbunter Mix - Das neue Album "I am" der "Popstars"-Gewinner Monrose ist da\|website=[[Saarbrücker Zeitung]]\|date=17 September 2008\|accessdate=13 August 2025\|language=German}}</ref> ''[[laut.de]]'' critic Artur Schulz described ''I Am'' as an "album with less substance than a bag of trail mix. A patchwork of hastily thrown-together, lightweight tunes—stitched together with a hot needle. By now, these three girls reveal themselves as the [[Sugababes]] for bargain-bin shoppers. Better [[Mon Chéri]]e than Monrose — it's just more tasteful."<ref name="laut"/> Albert Ranner from ''CDStarts'' dismissed the "formulaic, uninspired blend of pop songs" on ''I Am'', calling it a "total sham: heavy beats and female vocals, flawlessly produced, but utterly soulless and interchangeable." He found that "unfortunately, the producers squander the potential here, as their constant eye on the charts gets in the way—preventing the kind of relaxed and unrestrained songwriting that, [...] it deplored their attempt to go more into electropop as doing them no favors, and suggested that it could lead to a downfall from their established position in the German music scene."<ref name="cdstarts"/> ''LetMeEntertainYou'' found that the album "belongs in the digital dumpster" and conluded: "Two decent little pop songs out of fifteen is a pretty poor return — and makes ''I Am'' the weakest Monrose album to date."<ref name="letmeentertainyou"/> ==Chart performance== ''I Am'' debuted and peaked at number 9 on the [[German Albums Chart]] on 10 October 2008.<ref name="gerchart"/> It marked the band's third consecutive top ten entry and remained 14 weeks on the chart.<ref name="gerchart"/> In Switzerland, ''I Am'' debuted at number 14 on the [[Swiss Hitparade]].<ref name="swichart"/> It spent another four weeks on the chart.<ref name="swichart"/> In Austria, the album became the band's first album to miss the top 20 of the [[Ö3 Austria Top 40\|Ö3 Austria Albums Chart]]. It peaked at number 20.<ref name="autchart"/> ==Track listing== {{Track listing \| headline = ''I Am'' track listing \| extra_column = Producer(s) \| title_width = 25% \| writing_width = 40% \| extra_width = 35% \| title1 = [[Strike the Match]] \| writer1 = {{hlist\|[[Ryan Tedder]]\|[[SoShy\|Deborah Epstein]]}} \| extra1 = {{hlist\|Tedder\|Andrew Murray{{ref\|A\|[A]}} \|Christian Ballard{{ref\|A\|[A]}} }} \| length1 = 2:56 \| title2 = [[A Love Bizarre]] \| writer2 = {{hlist\|[[Sheila Escovedo]]\|[[Prince Rogers Nelson]]}} \| extra2 = {{hlist\|[[Jiant]]\|Snowflakers}} \| length2 = 3:47 \| title3 = Certified \| writer3 = {{hlist\|[[Lil' Eddie\|Edwin Serrano]]\|[[Eritza Laues]]}} \| extra3 = {{hlist\|[[Jonas Jeberg]]\|[[Cutfather]]}} \| length3 = 3:06 \| title4 = [[Why Not Us]] \| writer4 = {{hlist\|[[Guy Chambers]]\|[[Alexis Strum]]}} \| extra4 = {{hlist\|Chambers\|[[Pete Kirtley]]{{ref\|B\|[B]}} }} \| length4 = 3:29 \| title5 = Going Out Tonight \| writer5 = {{hlist\|Kirtley\|[[Obi Mhondera]]}} \| extra5 = Jiant \| length5 = 2:50 \| title6 = You Can Look \| writer6 = {{hlist\|[[Dsign Music\|Nermin Harambasic]]\|[[Dsign Music\|Anne Judith Wik]]\|[[Dsign Music\|Ronny Svendsen]]\|[[Dsign Music\|Robin Jenssen]]}} \| extra6 = {{hlist\|[[Dsign Music\|Ronny Svendsen]]\|[[Dsign Music\|Nermin Harambasic]]}} \| length6 = 3:25 \| title7 = Tip Toe \| writer7 = {{hlist\|Costandia Costi\|Carl Ryden\|Hugo Lira\|Ian-Paolo Lira\|[[Thomas Gustafsson]]}} \| extra7 = Jiant \| length7 = 2:59 \| title8 = Teach Me How to Jump \| writer8 = {{hlist\|David Eriksen\|Virginia McGrail}} \| extra8 = {{hlist\|Jiant\|Snowflaker}} \| length8 = 3:31 \| title9 = Stolen \| writer9 = {{hlist\|Carl Björsell\|Edward Steve Louis\|Didrik Thott}} \| extra9 = {{hlist\|Björsell\|Thott}} \| length9 = 3:19 \| title10 = Electricity \| writer10 = {{hlist\|Daniel Volpe\|Thomas Lipp}} \| extra10 = {{hlist\|Roman Preylowski\|Emanuel Rehwald\|Jiant}} \| length10 = 2:56 \| title11 = [[Hit n Run (Monrose song)\|Hit'n'Run]] \| writer11 = {{hlist\|JoelJoel\|The Provider\|Charlie Mason}} \| extra11 = {{hlist\|JoelJoel\|[[Oscar Görres]]}} \| length11 = 3:14 \| title12 = No Never \| writer12 = {{hlist\|Rob Divas\|[[Shelly Poole]]}} \| extra12 = {{hlist\|Jiant\|Snowflakers}} \| length12 = 3:45 \| title13 = Stained \| writer13 = {{hlist\|[[Andreas Romdhane]]\|[[Josef Larossi]]\|[[Linda Király]]\|[[Savan Kotecha]]}} \| extra13 = {{hlist\|Jiant\|Snowflakers}} \| length13 = 3:37 \| title14 = What They Want \| writer14 = {{hlist\|[[Alex Cartana]]\|Pete Martin\|Jasmine Baird}} \| extra14 = {{hlist\|Jiant\|Snowflakers}} \| length14 = 3:53 \| title15 = Don't Touch the Fader \| writer15 = {{hlist\|[[Karen Poole]]\|Mathias Wollo\|[[Jonas Quant]]}} \| extra15 = {{hlist\|Jiant\|Snowflakers}} \| length15 = 3:17 }} {{Track listing \| headline = [[iTunes]] bonus track \| extra_column = Producer(s) \| title_width = 25% \| writing_width = 40% \| extra_width = 35% \| title16 = Step Aside \| writer16 = {{hlist\|Serrano\|Eritza Laues}} \| extra16 = {{hlist\|Jeberg\|Cutfather}} \| length16 = 3:07 }} '''Notes''' <sup>{{note\|A\|[A]}}</sup> denotes additional producer <sup>{{note\|B\|[B]}}</sup> denotes co-producer '''Sample credits''' "[[A Love Bizarre]]" is a [[cover version]] of the same-titled 1985 song performed by American singer [[Sheila E.]] ==Charts== {\| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" \|+ Weekly chart performance ! scope="col"\| Chart (2008) ! scope="col"\| Peak<br />position \|- {{album chart\|Austria\|20\|artist=Monrose \|album=I Am\|rowheader=true\|accessdate=2017-04-10\|refname=autchart}} \|- ! scope="row"\| [[European Top 100 Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]'')<ref>[{{BillboardURLbyName\|artist=monrose\|chart=European Albums}} US ''Billboard'' European Top 100 Albums]</ref> \|align="center"\|35 \|- {{album chart\|Germany3\|9\|artist=Monrose \|album=I Am\|rowheader=true\|accessdate=2017-04-10\|refname=gerchart}} \|- {{album chart\|Switzerland\|14\|artist=Monrose \|album=I Am\|rowheader=true\|accessdate=2017-04-10\|refname=swichart}} \|} == Release history == {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" \|+ ''I Am'' release history \|- ! scope="col"\| Region ! scope="col"\| Date ! scope="col"\| Edition ! scope="col"\| Format ! scope="col"\| Label \|- ! scope="row"\| Austria \|rowspan="3"\|26 September 2008 \| rowspan="3" \| {{Flatlist \| Standard }} \| rowspan="3"\|{{hlist\|[[Compact disc\|CD]]\|[[Music download\|digital download]]}} \| rowspan="3"\|{{hlist\|[[Starwatch Music\|Starwatch]]\|Cheyenne\|[[Warner Music Group\|Warner]]}} \|- ! scope="row"\| Germany \|- ! scope="row"\| Switzerland \|} ==References== {{Reflist\|2}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100426141001/http://www.monrose.de/ Monrose.de] — official site {{Monrose}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:2008 albums]] [[Category:Monrose albums]] [[Category:Warner Music Group albums]] [[Category:Albums produced by Cutfather]] [[Category:Albums produced by Ryan Tedder]]	1,306,731,184	[{"title": "Studio album by Monrose", "data": {"Released": "26 September 2008", "Length": "50:13", "Label": "Starwatch Cheyenne Warner", "Producer": "Carl Bj\u00f6rsell Guy Chambers Cutfather Oscar G\u00f6rres Nermin Harambasic JoelJoel Pete Kirtley Jonas Jeberg Jiant Roman Preylowski Emanuel Rehwald Snowflakers Ronny Svendsen Ryan Tedder Didrik Thott"}}, {"title": "Monrose chronology", "data": {"Strictly Physical \u00b7 (2007)": "I Am \u00b7 (2008) \u00b7 Ladylike \u00b7 (2010)"}}, {"title": "Singles from I Am", "data": {"Singles from I Am": "1. \"Strike the Match\" \u00b7 Released: 6 June 2008 2. \"Hit'n'Run\" \u00b7 Released: 3 October 2008 3. \"Why Not Us\" \u00b7 Released: 28 November 2008"}}, {"title": "Monrose", "data": {"Studio albums": "Temptation Strictly Physical I Am Ladylike", "Singles": "\" Shame \" \" Even Heaven Cries \" \" Hot Summer \" \" Strictly Physical \" \" What You Don't Know \" \" Strike the Match \" \" Hit 'n' Run \" \" Why Not Us \" \" Like a Lady \" \" This Is Me \" \" Breathe You In \"", "Others": "\" Wunder gibt es immer wieder \" \" We Love \" \" Walking Away \"", "Tours": "Venus Temptation Tour Club Tour", "Related articles": "Discography Tours Popstars"}}]	false
# 1633 1633 (MDCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1633rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 633rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 33rd year of the 17th century, and the 4th year of the 1630s decade. As of the start of 1633, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. ## Events ### January–March - January 20 – Galileo Galilei, having been summoned to Rome on orders of Pope Urban VIII, leaves for Florence for his journey. His carriage is halted at Ponte a Centino at the border of Tuscany, where he is quarantined for 22 days because of an outbreak of the plague. [1] - February 6 – the formal coronation of Władysław IV Vasa as King of Poland takes place at the cathedral in Kraków. He had been elected as king on November 8. - February 9 – the Duchy of Hesse-Cassel captures Dorsten from the Electorate of Cologne without resistance. - February 13 - Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition. - Fire engines are used for the first time in England in order to control and extinguish a fire that breaks out at London Bridge, but not before 43 houses are destroyed.[2] - March 1 – Samuel de Champlain reclaims his role as commander of New France, on behalf of Cardinal Richelieu. ### April–June - April 12 – Galileo Galilei is convicted of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church. [3] - May 22 – Samuel de Champlain, founder of the French colony of New France, returns to Quebec after being gone for four years, commissioned as Lieutenant General of the troops of New France, but not as governor. - May 28 – Aurangzeb, Crown Prince of the Mughal Empire in India, narrowly escapes death when an elephant stampedes through his encampment, but is able to defend himself with a lance. - June 18 – Charles I is crowned King of Scots at St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh, according to Anglican rite in his first visit to Scotland since early childhood, although he has been Scottish monarch since 1625.[4] - June 22 – the Roman Catholic Church forces Galileo Galilei to recant his heliocentric view of the Solar System. According to legend, he claims Eppur si muove. ### July–September - July 7 – the Dutch East India Company fleet, led by Hans Putmans, attacks its ally Zheng Zhilong's base by surprise, near Xiamen. - July 8 - Thirty Years' War: Battle of Oldendorf – Sweden defeats the Holy Roman Empire near Hessisch Oldendorf. - The epoch of the Javanese calendar, created by Sultan Agung of Mataram. It coincides with the start of the Hijri Year 1043 but the year numbering continues those of the pre-existing Saka calendar, thus making the calendar start from year 1555 instead of 1. - August 6 – William Laud becomes Archbishop of Canterbury. - September 25 – King Louis XIII of France enters into Nancy, marking the occupation of the Duchy of Lorraine by France.[5] - September 26 – a group from the Plymouth Colony settles in Windsor, Connecticut, making it the first settlement in the state. ### October–December - October 17 – Thirty Years' War: Siege of Rheinfelden – Spain recaptures Rheinfelden from Sweden. - October 22 – Battle of Liaoluo Bay: A large Ming dynasty fleet under Zheng Zhilong defeats a Dutch East India Company fleet at the island of Quemoy. - November 11 – the Dutch expedition of Jan Janszoon van Hoorn, against Spanish pirates in Central America, ends after six months with van Hoorn's success. - November 22 – commissioned by Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore to transport 140 English colonists to the province of Maryland in America, The Ark and another ship, the Dove (with 128 settlers), depart Gravesend in England for the New World. Three days later, the two ships become separated by a storm in the English Channel, and the crew of The Ark assumes that the Dove sank. - November 29 – The Ark runs into a more violent storm, but manages to stay afloat and to continue on its journey to America. The Dove turns out to have survived the storms, and both ships will arrive in Maryland on February 24. - December 9 – Francisco de Murga, Spain's Governor of the South American province of Cartagena (now in Colombia), crushes a revolt by escaped African slaves in an attack against the palenque of Limón. De Murga captures 80 residents, and, after a trial, has 13 executed, with the drawing and quartering of their bodies. ### Date unknown - The Jews of Poznań are granted the privilege of forbidding Christians to enter into their city quarter. - Emperor of Ethiopia Fasilides expels Jesuit missionaries. - Shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu of Japan issues the Sakoku Edict of 1635 outlawing Christianity, enforcing a policy of extreme isolationism (sakoku) until 1853. - St Columb's Cathedral, Derry, Ireland, the first post-Reformation Anglican cathedral built in the British Isles and the first Protestant cathedral built in Europe, is completed.[6] - Mission San Luis de Apalachee is built in the New World by two Spanish friars. - English colonists settle what will become the town of Hingham, Massachusetts. - A professorship in Arabic studies is founded at the University of Cambridge in England. - Trịnh–Nguyễn War: Trịnh Tráng launched an attack on Đàng Trong at the Nhật Lệ estuary. This was marked as the second clash in the civil war. ## Births ### January–March - January 20 – Edmund Maine, English Member of Parliament (d. 1711) - January 31 – Nathaniel Crew, 3rd Baron Crew of England (d. 1721) - February 20 – Jan de Baen, Dutch portrait painter (d. 1702) - February 23 - Charles Patin, French physician (d. 1693) - Samuel Pepys, English civil servant and diarist (d. 1703)[7] - February 26 – Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and last Administrator of Ratzeburg (d. 1695) - March 1 – Yi Seo-woo, Korean scholar (d. 1709) - March 7 – Giovanni Battista Volpati, Italian painter (d. 1706) - March 12 – Sir John Evelyn, 1st Baronet, of Godstone, English noble (d. 1671) - March 17 – Alessandro Marchetti, Italian mathematician (d. 1714) - March 25 – Samuel Whiting, Jr., American clergyman (d. 1713) - March 26 – Mary Beale, British artist (d. 1699) - March 30 - Miron Costin, Moldavian (Romanian) political figure and chronicler (d. 1691) - Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg, German general, Landgraf of Hesse-Homburg (d. 1708) ### April–June - April 16 – Salomon Jansz van den Tempel, Dutch shipbuilder (d. 1673) - April 19 - Willem Drost, Dutch painter (d. 1659) - Abraham Hill, British merchant (d. 1721) - April 20 – Emperor Go-Kōmyō of Japan (d. 1654) - April 24 - Paolo Boccone, Italian botanist from Sicily (d. 1704) - Gilbert Holles, 3rd Earl of Clare, English politician and earl (d. 1689) - May 1 - Walter Chetwynd, English antiquary, politician (d. 1693) - Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, French noble and military engineer noted for designing fortifications (d. 1707) - May 21 – Joseph Chabanceau de La Barre, French composer (d. 1678) - June 1 – Geminiano Montanari, Italian astronomer (d. 1687) - June 16 – Jean de Thévenot, French traveler and scientist (d. 1667) - June 19 – Philipp van Limborch, Dutch Protestant theologian (d. 1712) - June 27 – Auguste of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, German noble (d. 1701) ### July–September - July 1 – Johann Heinrich Heidegger, Swiss theologian (d. 1698) - July 6 – Sir Henry Yelverton, 2nd Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1670) - July 12 – Thofania d'Adamo, Italian poisoner - July 25 – Joseph Williamson, English politician (d. 1701) - September 6 – Sebastian Knüpfer, German composer (d. 1676) - September 7 – Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg, Austrian writer and noble (d. 1695) - September 8 – Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans (d. 1654) - September 15 – William Croone, English physician and one of the original Fellows of the Royal Society (d. 1684) ### October–December - October 4 - Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (d. 1714) - Bernardino Ramazzini, Italian physician (d. 1714) - October 14 – King James II of England (d. 1701)[8] - October 15 – Giordano Vitale, Italian mathematician (d. 1711) - October 19 – Benedetto Gennari II, Italian painter (d. 1715) - October 25 – Esaias Fleischer, Danish priest (d. 1697) - October 29 – Antonio Magliabechi, Italian librarian (d. 1714) - November 2 – George Gordon, 15th Earl of Sutherland, Scottish noble (d. 1703) - November 10 – Thomas Jermyn, 2nd Baron Jermyn, Governor of Jersey (d. 1703) - November 11 – George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax, English writer and statesman (d. 1695) - November 15 – Gesina ter Borch, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1690) - November 20 – Étienne de Carheil, French Jesuit priest, missionary to the Iroquois and Huron Indians (d. 1726) - November 26 – Johann Christoph Wagenseil, German Christian Hebraist (d. 1705) - December 18 – Willem van de Velde the Younger, Dutch painter (d. 1707) - December 27 – Jean de Lamberville, French missionary (d. 1714) - December 29 - Jean Le Pelletier, French polygraph and alchemist (d. 1711) - Johannes Zollikofer, Swiss vicar (d. 1692) ### Date unknown - Sir Edward Seymour, 4th Baronet, English politician (d. 1708) ## Deaths - January 15 – Polykarp Leyser II, German theologian (b. 1586) - January 20 – Elizabeth Stanley, Countess of Huntingdon, English noblewoman and writer (b. 1588) - March 1 – George Herbert, English poet and orator (b. 1593)[9] - March 3 – Magnus Brahe, Swedish noble (b. 1564) - April 21 – Scipione Dentice, Neapolitan keyboard composer (b. 1560) - May 5 – Thomas Freke, English politician (b. 1563) - May 16 – Magdalena of Nassau-Dillenburg, German noblewoman (b. 1547) - May 21 – Wolfgang Ernst I of Isenburg-Büdingen-Birstein, German count (b. 1560) - June – Étienne Brûlé, French explorer (b. c. 1592) - June 11 – Johannes Crellius, Polish–German theologian (b. 1590) - June 14 – Christian, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Ærø (1622–1633) (b. 1570) - July 1 – Thomas Robarts, English parliamentarian (b. 1568) - July 5 – Archduchess Margaret of Austria (b. 1567) - July 7 – Lew Sapieha, Polish-Lithuanian noble (b. 1557) - July 16 – John Casimir, Duke of Saxe-Coburg (b. 1564) - July 22 – Trijntje Keever, Dutchwoman, presumed to have been the tallest woman ever (b. 1616) - August 5 – George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1562) - August 10 – Anthony Munday, English writer (b. 1553) - August 12 - Jacopo Peri, Italian composer (b. 1561) - Ulrik of Denmark, Danish prince-bishop (b. 1611) - August 17 – Gertrude More, English nun (b. 1606) - August 30 – Magdalene of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, Countess Palatine of Pfalz-Zweibrücken (b. 1553) - September – Henry Cary, 1st Viscount Falkland (b. c. 1575) - September 4 – Richard Cecil, English politician (b. 1570) - September 22 – Joam Mattheus Adami, Italian Jesuit missionary (b. 1576) - September 26 – Bernardino de Almansa Carrión, Spanish Catholic prelate and Archbishop (b. 1579) - October 2 – Scipione Borghese, Italian Catholic cardinal and art collector (b. 1577) - October 24 – Jean Titelouze, French organist (b. c.1562) - October 26 – Horio Tadaharu, Japanese warlord (b. 1596) - November 3 – Lucio Massari, Italian painter (b. 1569) - November 7 – Cornelis Drebbel, Dutch inventor (b. 1572) - November 8 - Xu Guangqi, Chinese astronomer, Roman Catholic convert, mathematician, scholar, scientist and servant of God (b. 1562) - Christian, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Prince of Lüneburt (1611–1633) (b. 1566) - November 14 – William Ames, English philosopher (b. 1576) - December 1 – Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain (b. 1566) - December 8 – Theodoor Galle, Flemish engraver (b. 1571) - December 12 – Hortensio Félix Paravicino, Spanish preacher and poet from the noble house of Pallavicini (b. 1580) - December 17 or December 27 – Meletius Smotrytsky, Ruthenian religious activist and author (b. 1577) - December 28 – Maria Maddalena de' Medici, Italian princess (b. 1600)	enwiki/35162	enwiki	35,162	1633	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1633	2025-03-26T11:45:46Z	en	Q6870	114,533	{{Use mdy dates\|date=March 2011}} {{Year dab\|1633\|the novel by David Weber and Eric Flint\|1633 (novel)}} {{Refimprove\|date=January 2016}} {{Year nav\|1633}} [[File:Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|[[April 12]]: [[Galileo]] is convicted of [[heresy]] at an inquisition in Rome, after refusing to abandon his controversial teaching that the Earth revolves around the Sun.]] {{C17 year in topic}} [[File:Hessisch Oldendorf Schlacht Gemälde.jpg\|thumbnail\|right\|[[July 8]]: [[Battle of Oldendorf]]]] {{Year article header\|1633}} == Events == [[File:Mission San Luis.jpg\|thumbnail\|110px\|right\|[[Mission San Luis de Apalachee]] is built.]] <onlyinclude> === January–March === * [[January 20]] – [[Galileo Galilei]], having been summoned to [[Rome]] on orders of [[Pope Urban VIII]], leaves for [[Firenze\|Florence]] for his journey. His carriage is halted at Ponte a Centino at the border of Tuscany, where he is quarantined for 22 days because of an outbreak of the plague. <ref>William R. Shea and Mariano Artigas, ''Galileo in Rome: The Rise and Fall of a Troublesome Genius'' (Oxford University Press, 2004)</ref> * [[February 6]] – the formal coronation of [[Władysław IV Vasa]] as [[King of Poland]] takes place at the cathedral in [[Kraków]]. He had been elected as king on November 8. * [[February 9]] – the Duchy of [[Hesse-Cassel]] captures [[Dorsten]] from the Electorate of Cologne without resistance. * [[February 13]] [[Galileo Galilei]] arrives in Rome for his trial before the [[Inquisition]]. Fire engines are used for the first time in [[England]] in order to control and extinguish a fire that breaks out at [[London Bridge]], but not before 43 houses are destroyed.<ref name=Firesb> "Fires, Great", in ''The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance'', Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p29 </ref> * [[March 1]] – [[Samuel de Champlain]] reclaims his role as commander of [[New France]], on behalf of [[Cardinal Richelieu]]. === April–June === * [[April 12]] – [[Galileo Galilei]] is convicted of [[heresy]] by the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. <ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/galileo-is-convicted-of-heresy \|title=Galileo is convicted of heresy - Apr 12, 1633 \|website=HISTORY.com \|access-date=2016-01-09 \|archive-date=May 13, 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513232916/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/galileo-is-convicted-of-heresy \|url-status=live }}</ref> * [[May 22]] – [[Samuel de Champlain]], founder of the French colony of [[New France]], returns to Quebec after being gone for four years, commissioned as Lieutenant General of the troops of New France, but not as governor. * [[May 28]] – [[Aurangzeb]], Crown Prince of the [[Mughal Empire]] in India, narrowly escapes death when an elephant stampedes through his encampment, but is able to defend himself with a lance. * [[June 18]] – [[Charles I of England\|Charles I]] is crowned King of Scots at [[St Giles' Cathedral]], [[Edinburgh]], according to [[Anglican]] rite in his first visit to Scotland since early childhood, although he has been [[List of Scottish monarchs\|Scottish monarch]] since 1625.<ref>{{cite book \| last = Ashley \| first = Michael \| title = British monarchs : the complete genealogy, gazetteer, and biographical encyclopedia of the kings & queens of Britain \| publisher = Robinson \| location = London \| year = 1998 \| isbn = 9781854875044 \| page=37}}</ref> * [[June 22]] – the [[Roman Catholic Church]] forces [[Galileo Galilei]] to recant his [[heliocentric]] view of the [[Solar System]]. According to legend, he claims ''Eppur si muove''. === July–September === * [[July 7]] – the [[Dutch East India Company]] fleet, led by [[Hans Putmans]], attacks its ally [[Zheng Zhilong]]'s base by surprise, near [[Xiamen]]. * [[July 8]] [[Thirty Years' War]]: [[Battle of Oldendorf]] – [[Swedish Empire\|Sweden]] defeats the [[Holy Roman Empire]] near [[Hessisch Oldendorf]]. The epoch of the [[Javanese calendar]], created by [[Sultan Agung of Mataram]]. It coincides with the start of the Hijri Year 1043 but the year numbering continues those of the pre-existing [[Indian national calendar\|Saka calendar]], thus making the calendar start from year 1555 instead of 1. * [[August 6]] – [[William Laud]] becomes [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]. * [[September 25]] – King [[Louis XIII of France]] enters into [[Nancy, France\|Nancy]], marking the occupation of the [[Duchy of Lorraine]] by France.<ref>{{cite book\|first1=Frédéric\|last1=Schoell\|last2=Xaver\|first2= Franz\|first3= Freiherr\|last3= von Zach\|title=Cours d'histoire des états européen\|volume=27\|publisher=de l'imprimerie royale et chez Duncker et Humblot\|year=1832\|page=183}}</ref> * [[September 26]] – a group from the [[Plymouth Colony]] settles in [[Windsor, Connecticut]], making it the first settlement in the state. === October–December === * [[October 17]] – Thirty Years' War: [[Siege of Rheinfelden (1633)\|Siege of Rheinfelden]] – [[Spanish Empire\|Spain]] recaptures [[Rheinfelden (Aargau)\|Rheinfelden]] from Sweden. * [[October 22]] – [[Battle of Liaoluo Bay]]: A large [[Ming dynasty]] fleet under [[Zheng Zhilong]] defeats a [[Dutch East India Company]] fleet at the island of [[Quemoy]]. * [[November 11]] – the Dutch [[Jan Janszoon van Hoorn's expedition of 1633\|expedition of Jan Janszoon van Hoorn]], against Spanish pirates in Central America, ends after six months with van Hoorn's success. * [[November 22]] – commissioned by [[Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore]] to transport 140 English colonists to the [[province of Maryland]] in America, ''[[The Ark (ship)\|The Ark]]'' and another ship, the ''Dove'' (with 128 settlers), depart [[Gravesend]] in England for the New World. Three days later, the two ships become separated by a storm in the [[English Channel]], and the crew of ''The Ark'' assumes that the ''Dove'' sank. * [[November 29]] – ''The Ark'' runs into a more violent storm, but manages to stay afloat and to continue on its journey to America. The ''Dove'' turns out to have survived the storms, and both ships will arrive in Maryland on February 24. * [[December 9]] – [[Francisco de Murga]], Spain's Governor of the South American province of [[Cartagena, Colombia\|Cartagena]] (now in Colombia), crushes a revolt by escaped African slaves in an attack against the [[Palenque (village)\|palenque]] of Limón. De Murga captures 80 residents, and, after a trial, has 13 executed, with the drawing and quartering of their bodies. === Date unknown === * The Jews of [[Poznań]] are granted the privilege of forbidding Christians to enter into their city quarter. * [[Emperor of Ethiopia]] [[Fasilides]] expels [[Jesuit]] missionaries. * [[Shogun]] [[Tokugawa Iemitsu]] of Japan issues the [[Sakoku Edict of 1635]] outlawing Christianity, enforcing a policy of extreme [[isolationism]] (''[[sakoku]]'') until [[1853]]. * [[St Columb's Cathedral]], [[Derry]], [[Kingdom of Ireland\|Ireland]], the first post-[[Reformation in Ireland\|Reformation]] [[Anglicanism\|Anglican]] [[cathedral]] built in the British Isles and the first [[Protestantism\|Protestant]] cathedral built in Europe, is completed.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/siege/civil-unrest.shtml\|title=The Siege\|publisher=BBC\|access-date=2012-07-20\|archive-date=May 31, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531133235/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/siege/civil-unrest.shtml\|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Mission San Luis de Apalachee]] is built in the [[Americas\|New World]] by two Spanish friars. * English colonists settle what will become the town of [[Hingham, Massachusetts]]. * A [[professorship]] in [[Arabic]] studies is founded at the [[University of Cambridge]] in England. * [[Trịnh–Nguyễn War]]: [[Trịnh Tráng]] launched an attack on Đàng Trong at the Nhật Lệ estuary. This was marked as the second clash in the civil war. <br /></onlyinclude> == Births == [[File:Almarchetti.jpg\|thumb\|right\|110px\|[[Alessandro Marchetti (mathematician)\|Alessandro Marchetti]]]] [[File:Emperor Go-Kōmyō.jpg\|thumb\|110px\|[[Emperor Go-Kōmyō]]]] [[File:Paolo Boccone.jpg\|thumb\|right\|110px\|[[Paolo Boccone]]]] [[File:Gesina ter Borch, by Gesina ter Borch cropped.jpg\|thumb\|right\|110px\|[[Gesina ter Borch]]]] === January–March === * [[January 20]] – [[Edmund Maine]], English Member of Parliament (d. [[1711]]) * [[January 31]] – [[Nathaniel Crew, 3rd Baron Crew]] of England (d. [[1721]]) * [[February 20]] – [[Jan de Baen]], Dutch portrait painter (d. [[1702]]) * [[February 23]] [[Charles Patin]], French physician (d. [[1693]]) [[Samuel Pepys]], English civil servant and diarist (d. [[1703]])<ref>{{cite book \| last = Pepys \| first = Samuel \| title = The letters of Samuel Pepys, 1656-1703 \| publisher = Boydell Press \| location = Woodbridge \| year = 2006 \| isbn = 9781843831976 \| page=15\|language=en }}</ref> * [[February 26]] – [[Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow]] and last Administrator of Ratzeburg (d. [[1695]]) * [[March 1]] – [[Yi Seo-woo]], Korean scholar (d. [[1709]]) * [[March 7]] – [[Giovanni Battista Volpati]], Italian painter (d. [[1706]]) * [[March 12]] – [[Sir John Evelyn, 1st Baronet, of Godstone]], English noble (d. [[1671]]) * [[March 17]] – [[Alessandro Marchetti (mathematician)\|Alessandro Marchetti]], Italian mathematician (d. [[1714]]) * [[March 25]] – [[Samuel Whiting, Jr.]], American clergyman (d. [[1713]]) * [[March 26]] – [[Mary Beale]], British artist (d. [[1699]]) * [[March 30]] [[Miron Costin]], Moldavian (Romanian) political figure and chronicler (d. [[1691]]) [[Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg]], German general, Landgraf of Hesse-Homburg (d. [[1708]]) === April–June === * [[April 16]] – [[Salomon Jansz van den Tempel]], Dutch shipbuilder (d. [[1673]]) * [[April 19]] [[Willem Drost]], Dutch painter (d. [[1659]]) [[Abraham Hill]], British merchant (d. [[1721]]) * [[April 20]] – [[Emperor Go-Kōmyō]] of Japan (d. [[1654]]) * [[April 24]] [[Paolo Boccone]], Italian botanist from Sicily (d. [[1704]]) [[Gilbert Holles, 3rd Earl of Clare]], English politician and earl (d. [[1689]]) * [[May 1]] [[Walter Chetwynd]], English antiquary, politician (d. [[1693]]) [[Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban]], French noble and military engineer noted for designing fortifications (d. [[1707]]) * [[May 21]] – [[Joseph Chabanceau de La Barre]], French composer (d. [[1678]]) * [[June 1]] – [[Geminiano Montanari]], Italian astronomer (d. [[1687]]) * [[June 16]] – [[Jean de Thévenot]], French traveler and scientist (d. [[1667]]) * [[June 19]] – [[Philipp van Limborch]], Dutch Protestant theologian (d. [[1712]]) * [[June 27]] – [[Auguste of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg]], German noble (d. [[1701]]) === July–September === * [[July 1]] – [[Johann Heinrich Heidegger]], Swiss theologian (d. [[1698]]) * [[July 6]] – [[Sir Henry Yelverton, 2nd Baronet]], English Member of Parliament (d. [[1670]]) * [[July 12]] – [[Thofania d'Adamo]], Italian poisoner * [[July 25]] – [[Joseph Williamson (English politician)\|Joseph Williamson]], English politician (d. [[1701]]) * [[September 6]] – [[Sebastian Knüpfer]], German composer (d. [[1676]]) * [[September 7]] – [[Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg]], Austrian writer and noble (d. [[1695]]) * [[September 8]] – [[Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans]] (d. [[1654]]) * [[September 15]] – [[William Croone]], English physician and one of the original Fellows of the Royal Society (d. [[1684]]) === October–December === * [[October 4]] [[Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]] (d. [[1714]]) [[Bernardino Ramazzini]], Italian physician (d. [[1714]]) * [[October 14]] – King [[James II of England]] (d. [[1701]])<ref>{{cite book \| last = Fritze \| first = Ronald \| title = Historical dictionary of Stuart England, 1603-1689 \| publisher = Greenwood Press \| location = Westport, CT \| year = 1996 \| isbn = 9780313283918 \| page=267 \| language=en}}</ref> * [[October 15]] – [[Giordano Vitale]], Italian mathematician (d. [[1711]]) * [[October 19]] – [[Benedetto Gennari II]], Italian painter (d. [[1715]]) * [[October 25]] – [[Esaias Fleischer (priest)\|Esaias Fleischer]], Danish priest (d. [[1697]]) * [[October 29]] – [[Antonio Magliabechi]], Italian librarian (d. [[1714]]) * [[November 2]] – [[George Gordon, 15th Earl of Sutherland]], Scottish noble (d. [[1703]]) * [[November 10]] – [[Thomas Jermyn, 2nd Baron Jermyn]], Governor of Jersey (d. [[1703]]) * [[November 11]] – [[George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax]], English writer and statesman (d. [[1695]]) * [[November 15]] – [[Gesina ter Borch]], Dutch Golden Age painter (d. [[1690]]) * [[November 20]] – [[Étienne de Carheil]], French Jesuit priest, missionary to the Iroquois and Huron Indians (d. [[1726]]) * [[November 26]] – [[Johann Christoph Wagenseil]], German Christian Hebraist (d. [[1705]]) * [[December 18]] – [[Willem van de Velde the Younger]], Dutch painter (d. [[1707]]) * [[December 27]] – [[Jean de Lamberville]], French missionary (d. [[1714]]) * [[December 29]] [[Jean Le Pelletier]], French polygraph and alchemist (d. [[1711]]) [[Johannes Zollikofer]], Swiss vicar (d. [[1692]]) === Date unknown === * [[Sir Edward Seymour, 4th Baronet]], English politician (d. [[1708]]) == Deaths == [[File:George Herbert.jpg\|thumb\|right\|110px\|[[George Herbert]]]] [[File:Drebbel Van Sichem ca 1631 groot.jpg\|thumb\|right\|110px\|[[Cornelis Drebbel]]]] [[File:徐光啟.jpg\|thumb\|right\|110px\|[[Xu Guangqi]]]] * [[January 15]] – [[Polykarp Leyser II]], German theologian (b. [[1586]]) * [[January 20]] – [[Elizabeth Stanley, Countess of Huntingdon]], English noblewoman and writer (b. [[1588]]) * [[March 1]] – [[George Herbert]], English poet and orator (b. [[1593]])<ref>{{cite book \| last = Herbert \| first = George \| title = Lament and love \| publisher = Lamp \| location = City \| year = 1989 \| isbn = 9780551018273 \| page=4\|language=en}}</ref> * [[March 3]] – [[Magnus Brahe (1564–1633)\|Magnus Brahe]], Swedish noble (b. [[1564]]) * [[April 21]] – [[Scipione Dentice]], Neapolitan keyboard composer (b. [[1560]]) * [[May 5]] – [[Thomas Freke (died 1663)\|Thomas Freke]], English politician (b. [[1563]]) * [[May 16]] – [[Magdalena of Nassau-Dillenburg]], German noblewoman (b. [[1547]]) * [[May 21]] – [[Wolfgang Ernst I of Isenburg-Büdingen-Birstein]], German count (b. [[1560]]) * June – [[Étienne Brûlé]], French explorer (b. c. [[1592]]) * [[June 11]] – [[Johannes Crellius]], Polish–German theologian (b. [[1590]]) * [[June 14]] – [[Christian, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Ærø]] (1622–1633) (b. [[1570]]) * [[July 1]] – [[Thomas Robarts]], English parliamentarian (b. [[1568]]) * [[July 5]] – [[Archduchess Margaret of Austria (1567–1633)\|Archduchess Margaret of Austria]] (b. [[1567]]) * [[July 7]] – [[Lew Sapieha]], Polish-Lithuanian noble (b. [[1557]]) * [[July 16]] – [[John Casimir, Duke of Saxe-Coburg]] (b. [[1564]]) * [[July 22]] – [[Trijntje Keever]], Dutchwoman, presumed to have been the tallest woman ever (b. [[1616]]) * [[August 5]] – [[George Abbot (bishop)\|George Abbot]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (b. [[1562]]) * [[August 10]] – [[Anthony Munday]], English writer (b. [[1553]]) * [[August 12]] [[Jacopo Peri]], Italian composer (b. [[1561]]) [[Ulrik of Denmark (1611–1633)\|Ulrik of Denmark]], Danish prince-bishop (b. [[1611]]) * [[August 17]] – [[Gertrude More]], English nun (b. [[1606]]) * [[August 30]] – [[Magdalene of Jülich-Cleves-Berg]], Countess Palatine of Pfalz-Zweibrücken (b. [[1553]]) * September – [[Henry Cary, 1st Viscount Falkland]] (b. c. [[1575]]) * [[September 4]] – [[Richard Cecil (died 1633)\|Richard Cecil]], English politician (b. [[1570]]) * [[September 22]] – [[Joam Mattheus Adami]], Italian Jesuit missionary (b. [[1576]]) * [[September 26]] – [[Bernardino de Almansa Carrión]], Spanish Catholic prelate and Archbishop (b. [[1579]]) * [[October 2]] – [[Scipione Borghese]], Italian Catholic cardinal and art collector (b. [[1577]]) * [[October 24]] – [[Jean Titelouze]], French organist (b. c.[[1562]]) * [[October 26]] – [[Horio Tadaharu]], Japanese warlord (b. [[1596]]) * [[November 3]] – [[Lucio Massari]], Italian painter (b. [[1569]]) * [[November 7]] – [[Cornelis Drebbel]], Dutch inventor (b. [[1572]]) * [[November 8]] [[Xu Guangqi]], Chinese astronomer, [[Roman Catholic]] convert, mathematician, scholar, scientist and servant of God (b. [[1562]]) [[Christian, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg]], Prince of Lüneburt (1611–1633) (b. [[1566]]) * [[November 14]] – [[William Ames]], English philosopher (b. [[1576]]) * [[December 1]] – Infanta [[Isabella Clara Eugenia]] of Spain (b. [[1566]]) * [[December 8]] – [[Theodoor Galle]], Flemish engraver (b. [[1571]]) * [[December 12]] – [[Hortensio Félix Paravicino]], Spanish preacher and poet from the noble house of Pallavicini (b. [[1580]]) * [[December 17]] or [[December 27]] – [[Meletius Smotrytsky]], Ruthenian religious activist and author (b. [[1577]]) * [[December 28]] – [[Maria Maddalena de' Medici]], Italian princess (b. [[1600]]) == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1633}} [[Category:1633\| ]]	1,282,435,878	[{"title": "1633 in various calendars", "data": {"Gregorian calendar": "1633 \u00b7 MDCXXXIII", "Ab urbe condita": "2386", "Armenian calendar": "1082 \u00b7 \u0539\u054e \u054c\u0541\u0532", "Assyrian calendar": "6383", "Balinese saka calendar": "1554\u20131555", "Bengali calendar": "1039\u20131040", "Berber calendar": "2583", "English Regnal year": "8 Cha. 1 \u2013 9 Cha. 1", "Buddhist calendar": "2177", "Burmese calendar": "995", "Byzantine calendar": "7141\u20137142", "Chinese calendar": "\u58ec\u7533\u5e74 (Water Monkey) \u00b7 4330 or 4123 \u00b7 \u2014 to \u2014 \u00b7 \u7678\u9149\u5e74 (Water Rooster) \u00b7 4331 or 4124", "Coptic calendar": "1349\u20131350", "Discordian calendar": "2799", "Ethiopian calendar": "1625\u20131626", "Hebrew calendar": "5393\u20135394", "- Vikram Samvat": "1689\u20131690", "- Shaka Samvat": "1554\u20131555", "- Kali Yuga": "4733\u20134734", "Holocene calendar": "11633", "Igbo calendar": "633\u2013634", "Iranian calendar": "1011\u20131012", "Islamic calendar": "1042\u20131043", "Japanese calendar": "Kan'ei 10 \u00b7 (\u5bdb\u6c38\uff11\uff10\u5e74)", "Javanese calendar": "1554\u20131555", "Julian calendar": "Gregorian minus 10 days", "Korean calendar": "3966", "Minguo calendar": "279 before ROC \u00b7 \u6c11\u524d279\u5e74", "Nanakshahi calendar": "165", "Thai solar calendar": "2175\u20132176", "Tibetan calendar": "\u9633\u6c34\u7334\u5e74 \u00b7 (male Water-Monkey) \u00b7 1759 or 1378 or 606 \u00b7 \u2014 to \u2014 \u00b7 \u9634\u6c34\u9e21\u5e74 \u00b7 (female Water-Rooster) \u00b7 1760 or 1379 or 607"}}]	false
# Pranas Mašiotas Pranas Mašiotas (1863–1940) was a Lithuanian activist and educator best known as children's writer and translator. Born in Suvalkija to a family of Lithuanian farmers, Mašiotas attended Marijampolė Gymnasium and studied mathematics at Moscow University. As a Catholic, he could not obtain employment in Lithuania and took temporary clerical jobs in Łomża and Riga before becoming math teacher at the Riga Gymnasium in 1891. He held this job until World War I forced him to evacuate to Voronezh where he became director of the Lithuanian girls' and boys' gymnasiums. He returned to Lithuania in 1918 and started working on organizing the education system in the newly independent country. He was vice-minister at the Ministry of Education from 1919 to 1923. He then became director of the Vytautas the Great Gymnasium in Klaipėda. He retired in 1929 and focused on literary work. He died on 14 September 1940. Mašiotas was very active in Lithuanian cultural life. He joined and organized various Lithuanian societies, including the Lithuanian Scientific Society and the Žvaigždė Society which he chaired for about a decade. He contributed about 600 articles to the Lithuanian press. In total, he published about 140 books of which about 30 are original (others are translations or based on works by others). He mainly published children's fiction, textbooks for schools, and popular science books. He translated such children's classics as Maya the Bee by Waldemar Bonsels and Emil and the Detectives by Erich Kästner. ## Biography ### Early life Mašiotas was born on 19 December 1863 in Pūstelninkai near Kudirkos Naumiestis which was then part of the Russian Empire. His parents were farmers. Their home was located near the border with East Prussia and as such sometimes sheltered Lithuanian book smugglers who carried illegal Lithuanian publications to the Russian Empire in violation of the Lithuanian press ban. He attended a Russian primary school for about half a year, but was mostly home schooled by his parents and relatives. In 1874, he was admitted to the preparatory class of the Marijampolė Gymnasium. His classmates were future writers Antanas Krikščiukaitis (pen name Aišbė) and Antanas Vilkutaitis (pen name Keturakis). He graduated in 1883 with a silver medal. He received a special government stipend for Lithuanian students (360 rubles annually) and enrolled into the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at Moscow University. There, he joined Lithuanian cultural life and became a contributor to Aušra, the first Lithuanian-language newspaper. In total, he published ten articles in Aušra in which he criticized the Lithuanian press ban and other Russification policies implement by the Tsarist regime and provided practical advice to Lithuanian farmers. ### Teacher in Riga He returned to Lithuania in 1887, but as a Lithuanian Catholic could not obtain a job due to the Russification policies. He got a clerical job in Łomża in Poland and in 1889 moved to Riga in Latvia. Initially, he was a clerk at the office of the Riga Educational District. In 1891, he became math teacher at the Riga Gymnasium and held this job for almost 25 years until World War I. In 1913–1915, he was also the director of a private girls' gymnasium in Riga. In Riga, Mašiotas was active in Lithuanian cultural life. Riga's industrialization provided employment opportunities that attracted increasing numbers of Lithuanians. In 1913, there were more than 35,000 Lithuanians in Riga. Together with others, he participated in and organized various Lithuanian societies, including the Lithuanian Benefit Society (Lietuvių pašalpos draugija) which organized cultural events to provide assistance to struggling Lithuanians in Riga, Kanklės Society which organized amateur theater performances (established in 1904), and Žvaigždė Society (established in 1906) which established six Lithuanian primary schools and organized evening courses for adults. Mašiotas chaired the Žvaigždė Society for about a decade. He frequently collaborated with Marcelinas Šikšnys, another Lithuanian math teacher at the Riga Gymnasium. Mašiotas also participated in cultural and political life in Lithuania. In 1902, he participated in the founding meeting of the Lithuanian Democratic Party and was elected to its central committee. During the Russian Revolution of 1905, he attended the Great Seimas of Vilnius. In 1905, Mašiotas became a member of the 20-member committee tasked with organizing the Lithuanian Scientific Society which was officially established in April 1907. He contributed his ethnographic photographs to the society. Some of his photos were added to the Lithuanian exhibition at the International Paris Exposition in 1900. Mašiotas contributed some 70 articles to illegal Lithuanian periodicals (pre-1904) and about 200 articles to the legalized press, including Šviesa, Vienybė lietuvininkų, Vilniaus žinios, Viltis, Vairas, Rygos garsas. His articles most often discussed education, Lithuanian language, economy, social issues. Due to his efforts, Lietuvių laikraštis which was published in Saint Petersburg in 1904–1906 established a section for children in which Mašiotas published his works and translations. He particularly supported Varpas and participated in the meetings of its publishers and supporters. ### World War I At the outbreak of World War I, Mašiotas together with Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas became representatives of the Lithuanian Society for the Relief of War Sufferers in Riga. In summer 1915, as German Army approached Riga, Mašiotas evacuated to Moscow and then Voronezh where he became director of the Lithuanian girls' and boys' gymnasiums established by Martynas Yčas. At the same time, Mašiotas worked on writing math textbooks. Since there was no established or consistent Lithuanian mathematical terminology, three mathematicians (Mašiotas, Marcelinas Šikšnys, Zigmas Žemaitis) and linguist Jonas Jablonskis worked on standardizing the terminology and compiling a Lithuanian math dictionary. Mašiotas also participated in Lithuanian political life in Russia. After the failure of the Petrograd Seimas, the Union of Lithuanian Soldiers asked three men – Mašiotas, Jablonskis, and Kazys Grinius – to organize the Supreme Lithuanian Council in Russia, a political committee that could represent the Lithuanian nation. Mašiotas became vice-chairman of the Supreme Lithuanian Council. ### Independent Lithuania He returned to Lithuania in 1918 and started working organizing the Lithuanian education system. He joined the education section of the Council of Lithuania and later worked at the Ministry of Education as director of the Higher Education Department and as vice-minister. At the same time, he published numerous articles discussing plans for organizing various schools in Lithuania. Due to political disagreements, the post of vice-minister was abolished in 1923 and Mašiotas was given the job as the director of the Vytautas the Great Gymnasium in Klaipėda. Klaipėda Region was incorporated as an autonomous region of Lithuania after the Klaipėda Revolt in January 1923. Mašiotas retired in 1929 and devoted his time to writing. There are two versions of his retirement – due to disagreements with Klaipėda governor Antanas Merkys or for health reasons (cheek neuralgia that would get so bad that he could not speak). His wife Marija typed up his handwritten works while his son Donatas helped to arrange their publication. His articles were published in Iliustruota Lietuva, Lietuva, Lietuvos aidas, Lietuvos ūkininkas, Lietuvos žinios, Mūsų senovė, Naujoji Romuva, Trimitas, etc. Mašiotas was awarded the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas in 1928 (2nd class) and 1933 (1st class). He received honorary doctorate from the University of Lithuania in 1923 and was elected as honorary member of the Society of Lithuanian Writers. One of the streets in Kaunas was named after him in 1934. ### Death Architect Vytautas Žemkalnis-Landsbergis, one of Mašiotas' students in Riga who Mašiotas encouraged to study architecture, designed his private residence in the Žaliakalnis district of Kaunas where Mašiotas lived from 1929. After the Soviet occupation of Lithuania in June 1940, Mašiotas house in Kaunas was confiscated by the NKVD. He moved in with his son in Kačerginė. His daughter bibliographer Marija Mašiotaitė-Urbšienė and her husband Juozas Urbšys were arrested and deported to Siberia by the Soviets. On 14 September 1940, he died at the age of 77. His wake was held at the Vytautas the Great War Museum; his funeral was a large public event attended by numerous government officials and writers. Speeches were given by Antanas Venclova and Petras Cvirka, among others. He was buried at the Kaunas City Cemetery. When the cemetery was converted to Ramybė Park in 1959, he was reburied at the Petrašiūnai Cemetery. ## Works Mašiotas wrote and published numerous books for children, textbooks for schools, and popular science books. In total, he published about 140 books of which about 30 are original. He also contributed some 600 articles to various Lithuanian periodicals. Because the Lithuania press was illegal before 1904, he used some 50 different pen names and initialisms. ### Children's literature Mašiotas is best known as a children's author. He is sometimes referred to as the "father of the Lithuanian children's literature". Prior publications for children were religious or clearly didactic texts. In 1894, Mašiotas published an article in Varpas in which he outlined the basic requirements for children's texts – works should have aesthetic, educational, and moral value as well as be written in correct language. These principles were largely adopted by future authors. His later works and translations focused on educational value (e.g. teaching children about natural phenomena) as opposed to rousing child's creativity or imagination. His tales were published in several collections – My Little Gift (Mano dovanėlė, 1st edition in 1913, 5th edition in 1970) and Old Man's Tales (Senio pasakos, 1st edition in 1917, 4th edition in 1970) are most popular. While the tales promote moral values, they are written without direct moralization. Several of his books – I Too Was Little (Ir aš mažas buvau, 1st edition in 1919, 6th edition in 1969), Remembering Gymnasium (Gimnaziją atsiminus, 1st edition in 1922), When Books Were Banned (Kai knygas draudė, first edition in 1924, 4th edition in 1993) – are autobiographical stories about the Lithuanian National Revival and the Lithuanian press ban. In 1938, I Too Was Little was awarded the literary prize of the Lithuanian Red Cross. His short stories feature realistic characters and are most often based on rational thought and not emotion. His travel books idealize Lithuania's nature but also include geographical, historical, ethnographic information. They were aimed at school students in hopes of spurring their interest in their native country and encouraging them to launch their own local studies. Mašiotas translated various authors, including Daniel Defoe, James Oliver Curwood, Erich Kästner, Hugh Lofting, Karin Michaëlis, Ferenc Molnár, Ernest Thompson Seton, H. G. Wells, Ernst Wichert, and many others. Mašiotas started translating when he taught Lithuanian language on weekends in Riga. As homework, he would assign students to translate Russian or German works and then became interested in this work himself. He translated freely, modifying or shortening texts as he saw fit to adapt them to the Lithuanian audience. ### Textbooks and popular science Encouraged by Jonas Jablonskis, Mašiotas wrote his first math textbook in summer 1905. It was a problem book in arithmetic that was published in two parts in 1906. It became very popular and was republished 14 times (last edition in 1938). In 1919–1921, he published other textbooks on plane trigonometry, history of math, algebra, logarithm. He also wrote a textbook on physics (1922) and two textbooks on learning to write (1907 and 1921). The textbook on plane trigonometry was reworked and republished by his son Jonas Mašiotas in 1938. The textbooks were prepared in a hurry to fill the urgent need of Lithuanian-language textbooks. Therefore, their quality suffered. Mašiotas also published several popular science books for children, including Conversations about Sky and Earth (Pasikalbėjimai apie dangų ir žemę in 1901), How People Took Over the World (Kaip žmogus žemėje įsigalėjo in 1919). His Science Tales (Mokslo pasakos) were first published in 1916 and republished three more times. It includes eight stories how a teacher instructs shepherds about laws of physics using everyday language and small experiments – i.e. lively dialogues and some semblance of a plot turned textbook lectures into lively easy to understand stories. ## Legacy Starting in 1969, Mašiotas' works and translations are republished in the series Little Library of Pranas Mašiotas (Prano Mašioto knygynėlis). On average, in 1969–1979, about 25,000 copies of each book was published. By 1983, the series had 37 books. It grew to 50 books by 2009. His daughter Marija published her memoirs about Mašiotas in 1982 (second edition in 1996). Albinas Degutis compiled and published Mašiotas' bibliography (1990) and a collection of his articles, letters, and memoirs about him (2013). In 2013, on the occasion of his 150th birth anniversary, Lietuvos paštas issued a commemorative postal stamp in his memory. Three schools – in Kaunas, Vilnius, and Klaipėda – and several streets in Lithuania are named in his honor. A memorial stone was erected at the birthplace of Mašiotas in 1990. In 2001, Mašiotas' granddaughter gifted the house in Kačerginė to the town on a condition that it would house a museum dedicated to the Mašiotas family. In 2004, several wood carvers created sculptures for the Fairy Tale Park inspired by Mašiotas that was established around the house. In 1983, the 120th birth anniversary of Mašiotas, Vilnius University organized an academic seminar on children's literature in Lithuania. Several similar seminars took place irregularly until an annual seminar named after Mašiotas was established in 1993. It is held in December by the Lithuanian section of the International Board on Books for Young People (IBBY) and the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania. In 2012, IBBY renamed its annual (since 1993) award for the best Lithuanian book for children and adolescents in honor of Mašiotas.	enwiki/64290288	enwiki	64,290,288	Pranas Mašiotas	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranas_Ma%C5%A1iotas	2025-03-02T02:52:58Z	en	Q16470033	165,147	{{Short description\|Lithuanian activist}} {{use dmy dates\|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person \| name = Pranas Mašiotas \| image = Pranas Mašiotas in 1923.jpeg \| alt = \| caption = Mašiotas in 1923 \| birth_name = \| birth_date = {{Birth date\|1863\|12\|19\|df=yes}} \| birth_place = {{ill\|Pūstelninkai (Vilkaviškis)\|lt\|Pūstelninkai (Vilkaviškis)\|lt=Pūstelninkai}}, [[Suwałki Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]] \| death_date = {{Death date and age\|1940\|09\|14\|1863\|12\|19\|df=yes}} \| death_place = [[Kačerginė]], [[Lithuanian SSR]] \| burial_place = [[Petrašiūnai Cemetery]] (reburied) \| alma_mater = [[Marijampolė Gymnasium]]<br> [[Moscow University]] \| nationality = Lithuanian \| other_names = \| occupation = Children's writer, educator \| employer = [[Riga State Gymnasium No.1\|Riga Gymnasium]]<br> [[Ministry of Education (Lithuania)\|Ministry of Education]] \| years_active = \| known_for = \| notable_works = \| awards = [[Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas]] (1928 and 1933) \| spouse = Marija Jasienskytė-Mašiotienė<ref name=jagmi /> \| children = {{Plainlist\| * {{ill\|Marija Mašiotaitė-Urbšienė\|lt}} * {{ill\|Jonas Mašiotas (educator)\|lt=Jonas Mašiotas\|lt\|Jonas Mašiotas (1897)}} * Donatas Mašiotas }} \| relatives = Sister-in-law [[Ona Mašiotienė]]<ref name=anyks /><br> Son-in-law [[Juozas Urbšys]]<ref name=jagmi /> <br> Brother {{ill\|Jonas Mašiotas (comptroller)\|lt=Jonas Mašiotas\|lt\|Jonas Mašiotas (1874)}}<ref name=anyks /> }} '''Pranas Mašiotas''' (1863–1940) was a Lithuanian activist and educator best known as children's writer and translator. Born in [[Suvalkija]] to a family of Lithuanian farmers, Mašiotas attended [[Marijampolė Gymnasium]] and studied mathematics at [[Moscow University]]. As a Catholic, he could not obtain employment in Lithuania and took temporary clerical jobs in [[Łomża]] and [[Riga]] before becoming math teacher at the [[Riga State Gymnasium No.1\|Riga Gymnasium]] in 1891. He held this job until World War I forced him to evacuate to [[Voronezh]] where he became director of the [[Lithuanian schools in Voronezh\|Lithuanian girls' and boys' gymnasiums]]. He returned to Lithuania in 1918 and started working on organizing the education system in the newly independent country. He was vice-minister at the [[Ministry of Education (Lithuania)\|Ministry of Education]] from 1919 to 1923. He then became director of the {{ill\|Vytautas the Great Gymnasium in Klaipėda\|lt\|Klaipėdos Vytauto Didžiojo gimnazija}}. He retired in 1929 and focused on literary work. He died on 14 September 1940. Mašiotas was very active in Lithuanian cultural life. He joined and organized various Lithuanian societies, including the [[Lithuanian Scientific Society]] and the Žvaigždė Society which he chaired for about a decade. He contributed about 600 articles to the Lithuanian press. In total, he published about 140 books of which about 30 are original (others are translations or based on works by others). He mainly published children's fiction, textbooks for schools, and [[popular science]] books. He translated such children's classics as ''[[Maya the Bee]]'' by [[Waldemar Bonsels]] and ''[[Emil and the Detectives]]'' by [[Erich Kästner]].<ref name=klimk /> ==Biography== ===Early life=== Mašiotas was born on 19 December 1863 in {{ill\|Pūstelninkai (Vilkaviškis)\|lt\|Pūstelninkai (Vilkaviškis)\|lt=Pūstelninkai}} near [[Kudirkos Naumiestis]] which was then part of the [[Russian Empire]].<ref name=jagmi /> His parents were farmers. Their home was located near the border with [[East Prussia]] and as such sometimes sheltered [[Lithuanian book smugglers]] who carried illegal Lithuanian publications to the Russian Empire in violation of the [[Lithuanian press ban]].<ref name=alekn /> He attended a Russian primary school for about half a year, but was mostly home schooled by his parents and relatives. In 1874, he was admitted to the preparatory class of the [[Marijampolė Gymnasium]].<ref name=azub1 /> His classmates were future writers [[Antanas Krikščiukaitis]] (pen name Aišbė) and {{ill\|Antanas Vilkutaitis\|lt}} (pen name Keturakis). He graduated in 1883 with a silver medal.<ref name=azub1 /> He received a special government stipend for Lithuanian students (360 [[Russian rubles\|rubles]] annually) and enrolled into the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at [[Moscow University]].<ref name=azub1 /> There, he joined Lithuanian cultural life and became a contributor to ''[[Aušra]]'', the first Lithuanian-language newspaper. In total, he published ten articles in ''Aušra'' in which he criticized the Lithuanian press ban and other [[Russification]] policies implement by the Tsarist regime and provided practical advice to Lithuanian farmers.<ref name=azub1 /> ===Teacher in Riga=== He returned to Lithuania in 1887, but as a Lithuanian Catholic could not obtain a job due to the Russification policies.<ref name=jagmi /> He got a clerical job in [[Łomża]] in Poland and in 1889 moved to [[Riga]] in Latvia. Initially, he was a clerk at the office of the {{ill\|Riga Educational District\|ru\|Рижский учебный округ}}. In 1891, he became math teacher at the [[Riga State Gymnasium No.1\|Riga Gymnasium]] and held this job for almost 25 years until World War I. In 1913–1915, he was also the director of a private girls' gymnasium in Riga.<ref name=azub1 /> In Riga, Mašiotas was active in Lithuanian cultural life. Riga's industrialization provided employment opportunities that attracted increasing numbers of Lithuanians. In 1913, there were more than 35,000 Lithuanians in Riga.<ref name=urbon /> Together with others, he participated in and organized various Lithuanian societies, including the Lithuanian Benefit Society ({{lang\|lt\|Lietuvių pašalpos draugija}}) which organized cultural events to provide assistance to struggling Lithuanians in Riga, Kanklės Society which organized amateur theater performances (established in 1904), and Žvaigždė Society (established in 1906) which established six Lithuanian primary schools and organized evening courses for adults. Mašiotas chaired the Žvaigždė Society for about a decade. He frequently collaborated with {{ill\|Marcelinas Šikšnys\|lt}}, another Lithuanian math teacher at the Riga Gymnasium.<ref name=azub1 /> Mašiotas also participated in cultural and political life in Lithuania. In 1902, he participated in the founding meeting of the [[Lithuanian Democratic Party]] and was elected to its [[central committee]]. During the [[Russian Revolution of 1905]], he attended the [[Great Seimas of Vilnius]].<ref name=krik1 /> In 1905, Mašiotas became a member of the 20-member committee tasked with organizing the [[Lithuanian Scientific Society]] which was officially established in April 1907.<ref name=sesel /> He contributed his ethnographic photographs to the society. Some of his photos were added to the Lithuanian exhibition at the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)\|International Paris Exposition]] in 1900.<ref name=azub1 /> Mašiotas contributed some 70 articles to illegal Lithuanian periodicals (pre-1904) and about 200 articles to the legalized press,<ref name=azub1 /> including ''[[Šviesa]]'', ''[[Vienybė lietuvininkų]]'', ''[[Vilniaus žinios]]'', ''[[Viltis (newspaper)\|Viltis]]'', ''[[Vairas]]'', ''[[Rygos garsas]]''.<ref name=jagmi /> His articles most often discussed education, Lithuanian language, economy, social issues. Due to his efforts, ''[[Lietuvių laikraštis]]'' which was published in [[Saint Petersburg]] in 1904–1906 established a section for children in which Mašiotas published his works and translations.<ref name=azub1 /> He particularly supported ''[[Varpas]]'' and participated in the meetings of its publishers and supporters.<ref name=krik1 /> ===World War I=== At the outbreak of World War I, Mašiotas together with [[Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas]] became representatives of the [[Lithuanian Society for the Relief of War Sufferers]] in Riga.<ref name=krik1 /> In summer 1915, as [[German Army (German Empire)\|German Army]] approached Riga, Mašiotas evacuated to [[Moscow]] and then [[Voronezh]] where he became director of the [[Lithuanian schools in Voronezh\|Lithuanian girls' and boys' gymnasiums]] established by [[Martynas Yčas (politician)\|Martynas Yčas]].<ref name=krik1 /> At the same time, Mašiotas worked on writing math textbooks. Since there was no established or consistent Lithuanian mathematical terminology, three mathematicians (Mašiotas, {{ill\|Marcelinas Šikšnys\|lt}}, {{ill\|Zigmas Žemaitis\|lt}}) and linguist [[Jonas Jablonskis]] worked on standardizing the terminology and compiling a Lithuanian math dictionary.<ref name=jagmi /> Mašiotas also participated in Lithuanian political life in Russia. After the failure of the [[Petrograd Seimas]], the Union of Lithuanian Soldiers asked three men – Mašiotas, Jablonskis, and [[Kazys Grinius]] – to organize the [[Supreme Lithuanian Council in Russia]], a political committee that could represent the Lithuanian nation.<ref name=cepen /> Mašiotas became vice-chairman of the Supreme Lithuanian Council.<ref name=griga /> ===Independent Lithuania=== He returned to Lithuania in 1918 and started working organizing the Lithuanian education system. He joined the education section of the [[Council of Lithuania]] and later worked at the [[Ministry of Education (Lithuania)\|Ministry of Education]] as director of the Higher Education Department and as vice-minister.<ref name=azub1 /> At the same time, he published numerous articles discussing plans for organizing various schools in Lithuania. Due to political disagreements, the post of vice-minister was abolished in 1923 and Mašiotas was given the job as the director of the {{ill\|Vytautas the Great Gymnasium in Klaipėda\|lt\|Klaipėdos Vytauto Didžiojo gimnazija}}. [[Klaipėda Region]] was incorporated as an autonomous region of Lithuania after the [[Klaipėda Revolt]] in January 1923.<ref name=azub1 /> [[File:Pranas Mašiotas with wife and son.jpeg\|thumb\|Mašiotas with his wife Marija and son Donatas around 1930]] Mašiotas retired in 1929 and devoted his time to writing. There are two versions of his retirement – due to disagreements with Klaipėda governor [[Antanas Merkys]]<ref name=azub1 /> or for health reasons (cheek [[neuralgia]] that would get so bad that he could not speak).<ref name=navic /><ref name=krik2 /> His wife Marija typed up his handwritten works while his son Donatas helped to arrange their publication.<ref name=navic /> His articles were published in ''Iliustruota Lietuva'', ''[[Lietuva (daily)\|Lietuva]]'', ''[[Lietuvos aidas]]'', ''[[Lietuvos ūkininkas]]'', ''[[Lietuvos žinios]]'', ''[[Mūsų senovė]]'', ''[[Naujoji Romuva]]'', ''[[Trimitas (magazine)\|Trimitas]]'', etc.<ref name=krik2 /> Mašiotas was awarded the [[Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas]] in 1928 (2nd class) and 1933 (1st class). He received [[honorary doctorate]] from the [[University of Lithuania]] in 1923 and was elected as honorary member of the {{ill\|Society of Lithuanian Writers\|lt\|Lietuvių rašytojų draugija}}.<ref name=azub2 /> One of the streets in Kaunas was named after him in 1934.<ref name=kvb /> ===Death=== Architect [[Vytautas Žemkalnis-Landsbergis]], one of Mašiotas' students in Riga who Mašiotas encouraged to study architecture, designed his private residence in the [[Žaliakalnis]] district of [[Kaunas]] where Mašiotas lived from 1929.<ref name=jagmi /> After the [[Soviet occupation of Lithuania (1940)\|Soviet occupation of Lithuania]] in June 1940, Mašiotas house in Kaunas was confiscated by the [[NKVD]]. He moved in with his son in [[Kačerginė]]. His daughter bibliographer {{ill\|Marija Mašiotaitė-Urbšienė\|lt}} and her husband [[Juozas Urbšys]] were arrested and deported to [[Siberia]] by the Soviets.<ref name=azub2 /> On 14 September 1940, he died at the age of 77. His wake was held at the [[Vytautas the Great War Museum]]; his funeral was a large public event attended by numerous government officials and writers. Speeches were given by [[Antanas Venclova]] and [[Petras Cvirka]], among others.<ref name=tiesa /> He was buried at the Kaunas City Cemetery. When the cemetery was converted to [[Ramybė Park]] in 1959, he was reburied at the [[Petrašiūnai Cemetery]].<ref name=alekn /> ==Works== Mašiotas wrote and published numerous books for children, textbooks for schools, and [[popular science]] books.<ref name=azub2 /> In total, he published about 140 books of which about 30 are original.<ref name=navic /> He also contributed some 600 articles to various Lithuanian periodicals. Because the Lithuania press was illegal before 1904, he used some 50 different pen names and initialisms.<ref name=navic /> ===Children's literature=== Mašiotas is best known as a children's author. He is sometimes referred to as the "father of the Lithuanian children's literature".<ref name=jagmi /><ref name=kvb /> Prior publications for children were religious or clearly [[didactic]] texts. In 1894, Mašiotas published an article in ''[[Varpas]]'' in which he outlined the basic requirements for children's texts – works should have aesthetic, educational, and moral value as well as be written in correct language. These principles were largely adopted by future authors.<ref name=auryl /> His later works and translations focused on educational value (e.g. teaching children about natural phenomena) as opposed to rousing child's creativity or imagination.<ref name=kleme /> His tales were published in several collections – ''My Little Gift'' ({{lang\|lt\|Mano dovanėlė}}, 1st edition in 1913, 5th edition in 1970) and ''Old Man's Tales'' ({{lang\|lt\|Senio pasakos}}, 1st edition in 1917, 4th edition in 1970) are most popular. While the tales promote moral values, they are written without direct moralization.<ref name=arnat /> Several of his books – ''I Too Was Little'' ({{lang\|lt\|Ir aš mažas buvau}}, 1st edition in 1919, 6th edition in 1969), ''Remembering Gymnasium'' ({{lang\|lt\|Gimnaziją atsiminus}}, 1st edition in 1922), ''When Books Were Banned'' ({{lang\|lt\|Kai knygas draudė}}, first edition in 1924, 4th edition in 1993) – are autobiographical stories about the [[Lithuanian National Revival]] and the [[Lithuanian press ban]].<ref name=azub2 /><ref name=arnat /> In 1938, ''I Too Was Little'' was awarded the literary prize of the [[Lithuanian Red Cross]].<ref name=krik2 /> His short stories feature realistic characters and are most often based on rational thought and not emotion. His travel books idealize Lithuania's nature but also include geographical, historical, ethnographic information.<ref name=arnat /> They were aimed at school students in hopes of spurring their interest in their native country and encouraging them to launch their own local studies.<ref name=krik2 /> Mašiotas translated various authors, including [[Daniel Defoe]], [[James Oliver Curwood]], [[Erich Kästner]], [[Hugh Lofting]], [[Karin Michaëlis]], [[Ferenc Molnár]], [[Ernest Thompson Seton]], [[H. G. Wells]], [[Ernst Wichert]], and many others.<ref name=azub2 /> Mašiotas started translating when he taught Lithuanian language on weekends in Riga. As homework, he would assign students to translate Russian or German works and then became interested in this work himself.<ref name=azub2 /> He translated freely, modifying or shortening texts as he saw fit to adapt them to the Lithuanian audience.<ref name=klimk /> ===Textbooks and popular science=== Encouraged by [[Jonas Jablonskis]], Mašiotas wrote his first math textbook in summer 1905.<ref name=azub1 /> It was a [[problem book]] in [[arithmetic]] that was published in two parts in 1906. It became very popular and was republished 14 times (last edition in 1938). In 1919–1921, he published other textbooks on plane [[trigonometry]], history of math, [[algebra]], [[logarithm]].<ref name=azub2 /> He also wrote a textbook on physics (1922) and two textbooks on learning to write (1907 and 1921). The textbook on plane trigonometry was reworked and republished by his son {{ill\|Jonas Mašiotas\|lt\|Jonas Mašiotas (1897)}} in 1938.<ref name=azub2 /> The textbooks were prepared in a hurry to fill the urgent need of Lithuanian-language textbooks. Therefore, their quality suffered.<ref name=azub2 /> Mašiotas also published several popular science books for children, including ''Conversations about Sky and Earth'' ({{lang\|lt\|Pasikalbėjimai apie dangų ir žemę}} in 1901), ''How People Took Over the World'' ({{lang\|lt\|Kaip žmogus žemėje įsigalėjo}} in 1919).<ref name=azub2 /> His ''Science Tales'' ({{lang\|lt\|Mokslo pasakos}}) were first published in 1916 and republished three more times.<ref name=arnat /> It includes eight stories how a teacher instructs shepherds about laws of physics using everyday language and small experiments – i.e. lively dialogues and some semblance of a plot turned textbook lectures into lively easy to understand stories.<ref name=kleme /> ==Legacy== [[File:Kačerginė. Seniūnija.JPG\|thumb\|Fairy Tale Park dedicated to Mašiotas in Kačerginė]] Starting in 1969, Mašiotas' works and translations are republished in the series Little Library of Pranas Mašiotas ({{lang\|lt\|Prano Mašioto knygynėlis}}). On average, in 1969–1979, about 25,000 copies of each book was published.<ref name=klimk /> By 1983, the series had 37 books.<ref name=kvb /> It grew to 50 books by 2009.<ref name=navic /> His daughter Marija published her memoirs about Mašiotas in 1982 (second edition in 1996). Albinas Degutis compiled and published Mašiotas' bibliography (1990) and a collection of his articles, letters, and memoirs about him (2013).<ref name=kvb /> In 2013, on the occasion of his 150th birth anniversary, [[Lietuvos paštas]] issued a commemorative postal stamp in his memory.<ref name=kvb /> Three schools – in [[Kaunas]], [[Vilnius]], and [[Klaipėda]] – and several streets in Lithuania are named in his honor.<ref name=navic /><ref name=kvb /> A memorial stone was erected at the birthplace of Mašiotas in 1990.<ref name=navic /> In 2001, Mašiotas' granddaughter gifted the house in Kačerginė to the town on a condition that it would house a museum dedicated to the Mašiotas family. In 2004, several wood carvers created sculptures for the Fairy Tale Park inspired by Mašiotas that was established around the house.<ref name=sinke /> In 1983, the 120th birth anniversary of Mašiotas, [[Vilnius University]] organized an academic seminar on children's literature in Lithuania. Several similar seminars took place irregularly until an annual seminar named after Mašiotas was established in 1993. It is held in December by the Lithuanian section of the [[International Board on Books for Young People]] (IBBY) and the [[Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania]].<ref name=ibby /> In 2012, IBBY renamed its annual (since 1993) award for the best Lithuanian book for children and adolescents in honor of Mašiotas.<ref name=ibby2 /> ==References== {{Reflist\|30em\| refs =<!-- Please keep the following list-defined references (WP:LDR) in alphabetical order by refname --> <ref name=alekn> {{cite journal \| title = Pasakų senelis iš Novužės krašto \| last = Aleknavičius \| first = Bernardas \| journal = XXI amžius \| date = 14 September 2005 \| volume = 68 \| issue = 1369 \| language = lt \| url = http://www.xxiamzius.lt/numeriai/2005/09/14/atmi_01.html \| issn = 2029-1299 }}</ref> <ref name=anyks> {{cite web\| title = Ona Mašiotienė \| work = Anykštėnų biografijų žinynas \| language = lt \| publisher = Pasaulio anykštėnų bendrija \| url = http://www.anykstenai.lt/asmenys/asm.php?id=229 \| url-status = live \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305032221/http://www.anykstenai.lt/asmenys/asm.php?id=229 \| date = 30 January 2015 \| access-date = 20 April 2017 \| archive-date = 5 March 2016 }}</ref> <ref name=arnat> {{cite encyclopedia\| title = Pranas Mašiotas \| last = Arnatkevičiūtė \| first = Laima \| orig-year = First published 2008 \| encyclopedia = [[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija]] \| publisher = Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras \| lang = lt \| url = https://www.vle.lt/Straipsnis/Pranas-Masiotas-12798 \| date = 16 September 2019 }}</ref> <ref name=auryl> {{cite encyclopedia\| title = lietuvių vaikų literatūra \| last1 = Auryla \| first1 = Vincas \| last2 = Baliutavičiūtė \| first2 = Eglė \| orig-year = First published 2016 \| encyclopedia = [[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija]] \| publisher = Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras \| lang = lt \| url = https://www.vle.lt/Straipsnis/lietuviu-vaiku-literatura-118047 \| date = 21 November 2019 }}</ref> <ref name=azub1> {{cite journal \| title = Pranas Mašiotas – švietėjas, matematikos mokytojas, vadovėlių autorius, vaikų rašytojas (1) \| last = Ažubalis \| first = Algirdas \| journal = Mokslo Lietuva \| date = 5 December 2013 \| volume = 21 \| issue = 509 \| page = 11 \| language = lt \| url = http://mokslolietuva.lt/2014/01/pranas-masiotas-svietejas-matematikos-mokytojas-vadoveliu-autorius-vaiku-rasytojas/ \| issn = 1392-7191 }}</ref> <ref name=azub2> {{cite journal \| title = Pranas Mašiotas – švietėjas, matematikos mokytojas, vadovėlių autorius, vaikų rašytojas (2) \| last = Ažubalis \| first = Algirdas \| journal = Mokslo Lietuva \| date = 23 January 2014 \| volume = 2 \| issue = 512 \| page = 10 \| language = lt \| url = http://mokslolietuva.lt/2014/03/pranas-masiotas-svietejas-matematikos-mokytojas-vadoveliu-autorius-vaiku-rasytojas-2/ \| issn = 1392-7191 }}</ref> <ref name=cepen> {{cite book\| title = Naujųjų laikų Lietuvos istorija \| last = Čepėnas \| first = Pranas \| year = 1986 \| publisher = Dr. Kazio Griniaus Fondas \| location = Chicago \| volume = II \| page = 75 \| oclc = 3220435 }}</ref> <ref name=griga> {{cite journal \| title = Politinė lietuvių veikla Rusijoje 1917 metais \| last = Grigaravičius \| first = Algirdas \| journal = Darbai ir dienos \| year = 2013 \| volume = 60 \| page = 65 \| doi = 10.7220/2335-8769.60.2 \| language = lt \| url = http://etalpykla.lituanistikadb.lt/fedora/objects/LT-LDB-0001:J.04~2013~1396873952349/datastreams/DS.002.0.01.ARTIC/content \| issn = 1392-0588 }}</ref> <ref name=ibby> {{cite web\| title = Prano Mašioto skaitymai \| language = lt \| publisher = Tarptautinės vaikų ir jaunimo literatūros asociacijos (IBBY) Lietuvos skyrius \| url = https://www.ibbylietuva.lt/prano-masioto-skaitymai/ \| access-date = 15 June 2020 }}</ref> <ref name=ibby2> {{cite web\| title = Prano Mašioto premijos skyrimo nuostatai \| language = lt \| publisher = Tarptautinės vaikų ir jaunimo literatūros asociacijos (IBBY) Lietuvos skyrius \| url = https://www.ibbylietuva.lt/content/uploads/2019/12/Prano-Ma%C5%A1ioto-Premija.pdf \| date = 21 October 2019 \| access-date = 15 June 2020 }}</ref> <ref name=jagmi> {{cite web\| title = Rašytojui ir pedagogui Pranui Mašiotui – 150 \| last = Jagminienė \| first = Jūratė \| year = 2013 \| language = lt \| publisher = Lietuvos švietimo istorijos muziejus \| url = https://www.lsim.lt/rasytojui-ir-pedagogui-pranui-masiotui-150/ \| access-date = 27 January 2024 }}</ref> <ref name=kleme> {{cite journal \| title = Prano Mašioto "Mokslo pasakos" \| last = Klementavičienė \| first = Regina \| journal = Rubinaitis \| year = 2013 \| volume = 4 \| issue = 68 \| language = lt \| url = https://rubinaitis.lnb.lt/index.php?713950566 \| issn = 1392-0626 }}</ref> <ref name=klimk> {{cite journal \| title = Kaip vertė Pranas Mašiotas (dviejų klasikos vertimų analizė) \| last = Klimkaitė \| first = Indrė \| journal = Rubinaitis \| year = 2013 \| volume = 4 \| issue = 68 \| language = lt \| url = https://rubinaitis.lnb.lt/index.php?3761182388 \| issn = 1392-0626 }}</ref> <ref name=krik1> {{cite journal \| title = Gyvenęs dėl šviesesnės mūsų ateities. Vaikų rašytojo, kraštotyrininko ir pedagogo Prano Mašioto (1863 12 19 – 1940 09 14) 150-osioms gimimo metinėms (1) \| last = Krikštaponis \| first = Vilmantas \| journal = XXI amžius \| date = 20 December 2013 \| volume = 46 \| issue = 2070 \| language = lt \| url = http://www.xxiamzius.lt/numeriai/2013/12/20/fondasa_12.html \| issn = 2029-1299 }}</ref> <ref name=krik2> {{cite journal \| title = Gyvenęs dėl šviesesnės mūsų ateities. Vaikų rašytojo, kraštotyrininko ir pedagogo Prano Mašioto (1863 12 19 – 1940 09 14) 150-osioms gimimo metinėms (2) \| last = Krikštaponis \| first = Vilmantas \| journal = XXI amžius \| date = 27 December 2013 \| volume = 47 \| issue = 2071 \| language = lt \| url = http://www.xxiamzius.lt/numeriai/2013/12/27/fondasa_11.html \| issn = 2029-1299 }}</ref> <ref name=kvb> {{cite web\| title = Mašiotas Pranas \| work = Žymūs Kauno žmonės: atminimo įamžinimas \| language = lt \| publisher = Kauno apskrities viešoji biblioteka \| url = http://atminimas.kvb.lt/asmenvardis.php?asm=MA%D0IOTAS%20PRANAS \| access-date = 15 June 2020 }}</ref> <ref name=navic> {{cite journal \| title = Pranas Mašiotas \| last = Navickaitė \| first = Rima \| journal = Tarp knygų \| date = November 2013 \| volume = 11 \| issue = 658 \| page = 23 \| language = lt \| url = http://eia.libis.lt/item.php?item=tarp_knygu_2013_11.pdf&type=issue \| issn = 0868-8826 }}</ref> <ref name=sesel> {{cite journal \| title = Lietuvių mokslo draugijai – 100 metų \| last = Seselskytė \| first = Adelė \| journal = Tautosakos darbai \| year = 2006 \| volume = XXXII \| page = 272 \| language = lt \| url = http://www.llti.lt/failai/25%20Sukaktys_03.pdf \| issn = 1392-2831 }}</ref> <ref name=sinke> {{cite journal \| title = Prano Mašioto pasakos atgimsta skulptūrų parke \| last = Sinkevičienė \| first = Lina \| journal = XXI amžius \| date = 22 June 2005 \| volume = 48 \| issue = 1349 \| language = lt \| url = http://www.xxiamzius.lt/numeriai/2005/06/22/kult_04.html \| issn = 2029-1299 }}</ref> <ref name=tiesa> {{cite journal \| title = Iškilmingos Pr. Mašioto laidotuvės \| journal = Tiesa \| date = 17 September 1940 \| volume = 82 \| page = 10 \| language = lt \| url = https://www.epaveldas.lt/recordImageSmall/LNB/C1B0004120390?exId=159263&seqNr=10 \| oclc = 29827508 }}</ref> <ref name=urbon> {{cite encyclopedia\| title = Latvijos lietuviai \| last = Urbonas \| first = Vytas \| orig-year = First published 2018 \| encyclopedia = [[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija]] \| publisher = Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras \| lang = lt \| url = https://www.vle.lt/Straipsnis/Latvijos-lietuviai-120466 \| date = 24 March 2020 }}</ref> }}<!-- Please keep the above list-defined references (WP:LDR) in alphabetical order by refname --> {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Masiotas, Pranas}} [[Category:1863 births]] [[Category:1940 deaths]] [[Category:Burials at Petrašiūnai Cemetery]] [[Category:Heads of schools in Lithuania]] [[Category:Lithuanian children's writers]] [[Category:Lithuanian educators]] [[Category:Lithuanian translators]] [[Category:Moscow State University alumni]] [[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas]] [[Category:Textbook writers]] [[Category:Writers from the Russian Empire]]	1,278,378,179	[{"title": "Pranas Ma\u0161iotas", "data": {"Born": "19 December 1863 \u00b7 P\u016bstelninkai, Suwa\u0142ki Governorate, Russian Empire", "Died": "14 September 1940 (aged 76) \u00b7 Ka\u010dergin\u0117, Lithuanian SSR", "Burial place": "Petra\u0161i\u016bnai Cemetery (reburied)", "Nationality": "Lithuanian", "Alma mater": "Marijampol\u0117 Gymnasium \u00b7 Moscow University", "Occupation(s)": "Children's writer, educator", "Employer(s)": "Riga Gymnasium \u00b7 Ministry of Education", "Spouse": "Marija Jasienskyt\u0117-Ma\u0161iotien\u0117", "Children": "- Marija Ma\u0161iotait\u0117-Urb\u0161ien\u0117 - Jonas Ma\u0161iotas - Donatas Ma\u0161iotas", "Relatives": "Sister-in-law Ona Ma\u0161iotien\u0117 \u00b7 Son-in-law Juozas Urb\u0161ys \u00b7 Brother Jonas Ma\u0161iotas", "Awards": "Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas (1928 and 1933)"}}]	false
# Thorvald Kodransson Thorvald Kodransson the Far Traveller (Old Norse: Þorvaldr Koðránsson inn víðförli) was one of the first Christian missionaries in Iceland and then in Belarus in the late 10th century. He was native to Iceland but went abroad where he was baptized by one Bishop Friedrich (Friðrekr), a German. He returned to the island in Bishop Friedrich's retinue in 981. They were especially active in proselytising among the inhabitants of the northern parts of Iceland. Thorvald allegedly was appointed by the Byzantine emperor to act as ambassador to the lands of the Rus' (Kievan Rus', Russia). He is said to have erected a cathedral or monastery of John the Baptist in the Principality of Polotsk, at the present-day Polotsk, Belarus. ## Sources The account of their attempts at Christianizing Iceland is described in the Kristni saga and the "Story of Thorvald the Far Traveller" (Þorvalds þáttr víðfǫrla). The story (þáttr) constitutes a portion of the Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta, with a shorter recension found in the Flateyjarbók, but accounts given in these sources are considered historically unreliable. The Íslendingabók (Ch. 8) records Bishop Friðrekr arriving, but furnishes no details, nor mention of Thorvald participating. The source texts in print include the 1689 Skálholt edition of Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar, the same king's saga in the Fornmanna sögur series (1825), and Kristni saga appended with the Þáttr Þorvalds ens víðfǫrla edited by Kahle (1905). An abridged English translation of the þáttr, "The Tale of Thorwald the Far-farer" (1905) was published by Vigfússon and Powell. ## Life According to the legend, Thorvald was the unfavored son of Kodran (Koðrán) treated poorly in his upbringing, until a spaeing-woman intervened and persuaded the father that Þorvaldr will be successful man in the future, and to provide him seed money to seek fortune abroad. Þorvaldr joins the viking raids (headed by Danish king Sveinn Forkbeard) but develops an impeccable reputation by using his booty to aid the needy and even captured prisoners. Thorvald eventually meets the Frankish bishop and missionary Frederick (Friedrich, Friðrekr) in Saxony, and learns the German language, after which the clergyman suggests going to Iceland together to convert the folk there. The sagas say that Thorvald participated in the bishop's conversion of his own father Kodran, who sacrificed or gave offerings to a certain spirit embodied in stone. The spirit (referred to as ármaðr in Kristni saga and called a diviner (spámann by Kodran in the Story) benefitted its worshipper by foretelling events, counseling what to do and to avoid, and guarding livestock. Kodran promised to abandon his idol and convert if it could be defeated, and the household spirit capitulated after the bishop pronounced the psalter and repeatedly (3 times) poured holy water on the stone, which seemed to scald him like hot water, and weakening him, causing the stone to split asunder according to the saga. Otherwise, Thorvald had little success with proselytizing mostly in the northerly parts of Iceland during his repatriation, and was subjected to ridicule. The Icelanders taunted Thorvald with níð verses, suggesting he and the bishop had children together. Thorvald was involved in an altercation in which two men were killed in battle, and was expelled from the community. He and the Bishop repaired to Lækjamót where they were headquartered, but a posse was after them. After a 4-year stay there, they left Iceland for good in the year 986. They had reached Norway when Hedin (Heðinn), one of the most vociferous antagonists from Iceland caught up with them, and Thorvald ordered a slave to kill Hedin. The Bishop decided he must part ways with the unforgiving acolyte. According to the sagas, Thorvald later went to Jerusalem, then to Miklagarðr (Constantinople), where he was allegedly conferred by the Byzantine emperor (Basil II) with plenipotentiary ambassadorship over the East-Way (Austurvegr), i.e., over the kings of all of Rusland and Garðaríki (North Russia, or Kingdom of Kiev). He followed the Dnieper route and reached Kænugarðr (Kiev). In the Principality of Polotsk then ruled by Rogvolod (Ragnvald), Thorvald is credited with building a cathedral or monastery dedicated to John the Baptist. He died en route to returning, somewhere in Rus' not far from Pallteskia (Polotsk, Belarus), and was buried in the monastery. A skald named Brandr hinn viðförli ("the Far-Traveller") is quoted as singing that Thorvald's remains lie high on the "Drafni" above St. John's, where Drafni or Dröfn was the high cliff below which this monastery lay. ## Explanatory notes 1. ↑ According to Kahle's annotation to the saga, ármaðr means 'servant' (German: Diener).[17] 2. ↑ In the northeastern part of Víðidalur [is]. North of Víðidalstunga. Angicized as Lœkiameet. ## Footnotes 1. 1 2 3 4 Byock 1990, pp. 139–140; Byock 2001, p. 294 2. 1 2 3 4 Hjálmarsson (2012), p. 29. 3. ↑ Kahle (1905), pp. i–xv, 1–57. 4. ↑ Kahle (1905), pp. xv–xxii, 59–81. Þáttr Þorvalds ens víðfǫrla 5. 1 2 3 4 5 Halldór Hermannsson [in Icelandic] (1908). Bibliography of the Icelandic Sagas and Minor Tales. Islandica 1. Cornell University Library. pp. 119–120. 6. ↑ Vigfússon & Powell (1905), p. 407. 7. ↑ Byock (1990), p. 140 n4. 8. 1 2 Finlay, Alison (2020). "'Þat Þótti illr fundr'. Phallic Aggression in Bjarnar saga Hítdœlakappa". In Evans, Gareth Lloyd; Hancock, Jessica Clare (eds.). Masculinities in Old Norse Literature. Boydell & Brewer. p. 169. ISBN 9781843845621. 9. ↑ Byock (1990), p. 140 n5. 10. 1 2 {McDougall, Ian (1986–1989). "Foreigners and Foreign Languages in Medieval Iceland". Saga-Book of the Viking Society for Northern Research. 22: 18. JSTOR 48612783. 11. ↑ Fornmanna (1825), pp. 255–276. 12. ↑ Kahle (1905), pp. 1–57. 13. ↑ Kahle (1905), pp. 59–81. 14. ↑ Vigfússon & Powell (1905). 15. ↑ Vigfússon & Powell (1905), pp. 407–408. 16. ↑ Vigfússon & Powell (1905), pp. 408–409. 17. ↑ Kahle (1905), pp. 6–7. 18. ↑ þáttr II. 6, Kahle (1905), pp. 65–66. 19. ↑ Vigfússon & Powell (1905), pp. 409–410. 20. ↑ Lecouteux, Claude (2015). Demons and Spirits of the Land: Ancestral Lore and Practices. Simon and Schuster. p. PT150. ISBN 9781620554005. 21. ↑ McKinnell, John; Ashurst, David; Kick, Donata (2006). The Fantastic in Old Norse/Icelandic Literature: Sagas and the British Isles : Preprint Papers of the Thirteenth International Saga Conference, Durham and York, 6th-12th August, 2006. Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Durham University. p. 299. ISBN 9780955333507. 22. ↑ Kahle (1905), p. 7}: "er steinninn brast í sundr". 23. 1 2 Clark, David (2012). Gender, Violence, and the Past in Edda and Saga. Oxford University Press. pp. 133–134. ISBN 9780191636462. 24. ↑ Fornmanna (1825), pp. 273–274; Sephton tr. (1895), p. 186 25. ↑ Fornmanna (1825), pp. 269, 273–274; Sephton tr. (1895), pp. 183, 186–187 26. ↑ Vigfússon & Powell (1905), p. 412: "East-Way [Baltic lands].. sent there by the Kayser as a ruler or officer placed over all the kings in Russian and in all Garth-ric [N. Russia]" 27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Blöndal, Sigfús (2007) [1978]. "9. Some individual Norse and English Varangians and travellers to Byzantium". The Varangians of Byzantium. Translated by Benedict S. Benedikz. Cambridge University Press. pp. 197–198. ISBN 9780521035521. 28. ↑ Biskupa sögur I, 48–49, quoted by Böndal (tr. into English by Benedikz): "[Þorvaldr] held the greatest dignity in the East.. sent by the Emperor.. as a leader or governor over Russia or the Kingdom of Kiev"[27] 29. ↑ {Sverrir Jakobsson [in Icelandic] (2005). "Austurvegsþjóðir og íslensk heimsmynd. Uppgjör við sagnfræðilega goðsögn". Skírnir: tímarit Hins íslenska bókmenntafélags. 179: 100. 30. ↑ Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta 1: 300, apud Jakobsson (2005)[29] 31. 1 2 Jackson, Tatjana N. [in Russian] (2005). "The Relations of the Eastern Baltic Lands with Scandinavia in the Light of Place-Name Study". In Wernicke, Horst, Peter Christen [in German]; Misāns, Ilgvars [in Latvian] (eds.). Riga und der Ostseeraum: von der Gründung 1201 bis in die Frühe Neuzeit. Verlag Herder-Institut. p. 9. ISBN 3879693196. 32. ↑ Biskupa sögur I, 48–49, quoted by Böndal (tr. into English by Benedikz.[27] 33. ↑ Forssman, Julius [in German] (1970). "'Þat Þótti illr fundr'. Phallic Aggression in Bjarnar saga Hítdœlakappa". In Forssman, Bernhard [in German] (ed.). Die Beziehungen altrussischer Fürstengeschlechter zu Westeuropa: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte Ost- und Nordeuropas im Mittelalter (in German). Vol. 1. Herbert Lang. p. 50. 34. ↑ Kahle (1905), pp. 43–44. 35. ↑ Rafn, Carl Christian (1852). "XLV. Kristnisaga". Antiquités russes d'après les monuments historiques des Islandais et des anciens Scandinaves: Extraits des sagas des rois de Norvège. Vol. 2. Finnur Magnússon; Peter Andreas Munch; Jón Sigurðsson; Sveinbjörn Egilsson; Brynjólfur Snorras; Christian Julius de Meza. Copenhagen: De l'imprimerie des frères Berling. pp. 236–237. 36. ↑ Baetke, Walter (1928). Islands Besiedlung und älteste Geschichte (in German). Jena: E. Diederichs. p. 184. 37. ↑ Kristni saga Ch. XIII.iv ,[34] redacted with Latin translation by C. C. Rafn et al.,[35] quoted in German translation by Baetke.[36] 38. ↑ Kahle (1905), p. 43 remarks that the location of Drafni is unknown, and the cliff is spelt Dröfn (Drǫfn) in the Þáttr. ### Editions and translations - Hiđ norræna fornfræđa fèlag, ed. (1825). "Fra thorvaldi Kodranssyni K. 130–138". Saga Ólafs konúngs Tryggvasonar. Fornmanna sögur. Vol. 1. Popp. pp. 255–276. - Kahle, Bernhard [in German], ed. (1905). Kristnisaga: Þáttr Þorvalds ens víðfǫrla. Þáttr Ísleifs Biskus Gizurarsonar Hungrvaka. Halle a. S.: Max Niemeyer. - Oddr Snorrason (1895). "The early life of Thorwald the Far-traveller, son of Kodran". The Saga of King Olaf Tryggwason who Reigned Over Norway A.D. 995 to A.D. 1000. Translated by John Sephton. D. Nutt. pp. 174–188. - Vigfússon, Guðbrandur; Powell, Frederick York, eds. (1905). "The Tale of Thorwald the Far-farer". Origines Islandicae. Vol. 1. Clarendon Press. pp. 407–412. ### Secondary sources - Byock, Jesse L. (1990) [1988]. Medieval Iceland: Society, Sagas, and Power. University of California Press. pp. 139–140. ISBN 9780520069541. - Byock, Jesse (2001). Viking Age Iceland. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-029115-5. - Hjálmarsson, Jón R. (2012). History of Iceland: From the Settlement to the Present Day. FORLAGIĐ. ISBN 978-9979-53-513-3.	enwiki/40071794	enwiki	40,071,794	Thorvald Kodransson	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorvald_Kodransson	2025-02-04T18:44:32Z	en	Q577741	135,353	{{Short description\|Icelandic skald and Christian missionary of the 10th century}} [[File:Bishop Fridrik memorial 2.jpg\|thumb\|right\|220px\|Monument to Bishop Friðrik and Þorvaldur and Friðrekr. Iceland.]] '''Thorvald Kodransson the Far Traveller''' ({{Langx\|non\|'''Þorvaldr Koðránsson inn víðförli'''}}) was one of the first Christian missionaries in [[Iceland]] and then in [[Belarus]] in the late 10th century. He was native to Iceland but went abroad where he was baptized by one Bishop Friedrich (Friðrekr), a German.<ref name="byock"/> He returned to the island in Bishop Friedrich's retinue in 981.{{sfnp\|Hjálmarsson\|2012\|p=29}} They were especially active in [[Proselytism\|proselytising]] among the inhabitants of the northern parts of Iceland.{{sfnp\|Hjálmarsson\|2012\|p=29}} Thorvald allegedly was appointed by the [[Byzantine emperor]] to act as ambassador to the lands of the [[Rus' people\|Rus']] ([[Kievan Rus']], Russia). He is said to have erected a cathedral or monastery of [[John the Baptist]] in the [[Principality of Polotsk]], at the present-day [[Polotsk]], [[Belarus]]. == Sources == The account of their attempts at Christianizing Iceland is described in the ''[[Kristni saga]]''{{sfnp\|Kahle\|1905\|pp=i–xv, 1–57}} and the "{{interlanguage link\|Story of Thorvald the Far Traveller\|no\|Tåtten om Torvald den vidfarne}}" ({{lang\|non\|Þorvalds þáttr víðfǫrla}}).<ref>{{harvp\|Kahle\|1905\|pp=xv–xxii, 59–81}}. ''Þáttr Þorvalds ens víðfǫrla''</ref> The story ([[þáttr]]) constitutes a portion of the ''[[Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta]]'', with a shorter recension found in the ''[[Flateyjarbók]]'',<ref name="halldor-bibl1908"/>{{sfnp\|Vigfússon\|Powell\|1905\|p=407}} but accounts given in these sources are considered historically unreliable.{{sfnp\|Byock\|1990\|loc=p. 140 n4}}<ref name="finlay2000"/> The ''[[Íslendingabók]]'' (Ch. 8) records Bishop Friðrekr arriving, but furnishes no details, nor mention of Thorvald participating.{{sfnp\|Byock\|1990\|loc=p. 140 n5}}<ref name="mcdougall1989"/> The source texts in print include the 1689 Skálholt edition of ''Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar'',<ref name="halldor-bibl1908"/> the same king's saga in the {{interlanguage link\|Fornmanna sögur\|is\|lt=''Fornmanna sögur''}} series (1825),{{sfnp\|Fornmanna\|1825\|pp=255–276}}<ref name="halldor-bibl1908"/> and ''Kristni saga''{{sfnp\|Kahle\|1905\|pp=1–57}} appended with the ''{{lang\|non\|Þáttr Þorvalds ens víðfǫrla}}''{{sfnp\|Kahle\|1905\|pp=59–81}} edited by {{interlanguage link\|Bernhard Kahle\|de\|lt=Kahle}} (1905).<ref name="halldor-bibl1908"/> An abridged English translation of the ''[[þáttr]]'', "The Tale of Thorwald the Far-farer" (1905) was published by [[Guðbrandur Vigfússon\|Vigfússon]] and [[Frederick York Powell\|Powell]].{{sfnp\|Vigfússon\|Powell\|1905}}<ref name="halldor-bibl1908"/> ==Life== According to the legend, Thorvald was the unfavored son of Kodran ({{lang\|non\|Koðrán}}) treated poorly in his upbringing, until a [[fortune-telling\|spaeing]]-woman intervened and persuaded the father that Þorvaldr will be successful man in the future, and to provide him seed money to seek fortune abroad. Þorvaldr joins the [[viking raids]] (headed by Danish king [[Sweyn Forkbeard\|Sveinn Forkbeard]]) but develops an impeccable reputation by using his booty to aid the needy and even captured prisoners.{{sfnp\|Vigfússon\|Powell\|1905\|pp=407–408}} Thorvald eventually meets the Frankish bishop and missionary Frederick (Friedrich, Friðrekr) in Saxony, and learns the German language, after which the clergyman suggests going to Iceland together to convert the folk there.{{sfnp\|Vigfússon\|Powell\|1905\|pp=408–409}}<ref name="mcdougall1989"/> The sagas say that Thorvald participated in the bishop's conversion of his own father Kodran, who sacrificed or gave offerings to a certain spirit embodied in stone. The spirit (referred to as {{lang\|non\|ármaðr}} in ''Kristni saga''{{Refn\|group="lower-alpha"\|According to Kahle's annotation to the saga, ''ármaðr'' means 'servant' ({{langx\|de\|Diener}}).{{sfnp\|Kahle\|1905\|pp=6–7}}}} and called a [[prophet\|diviner]] ({{lang\|non\|spámann}} by Kodran in the Story<ref>þáttr II. 6, {{harvp\|Kahle\|1905\|pp=65–66}}.</ref>) benefitted its worshipper by foretelling events, counseling what to do and to avoid, and guarding livestock. Kodran promised to abandon his idol and convert if it could be defeated, and the [[household spirit]] capitulated after the bishop pronounced the [[psalter]] and repeatedly (3 times) poured [[holy water]] on the stone, which seemed to scald him like hot water, and weakening him,{{sfnp\|Vigfússon\|Powell\|1905\|pp=409–410}}<ref name="lecouteux2015"/><ref name="mckinnel&ashurst&kick2006"/> causing the stone to split asunder according to the saga.<ref>{{harvp\|Kahle\|1905\|p=7}}}: "er steinninn brast í sundr".</ref> Otherwise, Thorvald had little success with proselytizing mostly in the northerly parts of Iceland during his repatriation, and was subjected to ridicule.{{sfnp\|Hjálmarsson\|2012\|p=29}}<ref name="byock"/> The Icelanders taunted Thorvald with ''[[níð]]'' verses, suggesting he and the bishop had children together.<ref name="finlay2000"/><ref name="clark2012"/> Thorvald was involved in an altercation in which two men were killed in battle, and was expelled from the community.<ref name="byock"/> He and the Bishop repaired to Lækjamót{{efn\|In the northeastern part of {{interlanguage link\|Víðidalur (Húnaþingi)\|is\|lt=Víðidalur}}. North of [[Víðidalstunga]]. Angicized as Lœkiameet.}} where they were headquartered, but a {{linktext\|posse}} was after them. After a 4-year stay there, they left Iceland for good in the year 986.<ref>{{harvp\|Fornmanna\|1825\|pp=273–274}}; {{harvp\|Sephton tr.\|1895\|p=186}}</ref><ref name="byock">{{harvnb\|Byock\|1990\|pp=139–140}}; {{harvnb\|Byock\|2001\|p=294}}</ref>{{sfnp\|Hjálmarsson\|2012\|p=29}} They had reached Norway when Hedin (Heðinn), one of the most vociferous antagonists from Iceland caught up with them, and Thorvald ordered a slave to kill Hedin. The Bishop decided he must part ways with the unforgiving acolyte.<ref>{{harvp\|Fornmanna\|1825\|pp=269, 273–274}}; {{harvp\|Sephton tr.\|1895\|pp=183, 186-187}}</ref><ref name="clark2012"/> [[File:Rahvałod_Połacki_i_Rahnieda_(silver_coin,_reverse).gif\|thumb\|150px\|[[Rogvolod]] and [[Rogneda of Polotsk\|Rogneda]] ]] According to the sagas, Thorvald later went to [[Jerusalem]], then to Miklagarðr ([[Constantinople]]), where he was allegedly conferred by the Byzantine emperor ([[Basil II]]) with [[plenipotentiary]] [[ambassadorship]] over the East-Way ({{lang\|non\|Austurvegr}}), i.e., over the kings of all of Rusland and [[Garðaríki]] (North Russia, or [[Kievan Rus'\|Kingdom of Kiev]]).<ref>{{harvp\|Vigfússon\|Powell\|1905\|p=412}}: "East-Way [Baltic lands].. sent there by the Kayser as a ruler or officer placed over all the kings in Russian and in all Garth-ric [N. Russia]"</ref>{{Refn\|''Biskupa sögur'' I, 48–49, quoted by Böndal (tr. into English by Benedikz): "[Þorvaldr] held the greatest dignity in the East.. sent by the Emperor.. as a leader or governor over Russia or the Kingdom of Kiev"<ref name="blondal1978"/>}}{{Refn\|''Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta'' '''1''': 300, apud Jakobsson (2005)<ref name="jakobsson2005"/>}} He followed the [[Dnieper]] route and reached Kænugarðr (Kiev).<ref name="blondal1978"/><ref name="jackson2005"/> In the [[Principality of Polotsk]] then ruled by [[Rogvolod]] (Ragnvald), Thorvald is credited with building a cathedral or monastery dedicated to [[John the Baptist]].{{Refn\|''Biskupa sögur'' I, 48–49, quoted by Böndal (tr. into English by Benedikz.<ref name="blondal1978"/>}}<ref name="forssman1970"/> He died en route to returning, somewhere in Rus' not far from Pallteskia ([[Polotsk]], Belarus),<ref name="blondal1978"/><ref name="jackson2005"/> and was buried in the monastery.<ref name="blondal1978"/> A [[skald]] named Brandr hinn viðförli ("the Far-Traveller") is quoted as singing that Thorvald's [[corpse\|remains]] lie high on the "Drafni" above St. John's,{{Refn\|''Kristni saga'' Ch. XIII.iv ,{{sfnp\|Kahle\|1905\|pp=43–44}} redacted with Latin translation by C. C. Rafn et al.,<ref name="rafn1852"/> quoted in German translation by Baetke.<ref name="baetke1928"/>}} where Drafni or Dröfn was the high cliff below which this monastery lay.<ref name="blondal1978"/><ref>{{harvp\|Kahle\|1905\|p=43}} remarks that the location of Drafni is unknown, and the cliff is spelt {{lang\|non\|Dröfn (Drǫfn)}} in the ''Þáttr''.</ref> ==See also== [[Christianisation of Iceland]] [[Stefnir Thorgilsson]] [[Thangbrand]] == Explanatory notes == {{notelist}} ==Footnotes== {{reflist\|2\|refs= <ref name="baetke1928">{{cite book\|last=Baetke \|first=Walter \|author-link=Walter Baetke \|title=Islands Besiedlung und älteste Geschichte \|location=Jena \|publisher=E. Diederichs \|date=1928 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20oTAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA184 \|page=184 \|language=de}}</ref> <ref name="blondal1978">{{cite book\|last=Blöndal \|first=Sigfús \|author-link=Sigfús Blöndal \|others=Translated by Benedict S. Benedikz \|chapter=9. Some individual Norse and English Varangians and travellers to Byzantium \|title=The Varangians of Byzantium \|location= \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|date=2007 \|orig-date=1978 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vFRug14ui7gC&pg=PA198 \|pages=197–198 \|isbn=<!--052103552X, -->9780521035521}}</ref> <ref name="clark2012">{{Cite book\|last=Clark \|first=David \|author-link=<!--David Clark--> \|title=Gender, Violence, and the Past in Edda and Saga \|location= \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|date=2012 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EfVQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA134 \|pages=133–134 \|isbn=<!--0191636460, -->9780191636462}}</ref> <ref name="finlay2000">{{cite book\|last=Finlay \|first=Alison \|author-link=<!--Alison Finlay--> \|chapter='Þat Þótti illr fundr'. Phallic Aggression in Bjarnar saga Hítdœlakappa \|editor1-last=Evans \|editor1-first=Gareth Lloyd \|editor1-link=<!--Gareth Lloyd Evans--> \|editor2-last=Hancock \|editor2-first=Jessica Clare \|editor2-link=<!--Jessica Clare Hancock--> \|title=Masculinities in Old Norse Literature \|location= \|publisher=Boydell & Brewer \|date=2020 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zgg7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA169 \|page=169<!--167–182--> \|isbn=<!--1843845628, -->9781843845621}}</ref> <ref name="forssman1970">{{cite book\|last=Forssman \|first=Julius \|author-link=:de:Julius Forssman \|chapter='Þat Þótti illr fundr'. Phallic Aggression in Bjarnar saga Hítdœlakappa \|editor-last=Forssman \|editor-first=Bernhard \|editor-link=:de:Bernhard Forssman \|title=Die Beziehungen altrussischer Fürstengeschlechter zu Westeuropa: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte Ost- und Nordeuropas im Mittelalter \|volume=1 \|location= \|publisher=Herbert Lang \|date=1970 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdAht5bBF1EC&q=Rogvolod \|page=50 \|language=de}}</ref> <ref name="halldor-bibl1908">{{cite book\|author=Halldór Hermannsson \|author-link=:is:Halldór Hermannsson \|title=Bibliography of the Icelandic Sagas and Minor Tales \|publisher=Cornell University Library \|date=1908 \|series=Islandica 1 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAtFAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA120 \|pages=119–120}}</ref> <ref name="jackson2005">{{cite book\|last=Jackson \|first=Tatjana N. \|author-link=:ru:Джаксон, Татьяна Николаевна \|chapter=The Relations of the Eastern Baltic Lands with Scandinavia in the Light of Place-Name Study \|editor1-last=Wernicke, Horst\|editor1-first=Peter Christen \|editor1-link=:de:Horst Wernicke \|editor2-last=Misāns \|editor2-first=Ilgvars \|editor2-link=:lv:Ilgvars Misāns \|title=Riga und der Ostseeraum: von der Gründung 1201 bis in die Frühe Neuzeit \|publisher=Verlag Herder-Institut \|date=2005\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vAVpAAAAMAAJ&dq=%C3%9Eorvaldr \|page=9<!--1–9-->\|isbn=3879693196<!--, 9783879693191-->}}</ref> <ref name="jakobsson2005">{{{cite journal\|author=Sverrir Jakobsson \|author-link=:is:Sverrir Jakobsson \|title= Austurvegsþjóðir og íslensk heimsmynd. Uppgjör við sagnfræðilega goðsögn \|journal=Skírnir: tímarit Hins íslenska bókmenntafélags \|volume=179 \|date=2005 \|url=https://timarit.is/page/7224898#page/n101/mode/2up \|page=100<!--81–108--> \|doi= \|jstor=}}<!--https://books.google.com/books?id=-q4tAQAAIAAJ&q=Þorvaldr--></ref> <ref name="lecouteux2015">{{cite book\|last=Lecouteux \|first=Claude \|author-link=Claude Lecouteux \|title=Demons and Spirits of the Land: Ancestral Lore and Practices \|publisher=Simon and Schuster \|date=2015 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SmAoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT150 \|page=PT150 \|isbn=<!--1620554003, -->9781620554005}}</ref> <ref name="mckinnel&ashurst&kick2006">{{cite book\|last1=McKinnell \|first1=John \|author1-link=<!--John McKinnell--> \|last2=Ashurst \|first2=David \|author2-link=<!--David Ashurst--> \|last3=Kick\|first3=Donata \|author3-link=<!--Donata Kick-->\|title=The Fantastic in Old Norse/Icelandic Literature: Sagas and the British Isles : Preprint Papers of the Thirteenth International Saga Conference, Durham and York, 6th-12th August, 2006 \|publisher=Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Durham University \|date=2006 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSriAAAAMAAJ&q=nisse \|page=299\|isbn=<!--0955333504, -->9780955333507}}</ref> <ref name="mcdougall1989">{{{cite journal\|last=McDougall \|first=Ian \|author-link=<!--Ian McDougall--> \|title=Foreigners and Foreign Languages in Medieval Iceland \|journal=Saga-Book of the Viking Society for Northern Research\|volume=22 \|date=1986–1989\|url= \|page=18<!--180–233--> \|doi= \|jstor=48612783}}</ref> <ref name="rafn1852">{{cite book\|last=Rafn \|first=Carl Christian \|author-link=Carl Christian Rafn \|others=[[Finnur Magnússon]]; [[Peter Andreas Munch]]; [[Jón Sigurðsson]]; [[Sveinbjörn Egilsson]]; Brynjólfur Snorras; [[Christian Julius de Meza]] \|chapter=XLV. Kristnisaga \|title=Antiquités russes d'après les monuments historiques des Islandais et des anciens Scandinaves: Extraits des sagas des rois de Norvège.. \|volume=2 \|location=Copenhagen \|publisher=De l'imprimerie des frères Berling \|date=1852\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHlPAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA236 \|pages=236–237}}</ref> }} ==References== ===Editions and translations=== {{refbegin}} {{cite book\|ref={{SfnRef\|Fornmanna\|1825}}\|editor=Hiđ norræna fornfræđa fèlag \|chapter= Fra thorvaldi Kodranssyni K. 130–138 \|title=Saga Ólafs konúngs Tryggvasonar \|volume=1 \|publisher=Popp \|year=1825 \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AlRSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA255 \|pages=255–276 \|series=Fornmanna sögur}} * {{cite book\|editor-last=Kahle \|editor-first=Bernhard \|editor1-link=:de:Bernhard Kahle \|title=Kristnisaga: Þáttr Þorvalds ens víðfǫrla. Þáttr Ísleifs Biskus Gizurarsonar Hungrvaka \|location=Halle a. S. \|publisher=Max Niemeyer \|year=1905 \|url=https://archive.org/details/thattrthorcalds00kahluoft/thattrthorcalds00kahluoft/page/n3/mode/2up \|pages=}} * {{cite book\|ref={{SfnRef\|Sephton tr.\|1895}} \|author=Oddr Snorrason \|author-link=Oddr Snorrason \|others=Translated by John Sephton \|chapter=The early life of Thorwald the Far-traveller, son of Kodran \|title=The Saga of King Olaf Tryggwason who Reigned Over Norway A.D. 995 to A.D. 1000 \|publisher=D. Nutt \|year=1895\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWxIAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA174\|pages=174–188}} * {{cite book\|ref=<!--{{SfnRef\|Vigfússon\|Powell\|1905}}--> \|editor1-last=Vigfússon \|editor1-first=Guðbrandur \|editor1-link=Guðbrandur Vigfússon \|editor2-last=Powell \|editor2-first=Frederick York \|editor2-link=Frederick York Powell \|chapter=The Tale of Thorwald the Far-farer \|title=Origines Islandicae \|volume=1 \|publisher=Clarendon Press \|year=1905 \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGtIAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA407 \|pages=407–412}} {{refend}} ===Secondary sources=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book\|last=Byock\|first=Jesse L. \|author-link=Jesse Byock \|title=Medieval Iceland: Society, Sagas, and Power \|publisher=University of California Press \|date=1990 \|orig-date=1988 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4S6Bnw3HnkC&pg=PA140 \|pages=139–140 \|isbn=<!--0520069544, -->9780520069541}} {{cite book \|last=Byock \|first=Jesse \|author-link=Jesse Byock \|year=2001 \|title=Viking Age Iceland \|publisher=Penguin Books \|isbn=978-0-14-029115-5 \|url-access=registration \|url=https://archive.org/details/vikingageiceland00byoc }} {{cite book \|last=Hjálmarsson \|first=Jón R. \|author-link=<!--Jón R. Hjálmarsson--> \|year=2012 \|title=History of Iceland: From the Settlement to the Present Day \|publisher=FORLAGIĐ \|isbn=978-9979-53-513-3}} {{refend}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Thorvald Konradsson}} [[Category:Christian missionaries in Iceland]] [[Category:Icelandic missionaries]]	1,273,949,267	[]	false
# No. 486 Squadron RNZAF No. 486 (NZ) Squadron was a fighter squadron established for service during the Second World War. It was a New Zealand squadron formed under Article XV of the Empire Air Training Plan. Although many of its flying personnel were largely drawn from the Royal New Zealand Air Force, the squadron served in Europe under the operational and administrative command of the Royal Air Force. Formed in March 1942 and equipped with Hawker Hurricane fighters, No. 486 Squadron became operational late the following month, initially flying patrols protecting convoys making their way through the North Sea. Although trained in a night fighting role it soon became a day fighter squadron, operating Hawker Typhoon fighters. From late 1942 to early 1943, it was tasked with intercepting incoming raids mounted by Luftwaffe fighter bombers. It was then switched to offensive operations, escorting bombers attacking targets in France and then flying in a fighter bomber role. In early 1944 the squadron re-equipped with the Hawker Tempest. In the run up to D-Day, it attacked numerous military targets in France and the Low Countries. For several weeks following D-Day, it was called upon to deal with incoming V-1 flying bombs launched at England by the Germans. It began operating from the continent in September, supporting the operations of the advancing Allied ground forces as they advanced in France, and then into Belgium, Holland and Germany itself. After the war it briefly served in Denmark and on occupation duties in Germany. It was disbanded in October 1945. ## Background In the mid-1930s, the Royal Air Force (RAF) was in the process of expanding and required an increasing number of suitable flying personnel. A number of schemes were implemented for New Zealanders to obtain short-service commissions in the RAF with the intention of then transferring to the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) in the future. This led to over 500 New Zealanders serving in the RAF by the time of the outbreak of the Second World War. At around the same time there was discussion between the governments of Britain, Australia, Canada and New Zealand to facilitate the co-ordination of training of air crew in the event of hostilities. This led to the implementation of the Empire Air Training Scheme (ETAS) in December 1939. Under this agreement, New Zealand committed to initially supply 880 full trained pilots for the RAF, with another 520 pilots being trained to an elementary standard annually. As each of the Dominion governments desired its personnel to serve together, the ETAS had a clause, Article XV, that allowed for the establishment of squadrons with personnel from the respective countries. In theory, the Dominions would supply the ground crew as well as flying personnel. However, in New Zealand's case, there was a reluctance to maintain RNZAF squadrons in Britain so the decision was made to allow for the formation of squadrons within the RAF designated as being New Zealand. These squadrons, known as Article XV squadrons, were formed around a cadre of New Zealand flying personnel already serving in the RAF but supplemented by newly trained pilots from the RNZAF, with administrative and ground crew being predominantly British. ## Formation No. 486 Squadron was formed on 3 March 1942 at RAF Kirton in Lindsey, Lincolnshire, and was the second New Zealand squadron in Fighter Command. The squadron's motto, in Māori, the indigenous language of New Zealand, was Hiwa hau Maka, or Beware of the Wild Winds in English. A kea volant was selected as its badge. The squadron's first commanding officer, Squadron Leader C. L. Roberts, was British, while his two flight commanders, Flight Lieutenants John Clouston and Harvey Sweetman, along with all of the squadron's other flying personnel, were New Zealanders. By the end of March, the squadron was at its full complement of 25 pilots. Allocated the code letters SA, it was initially equipped with Hawker Hurricane IIs and trained in a night fighting role. It soon moved to Wittering where it was tasked with working in conjunction with No. 1453 Flight. This involved radar-equipped but unarmed Turbinlite aircraft, Douglas A-20 Havoc medium bombers with a searchlight in the nose, locating and illuminating enemy aircraft at which point an accompanying Hurricane could make the attack. These experimental trials with No. 1453 Flight were not particularly successful and were soon abandoned. The squadron also carried out convoy patrols and its first operational flight, made on 27 April by Sweetman and Pilot Officer Arthur Umbers, was in this capacity. Sweetman was responsible for the squadron's first aerial victory, when he shot down a Dornier Do 17 medium bomber near Peterborough one night in early July. ## Channel Front ### 1942 In late July, the squadron began re-equipping with Hawker Typhoons, in anticipation of switching to a role as a day fighter unit. It moved to the south of England in late August, settling first at North Weald and then West Malling, before a shift to Tangmere in October from where it would operate for over a year. In September, No. 486 Squadron began flying standing patrols, meant to counter incoming Focke-Wulf Fw 190 and Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter bombers that flew at high speed, and very low altitude, to avoid being detected by radar, to make sneak attacks on targets along the coastline of England. The squadron's patrol area extended from the Isle of Wight to Shoreham, near Brighton. On 17 October the squadron achieved its first success in its new role, when two of its pilots intercepted two Fw 190s and managed to shoot one of them down into the sea. It then went several weeks without a successful interception but once low level radar stations had been established along the coast in early December, earlier detection of incoming Luftwaffe raids was possible. The squadron's interception rates improved and on 17 December, two Bf 109s were shot down. At least five more German aircraft were destroyed by the end of the year. ### 1943 The patrols over the South coast against the Luftwaffe's raids continued into early 1943 and by April, the squadron had achieved 11½ aerial victories, mostly fighter-bombers but also the odd Dornier Do 217 bomber engaged in mine laying missions. The need for standing patrols began to decline as the effectiveness of the RAF's early detection of incoming raids increased, and instead sections of aircraft were kept on standby, ready to take off as soon as notice was received of approaching German aircraft. By the middle of the year, Luftwaffe resources did not permit the ongoing sneak attacks as its focus shifted to intercepting the increasing Allied bombing raids on Germany. Consequently, No. 486 Squadron switched to an offensive role, the transition in tactics was overseen by Squadron Leader Desmond Scott, who had taken command of the squadron from Roberts in April. The squadron initially flew as escorts to bombers and fighter bombers carrying out daylight bombing missions on targets in France and the Low Countries. By the middle of the year, it was itself operating in a fighter bomber role, attacking targets in Caen, Abbeville, Triqueville, Boulogne, Cherbourg and Le Havre. It also attacked shipping along the French coastline. During this time, the first Distinguished Flying Cross to be received by personnel flying with No. 486 Squadron was awarded: the recipient was Flying Officer Frank Murphy, who was credited with 4 aerial victories. In September, No. 486 Squadron became part of the Tangmere Typhoon Wing. The squadron was now led by Squadron Leader Ian Waddy, who had originally joined the squadron as a flight sergeant, as Scott had been promoted to wing commander and given command of the Typhoon Wing. As part of the Typhoon Wing, the operations of the squadron continued mostly unchanged; it either flew in a fighter bomber role, escorted by the other two squadrons of the wing, or did escort duty itself. In some instances, the entire wing flew as fighter escort to medium or heavy bombers attacking targets in France. It also flew the occasional aerial search and rescue mission and on one of these, the rescued crew presented the squadron with the centre board of their life boat. This was subsequently used as the squadron's scoreboard. ## Operations against V-1 flying bombs Coinciding with the appointment of Squadron Leader John Iremonger as its commander, No. 486 Squadron began re-equipping with the new Hawker Tempest in January 1944. However, before it reached its full complement, the Tempests were subsequently transferred to No. 3 Squadron and the New Zealanders continued to operate their Typhoons. At this time, it was tasked with attacking the launching sites of the new V-1 flying bombs in northern France, as well seeking out German aircraft and their airfields. In April it began receiving Tempests again and by 1 May was operational with its new aircraft. At this time, the squadron became part of No. 150 Wing, along with Nos. 3 and 56 Squadrons, under the command of Wing Commander Roland Beamont. Writing about the New Zealanders under his command, Beamont described them as: "...an exuberant bunch of New Zealanders with a brilliant record on Typhoons and a rather casual approach (as I was soon to find out) to King's Regulations and Air Council instructions – and to "Pommy Bastard" wing leaders!" Flying with No. 150 Wing as part of the Allied Expeditionary Air Force, the squadron carried out attacks on transportation infrastructure in northern France, as well as on shipping along the coastline. In the five weeks prior to the Allied invasion of Normandy, it flew 208 sorties. However, when the Germans started launching V-1 flying bombs at England, beginning on the night of 12–13 June, the squadron was tasked to deal with the threat as the Tempest was the fastest fighter plane available to the RAF. Along with No. 3 Squadron, also equipped with Tempests, it operated from Newchurch, a steel mesh field near Folkestone. Conditions were primitive, with personnel living in tents. By the end of August, No. 486 Squadron claimed 223½ V-1 flying bombs as destroyed, the second highest number of any unit. The most successful of the squadron's pilots were Owen Eagleson and Raymond Cammock who both accounted for 20 V-1s each. Eagleson also shared another 3 destroyed V-1s with other pilots. However, three pilots were killed during the squadron's campaign against the V-1s. ## Service with the Second Tactical Air Force In late September, with the V-1 threat over, No. 150 Wing was re-designated as No. 122 Tempest Wing, and was attached to the Second Tactical Air Force. It now began operating from airfields in France as the Allied ground forces moved through Belgium and Holland, the wing provided aerial support and cover. Umbers, who was a founding member of the squadron and served with it until he was posted away in September 1943, returned on 11 December to take command of his former unit. At the time, it was flying from the Volkel airfield in Holland. On 25 December, two of its pilots, Jack Stafford and Duff Bremner, shared in the destruction of a Messerschmitt Me 262 fighter jet. Normally the jet fighter would outpace the Tempests but Stafford and Bremner made a head-on engagement rather than attempt a chase. The Me 262 was damaged and, slowing down, was finished off by the duo and crashed near Aachen. Poor weather affected operations for the first weeks of 1945 but No. 486 Squadron soon began flying well into Germany to attack transportation infrastructure and seek out targets of opportunity. Umbers was killed on 14 February while attacking barges on the Dortmund-Ems Canal, near Meppen. His Tempest was hit by flak, rolled out of control into the ground and exploded. He was replaced by one of the squadron's flight leaders, Keith Taylor-Cannon. The squadron switched tactics in March; casualties in No. 122 Wing's operations against ground targets had been high and it was decided that the Tempests would now carry out wide-ranging sweeps, hunting out the Luftwaffe. No. 486 Squadron flew in support of the crossing of the Rhine on 23 March, dealing with anti-aircraft guns that were firing upon the Allied gliders involved in the operation. From 10 April, the squadron began moving to an airfield near Hopsten, within Germany itself. It became operational from there on 12 April and the following day its commander, Taylor-Cannon, went missing. It has been speculated that, seen to have bailed out of his stricken aircraft, he was murdered by the German troops that he had been strafing. Alternative reports had Taylor-Cannon dying of wounds in hospital. Postwar investigations were unable to locate his grave. With Taylor-Cannon missing, Flight Lieutenant Warren Schrader took over command in an acting capacity before being promoted to squadron leader and confirmed in his appointment on 21 April. However, Schrader, who had been one of the most successful fighter pilots in the preceding few weeks having destroyed a number of German aircraft during this time, was soon given command of No. 616 Squadron, the first in the RAF to be equipped with the Gloster Meteor jet fighter. He was succeeded by the squadron's final commander, Jim Sheddan, on 1 May. The final sortie of the war for No. 486 Squadron was carried out a few days later, on 5 May, and involved several Tempests escorting a Douglas Dakota DC-3 to Copenhagen. Soon after the war ended, No. 486 Squadron left No. 122 Wing and moved to Kastrup in Denmark. This was considered to be a "perk job" and the personnel of 486 were given an opportunity to unwind and relax, with each pilot being expected to log four hours of Tempest flying per month. On 1 July 1945 the squadron took part in an air display and airfield open day which was attended by the Danish royal family and some 300,000 Danes. One of the attractions was the strafing and sinking of old Luftwaffe Blohm und Voss Bv 138 flying boats anchored in Øresund strait. No. 486 Squadron remained in Denmark until July when it went back to Germany, stationed at Lübeck as part of No. 124 Wing, an element of the British Occupation Force. It returned to the United Kingdom in September and its service ended on 12 October 1945 with the disbandment of the squadron at Dunsfold. ## Operational summary No. 486 Squadron flew over 11,000 sorties and claimed 81 enemy aircraft as destroyed, another 5 probably destroyed and 22 damaged. Although squadron pilots claimed 241 V-1s as destroyed, RAF authorities reduced this to 223½; in spite of this the individual pilot's scores remained unaltered, as did the squadron scoreboard. When operating against ground or sea targets, it was responsible for the destruction of 323 motor vehicles, 14 railway engines and 16 ships. While flying Typhoons, No. 486 Squadron claimed 22⅓ enemy aircraft as destroyed. Following the switch to Tempests, it claimed 59½ enemy aircraft shot down; it was the most successful of the squadrons flying the Tempest. No. 56 Squadron was second with 59¼. Pilots serving with the squadron were awarded a Distinguished Service Order, 22 Distinguished Flying Crosses and six Mentioned in Dispatches. ## Commanding officers The following served as commanding officers of No. 486 Squadron: - Squadron Leader C. L. C. Roberts (March 1942–April 1943); - Squadron Leader D. J. Scott (April–September 1943); - Squadron Leader I. D. Waddy (September 1943–January 1944); - Squadron Leader J. H. Iremonger (January–December 1944); - Squadron Leader A. E. Umbers † (December 1944–February 1945); - Squadron Leader K. G. Taylor-Cannon † (February–April 1945); - Squadron Leader W. E. Schrader (April–May 1945); - Squadron Leader C. J. Sheddan (May–October 1945). ## Legacy A Hawker Tempest Mk.V, EJ693, was used by the squadron with the codes SA-I from September to October 1944. It was damaged in a forced landing on 1 October and was subsequently used by No. 151 Repair Unit as a test airframe for repaired engines. It is being restored by Kermit Weeks in Florida.	enwiki/2054709	enwiki	2,054,709	No. 486 Squadron RNZAF	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._486_Squadron_RNZAF	2025-04-24T08:37:57Z	en	Q7043543	163,104	{{Use New Zealand English\|date=October 2013}} {{Infobox military unit\| \|unit_name=No. 486 (NZ) Squadron RAF \|image=File:486 squadron RNZAF badge.jpg \|image_size=150 \|caption= \|dates= 7 March 1942 – 12 October 1945 \|country= {{flagicon\|UK}} United Kingdom \|allegiance= {{NZL}} \|branch= [[File:Ensign of the Royal Air Force.svg\|23px]] [[Royal Air Force]] \|type= \|role= Fighter \|size= \|command_structure= \|current_commander= \|garrison=[[RAF Kirton in Lindsey]] \|garrison_label= \|ceremonial_chief= \|colonel_of_the_regiment= \|nickname= \|patron= \|motto=[[Māori language\|Māori]]: ''Hiwa hau Maka''<br/>("Beware of the Wild Winds") \|colors= \|colors_label= \|march= \|mascot= \|equipment= [[Hawker Hurricane]]<br>[[Hawker Typhoon]]<br>[[Hawker Tempest]] \|equipment_label= Aircraft \|battles= \|anniversaries= \|decorations= \|battle_honours= \|commander1= \|commander1_label= \|commander2= \|commander2_label= \|commander3= \|commander3_label= \|notable_commanders= <!-- Insignia --> \|identification_symbol= A [[kea]] volant \|identification_symbol_label= Squadron Badge \|identification_symbol_2= '''SA''' (Mar 1942 – Sep 1945) \|identification_symbol_2_label= Squadron Codes }} '''No. 486 (NZ) Squadron''' was a fighter squadron established for service during the [[World War II\|Second World War]]. It was a New Zealand squadron formed under [[Article XV squadrons\|Article XV]] of the [[British Commonwealth Air Training Plan\|Empire Air Training Plan]]. Although many of its flying personnel were largely drawn from the [[Royal New Zealand Air Force]], the squadron served in Europe under the operational and administrative command of the [[Royal Air Force]]. Formed in March 1942 and equipped with [[Hawker Hurricane]] [[Fighter aircraft\|fighters]], No. 486 Squadron became operational late the following month, initially flying patrols protecting convoys making their way through the [[North Sea]]. Although trained in a [[Night fighter\|night fighting]] role it soon became a [[day fighter]] squadron, operating [[Hawker Typhoon]] fighters. From late 1942 to early 1943, it was tasked with intercepting incoming raids mounted by [[Luftwaffe]] fighter bombers. It was then switched to offensive operations, escorting bombers attacking targets in France and then flying in a fighter bomber role. In early 1944 the squadron re-equipped with the [[Hawker Tempest]]. In the run up to [[Normandy landings\|D-Day]], it attacked numerous military targets in France and the Low Countries. For several weeks following D-Day, it was called upon to deal with incoming [[V-1 flying bomb]]s launched at England by the Germans. It began operating from the continent in September, supporting the operations of the advancing Allied ground forces as they advanced in France, and then into Belgium, Holland and Germany itself. After the war it briefly served in Denmark and on occupation duties in Germany. It was disbanded in October 1945. ==Background== In the mid-1930s, the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) was in the process of expanding and required an increasing number of suitable flying personnel. A number of schemes were implemented for New Zealanders to obtain short-service commissions in the RAF with the intention of then transferring to the [[Royal New Zealand Air Force]] (RNZAF) in the future. This led to over 500 New Zealanders serving in the RAF by the time of the outbreak of the Second World War.{{sfn\|McGibbon\|2000\|p=8}} At around the same time there was discussion between the governments of Britain, Australia, Canada and New Zealand to facilitate the co-ordination of training of air crew in the event of hostilities. This led to the implementation of the [[British Commonwealth Air Training Plan\|Empire Air Training Scheme]] (ETAS) in December 1939. Under this agreement, New Zealand committed to initially supply 880 full trained pilots for the RAF, with another 520 pilots being trained to an elementary standard annually. As each of the [[Dominion\|Dominion governments]] desired its personnel to serve together, the ETAS had a clause, Article XV, that allowed for the establishment of [[Squadron (aviation)\|squadrons]] with personnel from the respective countries. In theory, the Dominions would supply the ground crew as well as flying personnel. However, in New Zealand's case, there was a reluctance to maintain RNZAF squadrons in Britain so the decision was made to allow for the formation of squadrons within the RAF designated as being New Zealand. These squadrons, known as [[Article XV squadrons]], were formed around a cadre of New Zealand flying personnel already serving in the RAF but supplemented by newly trained pilots from the RNZAF, with administrative and ground crew being predominantly British.{{sfn\|McGibbon\|2000\|pp=156–157}}{{sfn\|Thompson\|1953\|pp=209–211}} ==Formation== [[File:486 Squadron RNZAF Wittering 1942.JPG\|thumb\|right\|Hurricane night fighter pilots of the squadron at [[RAF Wittering]] in 1942]] No. 486 Squadron was formed on 3 March 1942 at [[RAF Kirton in Lindsey]], [[Lincolnshire]], and was the second New Zealand squadron in [[RAF Fighter Command\|Fighter Command]].{{sfn\|Thompson\|1953\|pp=335–336}}{{#tag:ref\|The first was No. 485 Squadron, formed in March 1941 at [[RAF Driffield\|Driffield]] and which operated the [[Supermarine Spitfire]].{{sfn\|Rawlings\|1976\|p=449}}\|group=Note}} The squadron's motto, in [[Māori language\|Māori]], the indigenous language of New Zealand, was ''Hiwa hau Maka'', or ''Beware of the Wild Winds'' in English. A [[kea]] volant was selected as its badge.{{sfn\|Rawlings\|1976\|pp=451–452}} The squadron's first commanding officer, [[Squadron Leader]] C. L. Roberts, was British, while his two flight commanders, [[Flight Lieutenant]]s John Clouston and [[Harvey Sweetman]], along with all of the squadron's other flying personnel, were New Zealanders.{{sfn\|Sortehaug\|1998\|p=5}} By the end of March, the squadron was at its full complement of 25 pilots. Allocated the code letters SA, it was initially equipped with [[Hawker Hurricane]] IIs and trained in a [[Night fighter\|night fighting]] role. It soon moved to [[RAF Wittering\|Wittering]] where it was tasked with working in conjunction with [[No. 1453 Flight RAF\|No. 1453 Flight]]. This involved radar-equipped but unarmed [[Turbinlite]] aircraft, [[Douglas A-20 Havoc]] [[medium bomber]]s with a searchlight in the nose, locating and illuminating enemy aircraft at which point an accompanying Hurricane could make the attack. These experimental trials with No. 1453 Flight were not particularly successful and were soon abandoned.{{sfn\|Sortehaug\|1998\|pp=14–16}} The squadron also carried out convoy patrols and its first operational flight, made on 27 April by Sweetman and [[Pilot Officer]] [[Arthur Umbers]], was in this capacity. Sweetman was responsible for the squadron's first aerial victory, when he shot down a [[Dornier Do 17]] medium bomber near [[Peterborough]] one night in early July.{{sfn\|Thompson\|1953\|pp=335–336}}{{sfn\|Rawlings\|1976\|pp=451–452}}{{#tag:ref\|Sweetman's claim was subsequently reduced to a half share in the Do 17; another squadron operating in the area also claimed it.{{sfn\|Mitchell\|1945\|p=162}}\|group=Note}} ==Channel Front== ===1942=== In late July, the squadron began re-equipping with [[Hawker Typhoon]]s, in anticipation of switching to a role as a [[day fighter]] unit. It moved to the south of England in late August, settling first at [[RAF North Weald\|North Weald]] and then [[RAF West Malling\|West Malling]], before a shift to [[RAF Tangmere\|Tangmere]] in October from where it would operate for over a year.{{sfn\|Thompson\|1953\|pp=335–336}}{{sfn\|Rawlings\|1976\|pp=451–452}} In September, No. 486 Squadron began flying standing patrols, meant to counter incoming [[Focke-Wulf Fw 190]] and [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]] fighter bombers that flew at high speed, and very low altitude, to avoid being detected by radar, to make sneak attacks on targets along the coastline of England. The squadron's patrol area extended from the Isle of Wight to Shoreham, near Brighton. On 17 October the squadron achieved its first success in its new role, when two of its pilots intercepted two Fw 190s and managed to shoot one of them down into the sea. It then went several weeks without a successful interception but once low level radar stations had been established along the coast in early December, earlier detection of incoming [[Luftwaffe]] raids was possible. The squadron's interception rates improved and on 17 December, two Bf 109s were shot down. At least five more German aircraft were destroyed by the end of the year.{{sfn\|Thompson\|1953\|pp=355–358}} ===1943=== [[File:A Hawker Typhoon Mk IB of No. 486 Squadron RAF, 27 October 1943. CH11578.jpg\|thumbnail\|A Hawker Typhoon Mk IB of No. 486 Squadron RAF in flight, 1943]] The patrols over the South coast against the Luftwaffe's raids continued into early 1943 and by April, the squadron had achieved 11½ aerial victories, mostly fighter-bombers but also the odd [[Dornier Do 217]] bomber engaged in [[Naval mine\|mine laying]] missions.{{sfn\|Sortehaug\|1998\|pp=339–340}}{{sfn\|Mitchell\|1945\|p=164}} The need for standing patrols began to decline as the effectiveness of the RAF's early detection of incoming raids increased, and instead sections of aircraft were kept on standby, ready to take off as soon as notice was received of approaching German aircraft.{{Sfn\|Thompson\|1956\|pp=200–201}} By the middle of the year, Luftwaffe resources did not permit the ongoing sneak attacks as its focus shifted to intercepting the increasing Allied bombing raids on Germany.{{sfn\|Thompson\|1956\|p=199}} Consequently, No. 486 Squadron switched to an offensive role, the transition in tactics was overseen by Squadron Leader [[Desmond J. Scott\|Desmond Scott]], who had taken command of the squadron from Roberts in April. The squadron initially flew as escorts to bombers and fighter bombers carrying out daylight bombing missions on targets in France and the Low Countries. By the middle of the year, it was itself operating in a fighter bomber role, attacking targets in Caen, Abbeville, Triqueville, Boulogne, Cherbourg and Le Havre. It also attacked shipping along the French coastline. During this time, the first [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)\|Distinguished Flying Cross]] to be received by personnel flying with No. 486 Squadron was awarded: the recipient was Flying Officer Frank Murphy, who was credited with 4 aerial victories.{{sfn\|Thompson\|1956\|p=203}}{{sfn\|Mitchell\|1945\|pp=165–166}} In September, No. 486 Squadron became part of the Tangmere Typhoon Wing. The squadron was now led by Squadron Leader [[Ian Waddy]], who had originally joined the squadron as a flight sergeant, as Scott had been promoted to [[Wing Commander (rank)\|wing commander]] and given command of the Typhoon Wing.{{sfn\|Mitchell\|1945\|pp=167–168}} As part of the Typhoon Wing, the operations of the squadron continued mostly unchanged; it either flew in a fighter bomber role, escorted by the other two squadrons of the wing, or did escort duty itself. In some instances, the entire wing flew as fighter escort to medium or heavy bombers attacking targets in France. It also flew the occasional aerial search and rescue mission and on one of these, the rescued crew presented the squadron with the centre board of their life boat. This was subsequently used as the squadron's scoreboard.{{sfn\|Thompson\|1956\|pp=206–207}} ==Operations against V-1 flying bombs== [[File:Tempest Mk.V 486 Sqn RNZAF at Castle Camps 1944.jpg\|thumbnail\|right\|A Hawker Tempest V of No. 486 Squadron]] Coinciding with the appointment of Squadron Leader John Iremonger as its commander, No. 486 Squadron began re-equipping with the new [[Hawker Tempest]] in January 1944. However, before it reached its full complement, the Tempests were subsequently transferred to [[No. 3 Squadron RAF\|No. 3 Squadron]] and the New Zealanders continued to operate their Typhoons.{{sfn\|Rawlings\|1976\|pp=451–452}} At this time, it was tasked with attacking the launching sites of the new [[V-1 (flying bomb)\|V-1 flying bombs]] in northern France, as well seeking out German aircraft and their airfields.{{sfn\|Thompson\|1956\|p=265}} In April it began receiving Tempests again and by 1 May was operational with its new aircraft.{{sfn\|Rawlings\|1976\|pp=451–452}} At this time, the squadron became part of [[No. 150 Wing RAF\|No. 150 Wing]], along with Nos. 3 and [[No. 56 Squadron RAF\|56 Squadrons]], under the command of Wing Commander [[Roland Beamont]].{{sfn\|Sortehaug\|1998\|p=145}} Writing about the New Zealanders under his command, Beamont described them as: <blockquote>"...an exuberant bunch of New Zealanders with a brilliant record on Typhoons and a rather casual approach (as I was soon to find out) to [[King's Regulations]] and [[Air Council]] instructions – and to "Pommy Bastard" wing leaders!"{{sfn\|Beamont\|1992\|p=21}}</blockquote> Flying with No. 150 Wing as part of the [[Allied Expeditionary Air Force]], the squadron carried out attacks on transportation infrastructure in northern France, as well as on shipping along the coastline. In the five weeks prior to the [[Allied invasion of Normandy]], it flew 208 sorties.{{sfn\|Thompson\|1956\|p=266}} However, when the Germans started launching V-1 flying bombs at England, beginning on the night of 12–13 June,{{sfn\|Lambert\|2011\|p=324}} the squadron was tasked to deal with the threat as the Tempest was the fastest fighter plane available to the RAF. Along with No. 3 Squadron, also equipped with Tempests, it operated from [[RAF Newchurch\|Newchurch]], a steel mesh field near Folkestone. Conditions were primitive, with personnel living in tents. By the end of August, No. 486 Squadron claimed 223½ [[V-1 (flying bomb)\|V-1]] flying bombs as destroyed, the second highest number of any unit. The most successful of the squadron's pilots were Owen Eagleson and [[Raymond Cammock]] who both accounted for 20 V-1s each. Eagleson also shared another 3 destroyed V-1s with other pilots. However, three pilots were killed during the squadron's campaign against the V-1s.{{sfn\|Lambert\|2011\|pp=327–330}}{{sfn\|Sortehaug\|1998\|p=193}} ==Service with the Second Tactical Air Force== In late September, with the V-1 threat over, No. 150 Wing was re-designated as No. 122 Tempest Wing,{{sfn\|Sortehaug\|1998\|p=177}} and was attached to the [[RAF Second Tactical Air Force\|Second Tactical Air Force]]. It now began operating from airfields in France as the Allied ground forces moved through Belgium and Holland, the wing provided aerial support and cover.{{sfn\|Thompson\|1956\|p=333}} Umbers, who was a founding member of the squadron and served with it until he was posted away in September 1943, returned on 11 December to take command of his former unit. At the time, it was flying from the [[Volkel Air Base\|Volkel airfield]] in Holland.{{sfn\|Sortehaug\|1998\|p=190}} On 25 December, two of its pilots, Jack Stafford and Duff Bremner, shared in the destruction of a [[Messerschmitt Me 262]] [[fighter jet]]. Normally the jet fighter would outpace the Tempests but Stafford and Bremner made a head-on engagement rather than attempt a chase. The Me 262 was damaged and, slowing down, was finished off by the duo and crashed near Aachen.{{sfn\|Lambert\|2011\|p=353}} [[File:486SqnVolkers1945.JPG\|thumb\|right\|No. 486 Squadron in June 1945, Volkel, Holland]] Poor weather affected operations for the first weeks of 1945 but No. 486 Squadron soon began flying well into Germany to attack transportation infrastructure and seek out targets of opportunity.{{sfn\|Rawlings\|1976\|pp=451–452}} Umbers was killed on 14 February while attacking barges on the [[Dortmund-Ems Canal]], near [[Meppen]]. His Tempest was hit by flak, rolled out of control into the ground and exploded.{{sfn\|Lambert\|2014\|pp=193–194}} He was replaced by one of the squadron's flight leaders, [[Keith Taylor-Cannon]].{{sfn\|Lambert\|2011\|p=352}} The squadron switched tactics in March; casualties in No. 122 Wing's operations against ground targets had been high and it was decided that the Tempests would now carry out wide-ranging sweeps, hunting out the Luftwaffe.{{sfn\|Sortehaug\|1998\|p=229}} No. 486 Squadron flew in support of the [[Operation Plunder\|crossing of the Rhine]] on 23 March, dealing with anti-aircraft guns that were firing upon the Allied gliders involved in the operation.{{sfn\|Sortehaug\|1998\|pp=229–230}} From 10 April, the squadron began moving to an airfield near Hopsten, within Germany itself. It became operational from there on 12 April and the following day its commander, Taylor-Cannon, went missing. It has been speculated that, seen to have bailed out of his stricken aircraft, he was murdered by the German troops that he had been strafing. Alternative reports had Taylor-Cannon dying of wounds in hospital. Postwar investigations were unable to locate his grave.{{sfn\|Lambert\|2014\|pp=193–194}}{{sfn\|Sortehaug\|1998\|p=242}} With Taylor-Cannon missing, Flight Lieutenant [[Warren Schrader]] took over command in an acting capacity before being promoted to squadron leader and confirmed in his appointment on 21 April.{{sfn\|Sortehaug\|1998\|p=254}} However, Schrader, who had been one of the most successful fighter pilots in the preceding few weeks having destroyed a number of German aircraft during this time, was soon given command of [[No. 616 Squadron RAF\|No. 616 Squadron]], the first in the RAF to be equipped with the [[Gloster Meteor]] jet fighter. He was succeeded by the squadron's final commander, [[Jim Sheddan]], on 1 May.{{sfn\|Sortehaug\|1998\|pp=266–268}} The final sortie of the war for No. 486 Squadron was carried out a few days later, on 5 May, and involved several Tempests escorting a [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain\|Douglas Dakota DC-3]] to Copenhagen.{{sfn\|Sortehaug\|1998\|p=275}} Soon after the war ended, No. 486 Squadron left No. 122 Wing and moved to [[Kastrup]] in Denmark. This was considered to be a "perk job" and the personnel of 486 were given an opportunity to unwind and relax, with each pilot being expected to log four hours of Tempest flying per month.{{sfn\|Sortehaug\|1998\|pp=281–283}} On 1 July 1945 the squadron took part in an air display and airfield open day which was attended by the [[Danish royal family]] and some 300,000 Danes. One of the attractions was the strafing and sinking of old Luftwaffe [[Blohm und Voss Bv 138]] flying boats anchored in [[Øresund]] strait.{{sfn\|Sortehaug\|1998\|pp=289–290}} No. 486 Squadron remained in Denmark until July when it went back to Germany, stationed at [[Lübeck]] as part of No. 124 Wing, an element of the [[Allied-occupied Germany\|British Occupation Force]].{{sfn\|Sortehaug\|1998\|pp=289–290}} It returned to the United Kingdom in September and its service ended on 12 October 1945 with the disbandment of the squadron at [[RAF Dunsfold\|Dunsfold]].{{sfn\|Thompson\|1956\|pp=458–459}}{{sfn\|Sortehaug\|1998\|pp=295–296}} ==Operational summary== No. 486 Squadron flew over 11,000 sorties and claimed 81 enemy aircraft as destroyed, another 5 probably destroyed and 22 damaged.{{sfn\|Thompson\|1956\|p=459}}{{sfn\|Sortehaug\|1998\|pp=338–352}} Although squadron pilots claimed 241 V-1s as destroyed, RAF authorities reduced this to 223½; in spite of this the individual pilot's scores remained unaltered, as did the squadron scoreboard.{{sfn\|Sortehaug\|1998\|pp=172–173}} When operating against ground or sea targets, it was responsible for the destruction of 323 motor vehicles, 14 railway engines and 16 ships.{{sfn\|Thompson\|1956\|p=459}}{{sfn\|Sortehaug\|1998\|pp=338–352}} While flying Typhoons, No. 486 Squadron claimed 22⅓ enemy aircraft as destroyed. Following the switch to Tempests, it claimed 59½ enemy aircraft shot down; it was the most successful of the squadrons flying the Tempest. No. 56 Squadron was second with 59¼.{{sfn\|Sortehaug\|1998\|pp=339–340}}{{sfn\|Thomas\|Shores\|1988\|p=193}} Pilots serving with the squadron were awarded a [[Distinguished Service Order]], 22 Distinguished Flying Crosses and six [[Mentioned in Dispatches]].{{sfn\|Sortehaug\|1998\|p=336}} ==Commanding officers== The following served as commanding officers of No. 486 Squadron:{{sfn\|Sortehaug\|1998\|p=337}} Squadron Leader C. L. C. Roberts (March 1942–April 1943); Squadron Leader [[Desmond J. Scott\|D. J. Scott]] (April–September 1943); Squadron Leader [[Ian Waddy\|I. D. Waddy]] (September 1943–January 1944); Squadron Leader J. H. Iremonger (January–December 1944); Squadron Leader [[Arthur Umbers\|A. E. Umbers]]{{KIA}} (December 1944–February 1945); Squadron Leader [[Keith Taylor-Cannon\|K. G. Taylor-Cannon]]{{KIA}} (February–April 1945); Squadron Leader [[Warren Schrader\|W. E. Schrader]] (April–May 1945); Squadron Leader [[Jim Sheddan\|C. J. Sheddan]] (May–October 1945). ==Legacy== A Hawker Tempest Mk.V, ''EJ693'', was used by the squadron with the codes SA-I from September to October 1944. It was damaged in a forced landing on 1 October and was subsequently used by No. 151 Repair Unit as a test airframe for repaired engines. It is being restored by [[Kermit Weeks]] in Florida.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Hawker Tempest Mk. V EJ693 \|url=https://www.hawkertempest.se/index.php/survivors/2015-01-19-19-22-20/ej6932 \|website=The Hawker Tempest Page \|access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref> ==Notes== ===Footnotes=== {{reflist\|group=Note}} ===Citations=== {{Reflist\|2}} ==References== {{cite journal \|last1=Beamont \|first1=Roland \|title=Tempest Summer: Part One \|journal=Aeroplane Monthly \|date=June 1992 \|volume=20 \|issue=230}} {{cite book\|last=Lambert\|first=Max\|year=2011\|title=Day After Day: New Zealanders in Fighter Command\|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers\|location=Auckland\|isbn=978-1-86950-844-9}} {{cite book\|last=Lambert\|first=Max\|year=2014\|title=Victory: New Zealand Airmen and the Fall of Germany\|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers\|location=Auckland\|isbn=978-1-77554-043-4}} {{cite book\|editor-last=McGibbon\|editor-first=Ian\|editor-link=Ian McGibbon\|title=The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History\|year=2000\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|location=Auckland\|isbn=0-19-558376-0}} {{cite book\|last=Mitchell\|first=Alan W.\|title=New Zealanders in the Air War\|year=1945\|publisher=George G. Harrap & Co.\|location=London\|oclc=1079233416}} {{cite book\|last=Rawlings\|first=John\|year=1976\|title=Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft\|publisher=MacDonald & James\|location=London\|isbn=0-354-01028-X}} {{cite book\|last=Sortehaug\|first=Paul\|year=1998\|title=The Wild Winds: The History of Number 486 RNZAF Fighter Squadron with the RAF\|publisher=Otago University Print\|location=Dunedin\|isbn=1-877139-09-2}} {{cite book\|last1=Thomas\|first1=Chris\|last2=Shores\|first2=Christopher\|title=The Typhoon and Tempest Story\|location=London\|publisher=Arms and Armour Press\|year=1988\|isbn=0-85368-878-8}} {{cite book\|last=Thompson\|first=H. L.\|year=1953\|title=New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force\|volume=I\|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-1RAF.html\|series=[[Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45]]\|publisher=War History Branch\|location=Wellington\|oclc=270919916}} {{cite book\|last=Thompson\|first=H. L.\|year=1956\|title=New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force\|volume=II\|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-2RAF.html\|series=[[Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45]]\|publisher=War History Branch\|location=Wellington\|oclc=300089346}} {{Commons category\|No. 486 (NZ) Squadron RAF}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081014122014/http://www.nzfpm.co.nz/article.asp?id=sheddan Article on No. 486 Squadron pilot C. J. Sheddan] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070922022041/http://www.nzfpm.co.nz/article.asp?id=taylorcannon Article on No. 486 Squadron pilot K. G. Taylor-Cannon] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070922022006/http://www.nzfpm.co.nz/article.asp?id=umbers Article on No. 486 Squadron pilot A. E. Umbers] * [http://www.hawkertempest.se/EJ693.htm Information on restoration of Tempest V SA-I ''EJ693''] * [http://www.hawkertempest.se/EJ693WA.htm Photographic "walk-around" of ''EJ693''] * [https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF&msa=0&msid=200052700226699920028.00049438ca362524ae013 Map of No. 486 Squadron sorties, 1945] {{List of RNZAF Squadrons}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2019}} {{DEFAULTSORT:No. 486 Squadron Rnzaf}} [[Category:New Zealand Article XV squadrons of World War II]] [[Category:Military units and formations established in 1942]]	1,287,145,412	[{"title": "No. 486 (NZ) Squadron RAF", "data": {"Active": "7 March 1942 \u2013 12 October 1945", "Country": "United Kingdom", "Allegiance": "New Zealand", "Branch": "Royal Air Force", "Role": "Fighter", "Garrison/HQ": "RAF Kirton in Lindsey", "Motto(s)": "M\u0101ori: Hiwa hau Maka \u00b7 (\"Beware of the Wild Winds\")", "Aircraft": "Hawker Hurricane \u00b7 Hawker Typhoon \u00b7 Hawker Tempest"}}, {"title": "Insignia", "data": {"Squadron Badge": "A kea volant", "Squadron Codes": "SA (Mar 1942 \u2013 Sep 1945)"}}]	false
# Frizzle Fry Frizzle Fry is the debut studio album by American rock band Primus. It was released on February 7, 1990, by Caroline Records. Produced by the band and Matt Winegar, the album was recorded at Different Fur Studios in San Francisco in December 1989. In 2015, Primus frontman Les Claypool ranked Frizzle Fry as his favorite Primus album. ## Background Primus self-financed the recording of Frizzle Fry using proceeds from their preceding album, Suck On This. The completed album was then released in 1990 on Caroline Records. Frizzle Fry features guitarist Larry LaLonde playing many parts written by previous guitarist Todd Huth who left before the recording of the album. Frizzle Fry features the band's first single and minor radio hit "John the Fisherman". It was remastered in 2002, after the original had been out of print for years; the album was released on Prawn Song Records. The remaster includes an extra track, named "Hello Skinny/Constantinople", a cover of the tracks "Hello Skinny" and "Constantinople" by the Residents. "Too Many Puppies" is the first Primus song Les Claypool ever wrote. "You Can't Kill Michael Malloy" is an excerpt from the Spent Poets song of the same name. The album's producer, Matt Winegar, who also recorded and produced Suck on This, was a member of the group, and a clip is featured just before "The Toys Go Winding Down". The beginning of "To Defy the Laws of Tradition" is an excerpt from the instrumental "YYZ" by the Canadian rock band Rush from their 1981 album Moving Pictures, sampled from the live version of "John the Fisherman" which appears on Suck on This. Another Suck on This sample also appears at the end of "Groundhog's Day"; the "Hey hey, Bob Cock here!" spoken intro from that album's version. ## Live performance Primus supported Frizzle Fry by opening for Jane's Addiction on a North American tour. The album was performed live in its entirety on the band's Hallucino-Genetics Tour in 2004 and a few more times in 2010. During the Hallucino-Genetics Tour, "You Can't Kill Michael Malloy" was featured in its entirety as a short set break, as opposed to merely the excerpt that appears on the album. ## Critical reception \| Review scores \| Review scores \| \| Source \| Rating \| \| --------------------------------- \| ------------- \| \| AllMusic \| [ 7 ] \| \| Chicago Tribune \| [ 8 ] \| \| Christgau's Consumer Guide \| [ 9 ] \| \| The Encyclopedia of Popular Music \| [ 10 ] \| \| Metal Reviews \| 86/100 \| \| The Rolling Stone Album Guide \| [ 12 ] \| \| Spin Alternative Record Guide \| 8/10 \| \| Tiny Mix Tapes \| 4.5/5 \| Robert Christgau described the album as "Don Knotts Jr. joins the Minutemen." The Washington Post wrote that "echoes of San Francisco's late and (in some quarters) lamented Dead Kennedys can be heard in this S.F. trio's cartoonish vocals and blasts at adult hypocrisy ('To Defy the Laws of Tradition') and mindless conformity ('Too Many Puppies'), but the sound is jazzy speed-metal, not punk." The Times said that "Primus exhibits the delinquent musical tendencies of early Frank Zappa updated to sit comfortably in the modern milieu of bands such as Anthrax and Faith No More". Trouser Press stated that Frizzle Fry "effectively showcases drummer Tim 'Herb' Alexander's tight, frenetic technique and guitarist Larry LaLonde's aggro-fusion chops." Reviewing the album for AllMusic, Ned Raggett noted that "it's pretty easy to see in retrospect how much of a melange went into the group's work. Nods but thankfully few outright steals to everything from Frank Zappa's arch humor and Funkadelic's sprawl to the Police's early, spare effectiveness crop up and, indeed, so does plenty of Metallica." He contended that "something about Frizzle Fry is ultimately and perfectly of its time and place." ## Track listing All lyrics are written by Les Claypool; all music is composed by Primus, except where noted \| No. \| Title \| Music \| Guitar melodies by \| Length \| \| ------------- \| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------- \| ------------------ \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "To Defy the Laws of Tradition" \| \| Huth \| 6:42 \| \| 2. \| "Groundhog's Day" \| \| Huth \| 4:58 \| \| 3. \| "Too Many Puppies" \| \| \| 3:57 \| \| 4. \| "Mr. Knowitall" \| \| \| 3:51 \| \| 5. \| "Frizzle Fry" \| \| Huth \| 6:04 \| \| 6. \| "John the Fisherman" \| \| Huth \| 3:37 \| \| 7. \| "You Can't Kill Michael Malloy" (performed by Matt Winegar) \| Winegar \| \| 0:25 \| \| 8. \| "The Toys Go Winding Down" \| \| \| 4:35 \| \| 9. \| "Pudding Time" \| \| Huth \| 4:08 \| \| 10. \| "Sathington Willoughby" (Title misspelled as "Sathington Willoby" on back cover) \| \| \| 0:24 \| \| 11. \| "Spegetti Western" \| \| \| 5:43 \| \| 12. \| "Harold of the Rocks" \| \| Huth \| 6:17 \| \| 13. \| "To Defy" \| \| Huth \| 0:36 \| \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| 51:23 \| \| No. \| Title \| Writer(s) \| Length \| \| ------------- \| --------------------------------------------------- \| ------------- \| ------ \| \| 14. \| "Hello Skinny/Constantinople" (The Residents cover) \| The Residents \| 4:48 \| \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| 56:11 \| ## Personnel Writing, performance and production credits are adapted from the album liner notes. ### Personnel #### Primus - Les Claypool – vocals, bass, electric upright bass, double bass - Larry LaLonde – electric guitar, acoustic guitar - Tim "Herb" Alexander – drums, percussion #### Additional musicians - Todd Huth – acoustic guitar on "The Toys Go Winding Down" - Sathington Willoughby Orchestra - Les Claypool a.k.a. "Snap" – banjo, string bass - Larry LaLonde a.k.a. "Chunker" – archtop acoustic guitar - Tim Alexander a.k.a. "Herb" – toy organ - Matt Winegar a.k.a. "Exxon" – toy piano, composer – "You Can't Kill Michael Malloy" - Todd Huth – acoustic guitar - Stan Hearne – vocals on "Harold of the Rocks" #### Production - Primus – production - Matt "Exxon" Winegar – production - Ron Rigler – engineering - Matt Murman – second engineer - Stephen Marcussen – remastering #### Visual Art - Lance "Link" Montoya – sculpture - "Snap" – airbrushing, cartooning - Paul Haggard – jacket design, photography ### Studios - Different Fur, San Francisco – recording - Marcussen Mastering, Los Angeles – remastering ## Charts \| Chart (1994) \| Peak position \| \| ------------------------ \| ------------- \| \| Australian Albums (ARIA) \| 178 \|	enwiki/613402	enwiki	613,402	Frizzle Fry	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frizzle_Fry	2025-05-11T04:56:21Z	en	Q1933012	112,056	{{Use American English\|date=July 2023}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=July 2023}} {{Infobox album \| name = Frizzle Fry \| type = studio \| artist = [[Primus (band)\|Primus]] \| cover = Primus-Frizzle Fry.jpg \| alt = \| released = {{Start date\|1990\|2\|7}} \| recorded = December 1989 \| venue = \| studio = [[Different Fur]], San Francisco \| genre = [[Funk metal]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2011/09/primus-green-naugahyde.html\|title=Primus: Green Naugahyde\|last=Carey\|first=Ryan\|date=September 28, 2011\|website=[[Paste (magazine)\|Paste]]\|access-date=January 20, 2019}}</ref> [[alternative metal]]<ref>{{cite web \| url=http://metaldescent.com/the-25-best-alternative-metal-albums/ \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204131904/http://metaldescent.com/the-25-best-alternative-metal-albums/ \| archive-date=February 4, 2017 \| title=The 25 Best Alternative Metal Albums — Metal Descent }}</ref> \| length = {{Duration \|m=51 \|s=23}} \| label = [[Caroline Records\|Caroline]] \| producer = Primus, Matt Winegar \| prev_title = [[Suck on This]] \| prev_year = 1989 \| next_title = [[Sailing the Seas of Cheese]] \| next_year = 1991 \| misc = {{Singles \| name = Frizzle Fry \| type = studio \| single1 = [[John the Fisherman]] \| single1date = May 17, 1990 \| single2 = [[Too Many Puppies]] \| single2date = July 26, 1990 \| single3 = Mr. Knowitall \| single3date = 1990 }} }} '''''Frizzle Fry''''' is the debut studio album by American rock band [[Primus (band)\|Primus]]. It was released on February 7, 1990, by [[Caroline Records]]. Produced by the band and Matt Winegar, the album was recorded at [[Different Fur\|Different Fur Studios]] in San Francisco in December 1989. In 2015, Primus frontman [[Les Claypool]] ranked ''Frizzle Fry'' as his favorite Primus album.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Jones \|first1=Bill \|title=Rank Your Records: Les Claypool Rates Primus' Albums \|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/rank-your-records-primus-les-claypool/ \|website=Noisey \|date=June 4, 2015 \|access-date=August 9, 2018}}</ref> == Background == Primus self-financed the recording of ''Frizzle Fry'' using proceeds from their preceding album, ''[[Suck On This]]''.<ref name="hart">{{Cite magazine\|last=Hart\|first=Ron\|title=Les Claypool Looks Back on Primus' Debut 'Frizzle Fry' at 30\|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/8550442/les-claypool-primus-debut-frizzle-fry\|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]\|date=February 7, 2020\|access-date=February 11, 2020}}</ref> The completed album was then released in 1990 on [[Caroline Records (U.S.)\|Caroline Records]].<ref name="hart"/> ''Frizzle Fry'' features guitarist [[Larry LaLonde]] playing many parts written by previous guitarist [[Todd Huth]] who left before the recording of the album.<ref name="hart"/> ''Frizzle Fry'' features the band's first single and minor radio hit "[[John the Fisherman]]". It was remastered in 2002, after the original had been out of print for years; the album was released on [[Prawn Song Records]]. The remaster includes an extra track, named "Hello Skinny/Constantinople", a cover of the tracks "Hello Skinny" and "Constantinople" by [[the Residents]]. "[[Too Many Puppies]]" is the first Primus song Les Claypool ever wrote.<ref name="hart"/> "You Can't Kill Michael Malloy" is an excerpt from the Spent Poets song of the same name. The album's producer, Matt Winegar, who also recorded and produced ''[[Suck on This]]'', was a member of the group, and a clip is featured just before "The Toys Go Winding Down". The beginning of "To Defy the Laws of Tradition" is an excerpt from the instrumental "[[YYZ (instrumental)\|YYZ]]" by the Canadian rock band [[Rush (band)\|Rush]] from their 1981 album ''[[Moving Pictures (Rush album)\|Moving Pictures]]'', sampled from the live version of "John the Fisherman" which appears on ''Suck on This''. Another ''Suck on This'' sample also appears at the end of "Groundhog's Day"; the "Hey hey, Bob Cock here!" spoken intro from that album's version. == Live performance == Primus supported ''Frizzle Fry'' by opening for [[Jane's Addiction]] on a North American tour.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Barton \|first1=David \|title=Primus Is in a Category All Its Own \|work=The Sacramento Bee \|date=December 21, 1990 \|page=TK28}}</ref> The album was performed live in its entirety on the band's [[Hallucino-Genetics]] Tour in 2004 and a few more times in 2010.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.theaquarian.com/2010/10/08/interview-with-les-claypool-of-primus-odd-man-out/ \|title=Interview with Les Claypool of Primus: Odd Man Out \| The Aquarian Weekly \|publisher=Theaquarian.com \|date=October 8, 2010 \|access-date=March 1, 2013}}</ref> During the Hallucino-Genetics Tour, "You Can't Kill Michael Malloy" was featured in its entirety as a short set break, as opposed to merely the excerpt that appears on the album. == Critical reception == {{Music ratings \| rev1 = [[AllMusic]] \| rev1Score = {{Rating\|3.5\|5}}<ref name="AM review">{{cite web\|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/frizzle-fry-mw0000674450\|title=Frizzle Fry – Primus\|publisher=[[AllMusic]]\|access-date=December 16, 2017\|last=Raggett\|first=Ned}}</ref> \| rev2 = ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' \| rev2score = {{rating\|3\|4}}<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1990/08/16/primusfrizzle-fry-caroline-starstarstarthis-san-francisco-trio/\|title=Primus: Frizzle Fry (Caroline)\|newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]\|date=August 16, 1990\|access-date=December 16, 2017\|last=Kot\|first=Greg\|author-link=Greg Kot}}</ref> \| rev3 = ''[[Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s\|Christgau's Consumer Guide]]'' \| rev3score = {{Rating-Christgau\|hm1}}<ref>{{cite book\|chapter-url=https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_album.php?id=2796\|chapter=Primus: Frizzle Fry\|access-date=December 16, 2018\|last=Christgau\|first=Robert\|author-link=Robert Christgau\|title=[[Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s]]\|publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]]\|year=2000\|isbn=0-312-24560-2}}</ref> \| rev4 = ''[[The Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]'' \| rev4score = {{rating\|3\|5}}<ref>{{cite book\|chapter=Primus\|last=Larkin\|first=Colin\|author-link1=Colin Larkin (writer)\|title=[[The Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]\|publisher=[[Omnibus Press]]\|edition=5th concise\|year=2011\|isbn=9780857125958}}</ref> \| rev6 = ''[[The Rolling Stone Album Guide]]'' \| rev6score = {{rating\|3\|5}}<ref>{{cite book\|chapter=Primus\|page=[https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/654 654]\|last=Kot\|first=Greg\|author-link=Greg Kot\|title=[[The Rolling Stone Album Guide\|The New Rolling Stone Album Guide]]\|editor-last1=Brackett\|editor-first1=Nathan\|editor-last2=Hoard\|editor-first2=Christian\|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]\|edition=4th\|year=2004\|isbn=9780743201698\|editor-link1=Nathan Brackett\|editor-link2=Christian Hoard}}</ref> \| rev7 = ''[[Spin Alternative Record Guide]]'' \| rev7score = 8/10<ref>{{cite book\|chapter=Primus\|first=Chris\|last=Norris\|title=Spin Alternative Record Guide\|title-link=Spin Alternative Record Guide\|editor1-first=Eric\|editor1-last=Weisbard\|editor2-first=Craig\|editor2-last=Marks\|publisher=[[Vintage Books]]\|year=1995\|isbn=0-679-75574-8\|page=310}}</ref> \| rev8 = ''[[Tiny Mix Tapes]]'' \| rev8Score = 4.5/5<ref name=Tinymixtapes>{{cite web\|url=https://www.tinymixtapes.com/music-review/primus-frizzle-fry\|title=Primus – Frizzle Fry\|work=[[Tiny Mix Tapes]]\|access-date=March 7, 2019\|last=Roesgen\|first=Jeff}}</ref> \| rev5 = Metal Reviews \| rev5Score = 86/100<ref name=metal>{{cite web \|url= https://www.metalreviews.com/reviews/album/5369 \|title=Primus - ''Frizzle Fry'' \|work=metalreviews.com \|year=2019 \|access-date=August 2, 2019}}</ref> }} [[Robert Christgau]] described the album as "[[Don Knotts]] Jr. joins the [[Minutemen (band)\|Minutemen]]."<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/cgv191-91.php\|title=Consumer Guide\|newspaper=[[The Village Voice]]\|date=January 29, 1991\|access-date=December 16, 2017\|last=Christgau\|first=Robert}}</ref> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' wrote that "echoes of San Francisco's late and (in some quarters) lamented Dead Kennedys can be heard in this S.F. trio's cartoonish vocals and blasts at adult hypocrisy ('To Defy the Laws of Tradition') and mindless conformity ('Too Many Puppies'), but the sound is jazzy speed-metal, not punk."<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Jenkins \|first1=Mark \|title=Market Trends of Heavy Metal \|work=The Washington Post \|date=Aug 17, 1990 \|page=N16}}</ref> ''[[The Times]]'' said that "Primus exhibits the delinquent musical tendencies of early Frank Zappa updated to sit comfortably in the modern milieu of bands such as Anthrax and Faith No More".<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Sinclair \|first1=David \|title=Primus: Frizzle Fry \|work=The Times \|date=July 20, 1990 \|department=Features}}</ref> ''[[Trouser Press]]'' stated that ''Frizzle Fry'' "effectively showcases drummer Tim 'Herb' Alexander's tight, frenetic technique and guitarist Larry LaLonde's aggro-fusion chops."<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Fricke \|first1=David \|title=Primus \|url=https://trouserpress.com/reviews/primus/ \|website=Trouser Press \|access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref> Reviewing the album for [[AllMusic]], Ned Raggett noted that "it's pretty easy to see in retrospect how much of a melange went into the group's work. Nods but thankfully few outright steals to everything from [[Frank Zappa]]'s arch humor and [[Funkadelic]]'s sprawl to [[the Police]]'s early, spare effectiveness crop up and, indeed, so does plenty of [[Metallica]]." He contended that "something about ''Frizzle Fry'' is ultimately and perfectly of its time and place."<ref name="AM review"/> == Track listing == {{Track listing \| extra_column = Guitar melodies by \| total_length = 51:23 \| all_lyrics = Les Claypool \| all_music = Primus, except where noted \| title1 = To Defy the Laws of Tradition \| extra1 = Huth \| length1 = 6:42 \| title2 = Groundhog's Day \| extra2 = Huth \| length2 = 4:58 \| title3 = [[Too Many Puppies]] \| length3 = 3:57 \| title4 = Mr. Knowitall \| length4 = 3:51 \| title5 = Frizzle Fry \| extra5 = Huth \| length5 = 6:04 \| title6 = [[John the Fisherman]] \| extra6 = Huth \| length6 = 3:37 \| title7 = You Can't Kill Michael Malloy \| note7 = performed by Matt Winegar \| music7 = Winegar \| extra7 = \| length7 = 0:25 \| title8 = The Toys Go Winding Down \| length8 = 4:35 \| title9 = Pudding Time \| extra9 = Huth \| length9 = 4:08 \| title10 = Sathington Willoughby \| length10 = 0:24 \| note10 = Title misspelled as "Sathington Willoby" on back cover \| title11 = Spegetti Western \| length11 = 5:43 \| title12 = Harold of the Rocks \| extra12 = Huth \| length12 = 6:17 \| title13 = To Defy \| extra13 = Huth \| length13 = 0:36 }} {{Track listing \| headline = 2002 reissue bonus track \| total_length = 56:11 \| title14 = Hello Skinny/Constantinople \| note14 = [[The Residents]] cover \| writer14 = The Residents \| length14 = 4:48 }} == Personnel == Writing, performance and production credits are adapted from the album liner notes.<ref>{{Cite AV media notes \|title=Frizzle Fry \|others=[[Primus (band)\|Primus]] \|year=2002 \|type=remastered edition, liner notes \|publisher=[[Prawn Song Records]]}}</ref> === Personnel === ==== Primus ==== * [[Les Claypool]] – vocals, bass, [[electric upright bass]], [[double bass]] * [[Larry LaLonde]] – electric guitar, acoustic guitar * [[Tim Alexander\|Tim "Herb" Alexander]] – drums, percussion ==== Additional musicians ==== * [[Todd Huth]] – acoustic guitar on "The Toys Go Winding Down" * Sathington Willoughby Orchestra Les Claypool a.k.a. "Snap" – banjo, string bass Larry LaLonde a.k.a. "Chunker" – [[Archtop guitar\|archtop acoustic guitar]] Tim Alexander a.k.a. "Herb" – toy organ Matt Winegar a.k.a. "Exxon" – toy piano, composer – "You Can't Kill Michael Malloy" ** Todd Huth – acoustic guitar * Stan Hearne – vocals on "Harold of the Rocks" ==== Production ==== * Primus – production * Matt "Exxon" Winegar – production * Ron Rigler – engineering * Matt Murman – second engineer * Stephen Marcussen – remastering ==== Visual Art ==== * [[Lance Montoya\|Lance "Link" Montoya]] – sculpture * "Snap" – airbrushing, cartooning * Paul Haggard – jacket design, photography === Studios === * [[Different Fur]], San Francisco – recording * Marcussen Mastering, Los Angeles – remastering ==Charts== {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" \|+ Chart performance for ''Frizzle Fry'' ! scope="col"\| Chart (1994) ! scope="col"\| Peak<br />position \|- \| Australian Albums ([[ARIA Charts\|ARIA]])<ref name="ARIA chart">{{cite web\|url=https://imgur.com/a/4R11yiF \| title=Primus ARIA chart history (1988 to 2024)\|publisher=ARIA\|via=Imgur.com\|access-date=February 2, 2025}} N.B. The High Point number in the NAT column represents the release's peak on the national chart.</ref> \|align="center"\| 178 \|} == References == {{Reflist}} {{Primus}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1990 debut albums]] [[Category:Albums with cover art by Lance Montoya]] [[Category:Caroline Records albums]] [[Category:Funk metal albums]] [[Category:Prawn Song Records albums]] [[Category:Primus (band) albums]]	1,289,839,092	[{"title": "Studio album by Primus", "data": {"Released": "February 7, 1990", "Recorded": "December 1989", "Studio": "Different Fur, San Francisco", "Genre": "Funk metal alternative metal", "Length": "51:23", "Label": "Caroline", "Producer": "Primus, Matt Winegar"}}, {"title": "Primus chronology", "data": {"Suck on This \u00b7 (1989)": "Frizzle Fry \u00b7 (1990) \u00b7 Sailing the Seas of Cheese \u00b7 (1991)"}}, {"title": "Singles from Frizzle Fry", "data": {"Singles from Frizzle Fry": "1. \"John the Fisherman\" \u00b7 Released: May 17, 1990 2. \"Too Many Puppies\" \u00b7 Released: July 26, 1990 3. \"Mr. Knowitall\" \u00b7 Released: 1990"}}, {"title": "Primus", "data": {"Studio albums": "Frizzle Fry Sailing the Seas of Cheese Pork Soda Tales from the Punchbowl Brown Album Antipop Green Naugahyde Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble The Desaturating Seven", "Live albums": "Suck on This", "Compilations": "They Can't All Be Zingers The Revenant Juke: A Collection of Fables and Farce", "EPs": "Miscellaneous Debris Rhinoplasty Animals Should Not Try to Act Like People June 2010 Rehearsal Conspiranoid", "Singles": "\" John the Fisherman \" \" Too Many Puppies \" \" Jerry Was a Race Car Driver \" \" Tommy the Cat \" \" Those Damned Blue-Collar Tweekers \" \" My Name Is Mud \" \" DMV \" \" Mr. Krinkle \" \" Wynona's Big Brown Beaver \" \" Southbound Pachyderm \" \" Shake Hands with Beef \" \" Behind My Camel \" \" Lacquer Head \" \" Tragedy's a' Comin' \"", "Videos": "Cheesy Home Video Videoplasty Animals Should Not Try to Act Like People Hallucino-Genetics Blame It on the Fish", "Related articles": "Discography Sausage (band) Colonel Les Claypool's Fearless Flying Frog Brigade Oysterhead Colonel Claypool's Bucket of Bernie Brains Les Claypool's Fancy Band Blind Illusion Possessed Prawn Song Records Lance Montoya"}}]	false
# The Years (Woolf novel) The Years is a 1937 novel by Virginia Woolf, the last she published in her lifetime. It traces the history of the Pargiter family from the 1880s to the "present day" of the mid-1930s. Although spanning fifty years, the novel is not epic in scope, focusing instead on the small private details of the characters' lives. Except for the first, each section takes place on a single day of its titular year, and each year is defined by a particular moment in the cycle of seasons. At the beginning of each section, and sometimes as a transition within sections, Woolf describes the changing weather all over Britain, taking in both London and countryside as if in a bird's-eye view before focusing in on her characters. Although these descriptions move across the whole of England in single paragraphs, Woolf only rarely and briefly broadens her view to the world outside Britain. ## Development The novel had its inception in a lecture Woolf gave to the London/National Society for Women's Service on 21 January 1931, an edited version of which would later be published as "Professions for Women". Having recently published A Room of One's Own, Woolf thought of making this lecture the basis of a new book-length essay on women, this time taking a broader view of their economic and social life, rather than focusing on women as artists, as the first book had. As she was working on correcting the proofs of The Waves and beginning the essays for The Common Reader, Second Series, the idea for this essay took shape in a diary entry for 16 February 1932: "And I'm quivering & itching to write my--whats it to be called?--'Men are like that?'--no thats too patently feminist: the sequel then, for which I have collected enough poweder to blow up St Pauls. It is to have 4 pictures" (capitalization and punctuation as in manuscript). The reference to "4 pictures" in this diary entry shows the early connection between The Years and Three Guineas, which would, indeed, include photographs. On 11 October 1932, she titled the manuscript "THE PARGITERS: An Essay based upon a paper read to the London/National Society for Women's Service" (capitalization as in manuscript). During this time, the idea of mixing the essay with fiction occurred to her, and in a diary entry of 2 November 1932, she conceived the idea of a "novel-essay" in which each essay would be followed by a novelistic passage presented as extracts from an imaginary longer novel, which would exemplify the ideas explored in the essay. Woolf began to collect materials about women's education and lives since the later decades of the 19th century, which she copied into her reading notebooks or pasted into scrapbooks, hoping to incorporate them into the essay portions of The Pargiters (they would ultimately be used for Three Guineas). Between October and December 1932 Woolf wrote six essays and their accompanying fictional "extracts" for The Pargiters. By February 1933, however, she jettisoned the theoretical framework of her "novel-essay" and began to rework the book solely as a fictional narrative, although Anna Snaith argued in her introduction to the Cambridge edition of the novel that "Her decision to cut the essays was not a rejection of the project's basis in non-fiction, but affirmation of its centrality to the project, and to her writing in general." Some of the conceptual material presented in The Pargiters eventually made its way into her non-fiction essay-letter, Three Guineas (1938). In 1977 a transcription of the original draft of six essays and extracts, together with the lecture that first inspired them, was edited by Mitchell Leaska and published under the title The Pargiters. Woolf's manuscripts of The Years, including the draft from which The Pargiters was prepared, are in the Henry W. and Albert A. Berg Collection of English and American Literature in the New York Public Library. ## Plot summary ### 1880 "It was an uncertain Spring." Colonel Abel Pargiter visits his mistress Mira in a dingy suburb, then returns home to his children and his invalid wife Rose. His eldest daughter Eleanor is a do-gooder in her early twenties, and Milly and Delia are in their teens. Morris, the eldest brother, is already a practising barrister. Delia feels trapped by her mother's illness and looks forward to her death. Ten-year-old Rose quarrels with twelve-year-old Martin and sneaks off by herself to a nearby toyshop. On the way back she is frightened by a man exposing himself. As the family prepares for bed, Mrs Pargiter seems at last to have died, but she recovers. At Oxford it is a rainy night and undergraduate Edward, the last Pargiter sibling, reads Antigone and thinks of his cousin Kitty Malone, with whom he is in love. He is distracted by two friends, the athletic Gibbs and the bookish Ashley. Daughter of a Head of House at Oxford, cousin Kitty endures her mother's academic dinner-parties, studies half-heartedly with an impoverished female scholar named Lucy Craddock, and considers various marriage prospects, dismissing Edward. She is sitting with her mother when the news is brought that Mrs Pargiter is dead. At Mrs Pargiter's funeral Delia distracts herself with romantic fantasies of Charles Stewart Parnell and struggles to feel any real emotional response to her mother's death. ### 1891 "An Autumn wind blew over England." Kitty has married the wealthy Lord Lasswade, as her mother predicted, and Milly has married Edward's friend Gibbs. They are at a hunting party at the Lasswade estate. Back in London, Eleanor, now in her thirties, runs her father's household and does charity work to provide improved housing for the poor. Travelling to London on a horse-drawn omnibus she visits her charity cases, reads a letter from Martin (twenty-three and having adventures in India), and visits court to watch Morris argue a case. Morris is married to Celia. Back in the street, Eleanor reads the news of Parnell's death and tries to visit Delia, living alone and still an avid supporter of the Irish politician, but Delia is not at home. Colonel Pargiter visits the family of his younger brother, Sir Digby Pargiter. Digby is married to the flamboyant Eugénie and has two little daughters, Maggie and Sara (called Sally). ### 1907 "It was midsummer; and the nights were hot." Digby and Eugénie bring Maggie home from a dance where she spoke with Martin, who has returned from Africa. At home, Sara lies in bed reading Edward's translation of Antigone and listening to another dance down the street. Sara and Maggie are now in their mid-twenties. Maggie arrives home, and the girls tease their mother about her romantic past. ### 1908 "It was March and the wind was blowing." Martin, now forty, visits the house of Digby and Eugénie, which has already been sold after their sudden deaths. He goes to see Eleanor, now in her fifties. Rose, pushing forty and an unmarried eccentric, also drops in. ### 1910 "...an English spring day, bright enough, but a purple cloud behind the hill might mean rain." Rose, forty, visits her cousins Maggie and Sara (or Sally), who are living together in a cheap apartment. Rose takes Sara to one of Eleanor's philanthropic meetings. Martin also comes, and so does their glamorous cousin Kitty Lasswade, now nearing fifty. After the meeting Kitty visits the opera. That evening at dinner Maggie and Sara hear the cry go up that King Edward VII is dead. ### 1911 "The sun was rising. Very slowly it came up over the horizon shaking out light." The chapter begins with a brief glimpse of the south of France, where Maggie has married a Frenchman named René (or Renny) and is already expecting a baby. In England Colonel Pargiter has died and the family's old house is shut up for sale. Eleanor visits her brother Morris and Celia, who have a teenaged son and daughter named North and Peggy (another son, Charles, is mentioned in a later section). Also visiting is Sir William Whatney, one of spinster Eleanor's few youthful flirtations. There is gossip that Rose has been arrested for throwing a brick (this was a time of Suffragette protests). ### 1913 "It was January. Snow was falling. Snow had fallen all day." The Pargiters' family home is being sold and Eleanor says goodbye to the housekeeper, Crosby, who must now take a room in a boarding house after forty years in the Pargiters' basement. From her new lodgings Crosby takes the train across London to collect the laundry of Martin, now forty-five and still a bachelor. ### 1914 "It was a brilliant spring day; the day was radiant." It is May 1914, two months before the outbreak of World War I, although no hint is given of this. Wandering past St Paul's Cathedral, Martin runs into his cousin Sara (or Sally), now in her early thirties. They have lunch together at a chop shop, then walk through Hyde Park and meet Maggie with her baby. Martin mentions that his sister Rose is in prison. Martin continues, alone, to a party being given by Lady Lasswade (cousin Kitty). At the party he meets teenage Ann Hillier and Professor Tony Ashton, who attended Mrs Malone's dinner party in 1880 as an undergraduate. The party over, Kitty changes for a night train ride to her husband's country estate, then is driven by motorcar to his castle. She walks through the grounds as day breaks. ### 1917 "A very cold winter's night, so silent that the air seemed frozen" During the war Eleanor visits Maggie and Renny, who have fled France for London. She meets their openly gay friend Nicholas, a Polish-American. Sara arrives late, angry over a quarrel with North, who is about to leave for the front lines and whose military service Sara views with contempt. There is a bombing raid, and the party takes its supper to a basement room for safety. ### 1918 "A veil of mist covered the November sky;" The briefest of the sections, at little more than three pages in most editions of the novel, "1918" shows us Crosby, now very old and with pain in her legs. She hobbles home from work with her new employers, whom she considers "dirty foreigners", not "gentlefolk" like the Pargiters. Suddenly guns and sirens go off, but it is not the war, it is the news that the war has ended. ### Present Day "It was a summer evening; the sun was setting;" Morris's son North, who is in his thirties, has returned from Africa, where he ran an isolated ranch in the years after the war. He visits Sara, in her fifties and living alone in a cheap boarding-house, and they recall the friendship they carried on for years by mail. North's sister Peggy, a doctor in her late thirties, visits Eleanor, who is over seventy. Eleanor is an avid traveller, excited and curious about the modern age, but the bitter, misanthropic Peggy prefers romantic stories of her aunt's Victorian past. The two pass the memorial to Edith Cavell in Trafalgar Square and Peggy's brother Charles, who died in the war, is mentioned for the first and only time. Delia, now in her sixties, married an Irishman long ago and moved away, but she is visiting London and gives a party for her family. All the surviving characters gather for the reunion. ## 1880 inThe Pargiters The draft written in 1932 and published in The Pargiters (see above) is in many respects the same as the finished "1880" section of The Years. However, Woolf made a number of significant alterations and provided a family tree with specific birth dates for the characters, many of whose ages are only implied in the finished novel. This diagram lists Colonel Pargiter as dying in 1893, while in the novel he survives till 1910, so the birth dates may not be definitive either. Editor Mitchell Leaska notes that, when figuring out the ages of the characters by sums jotted in the margins of the draft, Woolf makes a number of errors in arithmetic, a problem that also afflicts Eleanor in the novel. - First Essay A version of the lecture that inspired the novel, the opening essay is addressed to an imaginary live audience. It describes a multi-volume novel in progress, called The Pargiters, which purports to trace the history of the family from the year 1800 to 2032. The family is described as "English life at its most normal, most typical, and most representative". - First Chapter Begins with the heading "Chapter Fifty-Six," going along with the conceit that it is an extract from an existing longer novel. Similar to the scene that introduces the Pargiter children in the novel. - Second Essay Discusses the reasons for the Pargiter daughters' idleness and lack of education, including the social strictures that stifle the girls' sexual impulses and cause the musically talented Delia to neglect her violin. - Second Chapter Similar to the passages in the novel describing Rose's trip to the toy store, but dwells in more detail on the shock of the attack and Rose's fear and guilt later that night. - Third Essay Refers to the attempted sexual assault on Rose as "one of the many kinds of love" and notes that it "raged everywhere outside the drawing room" but was never mentioned in the work of Victorian novelists. Discusses the way the assault strains Rose's relationship with her brother Martin (in this draft called "Bobby") and his greater freedom in sexual matters. Briefly introduces a suffragette character, Nora Graham. - Third Chapter Similar to Edward's Oxford scene in the finished novel. In a deleted passage, Edward imagines Antigone and Kitty fused into a single glamorous figure and struggles with the urge to masturbate, writing a poem in Greek to calm down. Edward's friend Ashley is called "Jasper Jevons" in this version. - Fourth Essay Describes the centuries-long tradition of all-male education at Oxford and its influence on Edward's sexual life, contrasted with the limited education available to women. Here Ashley/Jevons is called "Tony Ashton," and once in the following chapter Tony Ashton is called "Tony Ashley," suggesting that these various names originally referred to a single character in Woolf's mind. It is specified that Edward and Kitty's mothers are cousins, a relationship left unstated in the novel. - Fourth Chapter Similar to Kitty's introductory scenes in the novel. There is more detail on her dislike for (and sympathy with) Tony Ashton's effeminacy. It's revealed that Kitty's mother comes of Yorkshire farming stock, and Kitty recalls with pleasure being kissed under a haystack by a farmer's son. - Fifth Essay More detail on Kitty's awkward closeness with her teacher Lucy Craddock, Miss Craddock's own frustrated academic hopes, and the reaction of male academics to intellectual women. Miss Craddock has another less pretty and more studious pupil named Nelly Hughes, of the family who in the novel are called "the Robsons." - Fifth Chapter Similar to the scene of Kitty's visit to the Robsons (here changed from "the Hughes" to "the Brooks"), who are determined that Nelly will succeed academically. Kitty enjoys sharing Yorkshire roots with the mother, and more detail is given on her attraction to the son of the family. The chapter ends with Kitty determined to leave Oxford and become a farmer's wife. - Sixth Essay Discusses the genteel feminine ideal to which Kitty and her mother must aspire, and contrasts it with the sincere respect for women of the working-class Mr. Brook. Ends in praise of Joseph Wright, a real-life scholar whose collaboration with his wife Woolf admired.	enwiki/7330565	enwiki	7,330,565	The Years (Woolf novel)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Years_(Woolf_novel)	2025-07-02T23:58:38Z	en	Q1616684	69,632	{{Short description\|1937 novel by Virginia Woolf}} {{about\|\|the book by Annie Ernaux\|The Years (Ernaux book)\|the EP by Memoryhouse\|The Years (EP)}} {{Use British English\|date=September 2013}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2024}} {{Infobox book \| <!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels]] or [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Books]] --> \| name = The Years \| title_orig = \| translator = \| image = Image:TheYears.jpg \| caption = First edition cover \| author = [[Virginia Woolf]] \| illustrator = \| cover_artist = [[Vanessa Bell]] \| country = United Kingdom \| language = English \| series = \| genre = \| publisher = [[Hogarth Press]] \| release_date = 21 October 1937 \| media_type = Print (hardback & paperback) \| pages = 444 pp \| isbn = \| oclc= 7778524 \| preceded_by = \| followed_by = }} '''''The Years''''' is a 1937 novel by [[Virginia Woolf]], the last she published in her lifetime. It traces the history of the Pargiter family from the 1880s to the "present day" of the mid-1930s. Although spanning fifty years, the novel is not [[Epic poetry\|epic]] in scope, focusing instead on the small private details of the characters' lives. Except for the first, each section takes place on a single day of its titular year, and each year is defined by a particular moment in the cycle of seasons. At the beginning of each section, and sometimes as a transition within sections, Woolf describes the changing weather all over Britain, taking in both London and countryside as if in a bird's-eye view before focusing in on her characters. Although these descriptions move across the whole of England in single paragraphs, Woolf only rarely and briefly broadens her view to the world outside Britain. ==Development== The novel had its inception in a lecture Woolf gave to the [[Fawcett Society\|London/National Society for Women's Service]] on 21 January 1931, an edited version of which would later be published as "Professions for Women".<ref name=Speech>{{cite book\|last1=Woolf\|first1=Virginia\|editor1-last=Leaska\|editor1-first=Mitchell A.\|title=The Pargiters: The Novel-Essay Portion of The Years\|date=1977\|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.\|location=New York\|isbn=0-15-671380-2\|pages=xxvii-xliv}}</ref> Having recently published ''[[A Room of One's Own]]'', Woolf thought of making this lecture the basis of a new book-length essay on women, this time taking a broader view of their economic and social life, rather than focusing on women as artists, as the first book had. As she was working on correcting the proofs of ''[[The Waves]]'' and beginning the essays for ''[[The Common Reader, Second Series]]'', the idea for this essay took shape in a diary entry for 16 February 1932: "And I'm quivering & itching to write my--whats it to be called?--'Men are like that?'--no thats too patently feminist: the sequel then, for which I have collected enough poweder to blow up [[St Paul's Cathedral\|St Pauls]]. It is to have 4 pictures" (capitalization and punctuation as in manuscript).<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Woolf\|first1=Virginia\|editor1-last=Bell\|editor1-first=Anne Olivier\|editor2-last=McNeillie\|editor2-first=Andrew\|title=Diary of Virginia Woolf, vol. 4 (1931-1935)\|date=1983\|publisher=Harcourt Brace & Co.\|location=New York\|isbn=978-0156260398\|page=[https://archive.org/details/diaryofvirginiaw00virg/page/77 77]\|url=https://archive.org/details/diaryofvirginiaw00virg/page/77}}</ref> The reference to "4 pictures" in this diary entry shows the early connection between ''The Years'' and ''[[Three Guineas]]'', which would, indeed, include photographs.<ref name=Humm>{{cite journal\|last1=Humm\|first1=Maggie\|author-link=Maggie Humm\|title=Memory, Photography, and Modernism: The "dead bodies and ruined houses" of Virginia Woolf's Three Guineas\|journal=Signs\|date=Winter 2003\|volume=28\|issue=2\|pages=645–663\|doi=10.1086/342583\|jstor=10.1086/342583\|url=http://roar.uel.ac.uk/349/1/Humm%2C%20M.%282003%29%20Signs%2028%20%282%29%20645-663.pdf}}</ref> On 11 October 1932, she titled the manuscript "THE PARGITERS: An Essay based upon a paper read to the London/National Society for Women's Service" (capitalization as in manuscript).<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Woolf\|first1=Virginia\|editor1-last=Leaska\|editor1-first=Mitchell A.\|title=The Pargiters: The Novel-Essay Portion of The Years\|date=1977\|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.\|location=New York\|isbn=0-15-671380-2\|pages=xvi,4}}</ref><ref>Snaith 2012, p.l</ref> During this time, the idea of mixing the essay with fiction occurred to her, and in a diary entry of 2 November 1932, she conceived the idea of a "novel-essay" in which each essay would be followed by a novelistic passage presented as extracts from an imaginary longer novel, which would exemplify the ideas explored in the essay.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Woolf\|first1=Virginia\|editor1-last=Bell\|editor1-first=Anne Olivier\|editor2-last=McNeillie\|editor2-first=Andrew\|title=Diary of Virginia Woolf, vol. 4 (1931-1935)\|date=1983\|publisher=Harcourt Brace & Co.\|location=New York\|isbn=978-0156260398\|page=[https://archive.org/details/diaryofvirginiaw00virg/page/129 129]\|url=https://archive.org/details/diaryofvirginiaw00virg/page/129}}</ref> Woolf began to collect materials about women's education and lives since the later decades of the 19th century, which she copied into her reading notebooks or pasted into scrapbooks, hoping to incorporate them into the essay portions of ''The Pargiters'' (they would ultimately be used for ''Three Guineas'').<ref>Snaith 2012, p.li</ref> Between October and December 1932 Woolf wrote six essays and their accompanying fictional "extracts" for ''The Pargiters''. By February 1933, however, she jettisoned the theoretical framework of her "novel-essay" and began to rework the book solely as a fictional narrative, although Anna Snaith argued in her introduction to the Cambridge edition of the novel that "Her decision to cut the essays was not a rejection of the project's basis in non-fiction, but affirmation of its centrality to the project, and to her writing in general."<ref>Snaith 2012, p.lxiii</ref> Some of the conceptual material presented in ''The Pargiters'' eventually made its way into her non-fiction essay-letter, ''Three Guineas'' (1938). In 1977 a transcription of the original draft of six essays and extracts, together with the lecture that first inspired them, was edited by [[Mitchell Leaska]] and published under the title ''The Pargiters''. Woolf's manuscripts of ''The Years'', including the draft from which ''The Pargiters'' was prepared, are in the [[Henry W. and Albert A. Berg Collection of English and American Literature]] in the [[New York Public Library]]. ==Plot summary== ===1880=== ''"It was an uncertain Spring."''<br> Colonel Abel Pargiter visits his mistress Mira in a dingy suburb, then returns home to his children and his invalid wife Rose. His eldest daughter Eleanor is a do-gooder in her early twenties, and Milly and Delia are in their teens. Morris, the eldest brother, is already a practising [[barrister]]. Delia feels trapped by her mother's illness and looks forward to her death. Ten-year-old Rose quarrels with twelve-year-old Martin and sneaks off by herself to a nearby toyshop. On the way back she is frightened by a man exposing himself. As the family prepares for bed, Mrs Pargiter seems at last to have died, but she recovers. At [[Oxford University\|Oxford]] it is a rainy night and undergraduate Edward, the last Pargiter sibling, reads ''[[Antigone (Sophocles)\|Antigone]]'' and thinks of his cousin Kitty Malone, with whom he is in love. He is distracted by two friends, the athletic Gibbs and the bookish Ashley. Daughter of a [[Colleges of Oxford University#Head of House\|Head of House]] at [[Oxford]], cousin Kitty endures her mother's academic dinner-parties, studies half-heartedly with an impoverished female scholar named Lucy Craddock, and considers various marriage prospects, dismissing Edward. She is sitting with her mother when the news is brought that Mrs Pargiter is dead. At Mrs Pargiter's funeral Delia distracts herself with romantic fantasies of [[Charles Stewart Parnell]] and struggles to feel any real emotional response to her mother's death. ===1891=== ''"An Autumn wind blew over England."''<br> Kitty has married the wealthy Lord Lasswade, as her mother predicted, and Milly has married Edward's friend Gibbs. They are at a hunting party at the Lasswade estate. Back in London, Eleanor, now in her thirties, runs her father's household and does charity work to provide improved housing for the poor. Travelling to London on a horse-drawn [[bus\|omnibus]] she visits her charity cases, reads a letter from Martin (twenty-three and having adventures in India), and visits court to watch Morris argue a case. Morris is married to Celia. Back in the street, Eleanor reads the news of Parnell's death and tries to visit Delia, living alone and still an avid supporter of the Irish politician, but Delia is not at home. Colonel Pargiter visits the family of his younger brother, Sir Digby Pargiter. Digby is married to the flamboyant Eugénie and has two little daughters, Maggie and Sara (called Sally). ===1907=== ''"It was midsummer; and the nights were hot."''<br> Digby and Eugénie bring Maggie home from a dance where she spoke with Martin, who has returned from Africa. At home, Sara lies in bed reading Edward's translation of ''[[Antigone (Sophocles play)\|Antigone]]'' and listening to another dance down the street. Sara and Maggie are now in their mid-twenties. Maggie arrives home, and the girls tease their mother about her romantic past. ===1908=== ''"It was March and the wind was blowing."''<br> Martin, now forty, visits the house of Digby and Eugénie, which has already been sold after their sudden deaths. He goes to see Eleanor, now in her fifties. Rose, pushing forty and an unmarried eccentric, also drops in. ===1910=== ''"...an English spring day, bright enough, but a purple cloud behind the hill might mean rain."''<br> Rose, forty, visits her cousins Maggie and Sara (or Sally), who are living together in a cheap apartment. Rose takes Sara to one of Eleanor's philanthropic meetings. Martin also comes, and so does their glamorous cousin Kitty Lasswade, now nearing fifty. After the meeting Kitty visits the opera. That evening at dinner Maggie and Sara hear the cry go up that King [[Edward VII]] is dead. ===1911=== ''"The sun was rising. Very slowly it came up over the horizon shaking out light."''<br> The chapter begins with a brief glimpse of the south of France, where Maggie has married a Frenchman named René (or Renny) and is already expecting a baby. In England Colonel Pargiter has died and the family's old house is shut up for sale. Eleanor visits her brother Morris and Celia, who have a teenaged son and daughter named North and Peggy (another son, Charles, is mentioned in a later section). Also visiting is Sir William Whatney, one of spinster Eleanor's few youthful flirtations. There is gossip that Rose has been arrested for throwing a brick (this was a time of [[Suffragette]] protests). ===1913=== ''"It was January. Snow was falling. Snow had fallen all day."''<br> The Pargiters' family home is being sold and Eleanor says goodbye to the housekeeper, Crosby, who must now take a room in a boarding house after forty years in the Pargiters' basement. From her new lodgings Crosby takes the train across London to collect the laundry of Martin, now forty-five and still a bachelor. ===1914=== ''"It was a brilliant spring day; the day was radiant."''<br> It is May 1914, two months before the outbreak of [[World War I]], although no hint is given of this. Wandering past [[St Paul's Cathedral]], Martin runs into his cousin Sara (or Sally), now in her early thirties. They have lunch together at a chop shop, then walk through [[Hyde Park, London\|Hyde Park]] and meet Maggie with her baby. Martin mentions that his sister Rose is in prison. Martin continues, alone, to a party being given by Lady Lasswade (cousin Kitty). At the party he meets teenage Ann Hillier and Professor Tony Ashton, who attended Mrs Malone's dinner party in 1880 as an undergraduate. The party over, Kitty changes for a night train ride to her husband's country estate, then is driven by motorcar to his castle. She walks through the grounds as day breaks. ===1917=== ''"A very cold winter's night, so silent that the air seemed frozen"''<br> During the war Eleanor visits Maggie and Renny, who have fled France for London. She meets their openly gay friend Nicholas, a [[Polish-American]]. Sara arrives late, angry over a quarrel with North, who is about to leave for the front lines and whose [[military service]] Sara views with contempt. There is a [[bombing raid]], and the party takes its supper to a basement room for safety. ===1918=== ''"A veil of mist covered the November sky;"''<br> The briefest of the sections, at little more than three pages in most editions of the novel, "1918" shows us Crosby, now very old and with pain in her legs. She hobbles home from work with her new employers, whom she considers "dirty foreigners", not "gentlefolk" like the Pargiters. Suddenly guns and sirens go off, but it is not the war, it is the news that the war has ended. ===Present Day=== ''"It was a summer evening; the sun was setting;"''<br> Morris's son North, who is in his thirties, has returned from Africa, where he ran an isolated ranch in the years after the war. He visits Sara, in her fifties and living alone in a cheap boarding-house, and they recall the friendship they carried on for years by mail. North's sister Peggy, a doctor in her late thirties, visits Eleanor, who is over seventy. Eleanor is an avid traveller, excited and curious about the modern age, but the bitter, misanthropic Peggy prefers romantic stories of her aunt's [[Victorian era\|Victorian]] past. The two pass the memorial to [[Edith Cavell]] in [[Trafalgar Square]] and Peggy's brother Charles, who died in the war, is mentioned for the first and only time. Delia, now in her sixties, married an [[Irishman]] long ago and moved away, but she is visiting London and gives a party for her family. All the surviving characters gather for the reunion. ==1880 in ''The Pargiters''== The draft written in 1932 and published in ''The Pargiters'' (see above) is in many respects the same as the finished "1880" section of ''The Years''. However, Woolf made a number of significant alterations and provided a family tree with specific birth dates for the characters, many of whose ages are only implied in the finished novel. This diagram lists Colonel Pargiter as dying in 1893, while in the novel he survives till 1910, so the birth dates may not be definitive either. Editor Mitchell Leaska notes that, when figuring out the ages of the characters by sums jotted in the margins of the draft, Woolf makes a number of errors in arithmetic, a problem that also afflicts Eleanor in the novel. * '''First Essay''' A version of the lecture that inspired the novel, the opening essay is addressed to an imaginary live audience. It describes a multi-volume novel in progress, called ''The Pargiters'', which purports to trace the history of the family from the year 1800 to 2032. The family is described as "English life at its most normal, most typical, and most representative". * '''First Chapter''' Begins with the heading "Chapter Fifty-Six," going along with the conceit that it is an extract from an existing longer novel. Similar to the scene that introduces the Pargiter children in the novel. * '''Second Essay''' Discusses the reasons for the Pargiter daughters' idleness and lack of education, including the social strictures that stifle the girls' sexual impulses and cause the musically talented Delia to neglect her violin. * '''Second Chapter''' Similar to the passages in the novel describing Rose's trip to the toy store, but dwells in more detail on the shock of the attack and Rose's fear and guilt later that night. * '''Third Essay''' Refers to the attempted sexual assault on Rose as "one of the many kinds of love" and notes that it "raged everywhere outside the drawing room" but was never mentioned in the work of Victorian novelists. Discusses the way the assault strains Rose's relationship with her brother Martin (in this draft called "Bobby") and his greater freedom in sexual matters. Briefly introduces a suffragette character, Nora Graham. * '''Third Chapter''' Similar to Edward's Oxford scene in the finished novel. In a deleted passage, Edward imagines Antigone and Kitty fused into a single glamorous figure and struggles with the urge to masturbate, writing a poem in Greek to calm down. Edward's friend Ashley is called "Jasper Jevons" in this version. * '''Fourth Essay''' Describes the centuries-long tradition of all-male education at Oxford and its influence on Edward's sexual life, contrasted with the limited education available to women. Here Ashley/Jevons is called "Tony Ashton," and once in the following chapter Tony Ashton is called "Tony Ashley," suggesting that these various names originally referred to a single character in Woolf's mind. It is specified that Edward and Kitty's mothers are cousins, a relationship left unstated in the novel. * '''Fourth Chapter''' Similar to Kitty's introductory scenes in the novel. There is more detail on her dislike for (and sympathy with) Tony Ashton's effeminacy. It's revealed that Kitty's mother comes of Yorkshire farming stock, and Kitty recalls with pleasure being kissed under a haystack by a farmer's son. * '''Fifth Essay''' More detail on Kitty's awkward closeness with her teacher Lucy Craddock, Miss Craddock's own frustrated academic hopes, and the reaction of male academics to intellectual women. Miss Craddock has another less pretty and more studious pupil named Nelly Hughes, of the family who in the novel are called "the Robsons." * '''Fifth Chapter''' Similar to the scene of Kitty's visit to the Robsons (here changed from "the Hughes" to "the Brooks"), who are determined that Nelly will succeed academically. Kitty enjoys sharing Yorkshire roots with the mother, and more detail is given on her attraction to the son of the family. The chapter ends with Kitty determined to leave Oxford and become a farmer's wife. * '''Sixth Essay''' Discusses the genteel feminine ideal to which Kitty and her mother must aspire, and contrasts it with the sincere respect for women of the working-class Mr. Brook. Ends in praise of [[Joseph Wright (linguist)\|Joseph Wright]], a real-life scholar whose collaboration with his wife Woolf admired. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * Radin, Grace (1982). ''Virginia Woolf's the Years: The Evolution of a Novel'', University of Tennessee Press. * Snaith, Anna (2012). "Introduction", ''The Years'', Cambridge University Press: The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Virginia Woolf. ==External links== * {{FadedPage\|id=20190533\|name=The Years}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080726120004/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/w/woolf/virginia/w91y/complete.html The novel online at the University of Adelaide library] * [http://www.londonfictions.com/virginia-woolf-the-years.html Novelist Nuala Casey reflects on ''The Years'' on the London Fictions website] {{Virginia Woolf}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Years (Woolf novel), The}} [[Category:1937 British novels]] [[Category:Hogarth Press books]] [[Category:Modernist novels]] [[Category:Novels by Virginia Woolf]] [[Category:Novels set in England]]	1,298,511,476	[{"title": "The Years", "data": {"Author": "Virginia Woolf", "Cover artist": "Vanessa Bell", "Language": "English", "Publisher": "Hogarth Press", "Publication date": "21 October 1937", "Publication place": "United Kingdom", "Media type": "Print (hardback & paperback)", "Pages": "444 pp", "OCLC": "7778524"}}]	false
# Dan Wilkinson Daniel Raymon Wilkinson (born March 13, 1973), nicknamed "Big Daddy", is an American former football defensive tackle who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 13 seasons. He played college football for the Ohio State Buckeyes, where he received consensus All-American honors, and was selected first overall by the Cincinnati Bengals in the 1994 NFL draft. He was also a member of the Washington Redskins, Detroit Lions, and Miami Dolphins. ## Early life Wilkinson was born in Dayton, Ohio. He attended Dunbar High School in Dayton, and played for the Dunbar Wolverines high school football team. His football coach at Stivers Intermediate School, Albert Powell, gave Wilkinson the nickname "Big Daddy", after convincing him to play defensive line instead of fullback. Powell later said, "Carl Hairston was in Cleveland at the time, so I told Dan, 'You're our Big Daddy.'" ## College career Wilkinson received an athletic scholarship to attend Ohio State University, where he played for the Ohio State Buckeyes football team from 1991 to 1993. During his freshman season in 1991, the Buckeyes coaches redshirted and placed him on the scout team. At the time, Wilkinson weighed 348 pounds and played offensive tackle. During the season, he lost 48 pounds and began to play defense. Lining up next to Alonzo Spellman during his sophomore year, Wilkinson earned All-Big Ten honors after he had 46 tackles, 10.5 tackles-for-loss, and 6.5 sacks. Playing under tackle next to nose guard Luke Fickell as a junior in 1993, Wilkinson finished with 44 tackles and 13 tackles-for-loss. He earned first-team All-Big Ten honors and was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American. He decided to forgo his final season of college eligibility and subsequently declared for the 1994 NFL draft. ## Professional career \| 6 ft 3+5⁄8 in (1.92 m) \| 327 lb (148 kg) \| 33+3⁄4 in (0.86 m) \| 10+1⁄4 in (0.26 m) \| 32 reps \| \| All values from NFL Combine \| \| \| \| \| ### 1994 NFL Draft Along with running back Marshall Faulk and quarterbacks Heath Shuler and Trent Dilfer, Wilkinson was regarded as "one of the four players who rank well above the others in this draft". In workouts prior to the draft, Wilkinson weighed in at 315 pounds, bench-pressed 225 pounds 34 times and ran a remarkably fast 40 yards in 4.72 seconds. "Wilkinson could be a once-in-10-years player," said Billy Devaney, then San Diego Chargers' director of player personnel. Also described as "maybe the best defensive line prospect since Reggie White [in 1984]," Wilkinson drew a lot of interest from around the league. Several teams were willing to trade with the Cincinnati Bengals for the No. 1 draft pick, including the New England Patriots, who reportedly offered their first-round pick (4th overall), plus several players including offensive guard Eugene Chung (their first-round choice in 1992), and the Arizona Cardinals, who offered their pick plus running back Garrison Hearst (their 1993 first-rounder). Eventually, the Bengals decided to keep the pick, and decided not to select a quarterback, since they already picked David Klingler in 1992. Becoming the third defensive lineman in four years—after Russell Maryland and Steve Emtman—to be selected first overall, Wilkinson was chosen by the Bengals. He was only the second Ohio State defensive player to go No. 1, after Tom Cousineau in 1979. ### Cincinnati Bengals After an 11-day holdout, Wilkinson signed a six-year, $14.4 million ($30.5 million in current value) contract with the Cincinnati Bengals on May 5, 1994, becoming the highest-paid player in their franchise history. While in training camp, Bengals coaches compared Wilkinson to All-Pro offensive tackle Anthony Muñoz in terms of talent. Wilkinson remained with the team from 1994 to 1997. During his rookie season, Wilkinson led the team with 19 quarterback hurries. He set a season-high and led the team with seven tackles against the Indianapolis Colts on November 20. During the season finale against the Philadelphia Eagles on December 20, Wilkinson volunteered to give up his starting spot so Bengals great Tim Krumrie could start his final home game. Wilkinson still made two sacks in a reserve role. Wilkinson set a career-high with eight quarterback sacks in 1995—a total which led all AFC interior linemen that season and was the most by a Bengals interior lineman since Mike Reid in 1972. Wilkinson's 18 quarterback hurries were second on the team and he played in 829 snaps, second-most on the defensive line. He spent time at both defensive tackle positions and right defensive end. He played the first two games of the regular season with a cast on his hand after breaking his ring finger in the final preseason game. He registered two sacks and led defensive line with five tackles (all solo) in win against the Jacksonville Jaguars on September 10 and sacked quarterback Mark Brunell on fourth down in the final minute of the game to preserve the Bengals win. Wilkinson suffered a neck injury against the Chicago Bears on December 10 and was inactive for the final two games of the season. Wilkinson led the Bengals in sacks for the first time in 1996 with 6.5, including one in each of the first five games, and also led the defensive line with 37 solo tackles. He led a rushing defense which allowed fewest yards per game (102.7) since the 1983 Bengals allowed 93.7. He opened the year with a season-high eight tackles, a sack and five quarterback hurries against the St. Louis Rams on September 1. He made his first career interception against the Baltimore Ravens on November 3, picking off a Vinny Testaverde pass. In 1997, Wilkinson played much of the season at right defensive end after the Bengals converted to a 3-4 defense, totaling a team-high five sacks. He was awarded the team's defensive game ball for his play in Cincinnati's victory over the Jacksonville Jaguars on November 23. He missed his only game of the season against the Dallas Cowboys on December 14 with a stinger in his neck. ### Washington Redskins In December 1997, Wilkinson clashed with ownership and the city he played in. He was disappointed when the Bengals placed the franchise tag on him during the offseason. He also called Cincinnati a "racist" city, saying its residents were "prejudiced and uptight and stiff." The remarks caused owner Mike Brown to act, and on February 26, 1998, Wilkinson was traded to the Washington Redskins. That same week, the Redskins had also acquired the reigning NFL Defensive Player of the Year, Dana Stubblefield, from the San Francisco 49ers. Wilkinson was very productive during his first season in Washington, leading the team in sacks (7.5), quarterback pressures (50) and tackles-for-loss (six). His 50 quarterback pressures were 30 more than the team's No. 2 man in that category (defensive end Kenard Lang). Wilkinson set career highs in total tackles (60) and solo stops (45), playing in more snaps (1,037) than any other defensive tackle in the NFL that season. He intercepted his second career pass against Philadelphia on November 15 when he picked off the deflected pass deep in Eagles territory and ran four yards before being tackled, setting up the Redskins' first touchdown. He also performed well against the New York Giants on November 1 with 14 QB pressures, seven tackles and a pass deflection. He tied a career-high with eight tackles against the Arizona Cardinals on November 22. Wilkinson led the Redskins with eight sacks to match his career-high from 1995 and finished second in quarterback pressures (43) in 1999. In a Week 7 game against the Chicago Bears, Redskins defensive end Marco Coleman hit Bears quarterback Shane Matthews, forcing the ball into Wilkinson's hands. He returned it (at a comfortable pace) 88 yards for a touchdown, with speedster Darrell Green escorting him most of the way. The play gave the Redskins a 14–0 lead in their 48–22 win over Chicago and was the fourth-longest interception return for a score in Redskins history, the longest such return ever by a Redskins player at home and the longest return ever by a Redskins defensive lineman. Wilkinson also racked up five tackles (three solo), two sacks, five pressures and a pass defensed at the New York Giants on September 19, when he was awarded a game ball along with the rest of the starting defensive line. He recorded a team-high nine pressures, a sack, two solos and one tackle-for-loss against the Arizona Cardinals on December 12. In 2000, Wilkinson experienced the lowest sack total of his career at just 3.5 for the year. He made a season-high four tackles on two occasions, at the Dallas Cowboys and at Pittsburgh Steelers in consecutive weeks in mid-December. He had a season-long, nine-yard sack at the Jacksonville Jaguars on October 22. While Wilkinson did not post entirely impressive statistics in 2001, he made key blocks allowing other defensive players to make big plays while also contributing in other ways. His pass deflection on second-and-goal led to an interception by Otis Leverette on the one-yard line and ended a critical scoring threat by the Carolina Panthers on October 21. The Redskins went on to beat the Panthers 17–14 in overtime. Although he posted no stats in the game, Wilkinson's pressure helped hold Philadelphia's offense to only 186 total yards. On the year, Wilkinson finished with 25 tackles (19 solo), four sacks and two interceptions. His two interceptions came off Donovan McNabb and Aaron Brooks. Wilkinson experienced his worst season as a pro in 2002, which would prove to be his last with the Redskins. He recorded one tackle against the Dallas Cowboys on November 28 before leaving the game in the third quarter with a strained right calf. He was placed on injured reserve on December 5, ending his season. In the 12 games he played, he recorded 16 tackles (12 solo) and five pass deflections. It was the first season of his career in which he did not record a sack. ### Detroit Lions During the 2003 offseason, Wilkinson voiced his preference to stay in Washington and it appeared it would happen. The team wanted him to take a pay cut, since they considered Wilkinson's team-high $3.5 million salary "too much" for a player who had a career-low 17 tackles and no sacks in 2002. But negotiations with Wilkinson's agent fell through, and he was cut by the team on July 29. Wilkinson received interest from the Dallas Cowboys, Green Bay Packers, and New England Patriots and approximately four other organizations. On August 17, he agreed to sign with the Detroit Lions. In Wilkinson's first regular season game with the Lions against the Arizona Cardinals on September 7, he recorded three solo tackles, five quarterback hurries, two passes defensed and a nine-yard sack of quarterback Jeff Blake—the first Lions' sack of the season. His best game of the season came against the Green Bay Packers on November 27 with a sack of Brett Favre, his first fumble recovery of 2003, two quarterback pressures and a season-high six tackles (four solos). He notched a pass defense, two quarterback knockdowns and a pressure against the St. Louis Rams on December 28, helping hold the Rams’ rushing attack to just 41 yards. Despite modest statistics (24 tackles and two sacks), Wilkinson made a significant impact on the Lions' run defense. He was named to Peter King of Sports Illustrated’s all-pro team. In 2004, Wilkinson appeared in all 16 games for the Lions. He was a member of a defensive line unit that registered 30.5 sacks, the seventh-highest total among any front four in the NFL. The unit also started every game together during the season. Wilkinson forced a fumble and sacked Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb for a seven-yard loss against Philadelphia on September 26. He also set a career-high with two forced fumbles during the season. He was also instrumental in the development of younger players, including Pro Bowl defensive tackle Shaun Rogers and defensive end James Hall. In the 2005 season, Wilkinson's last with the Lions, he played in all 16 games for the third straight year. He finished the season with 26 tackles (20 solo) and three sacks—his highest total in four seasons. He recorded two Trent Dilfer sacks at the Cleveland Browns on October 23, for a loss of 10 yards. His sack in the first quarter for nine yards prevented the Browns from reaching the end zone, and forced a field goal attempt. He recorded his first career safety after punter Nick Harris downed a punt on the 2-yard line against the Arizona Cardinals on November 13. On the ensuing possession, he tackled Cardinals fullback Obafemi Ayanbadejo in the end zone in the first quarter. Wilkinson had a sack on December 4 against Minnesota Vikings quarterback Brad Johnson for a loss of seven yards to stop a potential scoring drive and force the Vikings to punt. ### Miami Dolphins During the 2006 offseason, the Lions unsuccessfully attempted to trade Wilkinson and subsequently released him on May 22. He received interest from multiple teams, and visited with the Miami Dolphins in early June. The two parties negotiated on a contract, but Wilkinson preferred to not sign until later so as not to go through the rigors of an entire training camp at his age. He officially signed a three-year deal with the team on August 14. It was officially a three-year, $6.31 million contract, although it was structured in a way that would essentially make it a one-year deal. Wilkinson received a $500,000 signing bonus and had a $810,000 in base salary in 2006. His base salary was scheduled to jump to $2 million in 2007 and $2.5 million in 2008, and he was due a $500,000 roster bonus in the 2008 offseason. Wilkinson played in a reserve role most of the season behind Keith Traylor and Jeff Zgonina, battling nagging injuries and dealing with a lawsuit which caused him to miss time. In 10 games played, he recorded 13 tackles (nine solo) and three pass deflections. On December 21, Wilkinson was placed on season-ending injured reserve with knee and hamstring injuries. In the 2007 offseason, the Dolphins attempted to trade Wilkinson to the Denver Broncos in exchange for a sixth-round draft pick in the 2007 NFL draft. Wilkinson failed to contact either team, and while deadlines for him to report were extended during the offseason, the trade fell through and was voided on March 31. On June 18, the Dolphins released Wilkinson. ### Career transactions - Drafted by the Bengals in the first round (first overall) of the 1994 NFL Draft in April 1994. - Traded to the Redskins on February 26, 1998. - Released by the Redskins on July 29, 2003. - Signed by the Lions on August 17, 2003. - Released by the Lions on May 22, 2006. - Signed by the Dolphins on August 14, 2006. - Released by the Dolphins on June 18, 2007. ## Personal life The second-youngest of eleven children, Wilkinson was born in Dayton, Ohio, to Oliver Sr and Veronda Wilkinson. Wilkinson had four children with his ex-wife Shawnda: Brooklyn, Daniel Ramon Jr., Taylor, and Sydné. He is now remarried and has had two more children, Kennedy and Klarke. They reside in Potomac, Maryland. ### Legal troubles In 1996, Wilkinson pleaded no contest to the charge of domestic violence. He was subsequently found guilty of striking his pregnant girlfriend. Wilkinson's girlfriend, however, stated that she did not wish to pursue prosecution. In March 2006, Capital Centre LLC, a joint project headed by the Cordish Company and Washington Sports & Entertainment, sued Wilkinson. The suit alleged that Wilkinson was personally liable for a breach of contract related to a lease the two parties had agreed to. On April 3, 2006, The Maryland federal district court issued an opinion on the validity of the case.	enwiki/2066058	enwiki	2,066,058	Dan Wilkinson	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Wilkinson	2025-07-12T21:41:50Z	en	Q5214594	167,967	{{Short description\|American football player (born 1973)}} {{Use American English\|date=April 2024}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=April 2024}} {{Infobox NFL biography \| name = Dan Wilkinson \| number = 99, 95, 72 \| position = [[Defensive tackle]] \| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|1973\|3\|13\|mf=y}} \| birth_place = [[Dayton, Ohio]], U.S. \| height_ft = 6 \| height_in = 4 \| weight_lb = 340 \| high_school = [[Dunbar High School (Dayton, Ohio)\|Dunbar]] <br> (Dayton, Ohio) \| college = [[Ohio State Buckeyes football\|Ohio State]] (1991–1993) \| draftyear = 1994 \| draftround = 1 \| draftpick = 1 \| pastteams = * [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ({{NFL Year\|1994\|1997}}) * [[Washington Commanders\|Washington Redskins]] ({{NFL Year\|1998\|2002}}) * [[Detroit Lions]] ({{NFL Year\|2003\|2005}}) * [[Miami Dolphins]] ({{NFL Year\|2006}}) \| highlights = * [[Touchdown Club of Columbus#Bill Willis Trophy\|Bill Willis Trophy]] (1993) * Consensus [[College Football All-America Team\|All-American]] ([[1993 College Football All-America Team\|1993]]) * [[Big Ten Defensive Player of the Year\|Big Ten Co-Defensive Player of the Year]] (1993) * [[Big Ten Defensive Lineman of the Year]] (1993) * 2× Second-team [[List of All-Big Ten Conference football teams\|All-Big Ten]] ([[1992 All-Big Ten Conference football team\|1992]], [[1993 All-Big Ten Conference football team\|1993]]) \| statlabel1 = Total [[Tackle (football move)\|tackle]]s \| statvalue1 = 390 \| statlabel2 = [[Quarterback sack\|Sack]]s \| statvalue2 = 54.5 \| statlabel3 = Forced [[fumble]]s \| statvalue3 = 6 \| statlabel4 = Fumble recoveries \| statvalue4 = 4 \| statlabel5 = [[Interception]]s \| statvalue5 = 5 \| statlabel6 = Defensive [[touchdown]]s \| statvalue6 = 1 \| pfr = WilkDa22 }} '''Daniel Raymon Wilkinson''' (born March 13, 1973), nicknamed "'''Big Daddy'''", is an American former [[American football\|football]] [[defensive tackle]] who played in the [[National Football League]] (NFL) for 13 seasons. He played [[college football]] for the [[Ohio State Buckeyes football\|Ohio State Buckeyes]], where he received consensus [[College Football All-America Team\|All-American]] honors, and was selected [[List of first overall NFL draft picks\|first overall]] by the [[Cincinnati Bengals]] in the [[1994 NFL draft]]. He was also a member of the [[Washington Redskins]], [[Detroit Lions]], and [[Miami Dolphins]]. ==Early life== Wilkinson was born in [[Dayton, Ohio]].<ref name=nflprofile>National Football League, Historical Players, [http://www.nfl.com/player/danwilkinson/2503659/profilehttp://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=WILKIDAN01 Dan Wilkinson]. Retrieved February 11, 2012.</ref> He attended [[Dunbar High School (Dayton, Ohio)\|Dunbar High School]] in Dayton,<ref name=dbfprofile>databaseFootball.com, Players, {{usurped\|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120326180700/http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=WILKIDAN01 Dan Wilkinson]}}. Retrieved February 11, 2012.</ref> and played for the Dunbar Wolverines [[high school football]] team. His football coach at Stivers Intermediate School, Albert Powell, gave Wilkinson the nickname "Big Daddy", after convincing him to play defensive line instead of fullback. Powell later said, "[[Carl Hairston]] was in [[1987 Cleveland Browns season\|Cleveland]] at the time, so I told Dan, 'You're our Big Daddy.'"<ref name="SI 1994" /> ==College career== Wilkinson received an [[athletic scholarship]] to attend Ohio State University, where he played for the [[Ohio State Buckeyes football]] team from 1991 to 1993. During his freshman season in 1991, the Buckeyes coaches [[redshirt (college sports)\|redshirt]]ed and placed him on the scout team. At the time, Wilkinson weighed 348 pounds and played [[offensive tackle]]. During the season, he lost 48 pounds and began to play defense. Lining up next to [[Alonzo Spellman]] during his sophomore year, Wilkinson earned [[List of All-Big Ten Conference football teams\|All-Big Ten]] honors after he had 46 tackles, 10.5 tackles-for-loss, and 6.5 sacks. Playing under tackle next to nose guard [[Luke Fickell]] as a junior in 1993, Wilkinson finished with 44 tackles and 13 tackles-for-loss. He earned first-team All-Big Ten honors and was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American. He decided to forgo his final season of college eligibility and subsequently declared for the [[1994 NFL draft]]. ==Professional career== {{NFL predraft \| height ft = 6 \| height in = 3 5/8 \| weight = 327 \| dash = \| ten split = \| twenty split = \| shuttle = \| cone drill = \| vertical = \| broad ft = \| broad in = \| bench = 32 \| arm span = 33 3/4 \| hand span = 10 1/4 \| wonderlic = \| note = All values from NFL Combine<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://nflcombineresults.com/playerpage.php?i=24064 \|title=Dan Wilkinson, Combine Results, DT - Ohio State \|website=nflcombineresults.com \|access-date=February 25, 2022}}</ref> }} ===1994 NFL Draft=== Along with running back [[Marshall Faulk]] and quarterbacks [[Heath Shuler]] and [[Trent Dilfer]], Wilkinson was regarded as "one of the four players who rank well above the others in this draft".<ref name="NYT Rising Star">{{cite news \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/24/sports/pro-football-that-time-to-catch-a-rising-star.html \|title=That Time To Catch A Rising Star \|first=Frank \|last=Litsky \|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] \|date=April 24, 1994 }}</ref> In workouts prior to the draft, Wilkinson weighed in at 315 pounds, bench-pressed 225 pounds 34 times and ran a remarkably fast [[40-yard dash\|40 yards]] in 4.72 seconds.<ref name="NYT Rising Star" /><ref name="NYT Committed" /> "Wilkinson could be a once-in-10-years player," said [[Billy Devaney]], then [[1994 San Diego Chargers season\|San Diego Chargers]]' director of player personnel.<ref name="SI 1994">{{cite magazine \|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1005114/index.htm \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425040217/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1005114/index.htm \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=April 25, 2010 \|title=Defensive tackle Dan (Big Daddy) Wilkinson looks to be a draft-day bargain at any price \|magazine=Sports Illustrated \|date=April 25, 1994 }}</ref> Also described as "maybe the best defensive line prospect since [[Reggie White]] [in [[1984 NFL Supplemental Draft of USFL and CFL players\|1984]]]," Wilkinson drew a lot of interest from around the league. Several teams were willing to trade with the [[1994 Cincinnati Bengals season\|Cincinnati Bengals]] for the No. 1 draft pick, including the [[1994 New England Patriots season\|New England Patriots]], who reportedly offered their first-round pick (4th overall), plus several players including offensive guard [[Eugene Chung]] (their first-round choice in [[1992 NFL draft\|1992]]), and the [[1994 Arizona Cardinals season\|Arizona Cardinals]], who offered their pick plus running back [[Garrison Hearst]] (their [[1993 NFL draft\|1993]] first-rounder).<ref name="NYT Committed">{{cite news \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/17/sports/pro-football-bengals-committed-to-tackle-as-top-pick.html \|title=Bengals Committed To Tackle As Top Pick \|date=April 17, 1994 \|newspaper=The New York Times \|first=Frank \|last=Litsky }}</ref> Eventually, the Bengals decided to keep the pick, and decided not to select a quarterback, since they already picked [[David Klingler]] in [[1992 NFL draft\|1992]]. Becoming the third defensive lineman in four years—after [[Russell Maryland]] and [[Steve Emtman]]—to be selected first overall, Wilkinson was chosen by the Bengals.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=1994 NFL Draft Listing \|url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1994/draft.htm \|access-date=2023-03-31 \|website=Pro-Football-Reference.com \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/25/sports/pro-football-the-bengals-land-a-big-one-and-select-wilkinson-at-no-1.html \|title=The Bengals Land a Big One And Select Wilkinson at No. 1 \|newspaper=The New York Times \|date=April 25, 1994 \|first=Frank \|last=Litsky }}</ref> He was only the second Ohio State defensive player to go No. 1, after [[Tom Cousineau]] in [[1979 NFL draft\|1979]]. ===Cincinnati Bengals=== After an 11-day holdout, Wilkinson signed a six-year, $14.4 million (${{Inflation\|US\|14.4\|1994\|r=1}} million in current value) contract with the Cincinnati Bengals on May 5, 1994, becoming the highest-paid player in their franchise history.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/06/sports/sports-people-football-bengals-sign-wilkinson-to-rich-six-year-deal.html \|title=Bengals Sign Wilkinson To Rich Six-Year Deal \|newspaper=The New York Times \|date=May 6, 1994 }}</ref> While in training camp, Bengals coaches compared Wilkinson to [[All-Pro]] offensive tackle [[Anthony Muñoz]] in terms of talent.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/07/sports/pro-football-notebook-after-closer-look-bengals-no-1-draft-pick-still-no-1.html \|title=After a Closer Look, the Bengals' No. 1 Draft Pick Is Still No. 1 \|newspaper=The New York Times \|date=August 7, 1994 \|first=Timothy W. \|last=Smith }}</ref> Wilkinson remained with the team from {{NFL Year\|1994}} to {{NFL Year\|1997}}.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Dan Wilkinson Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College \|url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WilkDa22.htm \|access-date=2024-06-20 \|website=Pro-Football-Reference.com \|language=en}}</ref> During his rookie season, Wilkinson led the team with 19 [[quarterback hurries]]. He set a season-high and led the team with seven tackles against the [[1994 Indianapolis Colts season\|Indianapolis Colts]] on November 20. During the season finale against the [[1994 Philadelphia Eagles season\|Philadelphia Eagles]] on December 20, Wilkinson volunteered to give up his starting spot so Bengals great [[Tim Krumrie]] could start his final home game. Wilkinson still made two sacks in a reserve role. Wilkinson set a career-high with eight [[quarterback sack]]s in 1995—a total which led all [[American Football Conference\|AFC]] interior linemen that season and was the most by a Bengals interior lineman since [[Mike Reid (singer)\|Mike Reid]] in 1972. Wilkinson's 18 quarterback hurries were second on the team and he played in 829 snaps, second-most on the defensive line. He spent time at both defensive tackle positions and right [[defensive end]]. He played the first two games of the regular season with a cast on his hand after breaking his ring finger in the final preseason game. He registered two sacks and led defensive line with five tackles (all solo) in win against the [[1995 Jacksonville Jaguars season\|Jacksonville Jaguars]] on September 10 and sacked [[quarterback]] [[Mark Brunell]] on fourth down in the final minute of the game to preserve the Bengals win. Wilkinson suffered a neck injury against the [[1995 Chicago Bears season\|Chicago Bears]] on December 10 and was inactive for the final two games of the season. Wilkinson led the Bengals in sacks for the first time in 1996 with 6.5, including one in each of the first five games, and also led the defensive line with 37 solo tackles. He led a rushing defense which allowed fewest yards per game (102.7) since the [[1983 Cincinnati Bengals season\|1983 Bengals]] allowed 93.7. He opened the year with a season-high eight tackles, a sack and five quarterback hurries against the [[St. Louis Rams]] on September 1. He made his first career interception against the [[1996 Baltimore Ravens season\|Baltimore Ravens]] on November 3, picking off a [[Vinny Testaverde]] pass. In 1997, Wilkinson played much of the season at right defensive end after the Bengals converted to a [[3-4 defense]], totaling a team-high five sacks. He was awarded the team's defensive game ball for his play in Cincinnati's victory over the [[1997 Jacksonville Jaguars season\|Jacksonville Jaguars]] on November 23. He missed his only game of the season against the [[1997 Dallas Cowboys season\|Dallas Cowboys]] on December 14 with a stinger in his neck. ===Washington Redskins=== In December 1997, Wilkinson clashed with ownership and the city he played in. He was disappointed when the Bengals placed the [[franchise tag]] on him during the offseason.<ref>{{Cite web \| url=https://apnews.com/88c69afa6561c8a2c2bc976d6fe72ff1 \| title=Bengals Designate Franchise Player \| website=[[Associated Press]] }}</ref> He also called [[Cincinnati]] a "racist" city, saying its residents were "prejudiced and uptight and stiff." The remarks caused owner [[Mike Brown (American football executive)\|Mike Brown]] to act, and on February 26, 1998, Wilkinson was traded to the [[1998 Washington Redskins season\|Washington Redskins]].<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/27/sports/nfl-notebook-redskins-now-get-bengals-wilkinson.html \|title=Redskins Now Get Bengals' Wilkinson \|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] \|date=February 27, 1998 }}</ref> That same week, the Redskins had also acquired the reigning [[NFL Defensive Player of the Year]], [[Dana Stubblefield]], from the [[San Francisco 49ers]].<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/01/sports/pro-football-redskins-hope-2-bookends-fit-in-trophy-case.html \|title=Redskins Hope 2 Bookends Fit in Trophy Case \|date=September 1, 1998 \|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] \|first=Thomas \|last=George }}</ref> Wilkinson was very productive during his first season in Washington, leading the team in sacks (7.5), quarterback pressures (50) and tackles-for-loss (six). His 50 quarterback pressures were 30 more than the team's No. 2 man in that category (defensive end [[Kenard Lang]]). Wilkinson set career highs in total tackles (60) and solo stops (45), playing in more snaps (1,037) than any other defensive tackle in the NFL that season. He intercepted his second career pass against [[1998 Philadelphia Eagles season\|Philadelphia]] on November 15 when he picked off the deflected pass deep in Eagles territory and ran four yards before being tackled, setting up the Redskins' first touchdown. He also performed well against the [[1998 New York Giants season\|New York Giants]] on November 1 with 14 QB pressures, seven tackles and a pass deflection. He tied a career-high with eight tackles against the [[1998 Arizona Cardinals season\|Arizona Cardinals]] on November 22. Wilkinson led the Redskins with eight sacks to match his career-high from 1995 and finished second in quarterback pressures (43) in 1999. In a Week 7 game against the [[1999 Chicago Bears season\|Chicago Bears]], Redskins defensive end [[Marco Coleman]] hit Bears quarterback [[Shane Matthews]], forcing the ball into Wilkinson's hands. He returned it (at a comfortable pace) 88 yards for a touchdown, with speedster [[Darrell Green]] escorting him most of the way.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.redskins.com/gen/articles/15_Memorable_Moments_at_FedExField_3741.jsp \|title=15 Memorable Moments at FedExField \|access-date=April 13, 2009 \|url-status=unfit \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927234309/http://www.redskins.com/gen/articles/15_Memorable_Moments_at_FedExField_3741.jsp \|archive-date=September 27, 2008 }}</ref> The play gave the Redskins a 14–0 lead in their 48–22 win over Chicago and was the fourth-longest interception return for a score in Redskins history, the longest such return ever by a Redskins player at home and the longest return ever by a Redskins defensive lineman. Wilkinson also racked up five tackles (three solo), two sacks, five pressures and a pass defensed at the [[1999 New York Giants season\|New York Giants]] on September 19, when he was awarded a game ball along with the rest of the starting defensive line. He recorded a team-high nine pressures, a sack, two solos and one tackle-for-loss against the [[1999 Arizona Cardinals season\|Arizona Cardinals]] on December 12. In 2000, Wilkinson experienced the lowest sack total of his career at just 3.5 for the year. He made a season-high four tackles on two occasions, at the [[2000 Dallas Cowboys season\|Dallas Cowboys]] and at [[2000 Pittsburgh Steelers season\|Pittsburgh Steelers]] in consecutive weeks in mid-December. He had a season-long, nine-yard sack at the [[2000 Jacksonville Jaguars season\|Jacksonville Jaguars]] on October 22. While Wilkinson did not post entirely impressive statistics in 2001, he made key blocks allowing other defensive players to make big plays while also contributing in other ways. His pass deflection on second-and-goal led to an interception by [[Otis Leverette]] on the one-yard line and ended a critical scoring threat by the [[2001 Carolina Panthers season\|Carolina Panthers]] on October 21. The Redskins went on to beat the Panthers 17–14 in overtime. Although he posted no stats in the game, Wilkinson's pressure helped hold [[2001 Philadelphia Eagles season\|Philadelphia's]] offense to only 186 total yards. On the year, Wilkinson finished with 25 tackles (19 solo), four sacks and two interceptions. His two interceptions came off [[Donovan McNabb]] and [[Aaron Brooks (American football)\|Aaron Brooks]]. Wilkinson experienced his worst season as a pro in 2002, which would prove to be his last with the Redskins. He recorded one tackle against the [[2002 Dallas Cowboys season\|Dallas Cowboys]] on November 28 before leaving the game in the third quarter with a strained right [[calf muscle\|calf]]. He was placed on injured reserve on December 5, ending his season. In the 12 games he played, he recorded 16 tackles (12 solo) and five pass deflections. It was the first season of his career in which he did not record a sack. ===Detroit Lions=== During the 2003 offseason, Wilkinson voiced his preference to stay in Washington and it appeared it would happen. The team wanted him to take a pay cut, since they considered Wilkinson's team-high $3.5 million salary "too much" for a player who had a career-low 17 tackles and no sacks in 2002.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/29/sports/nfl-roundup-pay-cut-demand-sidelines-redskin.html \|title=Pay-Cut Demand Sidelines Redskin \|newspaper=The New York Times \|date=July 29, 2003 }}</ref> But negotiations with Wilkinson's agent fell through, and he was cut by the team on July 29. Wilkinson received interest from the [[2003 Dallas Cowboys season\|Dallas Cowboys]], [[2003 Green Bay Packers season\|Green Bay Packers]], and [[2003 New England Patriots season\|New England Patriots]] and approximately four other organizations. On August 17, he agreed to sign with the [[2003 Detroit Lions season\|Detroit Lions]]. In Wilkinson's first regular season game with the Lions against the [[2003 Arizona Cardinals season\|Arizona Cardinals]] on September 7, he recorded three solo tackles, five quarterback hurries, two passes defensed and a nine-yard sack of quarterback [[Jeff Blake]]—the first Lions' sack of the season. His best game of the season came against the [[2003 Green Bay Packers season\|Green Bay Packers]] on November 27 with a sack of [[Brett Favre]], his first fumble recovery of 2003, two quarterback pressures and a season-high six tackles (four solos). He notched a pass defense, two quarterback knockdowns and a pressure against the [[2003 St. Louis Rams season\|St. Louis Rams]] on December 28, helping hold the Rams’ rushing attack to just 41 yards. Despite modest statistics (24 tackles and two sacks), Wilkinson made a significant impact on the Lions' run defense. He was named to [[Peter King (sportswriter)\|Peter King]] of [[Sports Illustrated]]’s all-pro team. In 2004, Wilkinson appeared in all 16 games for the Lions. He was a member of a defensive line unit that registered 30.5 sacks, the seventh-highest total among any front four in the NFL. The unit also started every game together during the season. Wilkinson forced a fumble and sacked Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb for a seven-yard loss against [[2004 Philadelphia Eagles season\|Philadelphia]] on September 26. He also set a career-high with two forced fumbles during the season. He was also instrumental in the development of younger players, including [[Pro Bowl]] defensive tackle [[Shaun Rogers (American football)\|Shaun Rogers]] and defensive end [[James Hall (defensive end)\|James Hall]]. In the 2005 season, Wilkinson's last with the Lions, he played in all 16 games for the third straight year. He finished the season with 26 tackles (20 solo) and three sacks—his highest total in four seasons. He recorded two [[Trent Dilfer]] sacks at the [[Cleveland Browns]] on October 23, for a loss of 10 yards. His sack in the first quarter for nine yards prevented the Browns from reaching the end zone, and forced a field goal attempt. He recorded his first career safety after punter [[Nick Harris (punter)\|Nick Harris]] downed a punt on the 2-yard line against the Arizona Cardinals on November 13. On the ensuing possession, he tackled Cardinals [[Fullback (American football)\|fullback]] [[Obafemi Ayanbadejo]] in the end zone in the first quarter. Wilkinson had a sack on December 4 against [[2005 Minnesota Vikings season\|Minnesota Vikings]] quarterback [[Brad Johnson (American football)\|Brad Johnson]] for a loss of seven yards to stop a potential scoring drive and force the Vikings to punt. ===Miami Dolphins=== During the 2006 offseason, the Lions unsuccessfully attempted to trade Wilkinson and subsequently released him on May 22. He received interest from multiple teams, and visited with the [[2006 Miami Dolphins season\|Miami Dolphins]] in early June. The two parties negotiated on a contract, but Wilkinson preferred to not sign until later so as not to go through the rigors of an entire training camp at his age. He officially signed a three-year deal with the team on August 14. It was officially a three-year, $6.31 million contract, although it was structured in a way that would essentially make it a one-year deal. Wilkinson received a $500,000 signing bonus and had a $810,000 in base salary in 2006. His base salary was scheduled to jump to $2 million in 2007 and $2.5 million in 2008, and he was due a $500,000 roster bonus in the 2008 offseason. Wilkinson played in a reserve role most of the season behind [[Keith Traylor]] and [[Jeff Zgonina]], battling nagging injuries and [[#Legal troubles\|dealing with a lawsuit]] which caused him to miss time. In 10 games played, he recorded 13 tackles (nine solo) and three pass deflections. On December 21, Wilkinson was placed on season-ending injured reserve with [[knee]] and [[hamstring]] injuries. In the 2007 offseason, the Dolphins attempted to trade Wilkinson to the [[2007 Denver Broncos season\|Denver Broncos]] in exchange for a sixth-round draft pick in the [[2007 NFL draft]]. Wilkinson failed to contact either team, and while deadlines for him to report were extended during the offseason, the trade fell through and was voided on March 31. On June 18, the Dolphins released Wilkinson. ===Career transactions=== Drafted by the Bengals in the first round (first overall) of the 1994 NFL Draft in April 1994. Traded to the Redskins on February 26, 1998. Released by the Redskins on July 29, 2003. Signed by the Lions on August 17, 2003. Released by the Lions on May 22, 2006. Signed by the Dolphins on August 14, 2006. Released by the Dolphins on June 18, 2007. ==Personal life== The second-youngest of eleven children, Wilkinson was born in Dayton, Ohio, to Oliver Sr and Veronda Wilkinson.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Plaschke \|first=Bill \|author-link=Bill Plaschke \|date=April 22, 1994 \|title=His Hugeness: Ohio State's Dan Wilkinson, All 308 Pounds of Him, Is Fulfilling Family Responsibility as NFL's Top Draft Prospect \|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-04-22-sp-49169-story.html \|access-date=2025-07-12 \|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Wilkinson had four children with his ex-wife Shawnda: Brooklyn, Daniel Ramon Jr., Taylor, and Sydné. He is now remarried and has had two more children, Kennedy and Klarke. They reside in [[Potomac, Maryland]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.detroitlions.com/bio.cfm?bio_id=186&season=7 \|title=Detroit Lions Site: Dan Wilkinson \|access-date=May 23, 2007 \|url-status=unfit \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050407004159/http://www.detroitlions.com/bio.cfm?bio_id=186&season=7 \|archive-date=April 7, 2005 }}</ref> ===Legal troubles=== In 1996, Wilkinson pleaded no contest to the charge of domestic violence. He was subsequently found guilty of striking his pregnant girlfriend. Wilkinson's girlfriend, however, stated that she did not wish to pursue prosecution.<ref name=domestic>{{cite news \|title=Wilkinson domestic dispute \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9504E1D91139F934A25752C0A960958260 \|access-date=August 23, 2007 \| date=January 17, 1996}}</ref> In March 2006, Capital Centre LLC, a joint project headed by the Cordish Company and Washington Sports & Entertainment, sued Wilkinson. The suit alleged that Wilkinson was personally liable for a breach of contract related to a [[Leasing\|lease]] the two parties had agreed to.<ref name=lease>{{cite web \|title=Wilkinson lease trial \|work=gazette.net \|url=http://www.gazette.net/stories/033106/businew175455_31941.shtml \|access-date=August 24, 2007 \|archive-date=September 29, 2007 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092038/http://www.gazette.net/stories/033106/businew175455_31941.shtml \|url-status=dead }}</ref> On April 3, 2006, The Maryland federal [[United States district court\|district court]] issued an opinion on the validity of the case.<ref name=opinion>{{cite web\|url=http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/unincorporated_business/2006/week14/index.html \|title=Court Opinion at lawprofessors.typepad.com \|access-date=September 28, 2013 \|url-status=unfit \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109195007/http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/unincorporated_business/2006/week14/index.html \|archive-date=November 9, 2008 }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist\|30em}} ==External links== {{cite web\|url=http://ohiostatebuckeyes.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/archive/greats/osu-m-footbl-wilkinson.html \|title=Ohio State Buckeyes bio \|access-date=May 23, 2007 \|url-status=unfit \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025170652/http://ohiostatebuckeyes.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/archive/greats/osu-m-footbl-wilkinson.html \|archive-date=October 25, 2006 }} {{1993 NCAA Division I-A College Football Consensus All-Americans}} {{Big Ten Conference football Player of the Year navbox}} {{NFL NumberOne Draft Picks}} {{1994 NFL Draft}} {{Bengals1994DraftPicks}} {{BengalsFirstPick}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wilkinson, Dan}} [[Category:1973 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American football defensive tackles]] [[Category:Cincinnati Bengals players]] [[Category:Detroit Lions players]] [[Category:Miami Dolphins players]] [[Category:Ohio State Buckeyes football players]] [[Category:Washington Redskins players]] [[Category:All-American college football players]] [[Category:First overall NFL draft picks]] [[Category:Players of American football from Dayton, Ohio]]	1,300,199,283	[{"title": "Dan Wilkinson", "data": {"Position": "Defensive tackle"}}, {"title": "Personal information", "data": {"Born": "March 13, 1973 \u00b7 Dayton, Ohio, U.S.", "Height": "6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)", "Weight": "340 lb (154 kg)"}}, {"title": "Career information", "data": {"High school": "Dunbar \u00b7 (Dayton, Ohio)", "College": "Ohio State (1991\u20131993)", "NFL draft": "1994: 1st round, 1st pick"}}, {"title": "Career history", "data": {"Career history": "- Cincinnati Bengals (1994\u20131997) - Washington Redskins (1998\u20132002) - Detroit Lions (2003\u20132005) - Miami Dolphins (2006)"}}, {"title": "Career highlights and awards", "data": {"Career highlights and awards": "- Bill Willis Trophy (1993) - Consensus All-American (1993) - Big Ten Co-Defensive Player of the Year (1993) - Big Ten Defensive Lineman of the Year (1993) - 2\u00d7 Second-team All-Big Ten (1992, 1993)"}}, {"title": "Career NFL statistics", "data": {"Total tackles": "390", "Sacks": "54.5", "Forced fumbles": "6", "Fumble recoveries": "4", "Interceptions": "5", "Defensive touchdowns": "1"}}]	false
# Politics of New York City The city government of New York City controls a budget of $112.4 billion, as of 2024. Officials receive municipal funding for their campaigns, and are elected for a maximum of two terms. City government is dominated by the Democratic Party, which also normally attracts majority support within the city in State, Congressional, and Presidential elections. The suffrage has been extended in stages since the founding of the state: African-Americans (men only) received the vote in 1870 and women in 1920. Since 1968, electoral district boundaries at all levels have been drawn so as to ensure minority representation. New York City politicians have often exerted lots of influence in other countries represented in the city's ethnic mix, as in the development of the MacBride Principles affecting employment practices in Northern Ireland. The city contains many headquarters of Federal institutions and military installations like the Intrepid. ## City budget The New York City government's budget is the largest municipal budget in the United States, totaling about $112.4 billion in 2024. It employs 250,000 people, spends $23.5 billion to educate more than 1.1 million children, levies $27 billion in taxes, and receives $14 billion from federal and state governments. New York State has more than 4,200 local governments in the form of counties, cities, towns, and villages. About 52% of all revenue raised by local governments in the state is raised solely by the government of New York City, which spends it on education (28%), social services (20%), public safety (13%), and benefits and pensions (10%). New York City property taxes are lower than those in the suburbs because most of the city's revenue comes from the city's sales tax and income tax. New York City residents pay an income tax to the municipality, in addition to their New York state income taxes, based on brackets that range from 2.9% to 3.7% of state taxable income. The city income tax also features a number of fully refundable tax credits, including an Earned Income Credit. The city has a strong imbalance of payments with the federal and state governments. As of 2022, New York City receives $0.95 cents in services for every $1.40 it sends to Washington in taxes (or annually sends $13.1 billion more to Washington than it receives back), marking it as one of the states that subsidize federal spending in other regions. The city also sends an additional $11.1 billion more each year to the state of New York than it receives back. The city's total tax burden is among the highest in the United States. ## Party strength \| Year \| Year \| Democratic \| Democratic \| Republican \| Republican \| \| ---- \| ------ \| ---------- \| ---------- \| ---------- \| ---------- \| \| \| 2024 \| 68.10% \| 1,903,344 \| 30.01% \| 838,838 \| \| 2020 \| 76.19% \| 2,321,759 \| 22.70% \| 691,682 \| \| \| 2016 \| 79.95% \| 2,191,869 \| 17.04% \| 467,254 \| \| \| 2012 \| 81.19% \| 1,995,241 \| 17.78% \| 436,889 \| \| \| 2008 \| 79.29% \| 2,074,159 \| 20.06% \| 524,787 \| \| \| 2004 \| 74.99% \| 1,828,015 \| 24.10% \| 587,534 \| \| \| 2000 \| 77.90% \| 1,703,364 \| 18.23% \| 398,726 \| \| \| 1996 \| 77.10% \| 1,512,248 \| 17.31% \| 339,537 \| \| \| 1992 \| 68.72% \| 1,458,784 \| 24.00% \| 509,423 \| \| \| 1988 \| 66.17% \| 1,340,795 \| 32.84% \| 665,407 \| \| \| 1984 \| 60.96% \| 1,343,875 \| 38.66% \| 852,317 \| \| \| 1980 \| 54.88% \| 1,052,178 \| 37.51% \| 719,278 \| \| \| 1976 \| 66.37% \| 1,423,380 \| 32.95% \| 706,663 \| \| \| 1972 \| 51.46% \| 1,342,996 \| 48.27% \| 1,259,873 \| \| \| 1968 \| 60.56% \| 1,582,681 \| 33.94% \| 886,959 \| \| \| 1964 \| 73.02% \| 2,183,646 \| 26.81% \| 801,877 \| \| \| 1960 \| 62.62% \| 1,936,323 \| 37.04% \| 1,145,205 \| \| \| 1956 \| 51.10% \| 1,617,701 \| 48.90% \| 1,548,132 \| \| \| 1952 \| 54.54% \| 1,861,930 \| 43.79% \| 1,495,493 \| \| \| 1948 \| 49.47% \| 1,596,545 \| 34.34% \| 1,108,288 \| \| \| 1944 \| 61.64% \| 2,042,500 \| 38.36% \| 1,271,287 \| \| \| 1940 \| 61.18% \| 1,966,083 \| 38.82% \| 1,247,624 \| \| \| 1936 \| 75.40% \| 2,041,347 \| 24.60% \| 665,951 \| \| \| 1932 \| 67.31% \| 1,455,176 \| 27.02% \| 584,056 \| \| \| 1928 \| 62.06% \| 1,167,971 \| 37.94% \| 714,144 \| \| \| \| 1924 \| 35.02% \| 489,199 \| 44.83% \| 626,131 \| \| 1920 \| 27.34% \| 345,001 \| 62.29% \| 785,947 \| \| \| \| 1916 \| 52.95% \| 353,235 \| 47.05% \| 313,813 \| \| 1912 \| 49.76% \| 312,386 \| 20.16% \| 126,582 \| \| \| \| 1908 \| 48.52% \| 284,190 \| 51.48% \| 301,568 \| \| \| 1904 \| 53.05% \| 326,900 \| 46.95% \| 289,345 \| \| 1900 \| 52.47% \| 309,524 \| 47.53% \| 280,343 \| \| The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of 2024, 56 percent of registered voters in the city identify as Democrats, 26% as Republicans, and 18% identify as neither. There are pockets of Republican strength in some sections of Brooklyn and Queens, and a large Republican stronghold in the more suburban Staten Island, totaling 26% of registered voters. In 2022, the city has 39% of the state's registered voters and 43% of the state's total population. The Working Families Party, affiliated with the labor movement and progressive community activists, is a force in city politics. Its platforms are centered on economic justice, healthcare for all, environmental justice, and social justice. ## History ### Voting rules In the 1820s, New York State removed all property qualifications for the right to vote for whites but retained them for blacks. In 1846 voters in New York State rejected a proposed amendment to the state constitution that would guarantee blacks the same voting rights as whites. In 1870, however, five years after the Civil War, the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, giving blacks throughout the United States the same voting rights as whites. New York City introduced a uniform ballot listing all candidates in 1880. To get on it, an office seeker would have to be nominated by a political party or submit nominating petitions, laying the groundwork for a system that persists to this day. In 1894 bipartisan control of elections was introduced, establishing a system in effect to this day. All election positions, from Board of Elections commissioners to election inspectors, must be divided equally between the two major parties. A voting machine developed by Jacob H. Myers, was used in Lockport, New York in 1892. By the early 1920s, voting machines would be used for all general elections in New York City. A 1915 referendum giving women the vote was defeated by city and state voters, but in 1920 the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was signed into law, guaranteeing women throughout the United States the right to vote. By 1930s 65 aldermen were being elected using single-member wards. This led to strong Tammany Hall dominance interspersed by short periods of reform activity and representation, plus disproportional results party-wise and borough-wise. To address this, New York City used single transferable voting to elect its city councillors from 1937 to 1945. Each voter had just one vote while each borough was treated as a whole, with each electing multiple city councillors. In 1967, a suit brought under the Voting Rights Act passed by the U.S. Congress two years earlier led to the creation of the majority black 12th Congressional District in Brooklyn. Previously, black voters had been divided among several predominantly white districts. Under the Act, Manhattan, Brooklyn, and the Bronx are subject to preclearance by the Department of Justice before implementing any changes affecting voting. In 1968, voters in the district elected Shirley Chisholm as the first black woman ever in the U.S. House of Representatives. Since then, congressional, state legislative, and City Council districts have been drawn so as to ensure minority representation. Non-citizens who have children in public schools were given the right to vote in elections for members of community school boards in 1969 (those boards no longer exist). Starting in 1975 election information was provided in Spanish as well as English, and in 1992 the City introduced ballots in Chinese. As of May 2013, a new bill has begun working its way through the NYC political system to allow noncitizens living in the five boroughs the right to vote in local elections. It has enough projected votes in the NYC City Council to overrule an expected Mayoral veto. It is unclear whether this new law (if passed) will actually be valid. In December 2021, the city council voted to allow non-citizens within New York City to vote in elections. ### Electoral reform In 1937, New York City began to elect its city council through Single transferable voting. Unusually the variety of STV it adopted used the "uniform quota" where anyone who received 75,000 votes was elected and perhaps others who came close if that was needed to fill the seats. The city also used its boroughs as its electoral districts, and they had a range of district magnitude (number of members). The NYC STV was unique for having a novel provision where the number of councilors representing a borough was tied to voter turnout in that borough. This meant that the number of councilors varied from election to election, but it intuitively ensured that each borough had the representation that it deserved, which had not been the case previously due to the city's districting lagging behind shifts in population. Under NYC's STV, total seats on council varied: 1937 New York City Council election 25 seats, 1939 New York City Council election 21 seats, 1941 26 seats, 1943 17 seats, and 1945 23 seats. ### Term limits and campaign finance New York has a municipal campaign finance system. The New York City Campaign Finance Board (NYCCFB) gives public matching funds to qualifying candidates, who in exchange submit to strict contribution and spending limits and a full audit of their finances. Citywide candidates in the program are required to take part in debates. Corporate contributions are banned and political action committees must register with the city. A two-term limit was imposed on most elected officials, including the Mayor and City Council, but excluding the Districts Attorney, after a 1993 referendum. In 1996, voters turned down a City Council proposal to extend term limits. The movement to introduce term limits was led by Ronald Lauder, a cosmetics heir, who spent $4 million on the two referendums. In 2008 the City Council voted 29–22 to overturn two referendums and to extend the term limits to three terms. These limits were reinstated as part of an NYC Charter update voted in by the electorate. ## Federal connections The United States Post Office operates post offices in New York City. The James A. Farley Post Office in Midtown Manhattan is the city's main post office. The post office stopped 24-hour service beginning on May 9, 2009, due to decreasing mail traffic. Brooklyn, The Bronx, and Staten Island each have central and/or main post offices. Queens has three, each serving one of the former townships of Queens County. New York City also has federal buildings in downtown Manhattan that house buildings for the United States Attorney and the FBI. New York's military installations include the United States Army post of Fort Hamilton, primarily used by the Army National Guard and the United States Army Reserve. It is located in the Bay Ridge section of Brooklyn under the shadow of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. The bridge spans the Narrows and connects to Staten Island, where Coast Guard base Fort Wadsworth lies under the bridge's shadow. Fort Totten is another military installation located in Queens near the Throggs Neck Bridge.	enwiki/44589079	enwiki	44,589,079	Politics of New York City	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_New_York_City	2025-07-28T12:31:24Z	en	Q20657588	164,317	{{short description\|None}} The city government of [[New York City]] controls a budget of $112.4 billion, as of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Kramer \|first=Marcia \|date=2024-06-28 \|title=NYC reaches $112.4 billion budget deal. Here's where the money is going. - CBS New York \|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/nyc-budget-deal-2025-fiscal-year-heres-where-the-money-is-going/ \|access-date=2024-10-27 \|website=www.cbsnews.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> Officials receive [[municipal]] funding for their campaigns, and are elected for a maximum of two terms. City government is dominated by the [[Democratic Party (United States)\|Democratic Party]], which also normally attracts majority support within the city in [[New York State\|State]], [[United States Congress\|Congressional]], and [[United States President\|Presidential]] elections. The [[suffrage]] has been extended in stages since the founding of the state: [[African-Americans]] (men only) received the vote in 1870 and women in 1920. Since 1968, electoral district boundaries at all levels have been drawn so as to ensure minority representation. New York City politicians have often exerted lots of influence in other countries represented in the city's ethnic mix, as in the development of the [[MacBride Principles]] affecting employment practices in [[Northern Ireland]]. The city contains many headquarters of [[Federal government of the United States\|Federal]] institutions and military installations like the ''Intrepid''. ==City budget== The New York City government's budget is the largest municipal budget in the [[United States]],<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2024-06-07 \|title=A Stronger Fiscal Framework for New York City \|url=https://comptroller.nyc.gov/reports/a-stronger-fiscal-framework-for-new-york-city/ \|access-date=2024-10-27 \|website=comptroller.nyc.gov}}</ref> totaling about $112.4 billion in 2024. It employs 250,000 people, spends $23.5 billion to educate more than 1.1 million children, levies $27 billion in taxes, and receives $14 billion from federal and state governments. New York State has more than 4,200 local governments in the form of counties, cities, towns, and villages. About 52% of all revenue raised by local governments in the state is raised solely by the government of New York City, which spends it on education (28%), social services (20%), public safety (13%), and benefits and pensions (10%).<ref>{{cite news \|author=Office of the New York State Comptroller \|date=November 2006 \|title=2006 Annual Report on Local Governments \|url=http://www.osc.state.ny.us/localgov/datanstat/annreport/06annreport.pdf \|access-date=2006-11-14}}</ref> New York City property taxes are lower than those in the suburbs because most of the city's revenue comes from the city's sales tax and income tax.{{cn\|date=January 2025}} New York City residents pay an income tax to the municipality, in addition to their New York state income taxes, based on brackets that range from 2.9% to 3.7% of state taxable income. The city income tax also features a number of fully refundable tax credits, including an Earned Income Credit.{{cn\|date=January 2025}} The city has a strong imbalance of payments with the federal and state governments. As of 2022, New York City receives $0.95 cents in services for every $1.40 it sends to Washington in taxes (or annually sends $13.1 billion more to Washington than it receives back), marking it as one of the states that subsidize federal spending in other regions.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=New York's Balance of Payments with the Federal Government (2024) \|url=https://rockinst.org/issue-area/new-yorks-balance-of-payments-with-the-federal-government-2024/ \|access-date=2024-10-27 \|website=Rockefeller Institute of Government \|language=en}}</ref> The city also sends an additional $11.1 billion more each year to the state of New York than it receives back.<ref>{{cite news \|author=New York City Finance Division \|date=2005-03-11 \|title=A Fair Share State Budget: Does Albany Play Fair with NYC? \|url=http://webdocs.nyccouncil.info/attachments/65379.htm?CFID=232457&CFTOKEN=33008944 \|access-date=2006-07-19}}</ref> The city's total tax burden is among the highest in the United States.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Chan \|first=Sewell \|date=2007-02-25 \|title=Taxed: What Makes New York Different \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/25/weekinreview/25basicA.html \|access-date=2007-02-28 \|work=The New York Times}}</ref> == Party strength == {\|class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:400; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;" \|+'''New York City (5 boroughs) presidential election results'''<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?fips=36&f=0&off=99 \|title=New York Election Results \|publisher=David Leip \|access-date=January 31, 2018}}</ref><ref name="NYCBOEPOTUS2020">{{cite web\|url=https://www.vote.nyc/sites/default/files/pdf/election_results/2020/20201103General%20Election/00000100000Citywide%20President%20Vice%20President%20Citywide%20Recap.pdf\|title=Statement and Return Report for Certification General Election 2020\|access-date=December 1, 2020}}</ref> ! colspan="2" scope="col" \| Year ! colspan="2" scope="col" \| [[Democratic Party (United States)\|Democratic]] ! colspan="2" scope="col" \| [[Republican Party (United States)\|Republican]] \|- \| rowspan="25" style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{party color\|Democratic Party (United States)}}" \| ! [[2024 United States presidential election in New York\|2024]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''68.10%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''1,903,344'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 30.01% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''838,838'' \|- ! [[2020 United States presidential election in New York\|2020]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''76.19%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''2,321,759'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 22.70% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''691,682'' \|- ! [[2016 United States presidential election in New York\|2016]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''79.95%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''2,191,869'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 17.04% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''467,254'' \|- ! [[2012 United States presidential election in New York\|2012]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''81.19%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''1,995,241'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 17.78% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''436,889'' \|- ! [[2008 United States presidential election in New York\|2008]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''79.29%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''2,074,159'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 20.06% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''524,787'' \|- ! [[2004 United States presidential election in New York\|2004]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''74.99%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''1,828,015'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 24.10% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''587,534'' \|- ! [[2000 United States presidential election in New York\|2000]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''77.90%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''1,703,364'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 18.23% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''398,726'' \|- ! [[1996 United States presidential election in New York\|1996]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''77.10%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''1,512,248'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 17.31% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''339,537'' \|- ! [[1992 United States presidential election in New York\|1992]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''68.72%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''1,458,784'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 24.00% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''509,423'' \|- ! [[1988 United States presidential election in New York\|1988]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''66.17%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''1,340,795'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 32.84% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''665,407'' \|- ! [[1984 United States presidential election in New York\|1984]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''60.96%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''1,343,875'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 38.66% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''852,317'' \|- ! [[1980 United States presidential election in New York\|1980]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''54.88%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''1,052,178'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 37.51% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''719,278'' \|- ! [[1976 United States presidential election in New York\|1976]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''66.37%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''1,423,380'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 32.95% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''706,663'' \|- ! [[1972 United States presidential election in New York\|1972]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''51.46%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''1,342,996'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 48.27% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''1,259,873'' \|- ! [[1968 United States presidential election in New York\|1968]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''60.56%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''1,582,681'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 33.94% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''886,959'' \|- ! [[1964 United States presidential election in New York\|1964]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''73.02%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''2,183,646'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 26.81% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''801,877'' \|- ! [[1960 United States presidential election in New York\|1960]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''62.62%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''1,936,323'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 37.04% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''1,145,205'' \|- ! [[1956 United States presidential election in New York\|1956]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''51.10%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''1,617,701'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 48.90% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''1,548,132'' \|- ! [[1952 United States presidential election in New York\|1952]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''54.54%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''1,861,930'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 43.79% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''1,495,493'' \|- ! [[1948 United States presidential election in New York\|1948]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''49.47%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''1,596,545'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 34.34% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''1,108,288'' \|- ! [[1944 United States presidential election in New York\|1944]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''61.64%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''2,042,500'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 38.36% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''1,271,287'' \|- ! [[1940 United States presidential election in New York\|1940]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''61.18%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''1,966,083'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 38.82% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''1,247,624'' \|- ! [[1936 United States presidential election in New York\|1936]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''75.40%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''2,041,347'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 24.60% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''665,951'' \|- ! [[1932 United States presidential election in New York\|1932]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''67.31%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''1,455,176'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 27.02% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''584,056'' \|- ! [[1928 United States presidential election in New York\|1928]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''62.06%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''1,167,971'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 37.94% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''714,144'' \|- \| rowspan="2" style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{party color\|Republican Party (United States)}}" \| ! [[1924 United States presidential election in New York\|1924]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| 35.02% \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''489,199'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| '''44.83%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''626,131'' \|- ! [[1920 United States presidential election in New York\|1920]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| 27.34% \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''345,001'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| '''62.29%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''785,947'' \|- \| rowspan="2" style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{party color\|Democratic Party (United States)}}" \| ! [[1916 United States presidential election in New York\|1916]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''52.95%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''353,235'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 47.05% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''313,813'' \|- ! [[1912 United States presidential election in New York\|1912]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''49.76%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''312,386'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 20.16% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''126,582'' \|- \| style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{party color\|Republican Party (United States)}}" \| ! [[1908 United States presidential election in New York\|1908]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| 48.52% \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''284,190'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| '''51.48%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''301,568'' \|- \| rowspan="2" style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{party color\|Democratic Party (United States)}}" \| ! [[1904 United States presidential election in New York\|1904]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''53.05%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''326,900'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 46.95% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''289,345'' \|- ! [[1900 United States presidential election in New York\|1900]] \| {{Party shading/Democratic}} \| '''52.47%''' \| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;"\| ''309,524'' \| {{Party shading/Republican}} \| 47.53% \| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;"\| ''280,343'' \|- \|} The [[Democratic Party (United States)\|Democratic Party]] holds the majority of public offices. As of 2024, 56 percent of registered voters in the city identify as Democrats, 26% as Republicans, and 18% identify as neither.<ref>{{Cite web \|last= \|first= \|last2= \|last3= \|first3= \|title=Party affiliation among adults in the New York City metro area \|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religious-landscape-study/database/metro-area/new-york-city-metro-area/party-affiliation/ \|access-date=2024-10-27 \|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project \|language=}}</ref> There are pockets of [[Republican Party (United States)\|Republican]] strength in some sections of [[Brooklyn]] and [[Queens]], and a large Republican stronghold in the more suburban [[Staten Island]], totaling 26% of registered voters. In 2022, the city has 39% of the state's registered voters and 43% of the state's total population.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Updated New York Voter Enrollment Numbers Show Playing Field for 2022 Election\|url=https://www.gothamgazette.com/state/11653-latest-new-york-voter-enrollment-numbers-show-playing-field-ahead-of-2022-election \|access-date=2024-10-27 \|website=www.gothamgazette.com}}</ref> The [[Working Families Party]], affiliated with the labor movement and progressive community activists, is a force in city politics. Its platforms are centered on economic justice, healthcare for all, environmental justice, and social justice.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Winning the Working Class \|url=https://workingfamilies.org/winning-the-working-class/ \|access-date=2024-10-27 \|website=Working Families Party \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Carrillo \|first=Karen Juanita \|date=2024-10-24 \|title=The Working Families Party urges progressive-minded voters to cast ballots on their party line. \|url=https://amsterdamnews.com/news/2024/10/24/the-working-families-party-urges-progressive-minded-voters-to-cast-ballots-on-their-party-line/ \|access-date=2024-10-27 \|website=New York Amsterdam News \|language=en-US}}</ref> ==History== ===Voting rules=== In the 1820s, New York State removed all property qualifications for the right to vote for whites but retained them for blacks. In 1846 voters in New York State rejected a proposed amendment to the state constitution that would guarantee blacks the same voting rights as whites. In 1870, however, five years after the [[American Civil War\|Civil War]], the [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\|15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution]] was ratified, giving blacks throughout the United States the same voting rights as whites. [[Image:NYC Suffragists.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Three [[suffragette\|suffragists]] casting votes in New York City around 1918]] New York City introduced a uniform ballot listing all candidates in 1880. To get on it, an office seeker would have to be nominated by a political party or submit nominating petitions, laying the groundwork for a system that persists to this day. In 1894 bipartisan control of elections was introduced, establishing a system in effect to this day. All election positions, from Board of Elections commissioners to election inspectors, must be divided equally between the two major parties. A voting machine developed by [[Jacob H. Myers]], was used in [[Lockport (city), New York\|Lockport, New York]] in 1892. By the early 1920s, voting machines would be used for all general elections in New York City. A 1915 referendum giving women the vote was defeated by city and state voters, but in 1920 the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\|19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution]] was signed into law, guaranteeing women throughout the United States the right to vote. By 1930s 65 aldermen were being elected using single-member wards. This led to strong Tammany Hall dominance interspersed by short periods of reform activity and representation, plus disproportional results party-wise and borough-wise. To address this, New York City used [[Single transferable vote\|single transferable voting]] to elect its city councillors from 1937 to 1945. Each voter had just one vote while each borough was treated as a whole, with each electing multiple city councillors.<ref>{{Cite web\| title=Proportional Representation In New York City \| url=https://fairvote.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Proportional-Representation-in-NYC.pdf \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530110029/https://fairvote.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Proportional-Representation-in-NYC.pdf \| archive-date=2024-05-30}}</ref> In 1967, a suit brought under the [[Voting Rights Act]] passed by the [[United States Congress\|U.S. Congress]] two years earlier led to the creation of the majority black 12th Congressional District in Brooklyn. Previously, black voters had been divided among several predominantly white districts. Under the Act, Manhattan, Brooklyn, and the Bronx are subject to [[Voting Rights Act#Preclearance\|preclearance]] by the [[United States Department of Justice\|Department of Justice]] before implementing any changes affecting voting. In 1968, voters in the district elected [[Shirley Chisholm]] as the first black woman ever in the [[United States House of Representatives\|U.S. House of Representatives]]. Since then, congressional, state legislative, and City Council districts have been drawn so as to ensure minority representation. Non-citizens who have children in public schools were given the [[Right of foreigners to vote\|right to vote]] in elections for members of community school boards in 1969 (those boards no longer exist). Starting in 1975 election information was provided in Spanish as well as English, and in 1992 the City introduced ballots in Chinese. As of May 2013, a new bill has begun working its way through the NYC political system to allow noncitizens living in the five boroughs the right to vote in local elections. It has enough projected votes in the NYC City Council to overrule an expected Mayoral veto. It is unclear whether this new law (if passed) will actually be valid.<ref>{{Cite web \| url=http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2013/05/nyc-council-law-allowing-immigrants-to-vote.php \| title=Category: DC }}</ref> In December 2021, the city council voted to allow non-citizens within New York City to vote in elections.<ref>{{Cite web \| url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/09/politics/nyc-noncitizens-local-elections-voting-rights/index.html \| title=New York City gives noncitizens right to vote in local elections \| website=[[CNN]] \| date=9 December 2021 }}</ref> ===Electoral reform=== In 1937, New York City began to elect its city council through [[Single transferable voting]]. Unusually the variety of STV it adopted used the "uniform quota" where anyone who received 75,000 votes was elected and perhaps others who came close if that was needed to fill the seats. The city also used its boroughs as its electoral districts, and they had a range of district magnitude (number of members). The NYC STV was unique for having a novel provision where the number of councilors representing a borough was tied to voter turnout in that borough. This meant that the number of councilors varied from election to election, but it intuitively ensured that each borough had the representation that it deserved, which had not been the case previously due to the city's districting lagging behind shifts in population. <ref>{{cite web \| url=https://fairvote.org/report/proportion_representation_in_new_york_city_1936_1947/ \| title=Proportional Representation in New York City, 1936-1947 }}</ref> Under NYC's STV, total seats on council varied: [[1937 New York City Council election]] 25 seats, [[1939 New York City Council election]] 21 seats, 1941 26 seats, 1943 17 seats, and 1945 23 seats.<ref>{{Cite web \| title=Three Articles on Proportional Representation in American Cities (with an Introduction) {{!}} DG \| url=https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/1044631/Santucci_georgetown_0076D_13763.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y) \| access-date=2025-04-02 \| website=repository.library.georgetown.edu}}</ref> ===Term limits and campaign finance=== New York has a municipal campaign finance system. The [[New York City Campaign Finance Board]] (NYCCFB) gives public matching funds to qualifying candidates, who in exchange submit to strict contribution and spending limits and a full audit of their finances. Citywide candidates in the program are required to take part in debates. Corporate contributions are banned and political action committees must register with the city. A two-term limit was imposed on most elected officials, including the Mayor and City Council, but excluding the Districts Attorney, after a 1993 referendum.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/03/nyregion/new-yorkers-approve-limit-of-2-terms-for-city-officials.html NY Times, November 3, 1993]</ref> In 1996, voters turned down a City Council proposal to extend term limits. The movement to introduce term limits was led by [[Ronald Lauder]], a cosmetics heir, who spent $4 million on the two referendums. In 2008 the City Council voted 29–22 to overturn two referendums and to extend the term limits to three terms.<ref name="Council Vote;">Sewell Chan and Jonathan P. Hicks, [http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/23/council-to-debate-term-limits-change/ Council Votes, 29 to 22, to Extend Term Limits], ''[[The New York Times]]'', published on-line and retrieved on October 23, 2008</ref><ref>Fernanda Santos: [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/24/nyregion/24whatsnext.html The Future of Term Limits Is in Court], ''[[The New York Times]]'', New York edition, October 24, 2008, page A24 (retrieved on October 24, 2008), [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/14/nyregion/14termlimits.html Judge Rejects Suit Over Term Limits], ''The New York Times'', New York edition, January 14, 2009, page A26, and [http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/28/appeals-court-upholds-term-limits-revision/ Appeals Court Upholds Term Limits Revision], ''The New York Times'' City Room Blog, April 28, 2009 (both retrieved on July 6, 2009). The original January decision by Judge Charles Sifton of the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York]] ([[Long Island]], Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island) was upheld by a three-judge panel of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]] (Vermont, Connecticut, and New York state).</ref> These limits were reinstated as part of an NYC Charter update voted in by the electorate. ==Federal connections== [[File:Farley PO jeh.JPG\|thumb\|[[James A. Farley Post Office]]]] The [[United States Post Office]] operates post offices in New York City. The [[James A. Farley Post Office]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]] is the city's main post office.<ref>"[https://archive.today/20120721063948/http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/67234?p=1&s=NY&service_name=post_office&z=10001 Post Office Location – JAMES A. FARLEY]." ''[[United States Postal Service]]''. Retrieved on May 5, 2009.</ref> The post office stopped 24-hour service beginning on May 9, 2009, due to decreasing mail traffic.<ref>"[http://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/04/new_york_citys_main_post_offic.html New York City's main post office stops 24-hour service]." ''[[Associated Press]]''. Friday April 17, 2009. Retrieved on May 5, 2009.</ref> [[Brooklyn]], [[The Bronx]], and [[Staten Island]] each have central and/or main post offices.<ref>"[http://www.usps.com/communications/newsroom/localnews/ny/2009/ny_2009_0211.htm NYC Post Offices to observe Presidents’ Day] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606073444/http://www.usps.com/communications/newsroom/localnews/ny/2009/ny_2009_0211.htm \|date=2011-06-06 }}." ''[[United States Postal Service]]''. February 11, 2009. Retrieved on May 5, 2009.</ref> Queens has three, each serving one of the former townships of Queens County. New York City also has federal buildings in downtown Manhattan that house buildings for the [[United States Attorney]] and the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation\|FBI]]. New York's military installations include the [[United States Army]] post of [[Fort Hamilton]], primarily used by the [[Army National Guard]] and the [[United States Army Reserve]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Military Installations We Serve \|url=https://www.nan.usace.army.mil/Missions/Military-Programs/#:~:text=Fort%20Hamilton%20is%20located%20in,the%20United%20States%20Army%20Reserve. \|access-date=2024-10-27 \|website=U.S. Army Corps of Engineers}}</ref> It is located in the [[Bay Ridge]] section of [[Brooklyn]] under the shadow of the [[Verrazano-Narrows Bridge]]. The bridge spans the Narrows and connects to Staten Island, where [[United States Coast Guard\|Coast Guard]] base [[Fort Wadsworth]] lies under the bridge's shadow. [[Fort Totten (New York)\|Fort Totten]] is another military installation located in Queens near the [[Throggs Neck Bridge]]. ==See also== New York City-related articles: * [[Government of New York City]] * [[Elections in New York City]] * [[New York City mayoral elections]] * [[Tammany Hall]] * [[Kings County Democratic Committee]] * [[New York County Democratic Committee]] * [[Government and politics in Brooklyn]] New York State-related articles: [[Elections in New York (state)\|Elections in New York]] [[Politics of New York (state)]] [[American Labor Party]] [[Conservative Party of New York]] [[Independence Party of New York]] [[Liberal Party of New York]] [[New York State Right to Life Party]] [[Working Families Party]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{New York City}} [[Category:Politics of New York City\| ]] [[Category:Government of New York City]] [[Category:New York City Council elections]]	1,302,976,193	[]	false
# Cooperia oncophora Cooperia oncophora is one of the most common intestinal parasitic nematodes in cattle in temperate regions. Infections with C. oncophora may result in mild clinical symptoms, but can lead to weight loss and damage of the small intestine, especially when co-infections with other nematodes such as O. ostertagi occur. Infections are usually treated with broad-spectrum anthelmintics such as benzimidazole, but resistance to these drugs has developed in the last decades and is now very common. C. oncophora has a direct life cycle. Infective larvae are ingested by the host. The larvae grow to adults, which reproduce in the small intestines. Eggs are shed onto the pasture with the faeces, which leads to new infections. Co-infections with other gastro-intestinal nematodes such as O. ostertagi and H. contortus are common. ## Morphology C. oncophora females are about 6–8 mm long, males about 5.5–9 mm. They are light red in color and have a coiled shape. Male worms have a large bursa as shown in Figure 2a. The spicules are 240-300 μm long and have a rounded end and a longitudinal line pattern. L3 stage larvae are hard to differentiate between different species, because they are very similar interspecies-wise. Eggs of C. oncophora however can be easily identified by their parallel walls. ## Life cycle The life cycle of C. oncophora is direct. Free-living L3 stage larvae residing on the pasture are taken up by grazing cattle and pass to the small intestine. Here, they molt to L4 larvae and then to adults. Eggs are passed in the faeces to the pasture. The larvae hatch and grow to L3 stage larvae. Infective L3 stage larvae are then again taken up by grazing cattle and the life cycle repeats. The pre-patent period, which includes the time between infection and egg laying, lasts between two and three weeks. Like other trichostrongylids, early C. oncophora L4 larvae are able to arrest their development under unfavourable environmental conditions such as low temperatures and high dryness, a process termed hypobiosis. L4 larvae can stay arrested up to five months. Arrested development is characterized by a large number of individuals stopping at the same stage of development, a bimodal distribution of worm sizes, and a recent exposure of the host animal to the infectious agent prior to the prepatent period of the infectious agent. During this period of arrested development, the worms stop growing and slow down their metabolism. Arrested development allows the worms to evade many of the anthilmentics commonly used. The recommended doses are based on adult worms and normally developing larvae. Arrested development can be triggered by the following situations: seasonal influences on the larvae while outside the host, the normal host immune response interrupting the normal parasitic phase of the life cycle, or overpopulation of adults that leads to negative feedback preventing the further development of more larvae. It is advantageous for nematodes to enter arrested development as they can survive in hostile environments, cause disease in the host by a large portion of the larvae resuming development, produce large numbers of infectious eggs when the environmental conditions are once again favorable, and avoid susceptibility to various anthilmentics. ## -Omics ### Genome project The C. oncophora genome sequencing project has been recently approved for funding. The project was initially submitted by an international consortium of universities and research institutes and has been undertaken at the Washington University Genome Sequencing Center. The major goal is to aide with identification of novel target molecules for the development of new drugs and vaccines. The genomic data might prove as an invaluable resource for fundamental biological research, comparative genomics and provide new insights in genetic mechanisms involving drug susceptibility, resistance, host parasite relationships, host immunity, possibility to maintain the life of currently available drugs and improved molecular diagnostics. ### Transcriptome project Recent transcriptomic data of C. oncophora from different developmental stages identified protein and domain families that are important in stage-related development. The transcriptome of C. oncophora resulted in approximately 9,600,000 reads and 29,900 assembled transcripts. These transcripts represent an estimated 81% of complete transcriptome (based on estimation from the conserved low copy eukaryotic genes). Further detailed analysis of transcriptomic data and their comparison with genomic data will provide more depth insights about parasite lifecycle and what different genes are important in the free living and parasitic stages. ### Excretome/secretome project Excretome/secretome (ES) components essentially consist of proteins and other compounds that are secreted from the parasite and it constitutes the primary interface between parasite and host and may be further exploited as potential vaccine candidates. Analysis of the adult-stage C. oncophora ES, covered both the protein and glycan components. Several proteins were identified that have also been detected in the ES of other nematode species. Which include two different ASPs (activation- associated secreted proteins). These proteins have been shown extreme diversity in occurrence and function in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which includes involvement in several processes like reproduction, cancer and immune regulation, though they await experimental characterization. Other proteins identified from ES fraction are aldose reductase and thioredoxin. These proteins are known to be involved in detoxification process. Innexin plays a role intercellular communication may be involved in modulating the response of anthelmintic; ivermectin. The above-mentioned findings are also consistent with transcriptomic data, showed the importance of these proteins because there transcripts were consistently observed in all C. oncophora life-stages, which further highlight their importance in parasite development. ## Pathology Cooperia are considered less pathogenic to livestock than other common gastrointestinal nematode worms: Haemonchus or Ostertagia. However, the pathology caused by Cooperia coupled to its wide range of distribution has huge economic impact to cattle producers. Typically calves are affected most adversely. Infection causes appetite reduction and inefficient uptake of necessary nutrients which effects body weight, reproduction and can lead eventually to calf death. Although C. oncophora does not feed on host-blood, it has the capacity to burrow through the gut wall, especially in the proximal location (duodenum) which can lead to anemia in the host. ## Host defense mechanisms Ruminants respond to C. oncophora infection using multiple mechanisms, and the degree of response varies based on various host-parasitic factors. Based on the response pattern, a small host proportion is classified as "high responder". These are capable of clearing the parasite rapidly, so that no eggs are detected in the feces, or there is only a very low worm burden after 42 days post infection (p.i.) with 100,000 L3 stage larvae. On the other hand, the "low responder" group is highly susceptible to infection, having a high worm burden and high egg output after 42 days p.i.. Most animals however belong to the intermediate responder group. They react initially similar to the low responder group. Although they can significantly reduce egg output after 35–42 days while worm burden in the intestine remains in range of low to high number. C. oncophora generally tends to reside in the proximal gut, the first six meters. An effective host immune response subsequently drives the adults towards more distal locations. The fecundity of the parasite decreases in the proximal gut after immune activation, although fecundity in the distal gut remains higher. Antigens of C. oncophora larvae and adult worms are capable of triggering lymphocyte proliferation. Moreover, excretory/secretory products (ES) can pronounce the immune response. Pattern and degree of response varies in primary and secondary exposure. The immune response here is mainly of Th2 type. Primary infection does not involve recruitment of specific lymphocytes to the intestinal mucosa. There are no major changes in the T-lymphocytes subsets of the mesenterial lymph node. Instead γδ-T cells guide the immune proliferation initially after primary exposure. On the other hand, increased B-cell proliferation leads increase in antibodies in serum and mucus secretion. An experimental infection of calves with 100,000L3 larvae caused gradual increase in adult worm specific IgA and IgG1 continued with increase in IgG1/IgG2 ratio. However, in the mucus, proportion of IgA was higher than IgG1. IgA/antigen complex can bind to the Fc receptor of the eosinophil and thereby induce the release of anti-inflammatory mediators and cytokines which can in turn reduce the worm load. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that secretory IgA (sIgA) in the mucous membrane can activate eosinophils more efficiently than serum IgA. On the other hand, response to secondary exposure involves increase in CD4+ T-cell in the lymph node, in the peripheral blood and in Payer's patches of the proximal gut. However, CD4+ T-cell numbers decrease in the lamina propria after 28 days of secondary experimental infection. Activated cells from the lamina propria migrate to the lymph node and peripheral blood. Acute inflammation in the primed proximal gut occur earlier and eosinophil level normalizes before 14 days of infection. On the contrary, there is an accumulation of eosinophils in the distal gut at around 14 days while proportion of eosinophil increase again in proximal gut after 28 days. This indicates two waves of eosinophil influx where CD4+ T-cell induces second influx rather first one. Generally, mast cells are also involved with eosinophils in the protection against nematodes. In case of primary and secondary infections with C. oncophora, no direct involvement mast cells have been proved yet. During secondary infections, even low dose exposure can stimulate immune response at the level of typical high dose exposure. Serum IgE levels are also increased during secondary infections, confirming serological protection. All these events are mast cell independent. There is a general decrease in the expression of apoproteins after C. oncophora infection. However, the resistant host still maintains higher level of apoproteins compared to low responder. There is a disruption of lipid metabolism. It is known that dietary rearrangement of lipid metabolism can give protection against nematode infections. Dietary poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) omega-3 and omega-6 can boost up the protection. Therefore, treatment with omega-3 PUFA has been associated low egg count in the feces. As known from other gut inflammations, over expression of lysozymes (LYZ1, LYZ2, LYZ3) can be observed in the gut after C. oncophora infection. These happens to sustain the inflammatory cascades against parasite antigens. Some other genes encoding cell adhesion molecules including CDH26, collectins and gelectins are up-regulated in infected ruminants. CDH26, eosinophil number recruitment and amount of adult parasites correlates strongly in the mucosa. CDH26 level is positively correlated with Cooperia specific IgA. ## Prevention and control Prevention is a difficult task. Cooperia larvae can withstand in adverse environmental conditions and can survive in grass lands even up to a year. Larvae can undergo dormant during winter and can comeback upon suitable conditions. Combined efforts that are taken to prevent typical worm infection are also applicable for Cooperia. These include maintaining a healthy herd, pasture management, careful grazing, plowing the field, avoiding congested and humid environments, keeping calves separately and ensuring hygiene. On the other hand, selective breeding can give rise to "high respondent" or resistant to infection progenies. Broad spectrum anthelmintics are also effective against adult worms and larvae. There are several benzimidazoles were successful in clearing infection, including albendazole, febantel, fenbendazole, oxfendazole. Moreover, levamisole and several macrocyclic lactones (e.g. abamectin, doramectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin, moxidectin) are reported to be effective. After multiple rounds of exposure adult ruminants can overcome the adverse effects of the parasite however still it act as reservoir for new infection. ### Resistance to anthelmintics Anthelmintic drug resistance is a widespread emerging problem. Resistance has been reported to all broad spectrum anthelmintics, which are benzimidazoles (BZs), levamisole/morantel (LEV) and macrocyclic lactones (ML). There are numbers of reports about resistance of C. oncophora to MLs. MLs include ivermectin (IVM), which has been extensively used to treat livestock gastrointestinal parasites since the 1980s. MLs bind irreversible to Glutmate gated chloride ion (GluCl) channels, leading to hyperpolarisation. Pharyngeal and somatic muscle cells get paralyzed, which results in starvation of the worms and also their removal from the gastrointestinal tract. Broad spectrum anthelmintics include benzimidazoles (BZs). BZs have been used since the 1960s, and resistance was detected in sheep shortly after commercialization of the first drug, called thiabendazole, in 1964. Reason for emerging resistance is selection for resistant individuals, particularly by high treatment frequency and under-dosing of the drugs. Other nematodes such as H. contortus are more susceptible to the drugs, which leads to a shift in the nematode biome towards higher relative amount of C. oncophora. Molecular mechanisms underlying the resistance against anthelmintics are being investigated. In general, drug resistance can develop in four different ways: 1) the drug does not bind to the target due to target changes, 2) changes in the xenobiotic metabolism that remove the drug or prevent activation, 3) changes in drug distribution in the organism, or 4) amplification of genes that overcome drug action. There are currently many investigations concerning amplification of genes that play a role in overcoming drug action. This includes transporters which are part of the xenobiotic metabolism by absorbing, distributing and eliminating external substances and their metabolites. One example is ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter families. P-glycoproteins (PGPs) are part of this family and substrates of MLs. Their up-regulation was found to be associated with ivermectin and moxidectin resistance in H. contortus. In C. oncophora, a P-glycoprotein called pgp-11 was found to be up-regulated in resistant adult worms compared to susceptible worms, but so far it has not been proven that up-regulation of pgp-11 actually protects the worm from MLs. ## Epidemiology The epidemiology of this species can vary by geographic distribution. For example, the northern hemisphere sees arrested development of the L4 stage more often during the winter. The subtropical areas see arrested development more often during the dry seasons. There is not a lot of relevant epidemiology information available. It is known that C. oncophora has been found in temperate climates such as the United States and Brazil. Studies have been done to establish the prevalence in these areas. The lack of information may be due to less frequent reporting of cattle nematodes as compared to the frequency of human nematodes, and that Cooperia oncophora is not commonly reported as the sole cause of infection. C. oncophora often causes secondary infection alongside the infection caused by Ostertagia ostertagi and Haemonchus contortus. O. ostertagi and H. contortus cause more severe signs of infection than C. oncophora. Because of this difference in signs, O. ostertagi and H. contortus are often reported as the cause of disease rather than C. oncophora.	enwiki/49924759	enwiki	49,924,759	Cooperia oncophora	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperia_oncophora	2025-08-05T04:13:07Z	en	Q25095360	178,406	{{Short description\|Species of roundworm}} {{Speciesbox \| image = L3 stage larva of C. oncophora. Courtesy of Russel Avramenko.jpeg \| image_caption = L3 stage larva of ''C. oncophora''. Courtesy of Russell Avramenko. \| image_upright = 1.2 \| taxon = Cooperia oncophora \| authority = (Railliet, 1898) }} '''''Cooperia oncophora''''' is one of the most common intestinal parasitic [[nematode]]s in cattle in temperate regions.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Dorny\|first1=P.\|last2=Claerebout\|first2=E.\|last3=Vercruysse\|first3=J.\|last4=Hilderson\|first4=H.\|last5=Huntley\|first5=J. F.\|date=1997-06-01\|title=The influence of a Cooperia oncophora priming on a concurrent challenge with Ostertagia ostertagi and C. oncophora in calves\|journal=Veterinary Parasitology\|volume=70\|issue=1–3\|pages=143–151\|issn=0304-4017\|pmid=9195718\|doi=10.1016/s0304-4017(96)01142-9}}</ref> Infections with ''C. oncophora'' may result in mild clinical symptoms, but can lead to weight loss and damage of the small intestine, especially when co-infections with other nematodes such as ''[[Ostertagia ostertagi\|O. ostertagi]]'' occur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal\|last1=Li\|first1=Robert W.\|last2=Li\|first2=Congjun\|last3=Gasbarre\|first3=Louis C.\|date=2011-01-01\|title=The vitamin D receptor and inducible nitric oxide synthase associated pathways in acquired resistance to Cooperia oncophora infection in cattle\|journal=Veterinary Research\|volume=42\|issue=1 \|pages=48\|doi=10.1186/1297-9716-42-48\|issn=1297-9716\|pmc=3066125\|pmid=21414188 \|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Coop\|first1=R. L.\|last2=Sykes\|first2=A. R.\|last3=Angus\|first3=K. W.\|date=1979-08-01\|title=The pathogenicity of daily intakes of Cooperia oncophora larvae in growing calves\|journal=Veterinary Parasitology\|volume=5\|issue=2\|pages=261–269\|doi=10.1016/0304-4017(79)90015-3}}</ref> Infections are usually treated with broad-spectrum [[anthelmintic]]s<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal\|last1=Borloo\|first1=Jimmy\|last2=De Graef\|first2=Jessie\|last3=Peelaers\|first3=Iris\|last4=Nguyen\|first4=D. Linh\|last5=Mitreva\|first5=Makedonka\|last6=Devreese\|first6=Bart\|last7=Hokke\|first7=Cornelis H.\|last8=Vercruysse\|first8=Jozef\|last9=Claerebout\|first9=Edwin\|date=2013-09-06\|title=In-Depth Proteomic and Glycomic Analysis of the Adult-Stage Cooperia oncophora Excretome/Secretome\|journal=Journal of Proteome Research\|volume=12\|issue=9\|pages=3900–11\|doi=10.1021/pr400114y\|issn=1535-3893\|pmc=3883574\|pmid=23895670}}</ref> such as [[benzimidazole]], but resistance to these drugs has developed in the last decades and is now very common.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Anziani\|first1=O. S.\|last2=Suarez\|first2=V.\|last3=Guglielmone\|first3=A. A.\|last4=Warnke\|first4=O.\|last5=Grande\|first5=H.\|last6=Coles\|first6=G. C.\|date=2004-08-06\|title=Resistance to benzimidazole and macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics in cattle nematodes in Argentina\|journal=Veterinary Parasitology\|volume=122\|issue=4\|pages=303–306\|doi=10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.05.018\|issn=0304-4017\|pmid=15262008}}</ref> ''C. oncophora'' has a direct [[Biological life cycle\|life cycle]]. Infective larvae are ingested by the host. The larvae grow to adults, which reproduce in the small intestines. Eggs are shed onto the pasture with the [[Feces\|faeces]], which leads to new infections. Co-infections with other gastro-intestinal [[nematode]]s such as ''[[Ostertagia ostertagi\|O. ostertagi]]'' and ''[[Haemonchus contortus\|H. contortus]]'' are common.<ref name=":0" /> == Morphology == ''C. oncophora'' females are about 6–8 mm long, males about 5.5–9 mm.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ta7YCgAAQBAJ\|title=Veterinary Parasitology\|last1=Taylor\|first1=M. A.\|last2=Coop\|first2=R. L.\|last3=Wall\|first3=R. L.\|date=2015-10-26\|publisher=John Wiley & Sons\|isbn=9781119073673\|language=en}}</ref> They are light red in color and have a coiled shape. Male worms have a large bursa as shown in Figure 2a. The [[spicule (nematode)\|spicules]] are 240-300 μm long and have a rounded end and a longitudinal line pattern.<ref name=":2" /> L3 stage larvae are hard to differentiate between different species, because they are very similar interspecies-wise. Eggs of ''C. oncophora'' however can be easily identified by their parallel walls. [[File:Lifecycle of D. dendriticum.png\|thumb\|Lifecycle of ''D. dendriticum'']] == Life cycle == <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Lifecycle.png\|thumb\|Lifecycle of ''C. oncophora'']] --> The [[Biological life cycle\|life cycle]] of ''C. oncophora'' is direct. Free-living L3 stage larvae residing on the [[pasture]] are taken up by grazing cattle and pass to the small intestine. Here, they molt to L4 larvae and then to adults. [[Egg]]s are passed in the faeces to the pasture. The [[larva]]e hatch and grow to L3 stage larvae. Infective L3 stage larvae are then again taken up by grazing cattle and the life cycle repeats. The pre-patent period, which includes the time between infection and egg laying, lasts between two and three weeks. Like other trichostrongylids, early ''C. oncophora'' L4 larvae are able to arrest their development under unfavourable environmental conditions such as low temperatures and high dryness, a process termed [[hypobiosis]].<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Chiejina\|first1=S. N.\|last2=Fakae\|first2=B. B.\|last3=Eze\|first3=B. O.\|date=1988-04-01\|title=Arrested development of gastrointestinal trichostrongylids in goats in Nigeria\|journal=Veterinary Parasitology\|volume=28\|issue=1\|pages=103–113\|doi=10.1016/0304-4017(88)90022-2\|pmid=3388727}}</ref> L4 larvae can stay arrested up to five months. Arrested development is characterized by a large number of individuals stopping at the same stage of development, a bimodal distribution of worm sizes, and a recent exposure of the host animal to the infectious agent prior to the prepatent period of the infectious agent. During this period of arrested development, the worms stop growing and slow down their metabolism. Arrested development allows the worms to evade many of the anthilmentics commonly used. The recommended doses are based on adult worms and normally developing larvae. Arrested development can be triggered by the following situations: seasonal influences on the larvae while outside the host, the normal host immune response interrupting the normal parasitic phase of the life cycle, or overpopulation of adults that leads to negative feedback preventing the further development of more larvae. It is advantageous for nematodes to enter arrested development as they can survive in hostile environments, cause disease in the host by a large portion of the larvae resuming development, produce large numbers of infectious eggs when the environmental conditions are once again favorable, and avoid susceptibility to various anthilmentics.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/merial/nematodes/nems_9.htm\|title=Arrest\|website=cal.vet.upenn.edu\|access-date=2019-04-24\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124221723/http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/merial/Nematodes/nems_9.htm\|archive-date=2014-11-24\|url-status=dead}}</ref> == -Omics == === Genome project === The ''C. oncophora'' [[genome]] [[sequencing]] project has been recently approved for funding. The project was initially submitted by an international consortium of universities and research institutes and has been undertaken at the Washington University Genome Sequencing Center. The major goal is to aide with identification of novel target molecules for the development of new drugs and vaccines. The genomic data might prove as an invaluable resource for fundamental biological research, [[comparative genomics]] and provide new insights in genetic mechanisms involving drug susceptibility, resistance, host parasite relationships, host immunity, possibility to maintain the life of currently available drugs and improved molecular diagnostics.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.genome.gov/Pages/Research/Sequencing/SeqProposals/StrongylidaWormSeq.pdf\|title=\|last=\|first=\|date=\|website=\|access-date=}}</ref> === Transcriptome project === Recent [[Transcriptomics\|transcriptomic]] data of ''C. oncophora'' from different developmental stages identified protein and domain families that are important in stage-related development. The [[transcriptome]] of C. oncophora resulted in approximately 9,600,000 reads and 29,900 assembled transcripts. These transcripts represent an estimated 81% of complete [[transcriptome]] (based on estimation from the conserved low copy eukaryotic genes). Further detailed analysis of [[Transcriptomics\|transcriptomic]] data and their comparison with genomic data will provide more depth insights about parasite lifecycle and what different genes are important in the free living and parasitic stages.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Heizer\|first1=Esley\|last2=Zarlenga\|first2=Dante S.\|last3=Rosa\|first3=Bruce\|last4=Gao\|first4=Xin\|last5=Gasser\|first5=Robin B.\|last6=De Graef\|first6=Jessie\|last7=Geldhof\|first7=Peter\|last8=Mitreva\|first8=Makedonka\|date=2013-01-01\|title=Transcriptome analyses reveal protein and domain families that delineate stage-related development in the economically important parasitic nematodes, Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora\|journal=BMC Genomics\|volume=14\|article-number=118\|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-14-118\|issn=1471-2164\|pmc=3599158\|pmid=23432754 \|doi-access=free }}</ref> === Excretome/secretome project === Excretome/[[secretome]] (ES) components essentially consist of proteins and other compounds that are secreted from the parasite and it constitutes the primary interface between parasite and host and may be further exploited as potential vaccine candidates. Analysis of the adult-stage ''C. oncophora'' ES, covered both the protein and glycan components. Several proteins were identified that have also been detected in the ES of other nematode species.<ref name=":1" /> Which include two different ASPs (activation- associated secreted proteins). These proteins have been shown extreme diversity in occurrence and function in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which includes involvement in several processes like reproduction, cancer and immune regulation,<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Gibbs\|first1=Gerard M.\|last2=Roelants\|first2=Kim\|last3=O'Bryan\|first3=Moira K.\|date=2008-12-01\|title=The CAP superfamily: cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5, and pathogenesis-related 1 proteins--roles in reproduction, cancer, and immune defense\|journal=Endocrine Reviews\|volume=29\|issue=7\|pages=865–897\|doi=10.1210/er.2008-0032\|issn=0163-769X\|pmid=18824526\|doi-access=free}}</ref> though they await experimental characterization. Other proteins identified from ES fraction are aldose reductase and thioredoxin. These proteins are known to be involved in detoxification process. Innexin plays a role intercellular communication <ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Phelan\|first1=P.\|last2=Bacon\|first2=J. P.\|last3=Davies\|first3=J. A.\|last4=Stebbings\|first4=L. A.\|last5=Todman\|first5=M. G.\|last6=Avery\|first6=L.\|last7=Baines\|first7=R. A.\|last8=Barnes\|first8=T. M.\|last9=Ford\|first9=C.\|date=1998-09-01\|title=Innexins: a family of invertebrate gap-junction proteins\|journal=Trends in Genetics\|volume=14\|issue=9\|pages=348–349\|issn=0168-9525\|pmc=4442478\|pmid=9769729\|doi=10.1016/s0168-9525(98)01547-9}}</ref> may be involved in modulating the response of anthelmintic; ivermectin.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Dent\|first1=J. A.\|last2=Smith\|first2=M. M.\|last3=Vassilatis\|first3=D. K.\|last4=Avery\|first4=L.\|date=2000-03-14\|title=The genetics of ivermectin resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans\|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\|volume=97\|issue=6\|pages=2674–2679\|issn=0027-8424\|pmc=15988\|pmid=10716995\|doi=10.1073/pnas.97.6.2674\|bibcode=2000PNAS...97.2674D\|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Kumar\|first1=Sanjay\|last2=Chaudhary\|first2=Kshitiz\|last3=Foster\|first3=Jeremy M.\|last4=Novelli\|first4=Jacopo F.\|last5=Zhang\|first5=Yinhua\|last6=Wang\|first6=Shiliang\|last7=Spiro\|first7=David\|last8=Ghedin\|first8=Elodie\|last9=Carlow\|first9=Clotilde K. S.\|date=2007-01-01\|title=Mining predicted essential genes of Brugia malayi for nematode drug targets\|journal=PLOS ONE\|volume=2\|issue=11\|pages=e1189\|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0001189\|issn=1932-6203\|pmc=2063515\|pmid=18000556\|bibcode=2007PLoSO...2.1189K\|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Phelan\|first=Pauline\|date=2005-06-10\|title=Innexins: members of an evolutionarily conserved family of gap-junction proteins\|journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes\|volume=1711\|issue=2\|pages=225–245\|doi=10.1016/j.bbamem.2004.10.004\|issn=0006-3002\|pmid=15921654\|doi-access=free}}</ref> The above-mentioned findings are also consistent with transcriptomic data, showed the importance of these proteins because there transcripts were consistently observed in all ''C. oncophora'' life-stages, which further highlight their importance in parasite development. == Pathology == ''Cooperia'' are considered less pathogenic to [[livestock]] than other common gastrointestinal nematode worms: ''Haemonchus'' or ''Ostertagia''. However, the [[pathology]] caused by ''Cooperia'' coupled to its wide range of distribution has huge economic impact to cattle producers.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal\|last1=Gross\|first1=S. J.\|last2=Ryan\|first2=W. G.\|last3=Ploeger\|first3=H. W.\|date=1999-05-22\|title=Anthelmintic treatment of dairy cows and its effect on milk production\|journal=The Veterinary Record\|volume=144\|issue=21\|pages=581–587\|issn=0042-4900\|pmid=10378289\|doi=10.1136/vr.144.21.581\|s2cid=20496174}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web\|url=http://parasitipedia.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2632&Itemid=2910\|title=parasitipedia.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2632&Itemid=2910\|last=\|first=\|date=\|website=\|access-date=}}</ref> Typically calves are affected most adversely. Infection causes appetite reduction and inefficient uptake of necessary nutrients which effects body weight, reproduction and can lead eventually to calf death.<ref name=":7" /> Although ''C. oncophora'' does not feed on host-blood, it has the capacity to burrow through the gut wall, especially in the [[proximal]] location ([[duodenum]]) which can lead to anemia<ref name=":8" /> in the host. == Host defense mechanisms == Ruminants respond to ''C. oncophora'' infection using multiple mechanisms, and the degree of response varies based on various host-parasitic factors. Based on the response pattern, a small host proportion is classified as "high responder". These are capable of clearing the parasite rapidly, so that no eggs are detected in the feces, or there is only a very low worm burden after 42 days post infection (p.i.) with 100,000 L3 stage larvae. On the other hand, the "low responder" group is highly susceptible to infection, having a high worm burden and high egg output after 42 days p.i.. Most animals however belong to the intermediate responder group. They react initially similar to the low responder group. Although they can significantly reduce egg output after 35–42 days while worm burden in the intestine remains in range of low to high number.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal\|last1=Kanobana\|first1=K.\|last2=Vervelde\|first2=L.\|last3=Van Der Veer\|first3=M.\|last4=Eysker\|first4=M.\|last5=Ploeger\|first5=H. W.\|date=2001-12-01\|title=Characterization of host responder types after a single Cooperia oncophora infection: kinetics of the systemic immune response\|journal=Parasite Immunology\|volume=23\|issue=12\|pages=641–653\|issn=0141-9838\|pmid=11737667\|doi=10.1046/j.1365-3024.2001.00426.x\|s2cid=24983149}}</ref> ''C. oncophora'' generally tends to reside in the proximal gut, the first six meters. An effective host immune response subsequently drives the adults towards more distal locations. The fecundity of the parasite decreases in the proximal gut after immune activation, although fecundity in the distal gut remains higher.<ref name=":9" /> Antigens of ''C. oncophora'' larvae and adult worms are capable of triggering lymphocyte proliferation. Moreover, [[Excretion\|excretory]]/secretory products (ES) can pronounce the immune response. Pattern and degree of response varies in primary and secondary exposure.<ref name=":10"/> The immune response here is mainly of Th2 type. Primary infection does not involve recruitment of specific lymphocytes to the intestinal mucosa. There are no major changes in the T-lymphocytes subsets of the mesenterial lymph node. Instead γδ-T cells guide the immune proliferation initially after primary exposure. On the other hand, increased B-cell proliferation leads increase in antibodies in serum and mucus secretion. An experimental infection of calves with 100,000L3 larvae caused gradual increase in adult worm specific IgA and IgG1 continued with increase in IgG1/IgG2 ratio. However, in the mucus, proportion of IgA was higher than IgG1.<ref name=":9" /> IgA/antigen complex can bind to the Fc receptor of the [[eosinophil]] and thereby induce the release of [[anti-inflammatory]] mediators and cytokines which can in turn reduce the worm load. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that secretory IgA (sIgA) in the mucous membrane can activate [[eosinophil]]s more efficiently than serum IgA.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal\|last1=Kanobana\|first1=K.\|last2=Ploeger\|first2=H. W.\|last3=Vervelde\|first3=L.\|date=2002-10-01\|title=Immune expulsion of the trichostrongylid Cooperia oncophora is associated with increased eosinophilia and mucosal IgA\|journal=International Journal for Parasitology\|volume=32\|issue=11\|pages=1389–1398\|issn=0020-7519\|pmid=12350374\|doi=10.1016/s0020-7519(02)00132-7}}</ref> On the other hand, response to secondary exposure involves increase in CD4+ T-cell in the lymph node, in the peripheral blood and in Payer's patches of the proximal gut. However, CD4+ T-cell numbers decrease in the lamina propria after 28 days of secondary experimental infection. Activated cells from the lamina propria migrate to the lymph node and peripheral blood. Acute inflammation in the primed proximal gut occur earlier and [[eosinophil]] level normalizes before 14 days of infection. On the contrary, there is an accumulation of [[eosinophil]]s in the distal gut at around 14 days while proportion of eosinophil increase again in proximal gut after 28 days. This indicates two waves of [[eosinophil]] influx where CD4+ T-cell induces second influx rather first one.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal\|last1=Kanobana\|first1=K.\|last2=Koets\|first2=A.\|last3=Bakker\|first3=N.\|last4=Ploeger\|first4=H. W.\|last5=Vervelde\|first5=L.\|date=2003-11-01\|title=T-cell mediated immune responses in calves primary-infected or re-infected with Cooperia oncophora: similar effector cells but different timing\|journal=International Journal for Parasitology\|volume=33\|issue=13\|pages=1503–1514\|issn=0020-7519\|pmid=14572513\|doi=10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00211-x}}</ref> Generally, mast cells are also involved with [[eosinophil]]s in the protection against nematodes. In case of primary and secondary infections with ''C. oncophora'', no direct involvement mast cells have been proved yet.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> During secondary infections, even low dose exposure can stimulate immune response at the level of typical high dose exposure. Serum IgE levels are also increased during secondary infections, confirming serological protection. All these events are mast cell independent.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Kanobana\|first1=K.\|last2=Koets\|first2=A.\|last3=Kooyman\|first3=F. N. J.\|last4=Bakker\|first4=N.\|last5=Ploeger\|first5=H. W.\|last6=Vervelde\|first6=L.\|date=2003-11-01\|title=B cells and antibody response in calves primary-infected or re-infected with Cooperia oncophora: influence of priming dose and host responder types\|journal=International Journal for Parasitology\|volume=33\|issue=13\|pages=1487–1502\|issn=0020-7519\|pmid=14572512\|doi=10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00210-8}}</ref> There is a general decrease in the expression of apoproteins after ''C. oncophora'' infection. However, the resistant host still maintains higher level of apoproteins compared to low responder. There is a disruption of lipid metabolism.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal\|last1=Li\|first1=Robert W.\|last2=Rinaldi\|first2=Manuela\|last3=Capuco\|first3=Anthony V.\|date=2011-01-01\|title=Characterization of the abomasal transcriptome for mechanisms of resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle\|journal=Veterinary Research\|volume=42\|issue=1 \|pages=114\|doi=10.1186/1297-9716-42-114\|issn=1297-9716\|pmc=3260172\|pmid=22129081 \|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal\|last1=Li\|first1=Robert W.\|last2=Wu\|first2=Sitao\|last3=Li\|first3=Cong-Jun\|last4=Li\|first4=Weizhong\|last5=Schroeder\|first5=Steven G.\|date=2015-07-30\|title=Splice variants and regulatory networks associated with host resistance to the intestinal worm Cooperia oncophora in cattle\|journal=Veterinary Parasitology\|volume=211\|issue=3–4\|pages=241–250\|doi=10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.05.010\|issn=1873-2550\|pmid=26025321}}</ref> It is known that dietary rearrangement of lipid metabolism can give protection against nematode infections. Dietary poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) omega-3 and omega-6 can boost up the protection. Therefore, treatment with omega-3 PUFA has been associated low egg count in the feces.<ref name=":13" /> As known from other gut inflammations, over expression of [[lysozyme]]s (LYZ1, LYZ2, LYZ3) can be observed in the gut after ''C. oncophora'' infection. These happens to sustain the inflammatory cascades against parasite antigens. Some other genes encoding cell adhesion molecules including CDH26, [[collectins]] and [[gelectins]] are up-regulated in infected ruminants.<ref name=":12" /> CDH26, [[eosinophil]] number recruitment and amount of adult parasites correlates strongly in the mucosa.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Li\|first1=Robert W.\|last2=Gasbarre\|first2=Louis C.\|date=2009-06-01\|title=A temporal shift in regulatory networks and pathways in the bovine small intestine during Cooperia oncophora infection\|journal=International Journal for Parasitology\|volume=39\|issue=7\|pages=813–824\|doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.11.007\|issn=1879-0135\|pmid=19116156}}</ref> CDH26 level is positively correlated with ''Cooperia'' specific IgA.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Van Meulder\|first1=F.\|last2=Ratman\|first2=D.\|last3=Van Coppernolle\|first3=S.\|last4=Borloo\|first4=J.\|last5=Li\|first5=R. W.\|last6=Chiers\|first6=K.\|last7=Van den Broeck\|first7=W.\|last8=De Bosscher\|first8=K.\|last9=Claerebout\|first9=E.\|date=2015-08-01\|title=Analysis of the protective immune response following intramuscular vaccination of calves against the intestinal parasite Cooperia oncophora\|journal=International Journal for Parasitology\|volume=45\|issue=9–10\|pages=637–646\|doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.03.007\|issn=1879-0135\|pmid=25937360}}</ref> == Prevention and control == [[Preventive medicine\|Prevention]] is a difficult task. ''Cooperia'' larvae can withstand in adverse environmental conditions and can survive in grass lands even up to a year. Larvae can undergo dormant during winter and can comeback upon suitable conditions. Combined efforts that are taken to prevent typical worm infection are also applicable for ''Cooperia''. These include maintaining a healthy herd, pasture management, careful grazing, plowing the field, avoiding congested and humid environments, keeping calves separately and ensuring [[hygiene]].<ref name=":8" /> On the other hand, selective [[Animal husbandry\|breeding]] can give rise to "high respondent" or resistant to infection progenies. Broad spectrum [[anthelmintic]]s are also effective against adult worms and larvae. There are several [[benzimidazole]]s were successful in clearing infection, including albendazole, febantel, fenbendazole, oxfendazole. Moreover, [[levamisole]] and several macrocyclic lactones (e.g. [[abamectin]], [[doramectin]], [[eprinomectin]], [[ivermectin]], [[moxidectin]]) are reported to be effective. After multiple rounds of exposure adult ruminants can overcome the adverse effects of the parasite however still it act as reservoir for new infection.<ref name=":8" /> === Resistance to anthelmintics === [[Anthelmintic]] [[drug resistance]] is a widespread emerging problem.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal\|last1=Demeler\|first1=Janina\|last2=Krüger\|first2=Nina\|last3=Krücken\|first3=Jürgen\|last4=Heyden\|first4=Vera C. von der\|last5=Ramünke\|first5=Sabrina\|last6=Küttler\|first6=Ursula\|last7=Miltsch\|first7=Sandra\|last8=Cepeda\|first8=Michael López\|last9=Knox\|first9=Malcolm\|title=Phylogenetic Characterization of β-Tubulins and Development of Pyrosequencing Assays for Benzimidazole Resistance in Cattle Nematodes\|journal=PLOS ONE\|volume=8\|issue=8\|pages=e70212\|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0070212\|pmc=3741318\|pmid=23950913\|year=2013\|bibcode=2013PLoSO...870212D\|doi-access=free}}</ref> Resistance has been reported to all broad spectrum anthelmintics, which are benzimidazoles (BZs), levamisole/morantel (LEV) and macrocyclic lactones (ML).<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal\|last=Prichard\|first=R. K.\|date=1990-07-01\|title=Anthelmintic resistance in nematodes: extent, recent understanding and future directions for control and research\|journal=International Journal for Parasitology\|volume=20\|issue=4\|pages=515–523\|issn=0020-7519\|pmid=2210945\|doi=10.1016/0020-7519(90)90199-w}}</ref> There are numbers of reports about resistance of ''C. oncophora'' to MLs.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal\|last1=De Graef\|first1=J.\|last2=Demeler\|first2=J.\|last3=Skuce\|first3=P.\|last4=Mitreva\|first4=M.\|last5=von Samson-Himmelstjerna\|first5=G.\|last6=Vercruysse\|first6=J.\|last7=Claerebout\|first7=E.\|last8=Geldhof\|first8=P.\|date=2013-04-01\|title=Gene expression analysis of ABC transporters in a resistant Cooperia oncophora isolate following in vivo and in vitro exposure to macrocyclic lactones\|journal=Parasitology\|volume=140\|issue=4\|pages=499–508\|doi=10.1017/S0031182012001849\|issn=0031-1820\|pmc=3690601\|pmid=23279803}}</ref> MLs include ivermectin (IVM), which has been extensively used to treat livestock gastrointestinal parasites since the 1980s.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal\|last1=Areskog\|first1=Marlene\|last2=Engström\|first2=Annie\|last3=Tallkvist\|first3=Jonas\|last4=von Samson-Himmelstjerna\|first4=Georg\|last5=Höglund\|first5=Johan\|date=2013-08-01\|title=PGP expression in Cooperia oncophora before and after ivermectin selection\|journal=Parasitology Research\|volume=112\|issue=8\|pages=3005–3012\|doi=10.1007/s00436-013-3473-5\|issn=1432-1955\|pmc=3724988\|pmid=23771718}}</ref> MLs bind irreversible to Glutmate gated chloride ion (GluCl) channels, leading to hyperpolarisation. [[Pharyngeal muscles\|Pharyngeal]] and somatic muscle cells get paralyzed, which results in starvation of the worms and also their removal from the [[gastrointestinal tract]].<ref name=":6" /> Broad spectrum [[anthelmintic]]s include [[benzimidazole]]s (BZs). BZs have been used since the 1960s,<ref name=":3" /> and resistance was detected in sheep shortly after commercialization of the first drug, called thiabendazole, in 1964.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Conway\|first=D. P.\|date=1964-05-01\|journal=American Journal of Veterinary Research\|volume=25\|pages=844–846\|issn=0002-9645\|pmid=14141529\|title=Variance in the Effectiveness of Thiabendazole Against Haemonchus Contortus in Sheep}}</ref> Reason for emerging resistance is selection for resistant individuals, particularly by high treatment frequency and under-dosing of the drugs.<ref name=":4" /> Other nematodes such as H. contortus are more susceptible to the drugs, which leads to a shift in the nematode biome towards higher relative amount of ''C. oncophora''. Molecular mechanisms underlying the resistance against anthelmintics are being investigated. In general, drug resistance can develop in four different ways: 1) the drug does not bind to the target due to target changes, 2) changes in the xenobiotic metabolism that remove the drug or prevent activation, 3) changes in drug distribution in the organism, or 4) amplification of genes that overcome drug action.<ref name=":6" /> There are currently many investigations concerning amplification of genes that play a role in overcoming drug action. This includes transporters which are part of the xenobiotic metabolism by absorbing, distributing and eliminating external substances and their metabolites. One example is [[ATP-binding cassette transporter\|ATP-binding cassette]] (ABC) transporter families. P-glycoproteins (PGPs) are part of this family and substrates of MLs.<ref name=":6" /> Their up-regulation was found to be associated with ivermectin and moxidectin resistance in ''[[Haemonchus contortus\|H. contortus]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Blackhall\|first1=William J.\|last2=Prichard\|first2=Roger K.\|last3=Beech\|first3=Robin N.\|date=2008-03-25\|title=P-glycoprotein selection in strains of Haemonchus contortus resistant to benzimidazoles\|journal=Veterinary Parasitology\|volume=152\|issue=1–2\|pages=101–107\|doi=10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.12.001\|issn=0304-4017\|pmid=18241994}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Xu\|first1=M.\|last2=Molento\|first2=M.\|last3=Blackhall\|first3=W.\|last4=Ribeiro\|first4=P.\|last5=Beech\|first5=R.\|last6=Prichard\|first6=R.\|date=1998-03-15\|title=Ivermectin resistance in nematodes may be caused by alteration of P-glycoprotein homolog\|journal=Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology\|volume=91\|issue=2\|pages=327–335\|issn=0166-6851\|pmid=9566525\|doi=10.1016/s0166-6851(97)00215-6}}</ref> In ''C. oncophora'', a P-glycoprotein called pgp-11 was found to be up-regulated in resistant [[adult]] worms compared to susceptible worms, but so far it has not been proven that up-regulation of pgp-11 actually protects the worm from MLs.<ref name=":5" /> == Epidemiology == The epidemiology of this species can vary by geographic distribution. For example, the northern hemisphere sees arrested development of the L4 stage more often during the winter. The subtropical areas see arrested development more often during the dry seasons. There is not a lot of relevant epidemiology information available. It is known that ''C. oncophora'' has been found in temperate climates such as the United States and Brazil. Studies have been done to establish the prevalence in these areas. The lack of information may be due to less frequent reporting of cattle nematodes as compared to the frequency of human nematodes, and that ''Cooperia oncophora'' is not commonly reported as the sole cause of infection. ''C. oncophora'' often causes secondary infection alongside the infection caused by ''Ostertagia ostertagi'' and ''Haemonchus contortus''. ''O. ostertagi'' and ''H. contortus'' cause more severe signs of infection than ''C. oncophora.'' Because of this difference in signs, ''O. ostertagi'' and ''H. contortus'' are often reported as the cause of disease rather than ''C. oncophora.''<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/merialsp/trichosp/trich_8.htm\|title=Cooperia\|website=cal.vet.upenn.edu\|access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar\|from=Q25095360}} [[Category:Rhabditida]] [[Category:Parasitic nematodes of mammals]]	1,304,290,636	[{"title": "Scientific classification", "data": {"Kingdom": "Animalia", "Phylum": "Nematoda", "Class": "Chromadorea", "Order": "Rhabditida", "Family": "Diplogastridae", "Genus": "Cooperia", "Species": "C. oncophora"}}, {"title": "Binomial name", "data": {"Binomial name": "Cooperia oncophora \u00b7 (Railliet, 1898)"}}]	false
# Polynomial long division In algebra, polynomial long division is an algorithm for dividing a polynomial by another polynomial of the same or lower degree, a generalized version of the familiar arithmetic technique called long division. It can be done easily by hand, because it separates an otherwise complex division problem into smaller ones. Sometimes using a shorthand version called synthetic division is faster, with less writing and fewer calculations. Another abbreviated method is polynomial short division (Blomqvist's method). Polynomial long division is an algorithm that implements the Euclidean division of polynomials, which starting from two polynomials A (the dividend) and B (the divisor) produces, if B is not zero, a quotient Q and a remainder R such that A = BQ + R, and either R = 0 or the degree of R is lower than the degree of B. These conditions uniquely define Q and R, which means that Q and R do not depend on the method used to compute them. The result R = 0 occurs if and only if the polynomial A has B as a factor. Thus long division is a means for testing whether one polynomial has another as a factor, and, if it does, for factoring it out. For example, if a root r of A is known, it can be factored out by dividing A by (x – r). ## Example ### Polynomial long division Find the quotient and the remainder of the division of {\displaystyle (x^{3}-2x^{2}-4)}, the dividend, by {\displaystyle (x-3)}, the divisor. The dividend is first rewritten like this: {\displaystyle x^{3}-2x^{2}+0x-4.} The quotient and remainder can then be determined as follows: 1. Divide the first term of the dividend by the highest term of the divisor (meaning the one with the highest power of x, which in this case is x). Place the result above the bar (x3 ÷ x = x2). {\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\color {White}x-3\ )\ x^{3}-2}x^{2}\\x-3\ {\overline {)\ x^{3}-2x^{2}+0x-4}}\end{array}}} 2. Multiply the divisor by the result just obtained (the first term of the eventual quotient). Write the result under the first two terms of the dividend (x2 · (x − 3) = x3 − 3x2). {\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\color {White}x-3\ )\ x^{3}-2}x^{2}\\x-3\ {\overline {)\ x^{3}-2x^{2}+0x-4}}\\{\color {White}x-3\ )\ }x^{3}-3x^{2}\end{array}}} 3. Subtract the product just obtained from the appropriate terms of the original dividend (being careful that subtracting something having a minus sign is equivalent to adding something having a plus sign), and write the result underneath (x3 − 2x2) − (x3 − 3x2) = −2x2 + 3x2 = x2 Then, "bring down" the next term from the dividend. {\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\color {White}x-3\ )\ x^{3}-2}x^{2}\\x-3\ {\overline {)\ x^{3}-2x^{2}+0x-4}}\\{\color {White}x-3\ )\ }{\underline {x^{3}-3x^{2}}}\\{\color {White}x-3\ )\ 0x^{3}}+{\color {White}}x^{2}+0x\end{array}}} 4. Repeat the previous three steps, except this time use the two terms that have just been written as the dividend. {\displaystyle {\begin{array}{r}x^{2}+{\color {White}1}x{\color {White}{}+3}\\x-3\ {\overline {)\ x^{3}-2x^{2}+0x-4}}\\{\underline {x^{3}-3x^{2}{\color {White}{}+0x-4}}}\\+x^{2}+0x{\color {White}{}-4}\\{\underline {+x^{2}-3x{\color {White}{}-4}}}\\+3x-4\\\end{array}}} 5. Repeat step 4. This time, there is nothing to "bring down". {\displaystyle {\begin{array}{r}x^{2}+{\color {White}1}x+3\\x-3\ {\overline {)\ x^{3}-2x^{2}+0x-4}}\\{\underline {x^{3}-3x^{2}{\color {White}{}+0x-4}}}\\+x^{2}+0x{\color {White}{}-4}\\{\underline {+x^{2}-3x{\color {White}{}-4}}}\\+3x-4\\{\underline {+3x-9}}\\+5\end{array}}} The polynomial above the bar is the quotient q(x), and the number left over (5) is the remainder r(x). {\displaystyle {x^{3}-2x^{2}-4}=(x-3)\,\underbrace {(x^{2}+x+3)} _{q(x)}+\underbrace {5} _{r(x)}} The long division algorithm for arithmetic is very similar to the above algorithm, in which the variable x is replaced (in base 10) by the specific number 10. ### Polynomial short division Blomqvist's method is an abbreviated version of the long division above. This pen-and-paper method uses the same algorithm as polynomial long division, but mental calculation is used to determine remainders. This requires less writing, and can therefore be a faster method once mastered. The division is at first written in a similar way as long multiplication with the dividend at the top, and the divisor below it. The quotient is to be written below the bar from left to right. {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}\qquad \qquad x^{3}-2x^{2}+{0x}-4\\{\underline {\div \quad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad x-3}}\end{matrix}}} Divide the first term of the dividend by the highest term of the divisor (x3 ÷ x = x2). Place the result below the bar. x3 has been divided leaving no remainder, and can therefore be marked as used by crossing it out. The result x2 is then multiplied by the second term in the divisor −3 = −3x2. Determine the partial remainder by subtracting −2x2 − (−3x2) = x2. Mark −2x2 as used and place the new remainder x2 above it. {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}\qquad x^{2}\\\qquad \quad {\bcancel {x^{3}}}+{\bcancel {-2x^{2}}}+{0x}-4\\{\underline {\div \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad x-3}}\\x^{2}\qquad \qquad \end{matrix}}} Divide the highest term of the remainder by the highest term of the divisor (x2 ÷ x = x). Place the result (+x) below the bar. x2 has been divided leaving no remainder, and can therefore be marked as used. The result x is then multiplied by the second term in the divisor −3 = −3x. Determine the partial remainder by subtracting 0x − (−3x) = 3x. Mark 0x as used and place the new remainder 3x above it. {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}\qquad \qquad \quad {\bcancel {x^{2}}}\quad 3x\\\qquad \quad {\bcancel {x^{3}}}+{\bcancel {-2x^{2}}}+{\bcancel {0x}}-4\\{\underline {\div \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad x-3}}\\x^{2}+x\qquad \end{matrix}}} Divide the highest term of the remainder by the highest term of the divisor (3x ÷ x = 3). Place the result (+3) below the bar. 3x has been divided leaving no remainder, and can therefore be marked as used. The result 3 is then multiplied by the second term in the divisor −3 = −9. Determine the partial remainder by subtracting −4 − (−9) = 5. Mark −4 as used and place the new remainder 5 above it. {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}\quad \qquad \qquad \qquad {\bcancel {x^{2}}}\quad {\bcancel {3x}}\quad 5\\\qquad \quad {\bcancel {x^{3}}}+{\bcancel {-2x^{2}}}+{\bcancel {0x}}{\bcancel {-4}}\\{\underline {\div \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad x-3}}\\x^{2}+x+3\qquad \end{matrix}}} The polynomial below the bar is the quotient q(x), and the number left over (5) is the remainder r(x). ## Pseudocode The algorithm can be represented in pseudocode as follows, where +, −, and × represent polynomial arithmetic, lead is a function returning the leading term (the term of the highest degree) of a given polynomial as a function input argument, and lead(remainder) / lead(denominator) gives the polynomial obtained by dividing the two leading terms: ``` function numerator / denominator is require denominator ≠ 0 quotient ← 0 remainder ← numerator // At each step numerator = denominator × quotient + remainder while remainder ≠ 0 and degree(remainder) ≥ degree(denominator) do tmp ← lead(remainder) / lead(denominator) // Divide the leading terms quotient ← quotient + tmp remainder ← remainder − tmp × denominator return (quotient, remainder) ``` This works equally well when degree(numerator) < degree(denominator); in that case the result is just the trivial (0, numerator). (No chance to run the while loop.) This algorithm describes exactly the above paper and pencil method: denominator is written on the left of the ")"; quotient is written, term after term, above the horizontal line, tmp stores the last term of the quotient in each loop repetition; the region under the horizontal line is used to compute and write down the successive values of remainder. ## Euclidean division For every pair of polynomials (A, B) such that B ≠ 0, polynomial division provides a quotient Q and a remainder R such that {\displaystyle A=BQ+R,} and either R=0 or degree(R) < degree(B). Moreover (Q, R) is the unique pair of polynomials having this property. The process of getting the uniquely defined polynomials Q and R from A and B is called Euclidean division (sometimes division transformation). Polynomial long division is thus an algorithm for Euclidean division. ## Applications ### Factoring polynomials Sometimes one or more roots of a polynomial are known, perhaps having been found using the rational root theorem. If one root r of a polynomial P(x) of degree n is known then polynomial long division can be used to factor P(x) into the form (x − r)Q(x) where Q(x) is a polynomial of degree n − 1. Q(x) is simply the quotient obtained from the division process; since r is known to be a root of P(x), it is known that the remainder must be zero. Likewise, if several roots r, s, . . . of P(x) are known, a linear factor (x − r) can be divided out to obtain Q(x), and then (x − s) can be divided out of Q(x), etc. Alternatively, the quadratic factor {\displaystyle (x-r)(x-s)=x^{2}-(r{+}s)x+rs} can be divided out of P(x) to obtain a quotient of degree n − 2. This method is especially useful for cubic polynomials, and sometimes all the roots of a higher-degree polynomial can be obtained. For example, if the rational root theorem produces a single (rational) root of a quintic polynomial, it can be factored out to obtain a quartic (fourth degree) quotient; the explicit formula for the roots of a quartic polynomial can then be used to find the other four roots of the quintic. There is, however, no general way to solve a quintic by purely algebraic methods, see Abel–Ruffini theorem. ### Finding tangents to polynomial functions Polynomial long division can be used to find the equation of the line that is tangent to the graph of the function defined by the polynomial P(x) at a particular point x = r. If R(x) is the remainder of the division of P(x) by (x − r)2, then the equation of the tangent line at x = r to the graph of the function y = P(x) is y = R(x), regardless of whether or not r is a root of the polynomial. #### Example Find the equation of the line that is tangent to the following curve {\displaystyle y=(x^{3}-12x^{2}-42)} at: {\displaystyle x=1} Begin by dividing the polynomial by: {\displaystyle (x-1)^{2}=(x^{2}-2x+1)} {\displaystyle {\begin{array}{r}x-10\\x^{2}-2x+1\ {\overline {)\ x^{3}-12x^{2}+0x-42}}\\{\underline {x^{3}-{\color {White}0}2x^{2}+{\color {White}1}x}}{\color {White}{}-42}\\-10x^{2}-{\color {White}01}x-42\\{\underline {-10x^{2}+20x-10}}\\-21x-32\end{array}}} The tangent line is {\displaystyle y=(-21x-32)} ### Cyclic redundancy check A cyclic redundancy check uses the remainder of polynomial division to detect errors in transmitted messages.	enwiki/314205	enwiki	314,205	Polynomial long division	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial_long_division	2025-08-20T04:00:35Z	en	Q1068675	115,917	{{Short description\|Algorithm for division of polynomials}} {{For\|a shorthand version of this method\|synthetic division}} In [[algebra]], '''polynomial long division''' is an [[algorithm]] for dividing a [[polynomial]] by another polynomial of the same or lower [[Degree of a polynomial\|degree]], a generalized version of the familiar arithmetic technique called [[long division]]. It can be done easily by hand, because it separates an otherwise complex division problem into smaller ones. Sometimes using a shorthand version called [[synthetic division]] is faster, with less writing and fewer calculations. Another abbreviated method is polynomial [[short division]] (Blomqvist's method). Polynomial long division is an algorithm that implements the [[Euclidean division of polynomials]], which starting from two polynomials ''A'' (the ''dividend'') and ''B'' (the ''divisor'') produces, if ''B'' is not zero, a ''[[quotient]]'' ''Q'' and a ''remainder'' ''R'' such that :''A'' = ''BQ'' + ''R'', and either ''R'' = 0 or the degree of ''R'' is lower than the degree of ''B''. These conditions uniquely define ''Q'' and ''R'', which means that ''Q'' and ''R'' do not depend on the method used to compute them. The result ''R'' = 0 occurs [[if and only if]] the polynomial ''A'' has ''B'' as a [[polynomial factorization\|factor]]. Thus long division is a means for testing whether one polynomial has another as a factor, and, if it does, for factoring it out. For example, if a [[root of a polynomial\|root]] ''r'' of ''A'' is known, it can be factored out by dividing ''A'' by (''x'' – ''r''). ==Example== === Polynomial long division === Find the quotient and the remainder of the division of <math>(x^3 - 2x^2 - 4)</math>, the ''dividend'', by <math>(x-3) </math>, the ''divisor''. The dividend is first rewritten like this: :<math>x^3 - 2x^2 + 0x - 4.</math> The quotient and remainder can then be determined as follows: <ol> <li> Divide the first term of the dividend by the highest term of the divisor (meaning the one with the highest power of ''x'', which in this case is ''x''). Place the result above the bar (''x''<sup>3</sup> ÷ ''x'' = ''x''<sup>2</sup>). :<math> \begin{array}{l} {\color{White} x-3\ )\ x^3 - 2}x^2\\ x-3\ \overline{)\ x^3 - 2x^2 + 0x - 4} \end{array} </math> </li> <li> Multiply the divisor by the result just obtained (the first term of the eventual quotient). Write the result under the first two terms of the dividend ({{math\|1=''x''<sup>2</sup> · (''x'' − 3) = ''x''<sup>3</sup> − 3''x''<sup>2</sup>}}). :<math> \begin{array}{l} {\color{White} x-3\ )\ x^3 - 2}x^2\\ x-3\ \overline{)\ x^3 - 2x^2 + 0x - 4}\\ {\color{White} x-3\ )\ } x^3 - 3x^2 \end{array} </math> </li> <li> Subtract the product just obtained from the appropriate terms of the original dividend (being careful that subtracting something having a minus sign is equivalent to adding something having a plus sign), and write the result underneath {{math\|({{math\|1=''x''<sup>3</sup> − 2''x''<sup>2</sup>) − (''x''<sup>3</sup> − 3''x''<sup>2</sup>) = −2''x''<sup>2</sup> + 3''x''<sup>2</sup> = ''x''<sup>2</sup>}}}} Then, "bring down" the next term from the dividend. :<math> \begin{array}{l} {\color{White} x-3\ )\ x^3 - 2}x^2\\ x-3\ \overline{)\ x^3 - 2x^2 + 0x - 4}\\ {\color{White} x-3\ )\ } \underline{x^3 - 3x^2}\\ {\color{White} x-3\ )\ 0x^3} + {\color{White}}x^2 + 0x \end{array} </math> </li> <li> Repeat the previous three steps, except this time use the two terms that have just been written as the dividend. :<math> \begin{array}{r} x^2 + {\color{White}1}x {\color{White} {} + 3}\\ x-3\ \overline{)\ x^3 - 2x^2 + 0x - 4}\\ \underline{x^3 - 3x^2 {\color{White} {} + 0x - 4}}\\ +x^2 + 0x {\color{White} {} - 4}\\ \underline{+x^2 - 3x {\color{White} {} - 4}}\\ +3x - 4\\ \end{array} </math> </li> <li> Repeat step 4. This time, there is nothing to "bring down". :<math> \begin{array}{r} x^2 + {\color{White}1}x + 3\\ x-3\ \overline{)\ x^3 - 2x^2 + 0x - 4}\\ \underline{x^3 - 3x^2 {\color{White} {} + 0x - 4}}\\ +x^2 + 0x {\color{White} {} - 4}\\ \underline{+x^2 - 3x {\color{White} {} - 4}}\\ +3x - 4\\ \underline{+3x - 9}\\ +5 \end{array} </math> </li> </ol> The polynomial above the bar is the quotient ''q''(''x''), and the number left over (5) is the remainder ''r''(''x''). :<math>{x^3 - 2x^2 - 4} = (x-3)\,\underbrace{(x^2 + x + 3)}_{q(x)} +\underbrace{5}_{r(x)}</math> The [[long division]] algorithm for arithmetic is very similar to the above algorithm, in which the variable ''x'' is replaced (in base 10) by the specific number 10. === Polynomial short division=== Blomqvist's method<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/Ad16hxs809I Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200401062354/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ad16hxs809I&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Citation\|title=Blomqvist's division: the simplest method for solving divisions?\| date=7 December 2019 \|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ad16hxs809I\|language=en\|access-date=2019-12-10}}{{cbignore}}</ref> is an abbreviated version of the long division above. This pen-and-paper method uses the same algorithm as polynomial long division, but [[mental calculation]] is used to determine remainders. This requires less writing, and can therefore be a faster method once mastered. The division is at first written in a similar way as [[Multiplication algorithm\|long multiplication]] with the dividend at the top, and the divisor below it. The quotient is to be written below the bar from left to right. :<math>\begin{matrix} \qquad \qquad x^3-2x^2+{0x}-4 \\ \underline{ \div \quad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad x-3 }\end{matrix}</math> Divide the first term of the dividend by the highest term of the divisor (''x''<sup>3</sup> ÷ ''x'' = ''x''<sup>2</sup>). Place the result below the bar. ''x''<sup>3</sup> has been divided leaving no remainder, and can therefore be marked as used by crossing it out. The result ''x''<sup>2</sup> is then multiplied by the second term in the divisor −3 = −3''x''<sup>2</sup>. Determine the partial remainder by subtracting −2''x''<sup>2</sup> − (−3''x''<sup>2</sup>) = ''x''<sup>2</sup>. Mark −2''x''<sup>2</sup> as used and place the new remainder ''x''<sup>2</sup> above it. :<math>\begin{matrix} \qquad x^2 \\ \qquad \quad \bcancel{x^3}+\bcancel{-2x^2}+{0x}-4 \\ \underline{ \div \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad x-3 }\\x^2 \qquad \qquad \end{matrix} </math> Divide the highest term of the remainder by the highest term of the divisor (''x''<sup>2</sup> ÷ ''x'' = ''x''). Place the result (+x) below the bar. ''x''<sup>2</sup> has been divided leaving no remainder, and can therefore be marked as used. The result ''x'' is then multiplied by the second term in the divisor −3 = −3''x''. Determine the partial remainder by subtracting 0''x'' − (−3''x'') = 3''x''. Mark 0''x'' as used and place the new remainder 3''x'' above it. :<math>\begin{matrix} \qquad \qquad \quad\bcancel{x^2} \quad3x\\ \qquad \quad \bcancel{x^3}+\bcancel{-2x^2}+\bcancel{0x}-4 \\ \underline{ \div \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad x-3 }\\x^2 +x \qquad \end{matrix} </math> Divide the highest term of the remainder by the highest term of the divisor (3x ÷ ''x'' = 3). Place the result (+3) below the bar. 3x has been divided leaving no remainder, and can therefore be marked as used. The result 3 is then multiplied by the second term in the divisor −3 = −9. Determine the partial remainder by subtracting −4 − (−9) = 5. Mark −4 as used and place the new remainder 5 above it. :<math>\begin{matrix} \quad \qquad \qquad \qquad\bcancel{x^2} \quad \bcancel{3x} \quad5\\ \qquad \quad \bcancel{x^3}+\bcancel{-2x^2}+\bcancel{0x}\bcancel{-4} \\ \underline{ \div \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad x-3 }\\ x^2 +x +3\qquad \end{matrix} </math> The polynomial below the bar is the quotient ''q''(''x''), and the number left over (5) is the remainder ''r''(''x''). ==Pseudocode== The algorithm can be represented in [[pseudocode]] as follows, where +, −, and × represent polynomial arithmetic, lead is a function returning the leading term (the term of the highest degree) of a given polynomial as a function input argument, and lead(remainder) / lead(denominator) gives the polynomial obtained by dividing the two leading terms: '''function''' numerator / denominator '''is''' require denominator ≠ 0 quotient ← 0 remainder ← numerator // At each step numerator = denominator × quotient + remainder '''while''' remainder ≠ 0 '''and''' degree(remainder) ≥ degree(denominator) '''do''' tmp ← lead(remainder) / lead(denominator) // Divide the leading terms quotient ← quotient + tmp remainder ← remainder − tmp × denominator '''return''' (quotient, remainder) This works equally well when degree(''numerator'') < degree(''denominator''); in that case the result is just the trivial (0, ''numerator''). (No chance to run the while loop.) This algorithm describes exactly [[Polynomial long division#Polynomial long division\|the above paper and pencil method]]: {{var\|denominator}} is written on the left of the ")"; {{var\|quotient}} is written, term after term, above the horizontal line, {{var\|tmp}} stores the last term of the quotient in each loop repetition; the region under the horizontal line is used to compute and write down the successive values of {{var\|remainder}}. == Euclidean division == {{anchor\|Division transformation}} {{main\|Euclidean division of polynomials}} For every pair of polynomials (''A'', ''B'') such that ''B'' ≠ 0, polynomial division provides a ''quotient'' ''Q'' and a ''remainder'' ''R'' such that :<math>A=BQ+R,</math> and either ''R''=0 or degree(''R'') < degree(''B''). Moreover (''Q'', ''R'') is the unique pair of polynomials having this property. The process of getting the uniquely defined polynomials ''Q'' and ''R'' from ''A'' and ''B'' is called ''Euclidean division'' (sometimes ''division transformation''). Polynomial long division is thus an [[algorithm]] for Euclidean division.<ref>{{cite book\|author=S. Barnard\|title=Higher Algebra\|year=2008\|publisher=READ BOOKS\|isbn=978-1-4437-3086-0\|page=24}}</ref> ==Applications== ===Factoring polynomials=== Sometimes one or more roots of a polynomial are known, perhaps having been found using the [[rational root theorem]]. If one root ''r'' of a polynomial ''P''(''x'') of degree ''n'' is known then polynomial long division can be used to factor ''P''(''x'') into the form {{nowrap\|(''x'' − ''r'')''Q''(''x'')}} where ''Q''(''x'') is a polynomial of degree ''n'' − 1. ''Q''(''x'') is simply the quotient obtained from the division process; since ''r'' is known to be a root of ''P''(''x''), it is known that the remainder must be zero. Likewise, if several roots ''r'', ''s'', . . . of ''P''(''x'') are known, a linear factor {{nowrap\|(''x'' − ''r'')}} can be divided out to obtain ''Q''(''x''), and then {{nowrap\|(''x'' − ''s'')}} can be divided out of ''Q''(''x''), etc. Alternatively, the quadratic factor <math>(x-r)(x-s)=x^2-(r{+}s)x+rs</math> can be divided out of ''P''(''x'') to obtain a quotient of degree {{nowrap\|''n'' − 2.}} This method is especially useful for cubic polynomials, and sometimes all the roots of a higher-degree polynomial can be obtained. For example, if the rational root theorem produces a single (rational) root of a [[quintic function\|quintic polynomial]], it can be factored out to obtain a quartic (fourth degree) quotient; the explicit formula for the roots of a [[quartic function\|quartic polynomial]] can then be used to find the other four roots of the quintic. There is, however, no general way to solve a quintic by purely algebraic methods, see [[Abel–Ruffini theorem]]. ===Finding tangents to polynomial functions=== Polynomial long division can be used to find the equation of the line that is [[tangent]] to the [[graph of a function\|graph of the function]] defined by the polynomial ''P''(''x'') at a particular point {{nowrap\|''x'' {{=}} ''r''.}}<ref>Strickland-Constable, Charles, "A simple method for finding tangents to polynomial graphs", ''[[Mathematical Gazette]]'' 89, November 2005: 466-467.</ref> If ''R''(''x'') is the remainder of the division of ''P''(''x'') by {{nowrap\|(''x'' − ''r'')<sup>2</sup>,}} then the equation of the tangent line at {{nowrap\|''x'' {{=}} ''r''}} to the graph of the function {{nowrap\|''y'' {{=}} ''P''(''x'')}} is {{nowrap\|''y'' {{=}} ''R''(''x''),}} regardless of whether or not ''r'' is a root of the polynomial. ====Example==== Find the equation of the line that is tangent to the following curve <math>y = (x^3 - 12x^2 - 42) </math> :at: <math>x = 1 </math> Begin by dividing the polynomial by: <math> (x-1)^2=(x^2-2x+1)</math> : <math> \begin{array}{r} x - 10\\ x^2-2x+1\ \overline{)\ x^3 - 12x^2 + 0x - 42}\\ \underline{x^3 - {\color{White}0}2x^2 + {\color{White}1}x} {\color{White} {} - 42}\\ -10x^2 - {\color{White}01}x - 42\\ \underline{-10x^2 + 20x - 10}\\ -21x - 32 \end{array} </math> The tangent line is <math> y=(-21x-32)</math> ===Cyclic redundancy check=== A [[cyclic redundancy check]] uses the remainder of polynomial division to detect errors in transmitted messages. ==See also== [[Polynomial remainder theorem]] [[Synthetic division]], a more concise method of performing Euclidean polynomial division [[Ruffini's rule]] [[Euclidean domain]] [[Gröbner basis]] [[Greatest common divisor of two polynomials]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Polynomials}} [[Category:Polynomials]] [[Category:Computer algebra]] [[Category:Division (mathematics)]]	1,306,865,911	[]	true
# R. H. Hunt Reuben Harrison Hunt (February 2, 1862 – May 28, 1937), also known as R. H. Hunt, was an American architect who spent most of his life in Chattanooga, Tennessee. He is considered to have been one of the city's most significant early architects. He also designed major public building projects in other states. He was a principal of the R.H. Hunt and Co. firm. He came to Chattanooga in 1882 and within four years had established a successful architectural firm. Hunt designed a number of Chattanooga's homes and public buildings, including the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Auditorium (1922), the Joel W. Solomon Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse (1934) with Shreve, Lamb and Harmon, the Hamilton County, Tennessee Courthouse (1912), the James (1907) and Maclellan (1924) buildings, the Carnegie Library (1905) and the St. John's Hotel (1915). Hunt also designed churches throughout the South. This included well-known Chattanooga churches such as Second Presbyterian Church and First Baptist Church, as well as the Tabernacle in Atlanta. Numerous works by Hunt are preserved and listed on the National Register of Historic Places, 21 of which are covered in one 1979 survey study. The U.S. Post Office and Courthouse in Chattanooga, Tennessee, built 1932–1933, was Hunt's last major work. Hunt designed every major public building constructed in Chattanooga between 1895 and 1935. He was also the architect of local churches, hospitals, and private office buildings, as well as similar public and private buildings throughout the South. In 1938 the Chattanooga building was recognized by the American Institute of Architects as one of the 150 finest buildings constructed in the previous twenty years in the United States, and it was featured in an AIA photographic exhibit in America and Europe. ## Works Projects credited to Hunt or his firm include (with attribution): - 15th Avenue Baptist Church, 1318 15th Avenue, Meridian, MS (Hunt, R.H.)[9] - Alexandria Hall-Louisiana College, Louisiana College, Pineville, LA (Hunt, R.H., Co.) NRHP-listed[6] - Alumni Hall, Mississippi College, Clinton, MS (Hunt, R.H.)[10] - Asbury United Methodist Church, 1900 Bailey Avenue, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed[6] closed 1984[11] - Brainerd Junior High, 4201 Cherryton Drive, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed[6] - Courthouse in Cadiz Downtown Historic District, Cadiz, KY (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed[6] - Calvary Baptist Church, 1300 West Capitol Street, Jackson, MS (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed[12] - Carpenter Hall, Mississippi State University, 210 Carpenter Engineering Building, Mississippi State, MS (Hunt, R.H.)[13] - Carter Building, 501 North Main Street, Hattiesburg, MS (Hunt, R.H. & Co.)[14] - Carter Hall, Covenant College, 14049 Scenic Highway, Lookout Mountain, GA (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed in 2019, built for Lookout Mountain Hotel 1927[15] - Central United Methodist Church Downtown Location, 27 Church Street, Asheville, NC (Hunt, Reuben H.)[16] - Central United Methodist Church, 201 East Third Ave., Knoxville, TN (Hunt, R.H. and Co.) NRHP-listed[6] - Central United Methodist Church, 1004 23rd Avenue, Meridian, MS (Hunt, R.H.)[17] - Chattanooga Bank Building, 8th Street, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed[6] - Chattanooga Car Barns, 301 Market Street, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed[6] - Chattanooga Electric Railway, 211-241 Market St., Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed[6] - Chrestman Hall, Mississippi College, Clinton, MS (Hunt, R.H.)[18] - College Hall, University of Southern Mississippi, 114 Southern Miss Drive, Hattiesburg, MS (Hunt, R.H.)[19] - Columbus City Hall, 525 Main Street, Columbus, MS (Hunt, R.H. & Co.)[20] - Court Street Baptist Church, Portsmouth, VA.[21] - Dominion Outreach Worship Center, 119 29th Street, Newport News, VA (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed, built for First Baptist Church Newport News[22] - Elbert County Courthouse, Courthouse Sq., Elberton, GA (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed[6] - Farr Infirmary, Mississippi College, Clinton, MS (Hunt, R.H.)[23] - Fifth Avenue Baptist Church, 1135 Fifth Avenue, Huntington, WV (Hunt, R. H.)[24] - First Baptist Church Beaumont, 980 Broadway Street, Beaumont, TX (Hunt, R.H.)[25] closed[26] - First Baptist Church Birmingham, 2201 6th Avenue North, Birmingham, AL (Hunt, R.H.) destroyed[27] - First Baptist Church Canton, 125 East Fulton Street, Canton, MS (Hunt, R.H.)[28] - First Baptist Church Clinton, 100 East College Street, Clinton, MS (Hunt, R.H.)[29] - First Baptist Church Education Building, 317 Oak Street, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed[6] - First Baptist Church Hazlehurst, 151 Caldwell Drive, Hazlehurst, MS (Hunt, R.H.)[30] - First Baptist Church Muskogee, 111 South 7th Street, Muskogee, OK (Hunt, R.H.)[25] - First Baptist Church of Durham, 414 Cleveland Street, Durham, NC (Hunt, Reuben Harrison)[31] - First Baptist Church of Laurel, 607 West 5th Street, Laurel, MS (Hunt, R.H.) demolished 1960[32] - First Baptist Church of Norfolk, 418 East Bute Street, Norfolk, VA (Hunt, Reuben H.) NRHP-listed[6] - First Methodist Church of Waco Downtown Location, 1300 Austin Avenue, Waco, TX (Hunt, R.H.) [33] built for Austin Avenue United Methodist Church[34][35][36] - First Presbyterian Church El Dorado, 300 E. Main, El Dorado, AR (Hunt, R. H., & Associates) NRHP-listed[6] - First Presbyterian Church Fordyce, AR 79B, Fordyce, AR (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed[6] - First Presbyterian Church of Vicksburg, 1501 Cherry Street, Vicksburg, MS (Hunt, R.H.)[37] - First United Methodist Church Dallas, 1928 Ross Avenue, Dallas, TX (Hunt, R.H. and Greene, Herbert M.)[38][39] - First United Methodist Church Fort Smith, 200 North 15th Street, Fort Smith, AR (Hunt, R.H.)[25] - First United Methodist Church Greenwood, 310 West Washington Street, Greenwood, MS (Hunt, Reuben Harris) NRHP-listed[6][40] - First United Methodist Church Lenoir, 309 Church Street NW, Lenoir, NC,[41] - First United Methodist Church Pontotoc, 68 South Main Street, Pontotoc, MS (Hunt, R.H.)[42] - First United Methodist Church Ranger, 417 Elm Street, Ranger, TX (Hunt, R.H.)[25]closed in 2018[43] - Forrest County Hall, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS (Hunt, R.H.)[44] - Fountain Square, 600–622 Georgia Ave. and 317 Oak Street, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed[6] - Galloway United Methodist Church, 305 North Congress Street, Jackson, MS (Hunt, R.H.)[45] - Grove, E. W. Henry County High School, Grove Blvd., Paris, TN (Hunt, R. H.) NRHP-listed[6] - Hamilton County Courthouse, West 6th Street and Georgia Avenue, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed[6] - Hasting-Simmons Hall, Mississippi University for Women, 1210 College Street, Columbus, MS (Hunt, R.H. & Co.)[46] - Hattiesburg Hall, University of Southern Mississippi, 108 East Memorial Drive, Hattiesburg, MS (Hunt, R.H.)[47] - Henderson Hall, Tennessee Technological University, Dixie Avenue, Cookeville, TN (Hunt, Reuben H.,& Co.) - Henry County Courthouse, Court Square, Paris, TN (1896) - Honor House, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5162, Hattiesburg, MS (Hunt, R.H.)[48] - Houston Carnegie Library, 105 West Madison Street, Houston, MS (Hunt R.H.)[49] - James Building, 735 Broad Street, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Rueben Harrison) NRHP-listed[6] - Joel W. Solomon Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse (Hunt, R.H., Shreve, Lamb and Harmon) (1934) - Kimsey Junior College, 244 TN 68, Ducktown, TN (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed[6] - Lander College Old Main Building, Stanley Avenue and Lander Street, Greenwood, SC (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed[6] - Lawrence County Courthouse, North side Broad Street between Jefferson and Washington Streets., Monticello, MS (Hunt, Reuben) NRHP-listed[6][50] - Lenoir Presbyterian Church, 1002 Kirkwood Street, Lenoir, NC (Hunt, R. H.)[51] - Lowrey Hall, Mississippi College, Clinton, MS (Hunt, R.H.)[52] - Maclellan Building, 721 Broad Street, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed[6] - Main Street United Methodist Church, 712 Main Street, Hattiesburg, MS (Hunt R.H.)[53] - McFarlin Memorial Auditorium, Southern Methodist University, 6405 Boaz Lane, Suite G38, Dallas, TX (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed[6] - Medical Arts Building (Chattanooga, Tennessee), McCallie Avenue, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed[6] - Miller Brothers Department Store, 629 Market Street, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben H.) NRHP-listed[6] - Mississippi Hall, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS (Hunt, R.H.)[54] - Montgomery Hall, Mississippi State University campus, Starkville, MS (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed[6] - Mount Olive Cathedral C.M.E. Church, 538 Dr. M.L. King Jr. Avenue, Memphis, TN (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed, built for First Baptist Church[6][55][56] - Municipal Building, E. 11th Street, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed[6] - Nathan L. Bachman School, 281 Anderson Pike, Walden, TN (Hunt, R.H. & Co.) NRHP-listed[6] - North Alexander School, North Alexander Avenue, Washington, GA 30673 - Northside Presbyterian Church, 923 Mississippi Avenue, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed, the one known Greek Revival work by Hunt in Hamilton County[6][7] - Ogletree Alumni House, University of Southern Mississippi, 102 Alumni Drive, Hattiesburg, MS (Hunt, R.H.)[57] - Old Library Building, 200 E. 8th Street, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed[6] - Polk County Courthouse, Bounded by US 411 and Ward, Commerce and Main Streets., Benton, TN (Hunt, R.H. & Co. et al.) NRHP-listed[6] - Polk Street Methodist Church, 1401 South Polk Street, Amarillo, TX (Hunt, R.H., Co.) NRHP-listed[6][58][59][60] - Ratliff Hall, Mississippi College, Clinton, MS (Hunt, R.H.)[61] - Second Presbyterian Church, 700 Pine Street Chattanooga TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed[6] - Shattuck Hall, Mississippi University for Women, 302 15th Street South, Columbus, MS (Hunt, R.H.)[62] - Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Auditorium, McCallie Avenue, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed[6] (1922) - Soul's Harbor Deliverance Center, 1921 Avenue G, Birmingham, AL (Hunt, R. H.) built for First United Methodist Church of Ensley[63][64] - Southern Hall, University of Southern Mississippi, Southern Miss Drive, Hattiesburg, MS (Hunt, R.H.)[65] - Southside Baptist Church, 1016 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL (Hunt, R.H.)[63] - Temple B'nai Sholom (Huntsville, Alabama), 103 Lincoln Street SE, Huntsville, AL (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed[66] - Third Baptist Church, 527 Allen Street, Owensboro, KY (Hunt, R.H.) 1896 - Tivoli Theater, 709 Broad Street, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed[6] - Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church, McCallie Avenue Chattanooga TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed[6] collapsed 2011[67] - Frances Willard House, 615 Lindsay Street, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed[6] - Union Presbyterian Church, 700 Fisk Avenue, Brownwood, TX (Hunt, R.H.)[25] - University Baptist Church, 102 S. Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, NC (Hunt, Reuben H.)[68] - Wisteria Hotel, Central Avenue, Winona, MS (Hunt, R.H. & Co.) NRHP-listed[6][69] - Wyatt Hall, 865 E. Third Street, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben H.) NRHP-listed[6] - One or more works in Missionary Ridge Historic District, N. and S. Crest Road from Delong Reservation to 700 S. Crest Road, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed[6] - One or more works in Paris Commercial Historic District, Along sections of E. and W. Wood, W. Washington, N. and S. Poplar, N. and S. Market, Fentress and W. Blythe Sts., Paris, TN (Hunt, Rueben H.) NRHP-listed[6] - One or more works in South Main Street Historic District, 200–422 S. Main Street, Pikeville, TN (Hunt, R. H.) NRHP-listed[6] - One or more works in Winona Commercial Historic District, Roughly bounded by Magnolia Street, Central Avenue, Carrollton Street and Sterling Avenue, Winona, MS (Hunt, R. H.) NRHP-listed[6]	enwiki/11507840	enwiki	11,507,840	R. H. Hunt	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._H._Hunt	2025-08-20T18:38:03Z	en	Q7273668	212,043	{{Short description\|American architect}} {{Infobox architect \|name = Reuben Harrison Hunt \|image = Reuben-harrison-hunt.jpg \|image_size = 180px \|caption = \|nationality = American \|birth_date = {{Birth date\|1862\|02\|02\|mf=yes}} \|birth_place = [[Elbert County, Georgia]] \|death_date = {{Death date and age\|1937\|05\|28\|1862\|02\|02\|mf=yes}} \|death_place = [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]] \|practice = R. H. Hunt Company \|significant_buildings= [[Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Auditorium]] \|significant_projects = \|significant_design = \|awards = }} [[File:SoldiersAndSailorsMemorialAuditoriuminChattanooga.jpg\|right\|thumb\|[[Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Auditorium]]]] [[File:The Elberton - Elbert County Georgia Courthouse designed by Reuben Harrison Hunt (image3562).jpg\|thumb\|[[Elbert County Courthouse]] photographed in 2012]] [[File:TheTabernacleAtlantaFacadeJan2009.JPG\|thumb\|The [[Tabernacle (concert hall)\|Tabernacle]] (formerly Tabernacle Baptist Church) in Atlanta, Georgia, photographed in 2009]] '''Reuben Harrison Hunt''' (February 2, 1862 – May 28, 1937), also known as '''R. H. Hunt''', was an American [[architect]] who spent most of his life in [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]].<ref>{{Citation \| title=TN Encyclopedia: REUBEN HARRISON HUNT \| encyclopedia=[[Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture]] \| first=Sara A. \| last=Butler \| url=http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=672 \| access-date=2009-01-29 }}</ref> He is considered to have been one of the city's most significant early architects.<ref>{{NRHP url\|id=64000805\|title=National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form: Buildings in Hamilton County Designed by R. H. Hunt}}, 1980</ref> He also designed major public building projects in other states. He was a principal of the '''R.H. Hunt and Co.''' firm. He came to Chattanooga in 1882 and within four years had established a successful architectural firm. Hunt designed a number of Chattanooga's homes and public buildings, including the [[Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Auditorium]] (1922), the [[Joel W. Solomon Federal Building and United States Courthouse\|Joel W. Solomon Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse]] (1934) with [[Shreve, Lamb and Harmon]],<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Townsend\|first=Gavin\|year=2010\|title=Chattanooga, Tennessee: A City Transformed\|journal=Newsletter of the Southeast Chapter of the Society of Architectural Historians\|publisher=Society of Architectural Historians\|volume=27\|issue=2\|url=http://polytekton.com/sesah/sesah/Newsletter_files/Fall2010SESAHNewsletterFINAL.pdf}}{{dead link\|date=April 2018 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> the [[Hamilton County, Tennessee]] Courthouse (1912), the James (1907) and Maclellan (1924) buildings, the [[Carnegie Library]] (1905) and the St. John's Hotel (1915). Hunt also designed churches throughout [[Southern United States\|the South]]. This included well-known Chattanooga churches such as Second Presbyterian Church and First Baptist Church,<ref>{{Citation \| title=Architect R.H. Hunt's "References" \| author=Wilson, John \| date=March 7, 2004 \| newspaper=[[The Chattanoogan]] \| url=http://www.chattanoogan.com/articles/article_47719.asp \| access-date=April 9, 2010 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603075238/http://www.chattanoogan.com/articles/article_47719.asp \| archive-date=June 3, 2009 }}</ref> as well as the [[Tabernacle (concert hall)\|Tabernacle]] in [[Atlanta]].<ref>{{Citation \| title=Plans Accepted for Tabernacle; Work Will Begin \| newspaper=The [[Atlanta Georgian]] and News \| date=November 8, 1907 \| volume=VI \| issue=82 \| page=7 \| url=http://atlnewspapers.galileo.usg.edu/atlnewspapers-j2k/view?docId=bookreader/aga/aga1907/aga1907-4377.mets.xml;query=Tabernacle;brand=atlnewspapers-j2k-brand#page/n0/mode/1up \| access-date=April 8, 2010 }}</ref> Numerous works by Hunt are preserved and listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]],<ref name="nris">{{NRISref\|version=2009a}}</ref> 21 of which are covered in one 1979 survey study.<ref name=mraHuntHamilton>{{cite web\|url={{NRHP url\|id=64000805}} \|title=National Register of Historic Places Thematic Group: Buildings in Hamilton County Designed by R. H. Hunt \|author=M. A. Carver\|date=February 1979}}</ref> The [[U.S. Post Office (Chattanooga, Tennessee)\|U.S. Post Office and Courthouse]] in Chattanooga, Tennessee, built 1932–1933, was Hunt's last major work. Hunt designed every major public building constructed in Chattanooga between 1895 and 1935. He was also the architect of local churches, hospitals, and private office buildings, as well as similar public and private buildings throughout the South.<ref name ="GSA">{{cite web\|url=http://www.gsa.gov/portal/ext/html/site/hb/category/25431/actionParameter/exploreByBuilding/buildingId/914 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103094901/http://www.gsa.gov/portal/ext/html/site/hb/category/25431/actionParameter/exploreByBuilding/buildingId/914 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=January 3, 2011 \|title=GSA - Find a Building\|date=2009-08-24\|work=Joel W. Solomon Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse, Chattanooga, TN: Building Overview\|publisher=U.S. General Services Administration}}</ref> In 1938 the Chattanooga building was recognized by the [[American Institute of Architects]] as one of the 150 finest buildings constructed in the previous twenty years in the United States, and it was featured in an AIA photographic exhibit in America and Europe.<ref name ="GSA"/> == Works == Projects credited to Hunt or his firm include (with attribution): 15th Avenue Baptist Church, 1318 15th Avenue, Meridian, MS (Hunt, R.H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=16834&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> [[Alexandria Hall-Louisiana College]], Louisiana College, Pineville, LA (Hunt, R.H., Co.) NRHP-listed<ref name="nris" /> Alumni Hall, Mississippi College, Clinton, MS (Hunt, R.H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=11478&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> [[Asbury United Methodist Church (Chattanooga, Tennessee)\|Asbury United Methodist Church]], 1900 Bailey Avenue, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed<ref name="nris" /> closed 1984<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Asbury United Methodist Church {{!}} The American Guild of Organists \|url=https://www.agochattanooga.org/regional-organs-database/chattanooga/asbury-united-methodist-church/ \|access-date=2025-08-17 \|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Brainerd Junior High]], 4201 Cherryton Drive, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> Courthouse in [[Cadiz Downtown Historic District]], Cadiz, KY (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> [[Calvary Baptist Church (Jackson, Mississippi)\|Calvary Baptist Church]], 1300 West Capitol Street, Jackson, MS (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=13308&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> Carpenter Hall, Mississippi State University, 210 Carpenter Engineering Building, Mississippi State, MS (Hunt, R.H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=24691&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> Carter Building, 501 North Main Street, Hattiesburg, MS (Hunt, R.H. & Co.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=6344&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> Carter Hall, [[Covenant College]], 14049 Scenic Highway, Lookout Mountain, GA (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed in 2019, built for [[Lookout Mountain Hotel]] 1927<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Carter Hall \|url=https://covenant.edu/visit/campus/carter.html \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=covenant.edu \|language=en}}</ref> [[Central United Methodist Church (Asheville)\|Central United Methodist Church]] Downtown Location, 27 Church Street, Asheville, NC (Hunt, Reuben H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Central Methodist Episcopal Church \|url=https://ncarchitects.lib.ncsu.edu/buildings/B001591.html \|access-date=2022-08-12 \|website=ncarchitects.lib.ncsu.edu}}</ref> [[Central United Methodist Church (Knoxville, Tennessee)\|Central United Methodist Church]], 201 East Third Ave., Knoxville, TN (Hunt, R.H. and Co.) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> Central United Methodist Church, 1004 23rd Avenue, Meridian, MS (Hunt, R.H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=16686&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> [[Chattanooga Bank Building]], 8th Street, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> [[Chattanooga Car Barns]], 301 Market Street, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> [[Chattanooga Electric Railway]], 211-241 Market St., Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> Chrestman Hall, Mississippi College, Clinton, MS (Hunt, R.H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=2145883804&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> College Hall, University of Southern Mississippi, 114 Southern Miss Drive, Hattiesburg, MS (Hunt, R.H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=8032&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> Columbus City Hall, 525 Main Street, Columbus, MS (Hunt, R.H. & Co.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=20707&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> Court Street Baptist Church, Portsmouth, VA.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Ruegsegger\|first=Bob\|title=Court Street Baptist Church unveils historic marker\|url=https://www.pilotonline.com/history/vp-br-court-street-baptist-1201-20191127-zuroluolbzcebanjrcklprguqe-story.html\|access-date=2020-07-14\|website=pilotonline.com\|date=27 November 2019 }}</ref> Dominion Outreach Worship Center, 119 29th Street, Newport News, VA (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed, built for [[First Baptist Church (Newport News, Virginia)\|First Baptist Church Newport News]]<ref>{{Cite web \|title=First Baptist Church, Newport News – DHR \|url=https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/historic-registers/121-0031/ \|access-date=2025-08-18 \|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Elbert County Courthouse (Georgia)\|Elbert County Courthouse]], Courthouse Sq., Elberton, GA (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> Farr Infirmary, Mississippi College, Clinton, MS (Hunt, R.H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=2145883802&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> [[Fifth Avenue Baptist Church]], 1135 Fifth Avenue, Huntington, WV (Hunt, R. H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Chambers \|first=S. Allen Jr. \|date=2018-08-01 \|title=Fifth Avenue Baptist Church \|url=https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/WV-01-HU20 \|access-date=2022-08-13 \|website=SAH ARCHIPEDIA \|language=en}}</ref> First Baptist Church Beaumont, 980 Broadway Street, Beaumont, TX (Hunt, R.H.)<ref name=":1" /> closed<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Our Story \|url=https://www.fbcbeaumont.org/our-story \|access-date=2025-08-17 \|website=www.fbcbeaumont.org}}</ref> First Baptist Church Birmingham, 2201 6th Avenue North, Birmingham, AL (Hunt, R.H.) destroyed<ref>{{Cite web \|last1=Boylen \|first1=Erica \|last2=Looper \|first2=Hannah \|last3=Wood \|first3=Rori \|date=2019-12-17 \|title=First Baptist Church of Birmingham \|url=https://magiccityreligion.org/2019/12/17/first-baptist-church-of-birmingham/ \|access-date=2022-08-12 \|website=Magic City Religion \|language=en}}</ref> First Baptist Church Canton, 125 East Fulton Street, Canton, MS (Hunt, R.H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=20639&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> First Baptist Church Clinton, 100 East College Street, Clinton, MS (Hunt, R.H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=11351&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> [[First Baptist Church Education Building]], 317 Oak Street, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> First Baptist Church Hazlehurst, 151 Caldwell Drive, Hazlehurst, MS (Hunt, R.H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=5697&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> First Baptist Church Muskogee, 111 South 7th Street, Muskogee, OK (Hunt, R.H.)<ref name=":1" /> [[First Baptist Church (Durham, North Carolina)\|First Baptist Church of Durham]], 414 Cleveland Street, Durham, NC (Hunt, Reuben Harrison)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Hunt, Reuben H. (1862-1938) \|url=https://ncarchitects.lib.ncsu.edu/people/P000088.html \|access-date=2022-08-12 \|website=ncarchitects.lib.ncsu.edu}}</ref> First Baptist Church of Laurel, 607 West 5th Street, Laurel, MS (Hunt, R.H.) demolished 1960<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=15828&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> [[First Baptist Church (Norfolk, Virginia)\|First Baptist Church of Norfolk]], 418 East Bute Street, Norfolk, VA (Hunt, Reuben H.) NRHP-listed<ref name="nris" /> [[First Methodist Church of Waco]] Downtown Location, 1300 Austin Avenue, Waco, TX (Hunt, R.H.) <ref>{{Cite web \|title=First Methodist Church of Waco {{!}} You Belong Here \|url=https://firstwaco.com/ \|access-date=2025-08-12 \|language=en-US}}</ref> built for Austin Avenue United Methodist Church<ref>{{cite web \|last=Willis \|first=T. Bradford \|date=26 July 2021 \|title=Austin Avenue United Methodist Church (Waco) \|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/austin-avenue-united-methodist-church-waco \|access-date=30 March 2024 \|website=tshaonline.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Austin Avenue Methodist Church Historical Marker \|url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=203503 \|access-date=2025-08-18 \|website=www.hmdb.org \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Drum \|first=Windy \|date=1954 \|title=[Fire Damage on Austin Avenue Methodist Church] \|url=https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1286190/ \|access-date=2025-08-19 \|website=The Portal to Texas History}}</ref> [[First Presbyterian Church (El Dorado, Arkansas)\|First Presbyterian Church El Dorado]], 300 E. Main, El Dorado, AR (Hunt, R. H., & Associates) NRHP-listed<ref name="nris" /> [[First Presbyterian Church (Fordyce, Arkansas)\|First Presbyterian Church Fordyce]], AR 79B, Fordyce, AR (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed<ref name="nris" /> First Presbyterian Church of Vicksburg, 1501 Cherry Street, Vicksburg, MS (Hunt, R.H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=26708&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> [[First United Methodist Church (Dallas, Texas)\|First United Methodist Church Dallas]], 1928 Ross Avenue, Dallas, TX (Hunt, R.H. and [[Herbert M. Greene\|Greene, Herbert M.]])<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Works of R.H. Hunt \|url=https://sherrysharp.com/southpark/architect/architect.htm \|access-date=2025-08-14 \|website=sherrysharp.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2020-07-23 \|title=An Atrium of Light by Nicholas McWhirter, AIA \|url=https://issuu.com/levi.hooten/docs/an_atrium_of_light/2 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=Issuu \|language=en}}</ref> First United Methodist Church Fort Smith, 200 North 15th Street, Fort Smith, AR (Hunt, R.H.)<ref name=":1" /> [[First Methodist Church of Greenwood\|First United Methodist Church Greenwood]], 310 West Washington Street, Greenwood, MS (Hunt, Reuben Harris) NRHP-listed<ref name="nris" /><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=18545&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> First United Methodist Church Lenoir, 309 Church Street NW, Lenoir, NC,<ref>{{Cite web \|title=First Methodist Church South \|url=https://ncarchitects.lib.ncsu.edu/buildings/B002325.html \|access-date=2022-08-12 \|website=ncarchitects.lib.ncsu.edu}}</ref> First United Methodist Church Pontotoc, 68 South Main Street, Pontotoc, MS (Hunt, R.H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=25436&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> First United Methodist Church Ranger, 417 Elm Street, Ranger, TX (Hunt, R.H.)<ref name=":1">Men of Texas, c 1932: R.H. Hunt of R.H. Hunt & Co</ref>closed in 2018<ref>{{Cite web \|title=UMData {{!}} Church Profile \|url=https://www.umdata.org/church?church=731368 \|access-date=2025-08-16 \|website=www.umdata.org}}</ref> Forrest County Hall, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS (Hunt, R.H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=8033&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> Fountain Square, 600–622 Georgia Ave. and 317 Oak Street, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> Galloway United Methodist Church, 305 North Congress Street, Jackson, MS (Hunt, R.H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=11559&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> [[Grove, E. W. Henry County High School]], Grove Blvd., Paris, TN (Hunt, R. H.) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> [[Hamilton County Courthouse (Tennessee)\|Hamilton County Courthouse]], West 6th Street and Georgia Avenue, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> Hasting-Simmons Hall, Mississippi University for Women, 1210 College Street, Columbus, MS (Hunt, R.H. & Co.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=19640&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> Hattiesburg Hall, University of Southern Mississippi, 108 East Memorial Drive, Hattiesburg, MS (Hunt, R.H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=8034&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> [[Henderson Hall (Cookeville, Tennessee)\|Henderson Hall]], Tennessee Technological University, Dixie Avenue, Cookeville, TN (Hunt, Reuben H.,& Co.) [[Henry County Courthouse (Tennessee)\|Henry County Courthouse]], Court Square, Paris, TN (1896) Honor House, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5162, Hattiesburg, MS (Hunt, R.H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=8035&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> Houston Carnegie Library, 105 West Madison Street, Houston, MS (Hunt R.H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=3438&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> [[James Building (Chattanooga, Tennessee)\|James Building]], 735 Broad Street, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Rueben Harrison) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> [[Joel W. Solomon Federal Building and United States Courthouse\|Joel W. Solomon Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse]] (Hunt, R.H., [[Shreve, Lamb and Harmon]]) (1934) [[Kimsey Junior College]], 244 TN 68, Ducktown, TN (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> [[Lander College Old Main Building]], Stanley Avenue and Lander Street, Greenwood, SC (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> [[Lawrence County Courthouse (Mississippi)\|Lawrence County Courthouse]], North side Broad Street between Jefferson and Washington Streets., Monticello, MS (Hunt, Reuben) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=18006&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> Lenoir Presbyterian Church, 1002 Kirkwood Street, Lenoir, NC (Hunt, R. H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Lenoir Presbyterian Church \|url=https://ncarchitects.lib.ncsu.edu/buildings/B002326.html \|access-date=2022-08-12 \|website=ncarchitects.lib.ncsu.edu}}</ref> Lowrey Hall, Mississippi College, Clinton, MS (Hunt, R.H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=11480&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> [[Maclellan Building]], 721 Broad Street, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> Main Street United Methodist Church, 712 Main Street, Hattiesburg, MS (Hunt R.H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=6296&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> [[McFarlin Memorial Auditorium]], Southern Methodist University, 6405 Boaz Lane, Suite G38, Dallas, TX (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> [[Medical Arts Building (Chattanooga, Tennessee)]], McCallie Avenue, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> [[Miller Brothers Department Store]], 629 Market Street, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben H.) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> Mississippi Hall, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS (Hunt, R.H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=8037&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> [[Montgomery Hall]], Mississippi State University campus, Starkville, MS (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> [[Mount Olive Cathedral\|Mount Olive Cathedral C.M.E. Church]], 538 Dr. M.L. King Jr. Avenue, Memphis, TN (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed, built for [[First Baptist Church (Memphis, Tennessee)\|First Baptist Church]]<ref name="nris" /><ref>{{Cite web \|title=About \|url=https://www.mountolivecme.com/about \|access-date=2025-08-17 \|website=Mount Olive Cathedral Christian Methodist Episcopal Church \|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=First Baptist Church / Mt. Olive CME Church Historical Marker \|url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=55466 \|access-date=2025-08-18 \|website=www.hmdb.org \|language=en}}</ref> [[Municipal Building (Chattanooga, Tennessee)\|Municipal Building]], E. 11th Street, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> [[Nathan L. Bachman School]], 281 Anderson Pike, Walden, TN (Hunt, R.H. & Co.) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> North Alexander School, North Alexander Avenue, Washington, GA 30673 [[Northside Presbyterian Church]], 923 Mississippi Avenue, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed, the one known Greek Revival work by Hunt in Hamilton County<ref name=nris/><ref name=mraHuntHamilton/> Ogletree Alumni House, University of Southern Mississippi, 102 Alumni Drive, Hattiesburg, MS (Hunt, R.H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=8036&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> [[Old Library Building (Chattanooga, Tennessee)\|Old Library Building]], 200 E. 8th Street, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> [[Polk County Courthouse (Benton, Tennessee)\|Polk County Courthouse]], Bounded by US 411 and Ward, Commerce and Main Streets., Benton, TN (Hunt, R.H. & Co. et al.) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> [[Polk Street Methodist Church]], 1401 South Polk Street, Amarillo, TX (Hunt, R.H., Co.) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/><ref>{{Cite web \|last=beilue \|first=BY jon mark \|title=Oldest church in Amarillo marks 125th anniversary \|url=https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/lifestyle/faith/2013/11/16/oldest-church-amarillo-marks-125th-anniversary/15066415007/ \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal \|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>[https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5507017577 Details - Polk Street United Methodist Church - Atlas Number 5507017577 - Atlas: Texas Historical Commission]</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Polk Street United Methodist Church Historical Marker \|url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=149437 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.hmdb.org \|language=en}}</ref> Ratliff Hall, Mississippi College, Clinton, MS (Hunt, R.H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=11482&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> [[Second Presbyterian Church (Chattanooga, Tennessee)\|Second Presbyterian Church]], 700 Pine Street Chattanooga TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> Shattuck Hall, Mississippi University for Women, 302 15th Street South, Columbus, MS (Hunt, R.H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=19647&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> [[Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Auditorium]], McCallie Avenue, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> (1922) Soul's Harbor Deliverance Center, 1921 Avenue G, Birmingham, AL (Hunt, R. H.) built for First United Methodist Church of Ensley<ref name=":0">{{Cite book \|last=Schnorrenberg \|first=John M. \|title=Aspiration: Birmingham's historic houses of worship \|date=2000 \|publisher=Birmingham Historical Society \|others=Richard Payne, Philip A. Morris, Marjorie Longenecker White, Birmingham Historical Society \|isbn=0-943994-26-8 \|location=Birmingham, Ala. \|oclc=45381812}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Ensley First United Methodist Church - Bhamwiki \|url=https://www.bhamwiki.com/w/Ensley_First_United_Methodist_Church \|access-date=2025-08-17 \|website=www.bhamwiki.com}}</ref> Southern Hall, University of Southern Mississippi, Southern Miss Drive, Hattiesburg, MS (Hunt, R.H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=8038&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> [[Southside Baptist Church]], 1016 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL (Hunt, R.H.)<ref name=":0" /> [[Temple B'nai Sholom (Huntsville, Alabama)]], 103 Lincoln Street SE, Huntsville, AL (Hunt, R.H.) NRHP-listed<ref>{{Cite news \|date=Spring 2024 \|title=Thursday Tours \|url=https://www.alabamahistory.net/_files/ugd/3aaf16_3b018dd19cb14a379df403033346127c.pdf \|work=Alabama Historical Association Newsletter \|page=15 \|volume=39 \|issue=1}}</ref> Third Baptist Church, 527 Allen Street, Owensboro, KY (Hunt, R.H.) 1896 [[Tivoli Theatre (Chattanooga, Tennessee)\|Tivoli Theater]], 709 Broad Street, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> [[Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church (Chattanooga, Tennessee)\|Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church]], McCallie Avenue Chattanooga TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> collapsed 2011<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2011-05-12 \|title=Historic church on McCallie falls {{!}} Chattanooga Times Free Press \|url=https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2011/may/12/historic-church-mccallie-falls/ \|access-date=2025-08-17 \|website=www.timesfreepress.com \|language=en}}</ref> [[Frances Willard House (Chattanooga, Tennessee)\|Frances Willard House]], 615 Lindsay Street, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> Union Presbyterian Church, 700 Fisk Avenue, Brownwood, TX (Hunt, R.H.)<ref name=":1" /> [[University Baptist Church (Chapel Hill, NC)\|University Baptist Church]], 102 S. Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, NC (Hunt, Reuben H.)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=University Baptist Church \|url=https://ncarchitects.lib.ncsu.edu/buildings/B001496.html \|access-date=2022-08-12 \|website=ncarchitects.lib.ncsu.edu}}</ref> [[Wisteria Hotel]], Central Avenue, Winona, MS (Hunt, R.H. & Co.) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Property \|url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=23898&view=facts&y=1032 \|access-date=2025-08-20 \|website=www.apps.mdah.ms.gov}}</ref> [[Wyatt Hall (Chattanooga, Tennessee)\|Wyatt Hall]], 865 E. Third Street, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben H.) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> One or more works in [[Missionary Ridge Historic District]], N. and S. Crest Road from Delong Reservation to 700 S. Crest Road, Chattanooga, TN (Hunt, Reuben Harrison) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> One or more works in [[Paris Commercial Historic District (Paris, Tennessee)\|Paris Commercial Historic District]], Along sections of E. and W. Wood, W. Washington, N. and S. Poplar, N. and S. Market, Fentress and W. Blythe Sts., Paris, TN (Hunt, Rueben H.) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> One or more works in [[South Main Street Historic District (Pikeville, Tennessee)\|South Main Street Historic District]], 200–422 S. Main Street, Pikeville, TN (Hunt, R. H.) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> One or more works in [[Winona Commercial Historic District (Winona, Mississippi)\|Winona Commercial Historic District]], Roughly bounded by Magnolia Street, Central Avenue, Carrollton Street and Sterling Avenue, Winona, MS (Hunt, R. H.) NRHP-listed<ref name=nris/> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== [https://web.archive.org/web/20070701153541/http://www.cornerstonesinc.org/neighborhoods/index.html Cornerstones, Inc.] {{usurped\|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20041108025526/http://www.emporis.com/en/cd/cm/?id=106972 R.H. Hunt's buildings]}} at [[Emporis]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Hunt, R. H.}} [[Category:1862 births]] [[Category:1937 deaths]] [[Category:Architects from Tennessee]] [[Category:People from Chattanooga, Tennessee]] [[Category:People from Elbert County, Georgia]] [[Category:Architects from Georgia (U.S. state)]] [[Category:National Sculpture Society members]]	1,306,965,096	[{"title": "Reuben Harrison Hunt", "data": {"Born": "February 2, 1862 \u00b7 Elbert County, Georgia", "Died": "May 28, 1937 (aged 75) \u00b7 Chattanooga, Tennessee", "Nationality": "American", "Occupation": "Architect", "Practice": "R. H. Hunt Company", "Buildings": "Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Auditorium"}}]	false
# Any Questions for Ben? Any Questions for Ben? (also released in some countries as Until She Came Along) is a 2012 Australian dramedy film created by Working Dog Productions, directed by Rob Sitch. It tells the story of Ben, a wealthy millennial living in Melbourne who is constantly quitting jobs, moving house, changing partners and travelling internationally. When he attends a school reunion to give a speech about his achievements, he realises he is dissatisfied with life but is also reunited with Alex, who now works as a human rights lawyer for the UN in Yemen. As their relationship progresses and Ben goes through various difficulties, Alex travels between Melbourne and Yemen eight times throughout the film. Any Questions for Ben? stars Josh Lawson, Rachael Taylor, Felicity Ward, Daniel Henshall, and Christian Clark. It was written by Santo Cilauro, Tom Gleisner, and Rob Sitch. ## Plot Ben North (Josh Lawson) is a highly-paid 27-year-old marketing creative who lives in a large inner-city apartment in Curtin House on Swanston Street in Melbourne's CBD with his flatmates, Nick (Daniel Henshall) and Andy (Christian Clark). Ben is presented as a typical millennial as he is prone to frequently changing careers and moving house just because he feels like it. He is also sexually promiscuous and romantically non-committal. ### Alex in Yemen The film opens with Ben attending a launch party for "Minsk Vodka", which he has rebranded with a Russian theme despite the fact it is actually from New Zealand. While at this party, he meets and sets up a date with a woman named Fleur (Chantelle Raleigh) who is working at the event as a runway model. As the night winds up, Ben tells his boss that he is planning to quit. Ben's last day at his current job is also his birthday. His office throws a farewell party for him, though they note that he has only worked there for seven months. Only his colleague Katey (Emma-Louise Wilson) realises that it is also his birthday. She attempts to seduce Ben in his office as he is on his way out, but he rebuffs her since he has a date with Fleur that evening and believes there is the prospect of a serious relationship. When he arrives to meet Fleur at a cafe in Degraves Street, he has already forgotten her name. Afterwards, he parts ways with Fleur and goes on a shopping spree alone. Later that night, he arrives back at his apartment to find dozens of his friends have arranged a surprise birthday party. Among the other guests are Ben's mentor Sam (Lachy Hulme), Nick's girlfriend, Em (Felicity Ward) and Ben's ex-girlfriend Steph (Virginia Bowers), who is never seen again. Fleur also arrives later. Em gifts Ben with some photo frames, and tells him he'll now to have to make some memories worthy of putting in them. We also learn that this is Ben's seventh apartment in five years. Later, Ben takes Fleur out for a night on the town with Nick and Em. She talks about her upcoming audition to work as a TV weather presenter, a topic which Nick and Em find interesting and ask her several questions about. Ben is jealous of the attention. He visits her the following day, as she works her day job at a Myer makeup counter, and breaks up with her. Ben's new job for RVB Brands Group involves rebranding the Simpson sportswear brand for young women. Meanwhile, Ben also visits his parents. His mother (Tracy Mann) gifts him a copy of Ernest Hemingway's The Snows of Kilimanjaro. They were under the impression he was planning a trip to Kilimanjaro and are visibly disappointed to learn he will now be travelling to Bali instead. They also are disappointed to learn he has broken up with Steph and do not understand what it is that Ben does for a living. ### Alex in Melbourne Ben receives a letter from his former high school, asking him to speak at "Careers Day" about his achievements. He reluctantly decides to attend, and there meets the current school principal (Rob Sitch), Jim (Ed Kavalee) and Alex (Rachael Taylor). Jim has competed in archery at the Olympics, winning a bronze medal. Ben passive-aggressively downplays Jim's achievements, feeling insecure about himself. Alex now works as a human rights lawyer in Yemen for the United Nations and has made the trip back to Melbourne just to address the school. She and Ben were once friends but had lost touch. After high school they went to the University of Melbourne together, but Ben dropped out before graduating. Ben watches in awe and jealousy as Alex addresses a group of rapt school students about her achievements. When the crowd are asked if they have any questions, almost every hand goes up. Ben's speech follows hers. He speaks haltingly and nervously about his marketing career, and is shocked when the audience do not have any questions for him. Alex approaches Ben after the speeches and asks him out for a drink, but this does not eventuate. She then returns to Yemen. ### Alex in Yemen Ben, Andy, Nick and Em go to a rooftop cinema screening of Mad Max 2, and argue afterwards about whether Max is in search of spiritual fulfilment or merely "petrol and food for his dog." Em then offers to put Ben in touch with Alex, but again this does not eventuate. On Christmas Eve, Ben attends his office Christmas party on a Yarra River ferry. Late in the night, Ben's good-natured boss Malcolm (David James) announces that they will all attend Carols by Candlelight at the Sidney Myer Music Bowl in a specially reserved row. Instead, Ben takes a female colleague home and has sex with her on the couch as the carols continue on his TV. In the days that follow, he receives a Christmas card from Alex in Yemen but does not reply. At the office, Ben is hard at work on the Simpson rebrand but clashes with his colleague Ken (Alan Brough). The night before the Australian Open, Ben and Malcolm attend a corporate event to meet famed Russian tennis player Katerina Sinova (Liliya May) in order to recruit her to be a Simpson brand ambassador. They are not successful, but she is personally attracted to Ben anyway. She asks him up to her hotel room, where they have sex. Sam, Ben's mentor, congratulates him on dating Katerina. When Ben confesses feelings of inadequacy and inertia, Sam takes him for a spin in a Ferrari to encourage him to enjoy life. Ben later borrows the Ferrari to pick up Katerina, but visibly does not know how to drive it properly. When Katerina plays the Australian Open against Alicia Molik, Ben has a confrontation with Katerina's vocal father (Alex Menglet) in the audience. Katerina then turns down the Simpson brand deal and leaves for the next tournament in Dubai. It is later revealed that she comes out publicly as bisexual. Ben then visits his father (Rob Carlton) at his workplace, a caravan sales dealership, and confides in him about his “midlife crisis". His father insists that it must be something closer to a "quarter life crisis." Meanwhile, Em and Nick return from a trip to Ko Samui, Thailand and announce that they are engaged. Ben congratulates them, but seems unsettled. Months go by and Ben continues to attend parties, meet women and work at his marketing job. ### Alex in Melbourne Alex returns to Melbourne and goes out clubbing with Ben, Em and Nick. Ben and Alex chat, but he awkwardly admits he has not replied to her emails or letters. Ben asks her out and they spend the following day on a date, meeting at the National Gallery of Victoria then walking through to Cooks' Cottage, the Royal Exhibition Building, the University of Melbourne and the Moroccan Soup Bar in Fitzroy, where she orders in Arabic. They kiss, and Ben claims he will visit her in Yemen. She returns to Yemen the same night. ### Alex in Yemen Five weeks later, Ben and Andy go on a skiing holiday to New Zealand. They go bungee jumping and sleep with more women they meet, but the trip is overshadowed by the fact that Ben is putting off going to Yemen. Ben returns to Melbourne and meets Nick and Em, who have moved into a new apartment. When Em realises Ben has not followed up contact with Alex, she calls him a “fucking idiot”, telling him she will no longer interfere with his life. ### Alex in Melbourne Two months later, Ben has revitalised the Simpson brand and earned Ken and Malcolm's respect, though he intends to leave that job soon and move onto something else. Ben then attends a Melbourne Cup function with his new model girlfriend, Kelly (Jodi Gordon), Nick and Em, Andy and his new girlfriend Cohali (Samantha Harris), and Jim. To Ben's surprise, Alex has returned from Yemen to attend Nick and Em's wedding and is also attending the Melbourne Cup function - with her new boyfriend, Nils (Byron J. Brochmann), a former Olympic bobsledder for Denmark who works for Médecins Sans Frontières. Ben is jealous again and leaves the night early. When Andy arrives home late, Ben broaches the topic of his dissatisfaction with life but finds that Andy has fallen asleep before he can answer. Ben and Alex meet again at Cooks' Cottage, where he apologises for not staying in touch and promptly leaves. He returns to his apartment to find that Alex has arrived ahead of time and is there waiting for him. She scolds him for romanticising her in her absence, and in a tense moment, they kiss. She returns to Yemen. ### Alex in Yemen Sam throws a birthday party for his son and Ben attends. He confides in Sam about his dissatisfaction with life, mentioning that at age 27 he's never been in the same job for a year, dated a woman for more than three months or stayed in the same house for long either, and that he is about to move house yet again for no reason he understands. When Ben asks him how you know who “the one” is, Sam tells him that “there is no ‘the one’, you just make her ‘the one.’” Ben plans to take Kelly on a romantic early morning hot air balloon ride, but when the time comes to board the balloon she reveals that she is angry about this as she considers it an empty gesture. They then break up. Meanwhile, Ben's mother graduates from the University of Melbourne with a Masters of Psychology and mentions during the graduation ceremony that she considers Ben to be a narcissist. Ben then attends Nick's buck's night, where Nick himself is the designated driver. In a private moment, Ben asks Nick how he knew Em was “the one.” Nick replies, “It's all about you.” ### Alex in Melbourne Alex returns from Yemen again for the wedding, where she and Ben meet again and Alex reveals that she has broken up with Nils. Ben gives a well-prepared best man speech in which he reflects on the nature of commitment. After everyone else leaves, Ben and Alex share a romantic dance together and later have sex at his apartment. In the morning, they reflect on their memories together and then discuss the potential future of their relationship. The conversation becomes tense again as Ben refuses to commit, and Alex scolds him for his inability to ask her to stay in Australia. She then leaves for Yemen again. ### Alex in Yemen Later, Ben's father helps Ben and Andy pack up their shared apartment to move to a new address, even though they have not decided where to move to yet. As they prepare to drive away with all their possessions loaded in the truck, Ben spontaneously decides that he will in fact stay at his current apartment. Nick agrees, and the three begin unpacking. He also tells Malcolm that he will stay at his job, and spontaneously gets on a plane to Yemen. In Yemen, Ben arrives at Alex's "office" and asks her to be his girlfriend in stilted Arabic he has spent the last few months studying. She accepts, and they kiss. A photo of the two of them is seen framed in Ben's apartment. In a mid-credits flashback scene, Ben nervously attempts to explain his spontaneous Yemen trip to the Australian Border Force, who suspect him of being a terrorist. He eventually wins them over and convinces them that his story about Alex is genuine. One of the staff members is an Arabic speaker who gives him some language tips before his flight. Another offers to tell him the “secret to life”, but the film cuts before the audience can find out what it is. ## Cast - Josh Lawson as Ben - Rachael Taylor as Alex - Daniel Henshall as Nick - Felicity Ward as Emily - Christian Clark as Andy - Lachy Hulme as Sam - Ed Kavalee as Jim - David James as Malcolm - Jodi Gordon as Kelly - Rob Carlton as Ben's dad - Tracy Mann as Ben's mum - Alan Brough as Ken - Liliya May as Katerina Sinova - Chantelle Raleigh as Fleur - Claudia Hruschka as Aleesha - Emma-Louise Wilson as Katey - Alex Menglet as Katerina's Dad - Rob Sitch as Principal - Sean Lynch as Balloon Assistant - John Howard as Priest ## Theatrical release The film was released on 9 February 2012. It posted a modest opening weekend at the local box office, which grossed $608,731 for Roadshow on 235 screens, giving it a screen average of $2,590. By the end of the first week, the film had grossed only A$917,000. By the end of its cinema run in Australia, the film had grossed only A$1.53 million, leaving the film a box-office failure when compared to the previous two feature films produced by Working Dog, namely The Castle (1997) which earned over $10 million and The Dish (2000) which grossed almost $18 million. Overall, the film ranked 102 on the list of most successful films at the Australian box office in 2012. ## Reception The film received lukewarm reviews. Leigh Paatsch, writing in the Melbourne Herald-Sun, felt that the film's strongest point was the banter between the characters, which was funny and engaging, but Paatsch said that Lawson's central performance was marred at times by "an air of self-satisfied smarm" and the character's path to enlightenment was unfocused and unconvincing. He concluded, "And I sense that others who similarly fell hard for the soulful sincerity of The Castle and The Dish will feel a little quizzical about the comparative slickness of Any Questions for Ben?". On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an aggregate score of 59% based on 10 positive and 7 negative critic reviews. Tom Ryan in the Sydney Morning Herald wrote that the film was often very funny and singled out Rachael Taylor's performance for praise – "the camera loves her". As a romance, though, Ryan felt that film failed to convince. "The problem for the film-makers is maintaining dramatic interest whilst he [central character Ben] sorts out his quarter-life crisis. Their solutions, alas, aren't especially satisfying. And the endless montages of Melbourne [...] make our city look beautiful [...] but contribute nothing." Sandra Hall, in the Melbourne Age, said that the film was bright and shiny and made Melbourne appear "dressed up in candy colours", but the film's attempts to generate humour were laboured and desperate, with an over-reliance on musical montages. "The whole thing made me nostalgic for Working Dog's sharper days". Luke Buckmaster, writing on Crikey, was scathing in his review, saying the film had "blobs of writer's block offal masquerading as a storyline" along with an implausible relationship at its centre with no emotional connection between the two leads. "Working Dog have made precisely that – a dog". However, Jim Schembri, also writing in the Age, praised the film as "very enjoyable, character-rich, and thoughtful".	enwiki/34383981	enwiki	34,383,981	Any Questions for Ben?	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Any_Questions_for_Ben%3F	2025-07-03T18:49:00Z	en	Q4778174	79,575	{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2020}} {{Use Australian English\|date=October 2012}} {{Infobox film \| name = Any Questions for Ben? \| image = Any Questions for ben?, Australian Film Poster, Feb 2012.jpg \| caption = Theatrical release poster \| director = [[Rob Sitch]] \| screenplay = Rob Sitch<br />[[Santo Cilauro]]<br />[[Tom Gleisner]] \| producer = Rob Sitch<br />Santo Cilauro<br />Tom Gleisner<br>Michael Hirsh \| starring = [[Josh Lawson]]<br>[[Rachael Taylor]] \| cinematography = Stefan Duscio \| editing = Stuart Morley<br />Phil Simon \| music = \| studio = [[Working Dog Productions\|Working Dog]]<ref name=js-age/> \| distributor = [[Village Roadshow\|Roadshow Films]]<ref name=village /> \| released = {{Film date\|df=yes\|2012\|2\|9\|Australia}} \| runtime = 114 minutes \| country = Australia \| language = English \| budget = $11 million \| gross = $2.8 million<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=AU&id=_fANYQUESTIONSFORB01\|title=Any Questions for Ben? (2012)\|website=boxofficemojo.com\|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref> }} '''''Any Questions for Ben?''''' (also released in some countries as '''''Until She Came Along''''') is a 2012 Australian [[dramedy]] film created by [[Working Dog Productions]],<ref name=village>{{cite web\|title=Any Questions For Ben? \|url=http://villagecinemas.com.au/Movies/Any-Questions-For-Ben.htm \|work=Official site \|publisher=[[Village Cinemas]] \|access-date=19 February 2012 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206141508/http://www.villagecinemas.com.au/Movies/Any-Questions-For-Ben.htm \|archive-date=6 February 2012 }}</ref><ref name=js-age>{{cite news\|last=Schembri\|first=Jim\|title=Any Questions for Ben?\|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/any-questions-for-ben-20120209-1rp05.html\|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]\|access-date=17 February 2012\|date=9 February 2012}}</ref> directed by [[Rob Sitch]]. It tells the story of Ben, a wealthy [[millennial]] living in [[Melbourne]] who is constantly quitting jobs, moving house, changing partners and travelling internationally. When he attends a school reunion to give a speech about his achievements, he realises he is dissatisfied with life but is also reunited with Alex, who now works as a human rights lawyer for the UN in Yemen. As their relationship progresses and Ben goes through various difficulties, Alex travels between Melbourne and Yemen eight times throughout the film. ''Any Questions for Ben?'' stars [[Josh Lawson]], [[Rachael Taylor]], [[Felicity Ward]], [[Daniel Henshall]], and [[Christian Clark]]. It was written by [[Santo Cilauro]], [[Tom Gleisner]], and Rob Sitch. ==Plot== Ben North ([[Josh Lawson]]) is a highly-paid 27-year-old marketing creative who lives in a large inner-city apartment in [[Curtin House]] on [[Swanston Street]] in [[Melbourne]]'s [[Melbourne central business district\|CBD]] with his flatmates, Nick ([[Daniel Henshall]]) and Andy ([[Christian Clark]]). Ben is presented as a typical [[millennial]] as he is prone to frequently changing careers and moving house just because he feels like it. He is also sexually promiscuous and romantically non-committal. ===Alex in Yemen=== The film opens with Ben attending a launch party for "[[Minsk]] [[Vodka]]", which he has rebranded with a [[Russia]]n theme despite the fact it is actually from [[New Zealand]]. While at this party, he meets and sets up a date with a woman named Fleur (Chantelle Raleigh) who is working at the event as a [[runway model]]. As the night winds up, Ben tells his boss that he is planning to quit. Ben's last day at his current job is also his birthday. His office throws a farewell party for him, though they note that he has only worked there for seven months. Only his colleague Katey ([[Emma-Louise Wilson]]) realises that it is also his birthday. She attempts to seduce Ben in his office as he is on his way out, but he rebuffs her since he has a date with Fleur that evening and believes there is the prospect of a serious relationship. When he arrives to meet Fleur at a cafe in [[Degraves Street]], he has already forgotten her name. Afterwards, he parts ways with Fleur and goes on a shopping spree alone. Later that night, he arrives back at his apartment to find dozens of his friends have arranged a surprise birthday party. Among the other guests are Ben's mentor Sam ([[Lachy Hulme]]), Nick's girlfriend, Em ([[Felicity Ward]]) and Ben's ex-girlfriend Steph ([[Virginia Bowers]]), who is never seen again. Fleur also arrives later. Em gifts Ben with some photo frames, and tells him he'll now to have to make some memories worthy of putting in them. We also learn that this is Ben's seventh apartment in five years. Later, Ben takes Fleur out for a night on the town with Nick and Em. She talks about her upcoming audition to work as a TV [[weather presenter]], a topic which Nick and Em find interesting and ask her several questions about. Ben is jealous of the attention. He visits her the following day, as she works her day job at a [[Myer]] makeup counter, and breaks up with her. Ben's new job for RVB Brands Group involves rebranding the Simpson sportswear brand for young women. Meanwhile, Ben also visits his parents. His mother ([[Tracy Mann]]) gifts him a copy of [[Ernest Hemingway]]'s ''[[The Snows of Kilimanjaro (short story collection)\|The Snows of Kilimanjaro]]''. They were under the impression he was planning a trip to [[Kilimanjaro]] and are visibly disappointed to learn he will now be travelling to [[Bali]] instead. They also are disappointed to learn he has broken up with Steph and do not understand what it is that Ben does for a living. ===Alex in Melbourne=== Ben receives a letter from his former high school, asking him to speak at "Careers Day" about his achievements. He reluctantly decides to attend, and there meets the current school principal ([[Rob Sitch]]), Jim ([[Ed Kavalee]]) and Alex ([[Rachael Taylor]]). Jim has competed in [[archery]] at the [[Olympics]], winning a [[bronze medal]]. Ben passive-aggressively downplays Jim's achievements, feeling insecure about himself. Alex now works as a [[human rights lawyer]] in [[Yemen]] for the [[United Nations]] and has made the trip back to Melbourne just to address the school. She and Ben were once friends but had lost touch. After high school they went to the [[University of Melbourne]] together, but Ben dropped out before graduating. Ben watches in awe and jealousy as Alex addresses a group of rapt school students about her achievements. When the crowd are asked if they have any questions, almost every hand goes up. Ben's speech follows hers. He speaks haltingly and nervously about his marketing career, and is shocked when the audience do not have any questions for him. Alex approaches Ben after the speeches and asks him out for a drink, but this does not eventuate. She then returns to Yemen. ===Alex in Yemen=== Ben, Andy, Nick and Em go to a [[outdoor cinema\|rooftop cinema]] screening of ''[[Mad Max 2]]'', and argue afterwards about whether Max is in search of spiritual fulfilment or merely "petrol and food for his dog." Em then offers to put Ben in touch with Alex, but again this does not eventuate. On [[Christmas Eve]], Ben attends his office Christmas party on a [[Yarra River]] ferry. Late in the night, Ben's good-natured boss Malcolm ([[David James (Australian actor)\|David James]]) announces that they will all attend [[Carols by Candlelight]] at the [[Sidney Myer Music Bowl]] in a specially reserved row. Instead, Ben takes a female colleague home and has sex with her on the couch as the carols continue on his TV. In the days that follow, he receives a [[Christmas card]] from Alex in Yemen but does not reply. At the office, Ben is hard at work on the Simpson rebrand but clashes with his colleague Ken ([[Alan Brough]]). The night before the [[Australian Open]], Ben and Malcolm attend a corporate event to meet famed Russian tennis player Katerina Sinova ([[Liliya May]]) in order to recruit her to be a Simpson [[brand ambassador]]. They are not successful, but she is personally attracted to Ben anyway. She asks him up to her hotel room, where they have sex. Sam, Ben's mentor, congratulates him on dating Katerina. When Ben confesses feelings of inadequacy and inertia, Sam takes him for a spin in a [[Ferrari]] to encourage him to enjoy life. Ben later borrows the Ferrari to pick up Katerina, but visibly does not know how to drive it properly. When Katerina plays the Australian Open against [[Alicia Molik]], Ben has a confrontation with Katerina's vocal father ([[Alex Menglet]]) in the audience. Katerina then turns down the Simpson brand deal and leaves for the next tournament in [[Dubai]]. It is later revealed that she comes out publicly as [[bisexual]]. Ben then visits his father ([[Rob Carlton]]) at his workplace, a caravan sales dealership, and confides in him about his “[[midlife crisis]]". His father insists that it must be something closer to a "[[quarter life crisis]]." Meanwhile, Em and Nick return from a trip to [[Ko Samui]], [[Thailand]] and announce that they are engaged. Ben congratulates them, but seems unsettled. Months go by and Ben continues to attend parties, meet women and work at his marketing job. ===Alex in Melbourne=== Alex returns to Melbourne and goes out clubbing with Ben, Em and Nick. Ben and Alex chat, but he awkwardly admits he has not replied to her emails or letters. Ben asks her out and they spend the following day on a date, meeting at the [[National Gallery of Victoria]] then walking through to [[Cooks' Cottage]], the [[Royal Exhibition Building]], the University of Melbourne and the Moroccan Soup Bar in [[Fitzroy, Victoria\|Fitzroy]], where she orders in [[Arabic language\|Arabic]]. They kiss, and Ben claims he will visit her in Yemen. She returns to Yemen the same night. ===Alex in Yemen=== Five weeks later, Ben and Andy go on a skiing holiday to New Zealand. They go [[bungee jumping]] and sleep with more women they meet, but the trip is overshadowed by the fact that Ben is putting off going to Yemen. Ben returns to Melbourne and meets Nick and Em, who have moved into a new apartment. When Em realises Ben has not followed up contact with Alex, she calls him a “fucking idiot”, telling him she will no longer interfere with his life. ===Alex in Melbourne=== Two months later, Ben has revitalised the Simpson brand and earned Ken and Malcolm's respect, though he intends to leave that job soon and move onto something else. Ben then attends a [[Melbourne Cup]] function with his new model girlfriend, Kelly ([[Jodi Gordon]]), Nick and Em, Andy and his new girlfriend Cohali ([[Samantha Harris]]), and Jim. To Ben's surprise, Alex has returned from Yemen to attend Nick and Em's wedding and is also attending the Melbourne Cup function - with her new boyfriend, Nils (Byron J. Brochmann), a former Olympic [[bobsledder]] for [[Denmark]] who works for [[Médecins Sans Frontières]]. Ben is jealous again and leaves the night early. When Andy arrives home late, Ben broaches the topic of his dissatisfaction with life but finds that Andy has fallen asleep before he can answer. Ben and Alex meet again at Cooks' Cottage, where he apologises for not staying in touch and promptly leaves. He returns to his apartment to find that Alex has arrived ahead of time and is there waiting for him. She scolds him for romanticising her in her absence, and in a tense moment, they kiss. She returns to Yemen. ===Alex in Yemen=== Sam throws a birthday party for his son and Ben attends. He confides in Sam about his dissatisfaction with life, mentioning that at age 27 he's never been in the same job for a year, dated a woman for more than three months or stayed in the same house for long either, and that he is about to move house yet again for no reason he understands. When Ben asks him how you know who “the one” is, Sam tells him that “there is no ‘the one’, you just make her ‘the one.’” Ben plans to take Kelly on a romantic early morning [[hot air balloon]] ride, but when the time comes to board the balloon she reveals that she is angry about this as she considers it an empty gesture. They then break up. Meanwhile, Ben's mother graduates from the University of Melbourne with a Masters of Psychology and mentions during the graduation ceremony that she considers Ben to be a narcissist. Ben then attends Nick's [[buck's night]], where Nick himself is the [[designated driver]]. In a private moment, Ben asks Nick how he knew Em was “the one.” Nick replies, “It's all about you.” ===Alex in Melbourne=== Alex returns from Yemen again for the wedding, where she and Ben meet again and Alex reveals that she has broken up with Nils. Ben gives a well-prepared best man speech in which he reflects on the nature of commitment. After everyone else leaves, Ben and Alex share a romantic dance together and later have sex at his apartment. In the morning, they reflect on their memories together and then discuss the potential future of their relationship. The conversation becomes tense again as Ben refuses to commit, and Alex scolds him for his inability to ask her to stay in Australia. She then leaves for Yemen again. ===Alex in Yemen=== Later, Ben's father helps Ben and Andy pack up their shared apartment to move to a new address, even though they have not decided where to move to yet. As they prepare to drive away with all their possessions loaded in the truck, Ben spontaneously decides that he will in fact stay at his current apartment. Nick agrees, and the three begin unpacking. He also tells Malcolm that he will stay at his job, and spontaneously gets on a plane to Yemen. In Yemen, Ben arrives at Alex's "office" and asks her to be his girlfriend in stilted Arabic he has spent the last few months studying. She accepts, and they kiss. A photo of the two of them is seen framed in Ben's apartment. In a mid-credits flashback scene, Ben nervously attempts to explain his spontaneous Yemen trip to the [[Australian Border Force]], who suspect him of being a terrorist. He eventually wins them over and convinces them that his story about Alex is genuine. One of the staff members is an Arabic speaker who gives him some language tips before his flight. Another offers to tell him the “secret to life”, but the film cuts before the audience can find out what it is. ==Cast== [[Josh Lawson]] as Ben [[Rachael Taylor]] as Alex [[Daniel Henshall]] as Nick [[Felicity Ward]] as Emily [[Christian Clark]] as Andy [[Lachy Hulme]] as Sam [[Ed Kavalee]] as Jim [[David James (Australian actor)\|David James]] as Malcolm [[Jodi Gordon]] as Kelly [[Rob Carlton]] as Ben's dad [[Tracy Mann]] as Ben's mum [[Alan Brough]] as Ken Liliya May as Katerina Sinova Chantelle Raleigh as Fleur Claudia Hruschka as Aleesha [[Emma-Louise Wilson]] as Katey * [[Alex Menglet]] as Katerina's Dad [[Rob Sitch]] as Principal Sean Lynch as Balloon Assistant [[John Howard (Australian actor)\|John Howard]] as Priest ==Theatrical release== The film was released on 9 February 2012. It posted a modest opening weekend at the local box office, which grossed $608,731 for Roadshow on 235 screens, giving it a screen average of $2,590.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://if.com.au/any-questions-for-ben-posts-modest-opening-while-shame-nets-170k/\|title=Any Questions For Ben? posts modest opening while Shame nets $170K\|date=13 February 2012\|website=If.com.au\|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref> By the end of the first week, the film had grossed only A$917,000.<ref name="if.com.au">{{cite web\|url=http://if.com.au/any-questions-for-ben-just-one-why-have-audiences-stayed-away/\|title=Any Questions for Ben? Just one: why have audiences stayed away?\|date=17 February 2012\|website=If.com.au\|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref> By the end of its cinema run in Australia, the film had grossed only A$1.53 million,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/australia/yearly/?yr=2012&sort=gross&order=DESC&pagenum=2&p=.htm\|title=2012 Australia Yearly Box Office Results\|website=Boxofficemojo.com\|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref> leaving the film a box-office failure<ref>{{cite news\| url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/movies/do-you-have-any-questions-for-ben-probably-not/story-e6frfmvr-1226270759617 \| work=news.com.au \| title=Do you have Any Questions for Ben? Probably not \| date=16 February 2012}}</ref> when compared to the previous two feature films produced by Working Dog, namely [[The Castle (1997 Australian film)\|''The Castle'']] (1997) which earned over $10 million and [[The Dish (film)\|''The Dish'']] (2000) which grossed almost $18 million.<ref name="if.com.au"/> Overall, the film ranked 102 on the list of most successful films at the Australian box office in 2012.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/australia/yearly/?yr=2012&sort=gross&order=DESC&pagenum=1&p=.htm\|title=2012 Australia Yearly Box Office Results\|website=Boxofficemojo.com\|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref> ==Reception== The film received lukewarm reviews. Leigh Paatsch, writing in the Melbourne [[Melbourne Herald Sun\|''Herald-Sun'']], felt that the film's strongest point was the banter between the characters, which was funny and engaging, but Paatsch said that Lawson's central performance was marred at times by "an air of self-satisfied smarm" and the character's path to enlightenment was unfocused and unconvincing. He concluded, "And I sense that others who similarly fell hard for the soulful sincerity of ''The Castle'' and ''The Dish'' will feel a little quizzical about the comparative slickness of ''Any Questions for Ben?''{{-"}}.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/movies/movie-any-questions-for-ben/story-e6frf8r6-1226266620849 \|title=Movie review: Any Questions for Ben? * 1/2 \| Herald Sun \|access-date=8 May 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101130927/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/movies/movie-any-questions-for-ben/story-e6frf8r6-1226266620849 \|archive-date=1 January 2014 \|url-status=dead}}</ref> On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has an aggregate score of 59% based on 10 positive and 7 negative critic reviews.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Any Questions for Ben? - Rotten Tomatoes \|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/any_questions_for_ben \|access-date=2023-04-01 \|website=www.rottentomatoes.com \|language=en}}</ref> Tom Ryan in the ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' wrote that the film was often very funny and singled out Rachael Taylor's performance for praise – "the camera loves her". As a romance, though, Ryan felt that film failed to convince. "The problem for the film-makers is maintaining dramatic interest whilst he [central character Ben] sorts out his quarter-life crisis. Their solutions, alas, aren't especially satisfying. And the endless montages of Melbourne [...] make our city look beautiful [...] but contribute nothing."<ref>{{cite news\| url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/any-questions-for-ben-20120211-1sy9k.html \| work=The Sydney Morning Herald \| title=Any Questions for Ben?}}</ref> [[Sandra Hall (writer)\|Sandra Hall]], in the ''[[Melbourne Age]]'', said that the film was bright and shiny and made Melbourne appear "dressed up in candy colours", but the film's attempts to generate humour were laboured and desperate, with an over-reliance on musical montages. "The whole thing made me nostalgic for Working Dog's sharper days".<ref>{{cite news\| url=http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/movies/little-magic-in-old-dogs-new-tricks-20120201-1qt6n.html \| location=Melbourne \| work=The Age \| title=Any Questions for Ben? review}}</ref> Luke Buckmaster, writing on ''[[Crikey]]'', was scathing in his review, saying the film had "blobs of writer's block offal masquerading as a storyline" along with an implausible relationship at its centre with no emotional connection between the two leads. "Working Dog have made precisely that – a dog".<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://blogs.crikey.com.au/cinetology/2012/01/30/any-questions-for-ben-movie-review-none-for-ben-plenty-for-working-dog/?wpmp_switcher=mobile\|title=Any Questions for Ben? movie review - Cinetology\|date=30 January 2012\|website=Blogs.crikey.com.au\|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref> However, Jim Schembri, also writing in the ''Age'', praised the film as "very enjoyable, character-rich, and thoughtful".<ref>{{cite news\| url=http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/movies/any-questions-for-ben-20120209-1rp05.html \| location=Melbourne \| work=The Age \| title=Any Questions for Ben? movie review Jim Schembri The Age SMH}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{commons category\|Any Questions for Ben?}} * {{IMDb title\|1735839\|Any Questions for Ben?}} [[Category:2012 films]] [[Category:Australian comedy films]] [[Category:2012 comedy films]] [[Category:Films set in Melbourne]] [[Category:Films shot in Sydney]] [[Category:Films shot in Melbourne]] [[Category:2010s English-language films]] [[Category:English-language comedy films]]	1,298,638,705	[{"title": "Any Questions for Ben?", "data": {"Directed by": "Rob Sitch", "Screenplay by": "Rob Sitch \u00b7 Santo Cilauro \u00b7 Tom Gleisner", "Produced by": "Rob Sitch \u00b7 Santo Cilauro \u00b7 Tom Gleisner \u00b7 Michael Hirsh", "Starring": "Josh Lawson \u00b7 Rachael Taylor", "Cinematography": "Stefan Duscio", "Edited by": "Stuart Morley \u00b7 Phil Simon", "Production \u00b7 company": "Working Dog", "Distributed by": "Roadshow Films", "Release date": "- 9 February 2012 (Australia)", "Running time": "114 minutes", "Country": "Australia", "Language": "English", "Budget": "$11 million", "Box office": "$2.8 million"}}]	false
# Sanremo Music Festival 1964 The Sanremo Music Festival 1964 (Italian: Festival di Sanremo 1964), officially the 14th Italian Song Festival (14º Festival della canzone italiana), was the 14th annual Sanremo Music Festival, held at the Sanremo Casino in Sanremo between 30 January and 1 February 1964, and broadcast by Radiotelevisione italiana (RAI). The show was presented by Mike Bongiorno, assisted by Giuliana Lojodice. Gianni Ravera served as artistic director. According to the rules of this edition every song was performed in a double performance by a couple of singers or groups. The winners of the festival were Gigliola Cinquetti and Patricia Carli with the song "Non ho l'età". Cinquetti went on to perform the song at the Eurovision Song Contest 1964, ultimately securing Italy's first victory in the event. ## Participants and results \| Participants and results \| Participants and results \| Participants and results \| \| Song, performing artist(s) and writer(s) \| Rank \| \| \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \| ------------------------ \| ------------------------ \| \| "Non ho l'età" – Gigliola Cinquetti, Patricia Carli (Mario Panzeri, Nicola Salerno, Gene Colonnello) \| 1 \| \| \| "Che me ne importa a me" – Domenico Modugno, Frankie Laine (Domenico Modugno) \| Finalist \| \| \| "Come potrei dimenticarti" – Tony Dallara, Ben E. King (Vito Pallavicini, Ezio Leoni) \| Finalist \| \| \| "Ieri ho incontrato mia madre" – Gino Paoli, Antonio Prieto (Gino Paoli) \| Finalist \| \| \| "La prima che incontro" - Fabrizio Ferretti, Gil Fields & The Fraternity Brothers (Gorni Kramer, Vito Pallavicini) \| Finalist \| \| \| "Motivo d'amore" - Pino Donaggio, Frankie Avalon (Pino Donaggio) \| Finalist \| \| \| "Ogni volta" - Roby Ferrante, Paul Anka (Carlo Rossi, Roby Ferrante) \| Finalist \| \| \| "Quando vedrai la mia ragazza" - Little Tony, Gene Pitney (Carlo Rossi, Enrico Ciacci) \| Finalist \| \| \| "Sabato sera" – Bruno Filippini, Gil Fields & The Fraternity Brothers (Bruno Pallesi, Walter Malgoni) \| Finalist \| \| \| "Stasera no no no" - Remo Germani, Nino Tempo & April Stevens (Vito Pallavicini, Evasio Roncarati) \| Finalist \| \| \| "Un bacio piccolissimo" - Robertino, Bobby Rydell (Giovanni Ornati, Gino Mescoli) \| Finalist \| \| \| "Una lacrima sul viso" - Bobby Solo, Frankie Laine (Mogol, Bobby Solo) \| Finalist \| \| \| "Così felice" - Giorgio Gaber, Patricia Carli (Giorgio Gaber) \| Eliminated \| \| \| "E se domani" - Fausto Cigliano, Gene Pitney (Giorgio Calabrese, Carlo Alberto Rossi) \| Eliminated \| \| \| "I sorrisi di sera" - Tony Renis, Frankie Avalon (Mogol, Alberto Testa, Tony Renis) \| Eliminated \| \| \| "L'inverno cosa fai?" - Piero Focaccia, Bobby Rydell (Nicola Salerno, Gene Colonnello) \| Eliminated \| \| \| "L'ultimo tram" - Milva, Frida Boccara (Giorgio Calabrese, Eros Sciorilli) \| Eliminated \| \| \| "Mezzanotte" - Cocky Mazzetti, Los Hermanos Rigual (Carlo Rossi, Angelo Rotunno) \| Eliminated \| \| \| "Passo su passo" - Claudio Villa, Peggy March (Franco Migliacci, Umberto Bindi) \| Eliminated \| \| \| "Piccolo piccolo" - Emilio Pericoli, Peter Kraus (Antonio Amurri, Lelio Luttazzi) \| Eliminated \| \| \| "Sole pizza e amore" - Aurelio Fierro, Marina Moran (Tata Giacobetti, Antonio Virgilio Savona) \| Eliminated \| \| \| "Sole sole" - Laura Villa, Los Hermanos Rigual (Laura Zanin, Arturo Casadei) \| Eliminated \| \| \| "Tu piangi per niente" - Lilly Bonato, Richard Moser jr. (Vito Pallavicini, Piero Soffici) \| Eliminated \| \| \| "Venti chilometri al giorno" - Nicola Arigliano, Peter Kraus (Mogol, Pino Massara) \| Eliminated \| \| ## Broadcasts ### Local broadcast The finals were broadcast on Programma Nazionale TV and Secondo Programma, beginning at 21:35 CET, with semi-final 1 being broadcast only on Secondo Programma, at 22:30 CET, and with semi-final 2 being broadcast on Secondo Programma TV and Secondo Programma, at 21:35 CET. ### International broadcasts Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below. \| Country \| Broadcaster \| Channel(s) \| Commentator(s) \| Ref(s) \| \| ---------- \| ---------------------- \| ---------------------- \| -------------- \| ------ \| \| Brazil \| Rádio Jornal do Brasil \| Rádio Jornal do Brasil \| \| [ 5 ] \| \| Monaco \| Radio Monte Carlo \| Radio Monte Carlo \| \| [ 6 ] \| \| Yugoslavia \| JRT \| Televizija Beograd \| \| [ 7 ] \| \| Yugoslavia \| JRT \| Televizija Ljubljana \| \| [ 8 ] \|	enwiki/48703581	enwiki	48,703,581	Sanremo Music Festival 1964	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanremo_Music_Festival_1964	2025-07-13T10:34:48Z	en	Q18488701	100,201	{{short description\|Italian song contest (14th edition)}} {{Infobox song contest \| name = Sanremo Music Festival \| year = 1964 \| competing = artists \| logo = \| alt = \| semi1 = 30 January 1964 \| semi2 = 31 January 1964 \| semi3 = \| semi4 = \| final = 1 February 1964 \| presenters = [[Mike Bongiorno]]<br/>and [[Giuliana Lojodice]] \| artistic director = [[Gianni Ravera]] \| musdirector = \| broadcaster = {{lang\|it\|[[RAI\|Radiotelevisione italiana]]\|i=no}} (RAI) \| venue = [[Sanremo Casino]]<br/>Sanremo, Italy \| entries1 = 24 \| vote1 = \| winner1 = [[Gigliola Cinquetti]] and [[Patricia Carli]]<br/>"[[Non ho l'età]]" }} The '''Sanremo Music Festival 1964''' ({{langx\|it\|Festival di Sanremo 1964}}), officially the '''14th Italian Song Festival''' ({{lang\|it\|14º Festival della canzone italiana}}), was the 14th annual [[Sanremo Music Festival]], held at the [[Sanremo Casino]] in [[Sanremo]] between 30 January and 1 February 1964,<ref name="music"/> and broadcast by {{lang\|it\|[[RAI\|Radiotelevisione italiana]]\|i=no}} (RAI). The show was presented by [[Mike Bongiorno]], assisted by [[Giuliana Lojodice]]. [[Gianni Ravera]] served as artistic director.<ref name=music>{{cite book\|last=Eddy Anselmi\|title=Festival di Sanremo: almanacco illustrato della canzone italiana\|publisher=Panini Comics, 2009\|isbn=8863462291}}</ref> According to the rules of this edition every song was performed in a double performance by a couple of singers or groups.<ref name="music"/> The winners of the festival were [[Gigliola Cinquetti]] and [[Patricia Carli]] with the song "[[Non ho l'età]]".<ref name="music"/> Cinquetti went on to perform the song at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1964]], ultimately securing {{esccnty\|Italy}}'s first victory in the event. ==Participants and results == [[File:Sanremo 1964 Gigliola Cinquetti Patricia Carli.jpg\|thumb\|Gigliola Cinquetti (left) and Patricia Carli holding the first prize]] {\| class="plainrowheaders wikitable" \|- !colspan="3"\|Participants and results<ref name="music"/> \|- ! Song, performing artist(s) and writer(s) ! Rank \|- !scope="row"\|"[[Non ho l'età]]" – [[Gigliola Cinquetti]], [[Patricia Carli]] <br/><small> ([[Mario Panzeri]], [[Nicola Salerno]], Gene Colonnello) </small> \|style="text-align:center;"\|1 \|- !scope="row"\|"Che me ne importa a me" – [[Domenico Modugno]], [[Frankie Laine]] <br/><small> (Domenico Modugno) </small> \|style="text-align:center;"\|Finalist \|- !scope="row"\|"Come potrei dimenticarti" – [[Tony Dallara]], [[Ben E. King]] <br/><small> ([[Vito Pallavicini]], Ezio Leoni)</small> \|style="text-align:center;"\|Finalist \|- !scope="row"\| "Ieri ho incontrato mia madre" – [[Gino Paoli]], [[Antonio Prieto (Chilean actor)\|Antonio Prieto]] <br/><small> (Gino Paoli)</small> \|style="text-align:center;"\|Finalist \|- !scope="row"\|"La prima che incontro" - Fabrizio Ferretti, Gil Fields & The Fraternity Brothers <br/><small> ([[Gorni Kramer]], Vito Pallavicini)</small> \|style="text-align:center;"\|Finalist \|- !scope="row"\|"Motivo d'amore" - [[Pino Donaggio]], [[Frankie Avalon]] <br/><small> (Pino Donaggio)</small> \|style="text-align:center;"\|Finalist \|- !scope="row"\|"Ogni volta" - Roby Ferrante, [[Paul Anka]] <br/><small> ([[Carlo Rossi (songwriter)\|Carlo Rossi]], Roby Ferrante)</small> \|style="text-align:center;"\|Finalist \|- !scope="row"\|"Quando vedrai la mia ragazza" - [[Little Tony (singer)\|Little Tony]], [[Gene Pitney]] <br/><small> (Carlo Rossi, Enrico Ciacci)</small> \|style="text-align:center;"\|Finalist \|- !scope="row"\| "Sabato sera" – [[Bruno Filippini]], Gil Fields & The Fraternity Brothers <br/><small> (Bruno Pallesi, Walter Malgoni)</small> \|style="text-align:center;"\|Finalist \|- !scope="row"\|"Stasera no no no" - [[Remo Germani]], [[Nino Tempo & April Stevens]] <br/><small> (Vito Pallavicini, Evasio Roncarati) </small> \|style="text-align:center;"\|Finalist \|- !scope="row"\| "[[Un bacio piccolissimo]]" - [[Robertino Loreti\|Robertino]], [[Bobby Rydell]] <br/><small> (Giovanni Ornati, [[Gino Mescoli]])</small> \|style="text-align:center;"\|Finalist \|- !scope="row"\| "[[Una lacrima sul viso]]" - [[Bobby Solo]], [[Frankie Laine]]<br/><small> ([[Mogol (lyricist)\|Mogol]], Bobby Solo)</small> \|style="text-align:center;"\|Finalist \|- !scope="row"\| "Così felice" - [[Giorgio Gaber]], [[Patricia Carli]] <br/><small> (Giorgio Gaber)</small> \|{{n/a\|Eliminated}} \|- !scope="row"\| "E se domani" - [[Fausto Cigliano]], [[Gene Pitney]] <br/><small> ([[Giorgio Calabrese]], [[Carlo Alberto Rossi]])</small> \|{{n/a\|Eliminated}} \|- !scope="row"\| "I sorrisi di sera" - [[Tony Renis]], [[Frankie Avalon]] <br/><small> (Mogol, [[Alberto Testa (lyricist)\|Alberto Testa]], Tony Renis) </small> \|{{n/a\|Eliminated}} \|- !scope="row"\| "L'inverno cosa fai?" - [[Piero Focaccia]], [[Bobby Rydell]] <br/><small> (Nicola Salerno, Gene Colonnello) </small> \|{{n/a\|Eliminated}} \|- !scope="row"\| "L'ultimo tram" - [[Milva]], [[Frida Boccara]] <br/><small> (Giorgio Calabrese, Eros Sciorilli) </small> \|{{n/a\|Eliminated}} \|- !scope="row"\| "Mezzanotte" - [[Cocky Mazzetti]], [[Los Hermanos Rigual]] <br/><small> (Carlo Rossi, Angelo Rotunno) </small> \|{{n/a\|Eliminated}} \|- !scope="row"\| "Passo su passo" - [[Claudio Villa]], [[Peggy March]] <br/><small> ([[Franco Migliacci]], [[Umberto Bindi]]) </small> \|{{n/a\|Eliminated}} \|- !scope="row"\| "Piccolo piccolo" - [[Emilio Pericoli]], [[Peter Kraus]] <br/><small> ([[Antonio Amurri]], [[Lelio Luttazzi]]) </small> \|{{n/a\|Eliminated}} \|- !scope="row"\| "Sole pizza e amore" - [[Aurelio Fierro]], Marina Moran <br/><small> ([[Tata Giacobetti]], [[Antonio Virgilio Savona]]) </small> \|{{n/a\|Eliminated}} \|- !scope="row"\| "Sole sole" - Laura Villa, [[Los Hermanos Rigual]] <br/><small> (Laura Zanin, Arturo Casadei) </small> \|{{n/a\|Eliminated}} \|- !scope="row"\| "Tu piangi per niente" - Lilly Bonato, Richard Moser jr. <br/><small> (Vito Pallavicini, [[Piero Soffici]]) </small> \|{{n/a\|Eliminated}} \|- !scope="row"\| "Venti chilometri al giorno" - [[Nicola Arigliano]], [[Peter Kraus]] <br/><small> (Mogol, [[Pino Massara]]) </small> \|{{n/a\|Eliminated}} \|- \|} == Broadcasts == === Local broadcast === The finals were broadcast on [[Rai 1\|Programma Nazionale TV]] and [[Rai Radio 2\|Secondo Programma]], beginning at 21:35 [[Central European Time\|CET]],<ref>{{unbulleted list citebundle\|{{cite magazine \|title=TV {{!}} sabato 1 febbraio \|trans-title=TV {{!}} Saturday 1 February \|url=http://www.radiocorriere.teche.rai.it/Download.aspx?data=1964{{!}}5{{!}}000{{!}}P \|magazine=[[Radiocorriere TV]] \|location=[[Turin]], Italy \|date=26 January – 1 February 1964 \|volume=41 \|issue=5 \|pages=48–49 \|access-date=19 May 2025 \|language=it \|via=[[Rai Teche]]}}\|{{cite magazine \|title=Radio {{!}} sabato 1 febbraio \|trans-title=Radio {{!}} Saturday 1 February \|url=http://www.radiocorriere.teche.rai.it/Download.aspx?data=1964{{!}}5{{!}}000{{!}}P \|magazine=[[Radiocorriere TV]] \|location=[[Turin]], Italy \|date=26 January – 1 February 1964 \|volume=41 \|issue=5 \|pages=50–51 \|access-date=19 May 2025 \|language=it \|via=[[Rai Teche]]}}}}</ref> with semi-final 1 being broadcast only on [[Rai Radio 2\|Secondo Programma]], at 22:30 [[Central European Time\|CET]],<ref>{{cite magazine \|title=Radio {{!}} giovedì 30 gennaio \|trans-title=Radio {{!}} Thursday 30 February \|url=http://www.radiocorriere.teche.rai.it/Download.aspx?data=1964{{!}}5{{!}}000{{!}}P \|magazine=[[Radiocorriere TV]] \|location=[[Turin]], Italy \|date=26 January – 1 February 1964 \|volume=41 \|issue=5 \|pages=42–43 \|access-date=19 May 2025 \|language=it \|via=[[Rai Teche]]}}</ref> and with semi-final 2 being broadcast on [[Rai 2\|Secondo Programma TV]] and [[Rai Radio 2\|Secondo Programma]], at 21:35 [[Central European Time\|CET]].<ref>{{unbulleted list citebundle\|{{cite magazine \|title=TV {{!}} venerdì 31 gennaio \|trans-title=TV {{!}} Friday 31 January \|url=http://www.radiocorriere.teche.rai.it/Download.aspx?data=1964{{!}}5{{!}}000{{!}}P \|magazine=[[Radiocorriere TV]] \|location=[[Turin]], Italy \|date=26 January – 1 February 1964 \|volume=41 \|issue=5 \|pages=48–49 \|access-date=19 May 2025 \|language=it \|via=[[Rai Teche]]}}\|{{cite magazine \|title=Radio {{!}} venerdì 31 gennaio \|trans-title=Radio {{!}} Saturday 31 January\|url=http://www.radiocorriere.teche.rai.it/Download.aspx?data=1964{{!}}5{{!}}000{{!}}P \|magazine=[[Radiocorriere TV]] \|location=[[Turin]], Italy \|date=26 January – 1 February 1964 \|volume=41 \|issue=5 \|pages=46–47 \|access-date=19 May 2025 \|language=it \|via=[[Rai Teche]]}}}}</ref> === International broadcasts === Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below. {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" \|+International broadcasters of the Sanremo Music Festival 1964 ! scope="col" \| Country ! scope="col" \| Broadcaster ! scope="col" \| Channel(s) ! scope="col" \| Commentator(s) ! scope="col" \| {{abbr\|Ref(s)\|References}} \|- ! scope="row" \| {{Flagu\|Brazil\|1963}} \| colspan="2" \| {{ill\|Rádio Jornal do Brasil\|pt}}{{efn\|Delayed broadcast on 7 February at 22:00 ([[Time in Brazil\|BRT]])<ref name="Brazil" />}} \| {{N/A\|}} \| style="text-align:center" \| <ref name="Brazil">{{cite news \|title=Festival de San Remo '64 \|trans-title=San Remo Festival '64 \|url=http://memoria.bn.gov.br/docreader/DocReader.aspx?bib=030015_08&pagfis=49582 \|work=[[Jornal do Brasil]] \|location=[[Rio de Janeiro (state)\|Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil \|page=9 \|language=pt-br \|date=7 February 1964 \|access-date=25 September 2024 \|via=[[National Library of Brazil]]}}</ref> \|- ! scope="rowgroup" \| {{Flagu\|Monaco}} \| colspan="2" \| [[RMC (France)\|Radio Monte Carlo]] \| {{N/A\|}} \| style="text-align:center" \| <ref>{{cite magazine \|title=Programmes radiophoniques – Samedi 1er février \|trans-title=Radio programmes – Saturday 1 February \|url=https://www.scriptorium.ch/zoom/324885/view?page=28&p=verso&tool=info \|access-date=5 February 2025 \|work=[[TV8 (magazine)\|Radio TV – Je vois tout]] \|date=23 January 1964 \|volume=42 \|issue=11 \|location=[[Lausanne]], Switzerland \|pages=54–56 \|language=fr \|via=[[Scriptorium (website)\|Scriptorium]]}}</ref> \|- ! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2" \| {{Flagu\|Yugoslavia}} \| rowspan="2" \| [[Yugoslav Radio Television\|JRT]] \| {{lang\|sh\|[[TV Belgrade\|Televizija Beograd]]\|i=unset}} \| {{N/A\|}} \| style="text-align:center" \| <ref>{{cite news \|title=Радио Телевизија Београд \|trans-title=Radio Television Belgrade \|url=https://istorijskenovine.unilib.rs/view/index.html#panel:pp{{!}}issue:UB_00064_19640201{{!}}page:14 \|access-date=9 February 2025 \|work=[[Borba (newspaper)\|Borba]] \|date=1 February 1964 \|location=[[Belgrade]], Yugoslavia \|page=14 \|language=sh-cyrl \|via=[[Belgrade University Library]]}}</ref> \|- \| {{lang\|sl\|[[TV Ljubljana\|Televizija Ljubljana]]\|i=unset}} \| {{N/A\|}} \| style="text-align:center" \| <ref>{{cite news \|title=RTV Ljubljana – Televizija \|trans-title=RTV Ljubljana – Television \|url=http://www.dlib.si/listalnik/URN_NBN_SI_doc-WMYENGF1/8/index.html \|access-date=9 February 2025 \|work=[[Delo (newspaper)\|Delo]] \|date=1 February 1964 \|page=8 \|language=sl \|location=[[Ljubljana]], Yugoslavia \|via=[[Digital Library of Slovenia]]}}</ref> \|} ==Notes and references== ===Notes=== {{notelist}} ===References=== {{Reflist}} {{Sanremo Music Festival}} [[Category:Sanremo Music Festival by year\|1964]] [[Category:1964 in Italian music]] [[Category:1964 in Italian television]] [[Category:1964 music festivals]]	1,300,275,952	[{"title": "Dates and venue", "data": {"Semi-final 1": "- 30 January 1964", "Semi-final 2": "- 31 January 1964", "Final": "- 1 February 1964", "Venue": "Sanremo Casino \u00b7 Sanremo, Italy"}}, {"title": "Organisation", "data": {"Broadcaster": "Radiotelevisione italiana (RAI)", "Artistic director": "Gianni Ravera", "Presenters": "Mike Bongiorno \u00b7 and Giuliana Lojodice"}}, {"title": "Vote", "data": {"Number of entries": "24", "Winner": "Gigliola Cinquetti and Patricia Carli \u00b7 \"Non ho l'et\u00e0\""}}]	false
# Gettysburg Battlefield The Gettysburg Battlefield is the area of the July 1–3, 1863, military engagements of the Battle of Gettysburg in and around Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Locations of military engagements extend from the 4-acre (1.6 ha) site of the first shot at Knoxlyn Ridge on the west of the borough, to East Cavalry Field on the east. A military engagement prior to the battle was conducted at the Gettysburg Railroad trestle over Rock Creek, which was burned on June 27. ## Geography Within 10 miles (16 km) of the Maryland/Pennsylvania state line, the Gettysburg battlefield is situated in the Gettysburg-Newark Basin of the Pennsylvania Piedmont entirely within the Potomac River Watershed near the Marsh and Rock creeks' triple point, with the Susquehanna River Watershed (near Oak Hill) occupying an area 3.33 by 5.33 miles (5.4 km × 8.6 km). Military engagements occurred within and around the borough of Gettysburg (1863 pop. 2,400), which remains the population center for the battlefield area at the intersections of roads that connect the borough with 10 nearby Pennsylvania and Maryland towns (e.g., antebellum turnpikes to Chambersburg, York, and Baltimore.) ### Topography The battle began on the west at Lohr's, Whistler's, School-House, and Knoxlyn ridges between Cashtown and Gettysburg. Nearer to Gettysburg, dismounted Union cavalry defended McPherson's Ridge and Herr's Ridge, and eventually infantry support arrived to defend Seminary Ridge at the borough's west side. Oak Ridge, a northward extension of both McPherson Ridge and Seminary Ridge, is capped by Oak Hill, a site for artillery that commanded a good area north of the town. Prior to Pickett's Charge, "159 guns stretching in a long line from the Peach Orchard to Oak Hill were to open simultaneously". Directly south of the town is the gently sloped Cemetery Hill named for the 1854 Evergreen Cemetery on its crest and where the 1863 Gettysburg Address dedicated the Gettysburg National Cemetery. Eastward are Culp's Hill and Steven's Knoll. Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill were subjected to assaults throughout the battle by Richard S. Ewell's Second Corps. Cemetery Ridge extends about 1-mile (1.6 km) south from Cemetery Hill. Southward from Cemetery Hill is Cemetery Ridge of only about 40 feet (12 m) above the surrounding terrain. The ridge includes The Angle's stone wall and the copse of trees at the High-water mark of the Confederacy during Pickett's Charge. The southern end of Cemetery Ridge is Weikert Hill, north of Little Round Top. The two highest battlefield points are at Round Top to the south with the higher round summit of Big Round Top, the lower oval summit of Little Round Top, and a saddle between. The Round Tops are rugged and strewn with large boulders; as is Devil's Den to the west. [Big] Round Top, known also to locals of the time as Sugar Loaf, is 116 feet (35 m) higher than its Little companion. Its steep slopes are heavily wooded, which made it unsuitable for siting artillery without a large effort to climb the heights with horse-drawn guns and clear lines of fire; Little Round Top was unwooded, but its steep and rocky form made it difficult to deploy artillery in mass. However, Cemetery Hill was an excellent site for artillery, commanding all of the Union lines on Cemetery Ridge and the approaches to them. Little Round Top and Devil's Den were key locations for General John Bell Hood's division in Longstreet's assault during the second day of battle, July 2, 1863. The Plum Run Valley between Houck's Ridge and the Round Tops earned the name Valley of Death on that day. ### Borough areas of military engagements The area of the military engagements during the battle included the majority of the 1863 town area and the current borough area. The broadest regions of borough military engagements are the combat area of the Union retreat while being pursued on July 1, as well as the burg's area over which artillery rounds were fired. Confederate artillery fired from Oak Hill southeastward onto the retreated Union line extending east-to-west from Culp's Hill to the west side of Cemetery Hill, and Union artillery on Cemetery Hill fired on the railway cut (including Wiedrich's battery ~5 pm). Smaller engagements in the town included those with some federals remaining in/near structures after the retreat (e.g., wounded soldiers not willing to surrender). The largest engagement within the current borough was at Coster Avenue (north of the 1863 town) in which Early's division defeated Coster's brigade. The town was generally held by the Confederate provost and used by snipers after the dawn of July 2 (e.g., a brickyard behind the McCreary House,: 282 the John Rupp Tannery on Baltimore St, and a church belfry). A Confederate skirmish line at Breckenridge Street faced Federals on Cemetery Hill, and ~7 pm July 1, "the Confederate line of battle had been formed on East and West Middle Streets". ## History At the close of the battle, some of the ~22,000 wounded remained on the battlefield and were subsequently treated at the outlying Camp Letterman hospital or nearby field hospitals, houses, churches, and other buildings. Dead soldiers on the battlefield totaled 8,900; and contractors such as David Warren: 8 were hired to bury men and animals (the majority near where they fell). Samuel Weaver oversaw all of these reburials. The first excursion train arrived with battlefield visitors on July 5. On July 10, Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Curtin visited Gettysburg and expressed the state's interest in finding the fallen veterans a resting place. Attorney David Wills arranged for the purchase of 17 acres (6.9 ha) of Cemetery Hill battlefield land for a cemetery. On August 14, 1863, attorney David McConaughy recommended a preservation association to sell membership stock for battlefield fundraising. By September 16, 1863, battlefield protection had begun with McConaughy's purchase of "the heights of Cemetery Hill and" Little Round Top, and his total purchased area of 600 acres (240 ha) included Culp's Hill land. On November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg Address at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery, which was completed in March 1864 with the last of 3,512 Union reburied. From 1870 to 1873, upon the initiative of the Ladies Memorial Associations of Richmond, Raleigh, Savannah, and Charleston, 3,320 bodies were disinterred and sent to cemeteries in those cities for reburial, 2,935 being interred in Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond. Seventy-three bodies were reburied in home cemeteries. The cemetery was transferred to the United States government May 1872, and the last Battle of Gettysburg body was reburied in the national cemetery after being discovered in 1997. Union Gettysburg veteran Emmor Cope was detailed to annotate the battlefield's troop positions and his "Map of the Battlefield of Gettysburg from the original survey made August to October, 1863" was displayed at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Also in 1863, John B. Bachelder escorted convalescing officers at Gettysburg to identify battlefield locations (during the next winter he interviewed Union officers about Gettysburg). ### Memorial association era The 1864 Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association (GBMA) added to McConaughy's land holdings and operated a wooden observation tower on East Cemetery Hill from 1878 to 1895. Post-war, John Bachelder invited over 1,000 officers, including 49 generals, to revisit the field with him. Bachelder also produced a battlefield survey with 1880 federal funds (initiated by Senator Wade Hampton III, a Confederate general). The GBMA approved and disapproved various monuments and in 1888 planted trees at Zeigler's Grove. The 1st battlefield monument was an 1867 marble urn in the National Cemetery dedicated to the 1st Minnesota Infantry, and the 1st memorial outside of the cemetery was the 1878 Strong Vincent tablet Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine on Little Round Top.: 210 By May 1887 there were 90 regimental and battery monuments on the battlefield, and the first bronze monument on the battlefield was Reynolds' 1872 statue in the cemetery. The only two Confederate monuments inside the Union areas of battle held are an 1887 plaque near The Angle commemorating Gen Armistead's farthest advance on July 3 and the 1884 2nd Maryland Infantry monument on Culp's Hill. The battlefield was used by the 1884 Camp Gettysburg and other summer encampments of the PA National Guard. Commercial development in the 19th century included the 1884 Round Top Branch of railroad to Round Top, Pennsylvania, and after March 1892, Tipton Park operated in the Slaughter Pen—which was at a trolley station of the Gettysburg Electric Railway that operated from 1894 to 1916. The federal Gettysburg National Park Commission was established on March 3, 1893; after which Congressman Daniel Sickles initiated a May 31, 1894, resolution “to acquire by purchase (or by condemnation) … such lands, or interests in lands, upon or in the vicinity of said battle field." The memorial association era ended in 1895 when the "Sickles Gettysburg Park Bill" (28 Stat. 651) designated the Gettysburg National Military Park (GNMP) under the War Department. Subsequent battlefield improvements included the October 1895 construction of the War Department's observation towers to replace the 1878 Cemetery Hill tower and an 1881 Big Round Top tower. ### Commemorative era See also List of monuments of the Gettysburg Battlefield For payment of the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association's debts of $1960.46, on February 4, 1896, the War Department acquired 124 GBMA tracts totaling 522 acres (211 ha), including 320 monuments and about 17 miles (27 km) of roads. Commercial development after Tipton Park was abolished in the fall of 1901 included the July 1902 Hudson Park picnic grove north of Little Round Top (including a boxing arena). A dancing pavilion was erected at the Round Top Museum in 1902, and in the saddle area between the Round Tops, David Weikert operated an eating house moved from Tipton Park after it was seized in 1901 by eminent domain. Landscape preservation began in 1883 when peach trees were planted in the Peach Orchard, and 20,000 battlefield trees were planted in 1906: '06 (trees are periodically removed from battlefield areas that had been logged prior to the battle.) Battlefield visitors through the early 20th century typically arrived by train at the borough's 1884 Gettysburg & Harrisburg RR Station or the 1859 Gettysburg Railroad Station and used horse-drawn jitneys to tour the battlefield. The borough licensed automobile taxis first in 1913, and the War Department expanded the battlefield roads throughout the commemorative era. Early 20th century battlefield excursions included those by "The Hod Carriers Consolidated Union of Baltimore" and the annual "Topton Day" autumn foliage tours from near Berks County, Pennsylvania. Veterans reunions included the 1888 25th battle anniversary, a 1906 ceremony to return Gen Armistead's sword to the South. and 53,407 civil war veterans attending the 1913 Gettysburg reunion for the 50th anniversary. The battlefield had a 1912 airfield at Camp Stuart and a WWI Tank Corps center at Brevet Lt. Col. Dwight D. Eisenhower's 1918 Camp Colt, and excursions to the Round Top Park brought alcohol and prostitution. The 1922 Camp Harding included a Marine Corps reenactment of Pickett's Charge observed by President Warren Harding and a next-day simulation of the same attack with modern weapons and tactics. The battlefield's commemorative era ended in 1927, and use of the national park for military camps continued under an 1896 federal law (29 Stat. 120), e.g., a 1928 artillery and cavalry camp was held at Culp's Hill in conjunction with President Calvin Coolidge's Memorial Day address in the cemetery's rostrum. ### Development era In 1933, administration of the GNMP transferred to the 1916 National Park Service (NPS), which initiated Great Depression projects including 1933 Civil Works Administration improvements, and two Civilian Conservation Corps camps were subsequently built for battlefield maintenance and construction projects. After a 1933 comfort station had been built at The Pennsylvania State Memorial,: '33 similar stone Parkitecture structures were built (the west ranger station was completed May 21, 1937), and in April 1938, the Works Progress Administration added battlefield parking areas. Numerous commercial facilities were also developed on private battlefield land, particularly during the 1950s "Golden Age of Capitalism" in the United States (e.g., motels, eateries, & visitor attractions). The battlefield's 2nd largest monument, the Eternal Light Peace Memorial, was accepted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and unveiled at the 1938 Gettysburg reunion that attracted over 300,000 battlefield visitors. In 1939, the 1st of the Gettysburg National Museum's 14 expansions was completed (the electric map auditorium was added in 1963 and closed April 13, 2008). Pitzer Woods was the site of the World War II Camp Sharpe, and McMillan Woods had a German POW camp (the latter was used for post-war housing of migrant workers for local production). Heads-of-state at the battlefield included a 1943 Winston Churchill auto tour with President Roosevelt, President Eisenhower escorting President Charles De Gaulle (1960), and President Jimmy Carter hosting President Anwar Sadat and Prime Minister Menachem Begin (1978). The 1956 Mission 66 plan for the 1966 NPS 50th anniversary included restoring battlefield houses, resurfacing 31 miles (50 km) of avenues, replacing the railway cut bridge, and restoring the 1884 Gettysburg Cyclorama. ### 1962–present As the Mission 66 Cyclorama Building at Gettysburg with a new battlefield observation deck was being completed in 1962, the nearby 1896 Zeigler's Grove observation tower was removed (the 1895 Big Round Top observation tower was removed in 1968). In 1967, the NPS purchased the 1921 Gettysburg National Museum, which the NPS operated from 1971-2008. Also in 1971, the NPS acquired Round Top Station and the Round Top Museum, using the latter as an environmental resource center until demolished c. July 1982. The private Gettysburg National Tower of 393 ft (120 m) was completed in 1974 to provide several observation levels for viewing the battlefield, but was purchased under eminent domain and demolished in 2000. In the Devil's Den area, trees were removed in 2007, and the comfort station was razed April 8, 2010. Similarly, the Gettysburg National Museum was demolished in 2008. In 2008, the Gettysburg National Military Park had 1,320 monuments, 410 cannon, 148 historic buildings, 2½ observation towers, and 41 miles (66 km) of avenues, roads, and lanes; (8 unpaved). "one of the largest collections of outdoor sculpture in the world." In February 2013 the landmark modernist Cyclorama Building and Visitor Center, designed by renowned architect Richard Neutra, was destroyed. The 19th century Gettysburg Cyclorama depicting the battlefield had previously been removed for restoration, and was reinstalled in the new rustic style Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center. The Gettysburg National Military Park receives an annual 3 million visitors per year. The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 1,231 acres (4.98 km2) of the overall battlefield in more than 35 separate transactions since 1997. Some of the land has been sold or conveyed to the National Park Service to be incorporated into the national park, but other land acquisitions are outside the official, federally established, current park boundary and thus cannot become part of the park. This includes the headquarters of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee, one of the Trust's most significant and expensive acquisitions. In 2015, the Trust paid $6 million for a four-acre parcel that included the stone house that Lee used as his headquarters during the battle. The Trust razed a motel, restaurant and other buildings within the parcel to restore the site to its wartime appearance, added interpretive signs and opened the site to the public in October, 2016.	enwiki/422674	enwiki	422,674	Gettysburg Battlefield	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg_Battlefield	2025-07-18T02:23:48Z	en	Q5554755	529,772	{{Short description\|American Civil War battle-site}} {{For\|the [[Gettysburg National Military Park]] areas not used for military engagements (e.g., field hospitals)\|Gettysburg Battlefield Historic District}} {{Use American English\|date=July 2025}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=February 2025}} {{Infobox historic site \| name = Gettysburg Battlefield \| native_name = \| native_language = \| image = Gettysburg-Open-Battlefield.svg \| caption = The [[Battle of Gettysburg]], which took place in and around [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania]] between July 1 and July 3, 1863 \| type = Battlefield \| locmapin = Pennsylvania \| coordinates = {{Coord\|39\|48\|41\|N\|77\|13\|33\|W\|display=inline,title}} \| location = [[Adams County, Pennsylvania]], U.S. \| area = \| built = \| architect = \| architecture = \| website = [http://home.nps.gov/gett/index.htm Park Home (NPS.gov)] \| owner = private, [[Federal government of the United States\|federal]] }} The '''Gettysburg Battlefield''' is the area of the July 1–3, 1863, [[military engagement]]s of the [[Battle of Gettysburg]] in and around [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania]]. Locations of military engagements extend from the {{convert\|4\|acre\|adj=on}} site of the first shot<ref group=G>{{cite news \|last=Roth \|first=Jeffrey B \|date=September 7, 1988 \|title=Boundary study draft report for Battlefield now complete \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ttUlAAAAIBAJ&pg=5155,1232261&dq=artillery+barlow-knoll&hl=en \|access-date=2011-03-12 \|quote=''<!--First Shot Marker, -->four acres, the site of the first shot of the opening battle at Gettysburg, which stands next to [[U.S. Route 30 in Pennsylvania\|U.S. Route 30]] and the Whistler house'' \|archive-date=2023-06-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629045121/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ttUlAAAAIBAJ&pg=5155,1232261&dq=artillery+barlow-knoll&hl=en \|url-status=live }} &<br />{{cite news \|last=Storrick \|first=William C \|date=December 17, 1936 \|title=Who Fired the First Shot At Battle of Gettysburg \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nPMlAAAAIBAJ&pg=880%2C6504159&dq=gettysburg+lohr%27s-hill&hl=en \|access-date=2011-03-16 \|archive-date=2023-06-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629045116/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nPMlAAAAIBAJ&pg=880%2C6504159&dq=gettysburg+lohr%27s-hill&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> at Knoxlyn Ridge<ref>{{cite news \|date=June 21, 1882 \|title=Another Reunion on the Battlefield \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hXcmAAAAIBAJ&pg=1636,4687949&dq=round-top+quarry+gettysburg&hl=en \|format=Google News Archive \|newspaper=Gettysburg Compiler \|access-date=2011-03-15 \|quote=''About 6 a. m. July 1st, … as the leading regiment … started to cross ''[Marsh Creek bridge]'' Lieutenant ''[M. E.]'' Jones said "Hold on, I want the honor of firing the gun. … Capt. Callahan, of Pegram's Texas battery, which fired the first ''[artillery]'' shot in the battle from '''Lohr's hill''', west of Marsh Creek''}}</ref> on the west of the borough, to [[East Cavalry Field]] on the east. A military engagement prior to the battle was conducted at the [[Gettysburg Railroad]] trestle over [[Rock Creek (Monocacy River tributary)\|Rock Creek]], which was burned on June 27.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://voicesofgettysburg.com/sarah/ \|title=Voices of Gettysburg: Sarah Broadhead \|access-date=2015-09-25 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901180654/http://voicesofgettysburg.com/sarah/ \|archive-date=2011-09-01}}</ref> ==Geography== [[File:PAmonument-Gettysburg.JPG\|thumb\|[[The Pennsylvania State Memorial\|The Pennsylvania Memorial]], the battlefield's largest and one of over 12 state monuments]] [[File:Gettysburg Battle-Field by John B. Bachelder - Original.png\|thumb\|A lithograph map of Gettysburg Battlefield showing [[Union Army\|Union]] and [[Confederate States Army\|Confederate]] troop positions]] [[File:Gettysburgbattlefield.jpg\|thumb\|Southwest view of the Sherfy farm (right background) from the Pennsylvania Monument observation deck, one of six on the battlefield: [[Gettysburg Battlefield observation towers\|three on towers (Warfield Ridge)]], Oak Ridge, Culp's Hill), one on Little Round Top, and one on the closed [[Cyclorama Building at Gettysburg\|Cyclorama Building]]]] [[File:Gettysburg5.JPG\|thumb\|The Lincoln Address Memorial (top left) at [[Gettysburg National Cemetery]], where [[Abraham Lincoln]] delivered the [[Gettysburg Address]] on November 19, 1863]] Within {{convert\|10\|mi\|km}} of the [[Mason-Dixon line\|Maryland/Pennsylvania state line]], the Gettysburg battlefield is situated in the [[Geology of Pennsylvania#Gettysburg-Newark Lowlands\|Gettysburg-Newark Basin]] of the [[Pennsylvania Regions#Pennsylvania Piedmont\|Pennsylvania Piedmont]] entirely within the [[Potomac River]] Watershed near the Marsh and Rock creeks' triple point, with the [[Susquehanna River]] Watershed (near Oak Hill) occupying an area {{convert\|3.33\|x\|5.33\|mi\|1}}. Military engagements occurred within and around the borough of Gettysburg (1863 pop. 2,400), which remains the population center for the battlefield area at the intersections of roads that connect the borough with 10 nearby [[Pennsylvania]] and [[Maryland]] towns (e.g., antebellum [[toll road\|turnpikes]] to [[Chambersburg, Pennsylvania\|Chambersburg]], [[York, Pennsylvania\|York]], and [[Baltimore, Maryland\|Baltimore]].) ===Topography=== [[File:Gettysburg battlefield view from little round top.jpg\|thumb\|View From Little Round Top in 2013]] The battle began on the west at Lohr's, Whistler's, School-House,<ref name=Vanderslice/> and Knoxlyn ridges between [[Cashtown, Pennsylvania\|Cashtown]] and Gettysburg. Nearer to Gettysburg, dismounted Union cavalry defended [[McPherson's Ridge]] and Herr's Ridge, and eventually infantry support arrived to defend [[Seminary Ridge]] at the borough's west side. [[Oak Ridge, Adams County, Pennsylvania\|Oak Ridge]], a northward extension of both [[McPherson Ridge]] and Seminary Ridge, is capped by Oak Hill, a site for artillery that commanded a good area north of the town. Prior to [[Pickett's Charge]], "159 guns stretching in a long line from the Peach Orchard to Oak Hill were to open simultaneously".<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Coddington \|first=Edwin B \|year=1968 \|title=The Gettysburg Campaign; a study in command \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-7RMD77eQcC&pg=PA462 \|format=Google Books \|location=New York \|publisher=Scribner's \|isbn=0-684-84569-5 \|page=462 \|access-date=2011-02-08 \|quote=''159 guns stretching in a long line from the Peach Orchard to Oak Hill were to open simultaneously''}}</ref> Directly south of the town is the gently sloped [[Cemetery Hill]] named for the 1854 Evergreen Cemetery on its crest and where the 1863 [[Gettysburg Address]] dedicated the [[Gettysburg National Cemetery]]. Eastward are [[Culp's Hill]] and [[Steven's Knoll]]. Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill were subjected to assaults throughout the battle by [[Richard S. Ewell]]'s Second Corps. Cemetery Ridge extends about {{convert\|1\|mi\|km\|adj=on}} south from Cemetery Hill.<ref name=Ballard>{{Cite web \|last1=Ballard \|first1=Ted \|last2=Arthur \|first2=Billy \|url=http://www.history.army.mil/StaffRide/Gettysburg/gettysburg_2010.pdf \|title=Gettysburg Staff Ride Briefing Book \|location=[[Carlisle, Pennsylvania]] \|publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] \|year=1999 \|oclc=42908450 \|access-date=2010-07-07 \|archive-date=2011-04-30 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430051147/http://www.history.army.mil/StaffRide/Gettysburg/gettysburg_2010.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref> Southward from Cemetery Hill is [[Cemetery Ridge]] of only about 40 feet (12 m) above the surrounding terrain. The ridge includes [[The Angle]]'s stone wall and the copse of trees at the [[High-water mark of the Confederacy]] during [[Pickett's Charge]]. The southern end of Cemetery Ridge is [[Weikert Hill]], north of [[Little Round Top]].<ref>{{Cite report \|last=Inners \|first=Jon D. \|display-authors=etal \|year=2006 \|title=Rifts, Diabase, and the Topographic "Fishhook": Terrain …<!--and Military Geology--> of the Battle of Gettysburg \|url=http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/pub/openfile/pdfs/of06_02_cov_p018.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928075014/http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/pub/openfile/pdfs/of06_02_cov_p018.pdf \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=September 28, 2012 \|publisher=Pennsylvania Geological Survey \|access-date=2011-02-18}}</ref> The two highest battlefield points are at Round Top to the south with the higher round summit of [[Big Round Top]], the lower oval summit of [[Little Round Top]], and a saddle between. The Round Tops are rugged and strewn with large boulders; as is [[Devil's Den]] to the west. [[Big Round Top\|[Big] Round Top]], known also to locals of the time as Sugar Loaf, is {{convert\|116\|ft\|m}} higher than its Little companion. Its steep slopes are heavily wooded, which made it unsuitable for siting artillery without a large effort to climb the heights with horse-drawn guns and clear lines of fire; Little Round Top was unwooded, but its steep and rocky form made it difficult to deploy artillery in mass. However, Cemetery Hill was an excellent site for artillery, commanding all of the [[Union Army\|Union]] lines on Cemetery Ridge and the approaches to them. Little Round Top and Devil's Den were key locations for General [[John Bell Hood]]'s division in [[James Longstreet\|Longstreet's]] assault during the second day of battle, July 2, 1863. The [[Plum Run (Rock Creek)\|Plum Run]] Valley between [[Houck's Ridge]] and the Round Tops earned the name ''Valley of Death'' on that day. ===Borough areas of military engagements=== The area of the military engagements during the battle included the majority of the 1863 town area<ref name=Trudeau/> and the current borough area. The broadest regions of borough military engagements are the combat area of the Union retreat while being pursued on July 1, as well as the burg's area over which artillery rounds were fired. Confederate artillery fired from [[Oak Ridge, Adams County, Pennsylvania\|Oak Hill]] southeastward onto the retreated Union line extending east-to-west from [[Culp's Hill]] to the west side of [[Cemetery Hill]],{{When\|date=April 2011}} and Union artillery on Cemetery Hill fired on the [[Railway cut of the Gettysburg Battlefield\|railway cut]] (including Wiedrich's battery ~5 pm).<ref>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcP3h87K35cC&pg=PA74 \|title=The Artillery of Gettysburg \|isbn=9781581826234 \|access-date=1 February 2015 \|last1=Gottfried \|first1=Bradley M. \|year=2008\|publisher=Cumberland House }}</ref> Smaller engagements in the town included those with some federals remaining in/near structures after the retreat (e.g., wounded soldiers not willing to surrender). The largest engagement within the current borough was at Coster Avenue (north of the 1863 town) in which [[Jubal Anderson Early\|Early's division]] defeated [[Charles Coster\|Coster's brigade]]. The town was generally held by the Confederate provost<!--Trudeau p. 275--> and used by snipers after the dawn of July 2<!--Trudeau p. 282--> (e.g., a brickyard behind the McCreary House,<ref name=Trudeau>{{Cite book \|last=Trudeau \|first=Noah Andre \|title=Gettysburg: Test of Courage \|date=14 September 2010 \|publisher=Harper Collins \|isbn=9780062045522 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izNVLpCAt8YC&pg=PA275 \|access-date=2011-03-12}}</ref>{{Rp\|282}} the John Rupp Tannery on Baltimore St,<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.friendsofgettysburg.org/FriendsofGettysburg/RuppHouseMuseum.aspx \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207071107/http://www.friendsofgettysburg.org/FriendsofGettysburg/RuppHouseMuseum.aspx \|archive-date=2011-02-07 \|title=Gettysburg Foundation: Rupp House}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Nasby \|first=Dolly \|year=2008 \|title=Gettysburg \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6Gc_ak6e5YC&q=%22Dolly+Nasby%22+gettysburg \|format=Google Books \|page=15 \|publisher=Arcadia \|isbn=9780738557687 \|access-date=2011-03-11 \|archive-date=2023-06-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629045116/https://books.google.com/books?id=m6Gc_ak6e5YC&q=%22Dolly+Nasby%22+gettysburg \|url-status=live }}</ref> and a church belfry).<ref>{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vd05QRZkCokC&pg=PA143 \|title=Meade of Gettysburg \|isbn=9780806122984 \|access-date=1 February 2015 \|last1=Cleaves \|first1=Freeman \|year=1960\|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press }}</ref> A Confederate [[Skirmisher#American Civil War\|skirmish line]] at Breckenridge Street faced Federals on [[Cemetery Hill]],<ref group=G>{{Cite web \|date=June 28, 2002 \|title=Heritage Sites Walking Tour \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rgAyAAAAIBAJ&pg=5781,5950066&dq=globe-inn+gettysburg&hl=en \|access-date=2011-03-12 \|quote=''14. … Confederate … skirmish line along Breckenridge Street facing … Federal[s] … on Cemetery Hill.'' \|archive-date=2023-06-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629045122/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rgAyAAAAIBAJ&pg=5781,5950066&dq=globe-inn+gettysburg&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> and ~7 pm July 1, "the Confederate line of battle had been formed on East and West Middle Streets".<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/gett/getttour/sidebar/skelly.htm \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230000059/http://www.nps.gov/archive/gett/getttour/sidebar/skelly.htm \|archive-date=2006-12-30 \|title=Daniel Skelly and "A Boy's Experiences During the Battle of Gettysburg"}}</ref> ==History== {{For\|this area's history during the battle's [[Battle of Gettysburg, First Day\|first day]], [[Battle of Gettysburg, Second Day\|second day]], [[Pickett's Charge]], and [[Battle of Gettysburg, Third Day cavalry battles\|third day cavalry battles]]\|Battle of Gettysburg}} [[File:Robert-E-Lee-by-Sievers.jpg\|thumb\|The Virginia Monument, the battlefield's largest equestrian monument<!-- and was dedicated June 8, 1917, after the pedestal was in erected during the [[1913 Gettysburg reunion]] and the group statue on the front was placed in 1916.<ref name=Commission/-->]] At the close of the battle, some of the ~22,000 wounded remained on the battlefield and were subsequently treated at the outlying [[Camp Letterman]] hospital or nearby field hospitals, houses, churches, and other buildings.<ref group=N>{{Cite web \|title=Camp Letterman General Hospital \|url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/gett/getttour/sidebar/letterman.htm \|work=Voices of Battle \|year=1864 \|access-date=2011-02-01 \|quote=''Union dead in the [[Camp Letterman\|camp ''[Letterman]'']] graveyard were removed to the Soldiers National Cemetery in ''[from which]'' southern remains were exhumed between 1872 and 1873 for relocation to southern cemeteries.'' \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403061420/http://www.nps.gov/archive/gett/getttour/sidebar/letterman.htm \|archive-date=2011-04-03}}</ref> Dead soldiers on the battlefield totaled 8,900; and contractors such as David Warren<ref group=G>{{cite news \|date=July 14, 1986 \|title=Care of wounded after Battle of Gettysburg'' & ''Reburial of Union dead in National Cemetery \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=l8IlAAAAIBAJ&pg=1343,5540040&dq=round-top+railroad+gettysburg+1939&hl=en \|access-date=2011-02-23 \|archive-date=2023-06-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629045117/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=l8IlAAAAIBAJ&pg=1343,5540040&dq=round-top+railroad+gettysburg+1939&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{Rp\|8}} were hired to bury men and animals (the majority near where they fell). Samuel Weaver oversaw all of these reburials. The first excursion train arrived with battlefield visitors on July 5.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Cleaves \|first=Freeman \|year=1960 \|title=Meade at Gettysburg \|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press \|isbn=9780806122984 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vd05QRZkCokC&pg=PA175 \|format=Google books \|access-date=2011-03-14 \|quote=''The first battlefield excursion train from Harrisburg arrived promptly on Sunday, July 5.''}}</ref> On July 10, Pennsylvania Governor [[Andrew Curtin]] visited Gettysburg and expressed the state's interest in finding the fallen veterans a resting place. Attorney [[David Wills (Gettysburg)\|David Wills]] arranged for the purchase of {{convert\|17\|acre\|ha}} of [[Cemetery Hill]] battlefield land for a cemetery. On August 14, 1863, attorney [[David McConaughy]] recommended a preservation association to sell membership stock for battlefield fundraising.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5CAmAAAAIBAJ&pg=1064,3588203&dq=mcconaughy+cemetery-hill+gettysburg&hl=en \|title=Gettysburg Times - Google News Archive Search \|work=google.com \|access-date=1 February 2015 \|archive-date=29 June 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629045618/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5CAmAAAAIBAJ&pg=1064,3588203&dq=mcconaughy+cemetery-hill+gettysburg&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> By September 16, 1863, battlefield protection had begun with McConaughy's purchase of "the heights of [[Cemetery Hill]] and" [[Little Round Top]],<ref name=BaltimoreSun>{{cite news \|newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] \|date=September 16, 1863 \|title=More Exempts from the Draft \|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=%22granite+spur+of+Round+Top%22 \|access-date=2011-01-23 \|quote=''<!--the heights of -->[[Cemetery Hill]] and the [[Little Round Top\|granite spur of Round Top]] … purchased by Mr. D. McConaughy'' \|archive-date=2023-06-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629045626/https://www.google.com/search?q=%22granite+spur+of+Round+Top%22 \|url-status=live }}</ref> and his total purchased area of {{convert\|600\|acre\|ha}} included [[Culp's Hill]] land. On November 19, 1863, [[Abraham Lincoln]] delivered his [[Gettysburg Address]] at the dedication of the [[Gettysburg National Cemetery\|Soldiers' National Cemetery]], which was completed in March 1864 with the last of 3,512 Union reburied. From 1870 to 1873, upon the initiative of the [[Ladies Memorial Association]]s of [[Richmond, Virginia\|Richmond]], [[Raleigh, North Carolina\|Raleigh]], [[Savannah, Georgia\|Savannah]], and [[Charleston, South Carolina\|Charleston]], 3,320 bodies were disinterred and sent to cemeteries in those cities for reburial, 2,935 being interred in [[Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia)\|Hollywood Cemetery]], Richmond. Seventy-three bodies were reburied in home cemeteries. The cemetery was transferred to the United States government May 1872,<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAgTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA18 \|title=The Soldiers' National Cemetery at Gettysburg \|work=google.com \|access-date=1 February 2015 \|last1=Bartlett \|first1=John Russell \|year=1874}}</ref> and the last [[Battle of Gettysburg]] body was reburied in the national cemetery after being discovered in 1997.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://news.google.com/archivesearch?q=1930+gettysburg&um=1&ie=UTF-8&ncl=dJ1qKz6T7Mtg7tM&hl=en&ei=lSthTcOiBYLWtQOGmeXWCA&sa=X&oi=news_result&ct=more-results&resnum=5&ved=0CDsQqgIwBA \|title=Google News \|work=google.com \|access-date=1 February 2015 \|archive-date=29 June 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629070005/http://news.google.com/archivesearch?q=1930+gettysburg&um=1&ie=UTF-8&ncl=dJ1qKz6T7Mtg7tM&hl=en&ei=lSthTcOiBYLWtQOGmeXWCA&sa=X&oi=news_result&ct=more-results&resnum=5&ved=0CDsQqgIwBA \|url-status=live }}</ref> Union Gettysburg veteran [[Emmor Cope]] was detailed to annotate the battlefield's troop positions<ref name=Reed>{{Cite book \|last1=Reed \|first1=Charles Wellington \|editor=Campbell, Eric A \|year=2000 \|title=A Grand Terrible Dramma \|publisher=Fordham Univ Press \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIiHMTa4K30C&pg=PA288 \|format=Google Books \|isbn=0-8232-1971-2 \|issn=1089-8719 \|access-date=2011-02-14}}</ref> and his "''Map of the Battlefield of Gettysburg from the original survey made August to October, 1863''" was displayed at the 1904 [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition]].<ref>{{cite news \|date=March 30, 1904 \|title=The Exhibit to Worlds Fair \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8f0lAAAAIBAJ&pg=1355,8309042&dq=sedgwick+round-top+gettysburg&hl=en \|format=Google News Archive \|newspaper=Gettysburg Compiler \|access-date=2011-02-17 \|archive-date=2023-06-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629045620/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8f0lAAAAIBAJ&pg=1355,8309042&dq=sedgwick+round-top+gettysburg&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> Also in 1863, [[John B. Bachelder]] escorted convalescing officers at Gettysburg to identify battlefield locations<ref name=Hampton>{{Cite report \|last=Hampton \|first=Wade \|author-link=Wade Hampton III \|date=March 17, 1880 \|title=Report of U.S. Senate Military Affairs Committee}}</ref> (during the next winter he interviewed Union officers about Gettysburg). ===Memorial association era=== {{Gettysburg Battlefield timeline}} {{See also\|List of monuments of the Gettysburg Battlefield}} [[File:Gettysburg Battlefield 1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment Monument.jpg\|thumb\|Gettysburg Battlefield 1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment Monument]] The 1864 [[Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association]] (GBMA) added to McConaughy's land holdings and operated a wooden [[observation tower]] on East Cemetery Hill from 1878 to 1895.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iXhbAAAAIBAJ&pg=7042,3905909&dq=zeigler+grove+tower+gettysburg&hl=en \|title=Gettysburg Times - Google News Archive Search \|work=google.com \|access-date=1 February 2015 \|archive-date=29 June 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629045623/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iXhbAAAAIBAJ&pg=7042,3905909&dq=zeigler+grove+tower+gettysburg&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref group=G>{{cite news \|date=August 7, 1971 \|title=Demise Of 1st Tower Is Located \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HXglAAAAIBAJ&pg=1298,1806035&dq=calvin-gilbert+tower+gettysburg&hl=en \|access-date=2011-03-13 \|archive-date=2023-06-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629045620/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HXglAAAAIBAJ&pg=1298,1806035&dq=calvin-gilbert+tower+gettysburg&hl=en \|url-status=live }} ([https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=9qGwjJavaBUC&dat=18950730&printsec=frontpage Gettysburg Compiler of July 30, 1895 )] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222211227/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=9qGwjJavaBUC&dat=18950730&printsec=frontpage \|date=December 22, 2015 }}</ref> Post-war, John Bachelder invited over 1,000 officers, including 49 generals, to revisit the field with him.<ref name=Hampton/> Bachelder also produced a battlefield survey with 1880 federal funds (initiated by Senator [[Wade Hampton III]], a Confederate general). The GBMA approved and disapproved various monuments and in 1888 planted trees at [[Zeigler's Grove]]. The 1st battlefield monument was an 1867 marble urn in the National Cemetery dedicated to the [[1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry\|1st Minnesota Infantry]], and the 1st memorial outside of the cemetery was the [http://www.hscl.cr.nps.gov/insidenps/report.asp?STATE=&PARK=GETT&RECORDNO=323 1878 Strong Vincent tablet] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721060245/http://www.hscl.cr.nps.gov/insidenps/report.asp?STATE=&PARK=GETT&RECORDNO=323 \|date=2011-07-21 }} on Little Round Top.<ref name=Vanderslice>{{Citation \|last=Vanderslice \|first=John M \|year=1897 \|title=Gettysburg: A History of the Gettysburg Battle-field Memorial Association With An Account of the Battle… \|url=http://www.gdg.org/Research/Monuments/gbmahist.html \|publisher=Gettysburg Battle Memorial Association (commissioned 1895)<!--Unrau p. 83--> \|location=Philadelphia \|pages=210 \|quote=''Marye's Virginia artillery, posted on Lohr's Hill, opened fire ... artillery had kep up a fire successively from Lohr's, Whistler's, and School-House Ridges. … [[Thomas Devin\|Devin]]'s brigade had its hands full. The enemy advanced upon it by four roads, and on each was checked until the infantry arrived to relieve it.'' \|access-date=2011-02-10 \|archive-date=2011-07-26 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726075627/http://www.gdg.org/Research/Monuments/gbmahist.html \|url-status=live }}<!--cited by Unrau p. 46--></ref>{{Rp\|210}} By May 1887 there were 90 regimental and battery monuments on the battlefield,<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1888/06/11/106325030.pdf \|title=NEW-YORK AT GETTYSBURG. \|date=11 June 1888 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=1 February 2015 \|archive-date=18 November 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118010335/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1888/06/11/106325030.pdf \|url-status=live }}</ref> and the first bronze monument on the battlefield was Reynolds' 1872 statue in the cemetery.<ref name=Unrau>{{Citation \|last=Unrau \|first=Harlan D \|year=1991 \|title=Administrative History of Gettysburg National Military Park and Gettysburg National Cemetery, Pennsylvania \|url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/gett/adhi.pdf \|format=2005 NPS Butowski<!--document properties--> pdf \|location=[[Denver]] \|publisher=National Park Service \|oclc=24228617 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020074708/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/gett/adhi.pdf \|archive-date=2012-10-20}} also at [https://books.google.com/books?id=pWZ3AAAAMAAJ Google books]</ref><!--pdf 39--> The only two Confederate monuments inside the Union areas of battle held are an 1887 plaque near [[The Angle]] commemorating [[Lewis Addison Armistead\|Gen Armistead's]] farthest advance on July 3 and the 1884 2nd Maryland Infantry monument on Culp's Hill. The battlefield was used by the [[Gettysburg Battlefield camps after the American Civil War\|1884 Camp Gettysburg and other summer encampments of the PA National Guard]]. Commercial development in the 19th century included the 1884 [[Round Top Branch]] of railroad to [[Round Top, Pennsylvania]], and after March 1892, [[William H. Tipton#Tiption Station\|Tipton Park]] operated in the [[Slaughter Pen]]<ref name=hscl>{{cite web \|year=1892 \|title=Tipton Boundary Marker; (documented 2004) \|url=http://www.hscl.cr.nps.gov/insidenps/report.asp?PARK=GETT&RECORDNO=1007 \|at=(structure ID MN807, LCS ID 080808) [[List of Classified Structures]]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120917143045/http://www.hscl.cr.nps.gov/insidenps/summary.asp?PARK=GETT&PAGE=41 GETT p. 41] \|publisher=[[National Park Service]] \|access-date=2011-03-02 \|quote=''approximately, 7"x7"x1'. Inscribed "T" on top of marker. … rough granite with a "T" inscribed on the top. … at a corner of Tipton land purchased in March 1892 as part of the Tipton Park and photographic studio.'' \|archive-date=2012-09-17 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917142920/http://www.hscl.cr.nps.gov/insidenps/report.asp?PARK=GETT&RECORDNO=1007 \|url-status=dead }} '''NOTE''': [http://www.hscl.cr.nps.gov/insidenps/report.asp?STATE=&PARK=GETT&STRUCTURE=&SORT=&RECORDNO=1011 The federal survey to determine the extent of the railway was initiated in 1893.] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915202953/http://www.hscl.cr.nps.gov/insidenps/report.asp?STATE=&PARK=GETT&STRUCTURE=&SORT=&RECORDNO=1011 \|date=2012-09-15 }}</ref>—which was at a trolley station of the [[Gettysburg Electric Railway]] that operated from 1894 to 1916. The federal Gettysburg National Park Commission was established on March 3, 1893;<ref>{{Cite web \|year=1908 \|title=Gettysburg National Military Park Marker \|url=http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=14520 \|format=HMdb.org webpage for marker 14520 \|publisher=War Department \|access-date=2011-02-08 \|archive-date=2011-07-26 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726152036/http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=14520 \|url-status=live }} ([http://www.hscl.cr.nps.gov/insidenps/report.asp?STATE=&PARK=GETT&STRUCTURE=entrance_station&SORT=&RECORDNO=755 NPS webpage, MN508)] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721060159/http://www.hscl.cr.nps.gov/insidenps/report.asp?STATE=&PARK=GETT&STRUCTURE=entrance_station&SORT=&RECORDNO=755 \|date=2011-07-21 }}</ref> after which Congressman [[Daniel Sickles]] initiated a May 31, 1894, resolution “to acquire by purchase (or by condemnation) … such lands, or interests in lands, upon or in the vicinity of said battle field."<ref name=Hessler>{{Cite web \|last=Hessler \|first=James \|title=Dan Sickles: The Battlefield Preservationist \|url=http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/on-the-homefront/battlefield-preservation/dan-sickles-the-battlefield.html \|publisher=[[Civil War Trust]] \|access-date=2011-02-01 \|quote=''incorporated the [[Gettysburg Electric Railway\|Gettysburg Electric Railway Company]] in 1892'' \|archive-date=2011-09-18 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918032157/http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/on-the-homefront/battlefield-preservation/dan-sickles-the-battlefield.html \|url-status=dead}}</ref> The memorial association era<ref group=N name=Musselman>{{Cite report \|last=Musselman \|first=Curt \|year=2001 \|title=Gettysburg's Codori Farm Lane Project \|url=http://www.georgewright.org/191musselman.pdf \|page=1 \|access-date=2011-01-30 \|archive-date=2010-12-17 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217060014/http://georgewright.org/191musselman.pdf \|url-status=live }}</ref> ended in 1895 when the<ref group=N name=peerreview/> "Sickles Gettysburg Park Bill" (28 Stat. 651)<!--Unrau pdf 195--> designated the Gettysburg National Military Park (GNMP) under the War Department.<ref group=G name=GT1970>{{cite news \|date=February 10, 1970 \|title=Gettysburg National Military Park Established By Sickles, Bill Passed In February 1895 \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HHQlAAAAIBAJ&pg=4065,1632115&dq=sickles+1894&hl=en \|access-date=2011-01-26 \|archive-date=2023-06-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629045619/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HHQlAAAAIBAJ&pg=4065,1632115&dq=sickles+1894&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequent battlefield improvements included the October 1895 construction of the War Department's observation towers to replace the 1878 Cemetery Hill tower and an 1881 Big Round Top tower.<ref>{{cite news \|date=July 20, 1881 \|title=New Observatory \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=OTBXYDkIvNoC&dat=18810720&printsec=frontpage \|format=Google News Archive \|newspaper=The Star and Sentinel \|page=3, col. 3 \|access-date=2011-03-13 \|archive-date=2015-12-22 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222150043/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=OTBXYDkIvNoC&dat=18810720&printsec=frontpage \|url-status=live }}</ref> ===Commemorative era=== :See also [[List of monuments of the Gettysburg Battlefield]] [[File:Statue of Gen. Wells at Gettysburg.jpg\|thumb\|Statue of General [[William Wells (general)\|William Well]] by [[J. Otto Schweizer]] on the battlefield]] For payment of the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association's debts of $1960.46, on February 4, 1896, the [[United States War Department\|War Department]] acquired 124 GBMA tracts totaling {{Convert\|522\|acres\|ha\|0}},<ref>{{Citation \|author=Battlefield Memorial Association \|date=February 4, 1896 \|title=Deed [to United States of America]; recorded June 25 \|location=Adams County Courthouse, Deed Book XX}}<!-- (cited by Unrau, p. 84/pdf p. 96)--></ref> including 320 monuments and about {{convert\|17\|mi\|km}} of roads.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cq1cAAAAIBAJ&pg=6143,5100239&dq=battlefield-memorial+gettysburg+1880&hl=en \|title=Gettysburg Compiler - Google News Archive Search \|work=google.com \|access-date=1 February 2015 \|archive-date=29 June 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629050121/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cq1cAAAAIBAJ&pg=6143,5100239&dq=battlefield-memorial+gettysburg+1880&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> Commercial development after Tipton Park was abolished in the fall of 1901 included the July 1902 Hudson Park picnic grove north of Little Round Top<ref>{{cite news \|date=July 2, 1902 \|title=We Have Another Park \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=OTBXYDkIvNoC&dat=19020702&printsec=frontpage \|format=Google News Archives \|newspaper=The Star and Sentinel \|page=3. col. 5 \|access-date=2011-02-06 \|quote=''The [[Gettysburg Electric Railway\|Electric Railway Company]], under the superintendency of H. J. Gintling, is busily engaged preparing for [[Gettysburg Battlefield camps after the American Civil War\|encampment week]], and the work of putting in new machinery is progressing rapidly.'' \|archive-date=2015-12-22 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222194219/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=OTBXYDkIvNoC&dat=19020702&printsec=frontpage \|url-status=live }} (p. 3. col. 1)</ref> (including a boxing arena).<ref>{{cite news \|title=Dr. E. D. Hudson Succumbs to Heart Attack \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Ho0lAAAAIBAJ&pg=1139,5616313&dq=doctor-hudson+gettysburg&hl=en \|format=Google News Archives \|newspaper=The Star and Sentinel \|access-date=2011-01-26 \|archive-date=2023-06-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629050138/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Ho0lAAAAIBAJ&pg=1139,5616313&dq=doctor-hudson+gettysburg&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> A dancing pavilion was erected at the Round Top Museum in 1902,<ref group=G>{{cite news \|date=May 25, 1927 \|title=Local Miscellany \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-OIlAAAAIBAJ&pg=2075,2259040&dq=rosensteel+pavilion+dancing+gettysburg&hl=en \|work=Out of the Past: Twenty-Five Years Ago \|access-date=2011-02-18 \|archive-date=2023-06-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629050123/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-OIlAAAAIBAJ&pg=2075,2259040&dq=rosensteel+pavilion+dancing+gettysburg&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> and in the saddle area between the Round Tops, David Weikert operated an eating house moved from Tipton Park after it was seized in 1901 by [[eminent domain]].<ref group=G>{{cite news \|date=August 9, 1927 \|title=Local Miscellany \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kaklAAAAIBAJ&pg=1963,6181203&dq=hudson-park+gettysburg&hl=en \|work=Out of the Past: Twenty-Five Years Ago \|access-date=2011-01-26 \|archive-date=2023-06-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629050119/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kaklAAAAIBAJ&pg=1963,6181203&dq=hudson-park+gettysburg&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> Landscape preservation began in 1883 when peach trees were planted in the [[Peach Orchard]],<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rncmAAAAIBAJ&pg=2367,6354510&dq=1883+railroad+gettysburg&hl=en \|title=Gettysburg Compiler - Google News Archive Search \|work=google.com \|access-date=1 February 2015 \|archive-date=29 June 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629050122/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rncmAAAAIBAJ&pg=2367,6354510&dq=1883+railroad+gettysburg&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> and 20,000 battlefield trees were planted in 1906<ref name=Commission>{{cite web \|title=The Gettysburg Commission Reports \|url=http://www.gdg.org/Research/Authored%20Items/BCRReports/rprthm.html \|format=transcribed versions: 1893–1921, 1927–1933 \|location=Gettysburg Discussion Group \|access-date=2010-02-04 \|archive-date=2011-06-06 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606160410/http://www.gdg.org/Research/Authored%20Items/BCRReports/rprthm.html \|url-status=live }} (original formats: [https://books.google.com/books?id=cT5ZAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA21 1895], [https://books.google.com/books?id=cT5ZAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA29 1896], [https://books.google.com/books?id=cT5ZAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA37 1897], [https://books.google.com/books?id=cT5ZAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA43 1989], [https://books.google.com/books?id=cT5ZAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA69 1901], [https://books.google.com/books?id=iRBg29w8_7IC&q=Annual+Reports+of+the+War+Department+for+the+Fiscal+Year+Ended+June+30,+1902 1902] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629050125/https://books.google.com/books?id=iRBg29w8_7IC&q=Annual+Reports+of+the+War+Department+for+the+Fiscal+Year+Ended+June+30,+1902 \|date=2023-06-29 }}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=47YsAAAAIAAJ 1909], [https://books.google.com/books?id=WZodAQAAIAAJ 1913], [https://books.google.com/books?id=cpIsAAAAIAAJ 1918)]</ref>{{Rp\|'06}} (trees are periodically removed from battlefield areas that had been logged prior to the battle.) Battlefield visitors through the early 20th century typically arrived by train at the borough's 1884 [[Gettysburg Railroad (1976–1996)\|Gettysburg & Harrisburg RR]] Station<ref group=G>{{cite news \|date=February 8, 1988 \|title=The Gettysburg & Harrisburg railroad station \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=N5UyAAAAIBAJ&pg=6407,3701307&dq=railroad-station+1884+gettysburg&hl=en \|access-date=2011-02-17 \|archive-date=2023-06-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629050659/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=N5UyAAAAIBAJ&pg=6407,3701307&dq=railroad-station+1884+gettysburg&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> or the 1859 [[Gettysburg Railroad Station]] and used horse-drawn jitneys to tour the battlefield. The borough licensed automobile taxis first in 1913,<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=waRcAAAAIBAJ&pg=6534,179391&dq=hackmen+gettysburg&hl=en \|title=Gettysburg Times - Google News Archive Search \|work=google.com \|access-date=1 February 2015 \|archive-date=29 June 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629050621/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=waRcAAAAIBAJ&pg=6534,179391&dq=hackmen+gettysburg&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> and the War Department expanded the battlefield roads throughout the commemorative era. Early 20th century battlefield excursions included those by "The Hod Carriers Consolidated Union of Baltimore"<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FaMlAAAAIBAJ&pg=7125,5897246&dq=hackmen+gettysburg&hl=en \|title=Gettysburg Times - Google News Archive Search \|work=google.com \|access-date=1 February 2015 \|archive-date=29 June 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629050656/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FaMlAAAAIBAJ&pg=7125,5897246&dq=hackmen+gettysburg&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> and the annual "Topton Day" autumn foliage tours from near [[Berks County, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JsBcAAAAIBAJ&pg=1026,1519328&dq=topton-day&hl=en \|title=Adams County News - Google News Archive Search \|work=google.com \|access-date=1 February 2015 \|archive-date=29 June 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629050622/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JsBcAAAAIBAJ&pg=1026,1519328&dq=topton-day&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> Veterans reunions included the [[Gettysburg Battlefield camps after the American Civil War\|1888 25th battle anniversary]], a 1906 ceremony to return Gen Armistead's sword to the South.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Frazier \|first=John W \|year=1906 \|title=Reunion of the Blue and Gray: Philadelphia Brigade and Pickett's Division \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeNYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA10 \|location=Philadelphia \|publisher=Ware Bros, Company, Printers \|format=Google Books \|access-date=2011-02-06}}</ref> and 53,407 civil war veterans attending the [[1913 Gettysburg reunion]] for the 50th anniversary.<ref name=Beitler>{{Cite report \|editor-last=Beitler \|editor-first=Lewis Eugene \|date=December 31, 1913 \|title=<!--Fiftieth Anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg: -->Report of the Pennsylvania Commission \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swkTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA168 \|format=Google Books \|location=[[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania\|Harrisburg, PA]] \|publisher=Wm. Stanley Bay (state printer)<!-- p. -i --> \|access-date=2011-02-06}}</ref> The battlefield had a [[Gettysburg Battlefield camps after the American Civil War\|1912 airfield at Camp Stuart]] and a [[United States Tank Corps\|WWI Tank Corps]] center at [[brevet (military)\|Brevet]] Lt. Col. [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'s 1918 [[Camp Colt, Pennsylvania\|Camp Colt]], and excursions to the [[Round Top, Pennsylvania\|Round Top Park]] brought [[alcohol (drug)\|alcohol]] and [[prostitution]].<ref>{{Cite report \|date=1918 \|title=[inspecting officer's findings] \|quote=''This ''[[Round Top, Pennsylvania#Visitor attractions\|Round Top Park]] area'' is frequented by prostitutes … from Gettysburg ''[and via]'' excursions from the neighboring towns… These excursions bring in … beer and whiskey which they give or sell to the soldiers. … On a single evening over 50 couples were detected and driven from hiding places behind the tablets, monuments, rocks and trees of the reservation.''}}<!-- (cited by Adelman and Smith, p. 81.)--></ref> The [[Gettysburg Battlefield camps after the American Civil War#Camp Harding\|1922 Camp Harding]] included a [[United States Marine Corps\|Marine Corps]] reenactment of [[Pickett's Charge]] observed by President [[Warren Harding]] and a next-day simulation of the same attack with modern weapons and tactics.<ref group=G>{{cite news \|last=Weaver \|first=William G \|date=November 13, 1967 \|title=Reminisces Of Gettysburg \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uFFAAAAAIBAJ&pg=867,5019829&dq=zeigler+grove+tower+gettysburg&hl=en \|access-date=2011-03-14 \|archive-date=2023-06-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629050624/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uFFAAAAAIBAJ&pg=867,5019829&dq=zeigler+grove+tower+gettysburg&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> The battlefield's commemorative era<ref group=N name=Musselman/> ended in 1927,<ref group=N name=peerreview>{{Cite report \|date=March 1998 \|title=…Historians Peer Review of the Process Developed by GNMP … \|url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/gett/gettplan/gmp99archive/histrev.htm \|work=General Management Plan 1999 History \|publisher=NPS.gov \|access-date=2011-02-13 \|quote=1927 - The end of the era of battlefield administration by veterans. 1927 marks the death of Supt. [[Emmor Cope\|Emmor B. Cope]]. \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512232143/http://www.nps.gov/archive/gett/gettplan/gmp99archive/histrev.htm \|archive-date=2008-05-12}}</ref> and [[Gettysburg Battlefield camps after the American Civil War\|use of the national park for military camps]] continued under an 1896 federal law (29 Stat. 120), e.g., a 1928 artillery and cavalry camp was held at [[Culp's Hill]] in conjunction with President [[Calvin Coolidge]]'s Memorial Day address in the [[Gettysburg National Cemetery\|cemetery's rostrum]]. ===Development era=== [[File:Gettysburg Battlefield Panorama April 1933.webm\|thumb\|The battlefield from Ziegler's Grove Tower looking south in April 1933]] In 1933, administration of the GNMP transferred to the 1916 [[National Park Service]] (NPS), which initiated [[Great Depression]] projects including 1933 [[Civil Works Administration]] improvements,<ref>{{cite news \|date=November 20, 1933 \|title=Re-employment Office Set Up \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QMY9AAAAIBAJ&pg=7094,1750731&dq=gettysburg+emergency-relief-administration&hl=en \|format=Google News Archives \|newspaper=New Oxford Item \|access-date=2011-02-20 \|archive-date=2023-06-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629050622/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QMY9AAAAIBAJ&pg=7094,1750731&dq=gettysburg+emergency-relief-administration&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> and two [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] [[Gettysburg Battlefield camps after the American Civil War#CCC camps\|camps were subsequently built]] for battlefield maintenance and construction projects. After a 1933 comfort station had been built at [[The Pennsylvania State Memorial]],<ref name=Commission/>{{Rp\|'33}} similar stone [[National Park Service Rustic\|Parkitecture]] structures were built (the west ranger station was completed May 21, 1937),<ref group=G>{{cite news \|date=May 21, 1937 \|title=1 of 2 Entrance Stations Opens For Public Use \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1PAlAAAAIBAJ&pg=1953,6722697&dq=comfort-stations+gettysburg+1937&hl=en \|access-date=2011-02-19 \|archive-date=2023-06-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629051123/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1PAlAAAAIBAJ&pg=1953,6722697&dq=comfort-stations+gettysburg+1937&hl=en \|url-status=live }} — {{cite news \|date=July 16, 1934 \|title=Plan $50,000 Battlefield Project Here \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RgkmAAAAIBAJ&pg=6430,469583&dq=comfort-stations+gettysburg&hl=en \|access-date=2011-02-08 \|archive-date=2023-06-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629051124/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RgkmAAAAIBAJ&pg=6430,469583&dq=comfort-stations+gettysburg&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> and in April 1938, the [[Works Progress Administration]] added battlefield parking areas.<ref>{{cite news \|date=April 18, 1938 \|title=Gettysburg Area to Be Renovated for Reunion \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZmNeAAAAIBAJ&pg=2801,4484036&dq=1938+roosevelt+gettysburg&hl=en \|format=Google News Archive \|newspaper=Lawrence Journal-World \|access-date=2011-02-19 \|quote=''…a $25,000 "face-lifting" for the [[1938 Gettysburg reunion\|reunion of the Blue and the Gray]]. A corps of [[Works Progress Administration\|WPA]] workers will start possibly this week to obliterate abandoned roadways, reconstruct those now in use, develop parking areas and repaint signs and fences<!-- in the 16,000-acre tract-->.'' \|archive-date=2023-02-24 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224042006/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZmNeAAAAIBAJ&pg=2801,4484036&dq=1938+roosevelt+gettysburg&hl=en \|url-status=live }} — {{cite news \|date=December 1, 1933 \|title=$52,200 Civil Works Project Approved Here \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aSAmAAAAIBAJ&pg=6335,5691501&dq=civil-works+battlefield+gettysburg&hl=en \|access-date=2011-03-15 \|archive-date=2023-06-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629051140/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aSAmAAAAIBAJ&pg=6335,5691501&dq=civil-works+battlefield+gettysburg&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> Numerous commercial facilities were also developed on private battlefield land, particularly during [[Post–World War II economic expansion\|the 1950s "Golden Age]] of [[History of the United States (1945–1964)#Society\|Capitalism" in the United States]] (e.g., motels, eateries, & visitor attractions). The battlefield's 2nd largest monument, the [[Eternal Light Peace Memorial]], was accepted by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and unveiled at the [[1938 Gettysburg reunion]] that attracted over 300,000 battlefield visitors. In 1939, the 1st of the Gettysburg National Museum's 14 expansions was completed (the electric map auditorium was added in 1963 and closed April 13, 2008).<ref name=electricmap>{{Cite web \|title=homepage \|url=http://savetheelectricmap.com/ \|publisher=SaveTheElectricMap.com \|access-date=2011-03-13 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128093741/http://savetheelectricmap.com/ \|archive-date=2011-01-28}}</ref> [[Pitzer Woods]] was the site of the World War II [[Camp Sharpe]], and [[McMillan Woods]] had [[World War II Prisoner of War Camp, Gettysburg Battlefield, Pennsylvania\|a German POW camp]] (the latter was used for post-war housing of migrant workers for local production). Heads-of-state at the battlefield included a 1943 [[Winston Churchill]] auto tour with President Roosevelt,<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eIMlAAAAIBAJ&pg=6052,3864637&dq=gettysburg+peace-memorial&hl=en \|title=Gettysburg Times - Google News Archive Search \|work=google.com \|access-date=1 February 2015 \|archive-date=29 June 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629051124/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eIMlAAAAIBAJ&pg=6052,3864637&dq=gettysburg+peace-memorial&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> President Eisenhower escorting President [[Charles De Gaulle]] (1960), and President [[Jimmy Carter]] hosting President [[Anwar Sadat]] and Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]] (1978).<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.gettysburgdaily.com/?p=5922 \|title=President Jimmy Carter at Gettysburg Part 2: Licensed Battlefield Guide Bob Prosperi \|work=Gettysburg Daily \|date=30 October 2009 \|access-date=1 February 2015 \|archive-date=20 September 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920064103/http://www.gettysburgdaily.com/?p=5922 \|url-status=live }}</ref> The 1956 [[Mission 66]] plan for the 1966 NPS 50th anniversary included restoring battlefield houses, resurfacing {{convert\|31\|mi\|km}} of avenues, replacing the [[railway cut of the Gettysburg Battlefield\|railway cut]] bridge,<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_UcmAAAAIBAJ&pg=2918,2334330&dq=cyclorama+1958+gettysburg&hl=en \|title=Gettysburg Times - Google News Archive Search \|work=google.com \|access-date=1 February 2015 \|archive-date=29 June 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629051137/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_UcmAAAAIBAJ&pg=2918,2334330&dq=cyclorama+1958+gettysburg&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> and restoring the 1884 [[Gettysburg Cyclorama]]. ===1962–present=== As the [[Mission 66]] [[Cyclorama Building at Gettysburg]] with a new battlefield observation deck was being completed in 1962, the nearby 1896 Zeigler's Grove observation tower was removed (the 1895 [[Big Round Top#Observation Tower\|Big Round Top observation tower]] was removed in 1968). In 1967, the NPS purchased the 1921 Gettysburg National Museum,<ref group=G>{{cite news \|date=April 2, 1975 \|title=Pickett Spur New Addition To Park Relic Collection \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=R3QlAAAAIBAJ&pg=1745,2357448&dq=rosensteel+round-top&hl=en \|access-date=2011-02-20 \|archive-date=2023-06-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629051124/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=R3QlAAAAIBAJ&pg=1745,2357448&dq=rosensteel+round-top&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> which the NPS operated from 1971<ref name=Huntington>{{Cite journal \|last=Huntington \|first=Tom \|date=Spring–Summer 2008 \|volume=38 \|issue=4 \|title=Gettysburg Redux \|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2008/4/2008_4_10_dept.shtml \|journal=American Heritage; History News \|access-date=2011-01-26 \|archive-date=2009-09-16 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916062354/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2008/4/2008_4_10_dept.shtml \|url-status=live }}</ref>-2008.<ref name=electricmap/> Also in 1971, the NPS acquired [[Round Top, Pennsylvania\|Round Top Station]] and the Round Top Museum, using the latter as an environmental resource center<ref group=G>{{cite news \|date=December 28, 1971 \|title=Nature Study Areas Are Set For Park Here \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7K0lAAAAIBAJ&pg=5014,383941&dq=round-top-museum&hl=en \|access-date=2011-01-26 \|archive-date=2023-06-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629051700/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7K0lAAAAIBAJ&pg=5014,383941&dq=round-top-museum&hl=en \|url-status=live }} — {{cite news \|date=July 5, 1973 \|title=Two Special Park Walks This Summer \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BlYzAAAAIBAJ&pg=4708,4547548&dq=round-top-museum&hl=en \|access-date=2011-01-26 \|archive-date=2023-06-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629051625/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BlYzAAAAIBAJ&pg=4708,4547548&dq=round-top-museum&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> until demolished {{circa\|July}} 1982.<ref group=G>{{cite news \|last=De Blasi \|first=Nancy \|date=June 11, 1982 \|title=Draft of park plan will be printed soon \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BttcAAAAIBAJ&pg=4569,4265607&dq=round-top-museum&hl=en \|access-date=2011-01-26 \|archive-date=2023-06-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629051626/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BttcAAAAIBAJ&pg=4569,4265607&dq=round-top-museum&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> The private [[Gettysburg National Tower]] of {{Convert\|393\|ft\|m\|abbr=on}} was completed in 1974 to provide several [[observation deck\|observation levels]] for viewing the battlefield, but was purchased under eminent domain and demolished in 2000. In the Devil's Den area, trees were removed in 2007,<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SZYlAAAAIBAJ&pg=4716,2356157&dq=comfort-station+gettysburg&hl=en \|title=Gettysburg Times - Google News Archive Search \|work=google.com \|access-date=1 February 2015 \|archive-date=29 June 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629051629/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SZYlAAAAIBAJ&pg=4716,2356157&dq=comfort-station+gettysburg&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> and the comfort station was razed April 8, 2010.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.wgal.com/r/23089716/detail.html \|title=Restrooms On Gettysburg Battlefield Demolished \|work=WGAL \|access-date=1 February 2015 \|archive-date=8 March 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308162425/http://www.wgal.com/r/23089716/detail.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> Similarly, the Gettysburg National Museum was demolished in 2008. In 2008, the [[Gettysburg National Military Park]] had 1,320 monuments, 410 cannon, 148 historic buildings, 2½<!--[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=74glAAAAIBAJ&sjid=y_IFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3522,627330&dq=tower+round-top&hl=en]--> observation towers, and {{convert\|41\|mi\|km}} of avenues, roads, and lanes;<ref group=G>{{cite news \|last=Latschar \|first=John A (GNMP Superintendent) \|date=April 7, 2009 \|title=Facilities' closings explained \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IHslAAAAIBAJ&pg=5564,548047&dq=comfort-stations+gettysburg&hl=en \|work=As our readers see it \|access-date=2011-02-02 \|archive-date=2023-06-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629051628/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IHslAAAAIBAJ&pg=5564,548047&dq=comfort-stations+gettysburg&hl=en \|url-status=live }}</ref> (8 unpaved).<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/archive/gett/gettplan/gettdocuments/DIST2bpi_gett_final.pdf nps.gov]{{dead link\|date=June 2025\|bot=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot=medic}} </ref> "one of the largest collections of outdoor sculpture in the world."<ref name=preservation>{{Cite web \|title=Monument Preservation \|url=http://www.gettysburgfoundation.org/56/monument-preservation \|work=Preserve Gettysburg \|publisher=GettysburgFoundation.org \|access-date=2011-02-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205064213/http://www.gettysburgfoundation.org/56/monument-preservation \|archive-date=2011-02-05 \|url-status=dead}}</ref> In February 2013 the landmark [[modern architecture\|modernist]] [[Cyclorama Building at Gettysburg\|Cyclorama Building and Visitor Center]], designed by renowned architect [[Richard Neutra]], was destroyed. The 19th century [[Gettysburg Cyclorama]] depicting the battlefield had previously been removed for restoration, and was reinstalled in the new [[rustic architecture\|rustic style]] [[Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center]]. The Gettysburg National Military Park receives an annual 3 million visitors per year.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/state/gettysburg-prepares-for-tourist-spike-during-150th-anniversary-685501/ \|title=Gettysburg prepares for tourist spike during 150th anniversary \|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette \|access-date=1 February 2015 \|archive-date=17 June 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617003937/http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/state/gettysburg-prepares-for-tourist-spike-during-150th-anniversary-685501/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> The [[American Battlefield Trust]] and its partners have acquired and preserved {{convert\|1,231\|acres\|km2}} of the overall battlefield in more than 35 separate transactions since 1997.<ref>[https://www.battlefields.org/preserve/saved-land] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812162007/https://www.battlefields.org/preserve/saved-land\|date=2019-08-12}} [[American Battlefield Trust]] "Saved Land" webpage. Accessed November 23, 2021.</ref> Some of the land has been sold or conveyed to the National Park Service to be incorporated into the national park, but other land acquisitions are outside the official, federally established, current park boundary and thus cannot become part of the park. This includes the headquarters of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee, one of the Trust's most significant and expensive acquisitions.<ref>[https://www.eveningsun.com/story/archives/2014/10/24/federal-grant-will-aid-purchase-lees-headquarters/75631274/] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930040338/https://www.eveningsun.com/story/archives/2014/10/24/federal-grant-will-aid-purchase-lees-headquarters/75631274/\|date=2020-09-30}} Evening Sun, Hanover, Pa., Oct. 24, 2014. Accessed May 30, 2018.</ref> In 2015, the Trust paid $6 million for a four-acre parcel that included the stone house that Lee used as his headquarters during the battle. The Trust razed a motel, restaurant and other buildings within the parcel to restore the site to its wartime appearance, added interpretive signs and opened the site to the public in October, 2016.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/house-divided/wp/2016/09/15/lees-gettysburg-headquarters-restored-set-to-open-oct-28/] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708075346/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/house-divided/wp/2016/09/15/lees-gettysburg-headquarters-restored-set-to-open-oct-28/\|date=2018-07-08}} The Washington Post, "Lee's Gettysburg headquarters restored, set to open Oct. 28." Accessed May 24, 2018.</ref> ==See also== {{For\|the 2008 [[Gettysburg National Military Park]] facility near the battlefield\|Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center}} [[Gettysburg Battlefield Historic District]] [[List of monuments of the Gettysburg Battlefield]] ==References== {{Reflist\|3}} ;G. {{cite news \|title=Archives \|url=http://www.gettysburgtimes.com/archives/ \|format=[[Google News]] Archive \|newspaper=[[Gettysburg Times]] \|publisher=Times and News Publishing Company \|access-date=2010-02-20}} {{Reflist \|group=G}} ;N. {{cite web \|title=National Park Service \|url=https://www.nps.gov/gett/index.htm \|publisher=(NPS.gov)}} {{Reflist \|group=N}} {{commons}} {{External media \|image1=[http://gettysburgphotographs.com GettysburgPhotographs.com] \|image2=[http://www.civil-war-journeys.org/gettysburg_pa.htm Battlefield and 145th Reenactment] \|image3=[http://www.mdhs.org/library/fotofind/PP0001lnk.html Tipton stereoviews] \|image4=[http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3822g.cw0351600 Library of Congress maps] \|image5=[http://www.gdg.org/Research/Maps/Maps%20Main.html GDG.org map room] }} {{Gettysburg Campaign\|=Expanded}} {{Pennsylvania in the Civil War}} {{Protected areas of Pennsylvania}} [[Category:Gettysburg Battlefield\| ]] [[Category:Gettysburg campaign]] [[Category:Battlefields of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War]] [[Category:History of Adams County, Pennsylvania]] [[Category:Pennsylvania in the American Civil War]] [[Category:Geography of Adams County, Pennsylvania]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in Adams County, Pennsylvania]] [[Category:Protected areas of Adams County, Pennsylvania]]	1,301,096,861	[{"title": "Gettysburg Battlefield", "data": {"Type": "Battlefield", "Location": "Adams County, Pennsylvania, U.S.", "Coordinates": "39\u00b048\u203241\u2033N 77\u00b013\u203233\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff39.81139\u00b0N 77.22583\u00b0W", "Owner": "private, federal", "Website": "Park Home (NPS.gov)"}}, {"title": "", "data": {"1860 \u2014\u20131870 \u2014\u20131880 \u2014\u20131890 \u2014\u20131900 \u2014\u20131910 \u2014\u20131920 \u2014\u20131930 \u2014\u20131940 \u2014\u20131950 \u2014\u20131960 \u2014\u20131970 \u2014\u20131980 \u2014\u20131990 \u2014\u20132000 \u2014\u20132010 \u2014\u2013": "\| \u2190 \| National Cemetery to War Dept \|\| \u2190 \| Battle and Gettysburg Address \|\| \u2190 \| Camp Gettysburg \|\| \u2190 \| Gettysburg Electric Railway \|\| \u2190 \| Gettysburg National Military Park \|\| \u2190 \| Camp Quay \|\| \u2190 \| 1913 reunion \|\| \u2190 \| Camp Colt \|\| \u2190 \| Camp Harding \|\| \u2190 \| Camp Sharpe \|\| \u2190 \| 1938 reunion and Peace Memorial \|\| \u2190 \| Cyclorama Building closed \|\| \u2190 \| Round Top tower demolished \|\| \u2190 \| Zeigler's Grove tower demolished \|\| \u2190 \| Round Top Museum demolished \|\| \u2190 \| National Tower demolished \|\| \u2190 \| Museum and Visitor Center \|"}}]	false
# Politics of Saskatchewan The Politics of Saskatchewan relate to the Canadian federal political system, along with the other Canadian provinces. Saskatchewan has a lieutenant-governor, who is the representative of the Crown in right of Saskatchewan; a premier—currently Scott Moe—leading the cabinet; and a legislative assembly. As of the most recent provincial election in 2024, the province is divided into 61 electoral districts, each of which elects a representative to the legislature, who becomes their member, or MLA. In 2024, Moe's Saskatchewan Party was elected to a majority government. Regina is the provincial capital. As of the most recent federal election in 2021, Saskatchewan elects 14 members to Canada's 338-member Parliament. Politics in Saskatchewan have historically been shaped by the province's heavily agricultural and mineral resource-based economy. Politics have also been influenced by an enduring sense of western alienation within Canadian politics, tying its political history in with its western Canadian counterparts in British Columbia, Manitoba, and especially neighbouring Alberta. The province still has a unique political history, and is notable for having elected the first social democratic government in Canada in 1944, when Tommy Douglas' Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) won its first of five consecutive majority governments. Under the CCF, the province pioneered universal medicare within Canada and was known for government ownership of key economic sectors. In the twenty-first century, politics in the province have been dominated by the conservative Saskatchewan Party and the federal Conservative Party. ## Legislature The Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan is the deliberative assembly of the Saskatchewan Legislature in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. Bills passed by the assembly are given royal assent by the King in Right of Saskatchewan(represented by the Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan). The legislature meets at the Saskatchewan Legislative Building in Regina. There are 61 constituencies in the province, which elect members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) to the Legislative Assembly. All are single-member districts, though the cities of Regina, Saskatoon and Moose Jaw have been represented by multi-member constituencies in the past. The legislature has been unicameral since its establishment; there has never been a provincial upper house. ## Political history ### From founding to the Great Depression Saskatchewan entered Confederation on September 1, 1905, alongside Alberta, with both provinces being carved out of the Northwest Territories. Territorial premier Frederick Haultain had advocated for the creation of one large western province, which he wanted to call Buffalo. However, the federal Liberal government under Wilfrid Laurier, wary of the potential power of a large western province, opted to create two provinces instead. Moreover, as had been the case with Manitoba in 1870, the federal government withheld natural resource rights from the new provinces, instead paying grants to the provinces—a situation that remained a point of contention until the Natural Resource Transfer Acts gave western provinces their resource rights in 1930. Not happy with these developments, Haultain vied to become Saskatchewan premier as the leader of the Provincial Rights Party from 1905 until 1912. The party had been the territorial Conservative Association, and would return to the Conservative name in 1912. Despite Haultain's efforts, the early political history of the province was dominated by the Liberal Party. Liberal Walter Scott was Premier from 1905 until 1916, and remains the second-longest tenured premier in Saskatchewan history. The Liberals achieved their dominance through close associations with farmers, especially through the Saskatchewan Grain Growers' Association, and the large immigrant communities that were rapidly populating the Prairies in the early part of the twentieth century. Moreover, Saskatchewan Liberals were able to position themselves to fill important roles in the federal Liberal cabinet; for example, premiers Charles Dunning and James Gardiner both became key cabinet members in William Lyon Mackenzie King's governments, including the latter as Minister of Agriculture. This reality staved off the impact of the Progressive Party movement, which through its United Farmer parties managed to disrupt the two-party system and win power in both Alberta and Manitoba in the 1920s. Before 1944, the only interruption in Liberal rule came after the 1929 election. Although the Liberals won the most seats with 28, they were short of a majority government. James T.M. Anderson, whose Conservatives won 24 seats, secured the support of the remaining members to form a coalition government, which was known as the "Co-operative" government. Anderson ran a largely nativist campaign, and was known to have been closely associated with the provincial branch of the Ku Klux Klan, which supported his election. Anderson became premier at the outset of the Great Depression, and conditions became so severe on the Prairies that not a single Conservative won a seat in the following election; in fact, only two Conservatives were elected again before 1975—one in a 1953 by-election and one in 1964. ### The Depression and the CCF The Prairies were ravaged by the Great Depression, where severe economic recession was joined by dust bowl conditions to create disastrous conditions. During the 1930s, which became known as the "Dirty Thirties" on the Prairies, approximately 14,000 farms were abandoned across the region, and Saskatchewan was by 1939 the most indebted province in the country. In 1935, the On-to-Ottawa Trek, an attempted convoy of unemployed workers making their way from western Canada to Ottawa, was violently stopped by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in Regina. The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation emerged that decade as a populist socialist alternative, which was well-positioned to critique a political and economic system in crisis. The CCF was founded in Calgary in 1932, bringing together farmer and labour organizers under a socialist banner. The following year in Regina, the party adopted its platform, which became known as the Regina Manifesto. The party first fielded candidates in Saskatchewan in 1934 under the "Farmer-Labour" banner, and the party won the only five non-Liberal seats to become the Opposition. Running as the CCF in 1938, the party doubled its seat count to 10. The CCF achieved its significant breakthrough in the 1940s, just as the Second World War was helping to ease Depression conditions. Tommy Douglas succeeded George Hara Williams—one of the CCF's founders with a background in the United Farmers of Canada—as CCF leader, and led the party to a majority government. The CCF promised a more interventionist government that would help direct the province's economic development while building the foundation of a robust welfare state that could ensure a universal standard of public services to residents. Under the CCF, the province created new crown corporations for services like insurance, transportation, and utilities, while working to modernize the province through new infrastructure development. The party's crowning achievement was the institution of universal medicare in 1962. The CCF effectively pitched the 1960 election as a referendum on medicare, and secured its fifth consecutive majority mandate. However, medicare still proved controversial, especially among medical professionals, and the 1962 doctors' strike in response to medicare legislation threatened to stop its implementation. The strike lasted approximately three weeks before an amended medicare act was passed in August. This development laid the foundation for the 1966 Medical Care Act, which expanded medicare nationwide—by then, Douglas had become the leader of the federal New Democratic Party, which held the balance of power in Lester Pearson's minority Liberal governments. The postwar era brought about an increasing rate of urbanization in Saskatchewan as farms—the foundational unit of the province since its inception—continually became larger and more capital-intensive, and many farmers sold their land and moved to cities. This process of rural decline would become a fixation of governments of all stripes in the years to come. In this period, while agriculture remained a major part of the provincial economy, mineral development began to take on a more significant share of the economy. ### Elections from 1905 to 1964 \| Government \| Government \| Liberal \| Liberal \| Liberal \| Liberal \| Liberal \| Liberal \| "Co-op"[d] \| Liberal \| Liberal \| CCF \| CCF \| CCF \| CCF \| CCF \| Liberal \| \| Party \| Party \| 1905 \| 1908 \| 1912 \| 1917 \| 1921 \| 1925 \| 1929 \| 1934 \| 1938 \| 1944 \| 1948 \| 1952 \| 1956 \| 1960 \| 1964 \| \| \| Liberal \| 16 \| 27 \| 45 \| 51 \| 45 \| 50 \| 28 \| 50 \| 38 \| 5 \| 19 \| 11 \| 14 \| 17 \| 32 \| \| \| Provincial Rights / Conservative / PC \| 9 \| 14 \| 8 \| 7 \| 2 \| 3 \| 24 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| \| \| Progressive \| \| \| \| \| 6 \| 6 \| 5 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Labour / Liberal-Labour \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Co-operative Commonwealth Federation \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 5 \| 10 \| 47 \| 31 \| 42 \| 36 \| 37 \| 25 \| \| \| Social Credit \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2 \| \| \| \| 3 \| \| \| \| \| Unity (Communist) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Soldiers' vote[a] \| \| \| \| 3 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Independent[b] \| \| \| \| 1 \| 9 \| 3 \| 6 \| \| \| \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Liberal-PC[c] \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| \| Total \| Total \| 25 \| 41 \| 53 \| 62 \| 63 \| 63 \| 63 \| 55 \| 52 \| 52 \| 52 \| 53 \| 53 \| 54 \| 58 \|	enwiki/9523217	enwiki	9,523,217	Politics of Saskatchewan	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Saskatchewan	2025-07-27T20:39:17Z	en	Q1192145	368,733	{{Short description\|none}} {{Infobox political system \| name = Politics of Saskatchewan \| image = Coat of arms of Saskatchewan.svg \| image_size = 100 \| caption = [[Coat of arms of Saskatchewan]] \| type = [[Provinces and territories of Canada\|Province]] within a [[Federation\|federal]] [[Parliamentary system\|parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] \| constitution = [[Constitution of Canada]] \| legislature = [[Saskatchewan Legislature\|Legislature]] {{Bulleted list \|[[Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan\|Legislative Assembly]] }} \| legislature_type = [[Unicameralism\|Unicameral]] \| legislature_place = [[Saskatchewan Legislative Building]], [[Regina, Saskatchewan\|Regina]] \| legislature_speaker = [[Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan\|Speaker of the Legislative Assembly]] \| legislature_speaker_title = \| upperhouse = \| upperhouse_speaker = \| upperhouse_speaker_title = \| upperhouse_appointer = \| lowerhouse = \| lowerhouse_speaker = \| lowerhouse_speaker_title = \| current_hos = [[Monarchy in Saskatchewan\|King]] [[Charles III]]<br>represented by <br> [[Bernadette McIntyre]], <br> [[Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan\|Lieutenant Governor]] \| current_hog = [[Premier of Saskatchewan\|Premier]]<br>[[Scott Moe]] \| appointer_hog = Lieutenant Governor \| title_hosag = \| current_hosag = \| appointer_hosag = \| cabinet = [[Executive Council of Saskatchewan\|Executive Council]] \| current_cabinet = \| cabinet_leader = Premier (as President of the Executive Council) \| cabinet_deputyleader = \| cabinet_appointer = Lieutenant Governor \| cabinet_hq = Regina \| cabinet_ministries = \| judiciary = \| judiciary_head = \| courts = \| court = [[Court of Appeal for Saskatchewan\|Court of Appeal]] \| chief_judge = [[Robert G. Richards]] \| court_seat = Regina \| court1 = [[Court of King's Bench for Saskatchewan\|Court of King's Bench]] \| chief_judge1 = [[Martel D. Popescul]] \| court_seat1 = \| court2 = [[Provincial Court of Saskatchewan\|Provincial Court]] \| chief_judge2 = James Plemel \| court_seat2 = }} The '''Politics of Saskatchewan''' relate to the [[Canada\|Canadian]] [[federation\|federal political system]], along with the other Canadian [[provinces and territories of Canada\|provinces]]. [[Saskatchewan]] has a [[Lieutenant-Governor (Canada)\|lieutenant-governor]], who is the representative of the [[monarchy in Saskatchewan\|Crown in right of Saskatchewan]]; a [[Premier of Saskatchewan\|premier]]—currently [[Scott Moe]]—leading the [[Executive Council of Saskatchewan\|cabinet]]; and a [[Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan\|legislative assembly]]. As of the most recent [[2024 Saskatchewan general election\|provincial election in 2024]], the province is divided into 61 electoral districts, each of which elects a representative to the legislature, who becomes their member, or MLA. In 2024, Moe's [[Saskatchewan Party]] was elected to a majority government. [[Regina, Saskatchewan\|Regina]] is the provincial capital. As of the most recent [[2021 Canadian federal election\|federal election]] in 2021, Saskatchewan elects 14 members to Canada's 338-member [[Parliament of Canada\|Parliament]]. Politics in Saskatchewan have historically been shaped by the province's heavily agricultural and mineral resource-based economy. Politics have also been influenced by an enduring sense of [[western alienation]] within Canadian politics, tying its political history in with its western Canadian counterparts in [[British Columbia]], [[Manitoba]], and especially neighbouring [[Alberta]]. The province still has a unique political history, and is notable for having elected the first [[Social democracy\|social democratic]] government in Canada in 1944, when [[Tommy Douglas]]' [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (Saskatchewan Section)\|Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]] (CCF) won its first of five consecutive majority governments.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Bonikowsky \|first=Laura Neilson \|date=2013-06-14 \|title=Rise of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation \|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/tommy-douglas-greatest-canadian-feature \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327104319/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/tommy-douglas-greatest-canadian-feature \|archive-date=2023-03-27 \|access-date=2023-11-06 \|website=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] \|series=Editorial}}</ref> Under the CCF, the province pioneered [[Medicare (Canada)\|universal medicare]] within Canada and was known for government ownership of key economic sectors. In the twenty-first century, politics in the province have been dominated by the conservative Saskatchewan Party and the federal [[Conservative Party of Canada\|Conservative Party]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Eisler \|first=Dale \|title=From Left to Right: Saskatchewan's Political and Economic Transformation \|publisher=[[University of Regina Press]] \|year=2022 \|isbn=9780889778672 \|location=[[Regina, Saskatchewan\|Regina]] \|pages=xiv–xv \|language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|last=Hunter \|first=Adam \|date=2021-09-21 \|title=Sask. now Canada's Tory stronghold as election delivers status quo, few surprises \|work=[[CBC News]] \|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/sask-election-2021-1.6183844 \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-06 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008014500/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/sask-election-2021-1.6183844 \|archive-date=2021-10-08}}</ref> == Legislature == {{main\|Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan}} The Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan is the [[deliberative assembly]] of the [[Saskatchewan Legislature]] in the province of [[Saskatchewan]], Canada. Bills passed by the assembly are given royal assent by the [[Monarchy in Saskatchewan\|King in Right of Saskatchewan]](represented by the [[Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan]]).<ref>{{cite act\|number=4-5 Edw. VII, c. 42\|date=July 20, 1905\|article=12\|title=[[Saskatchewan Act]], 1905\|url=http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/csj-sjc/constitution/lawreg-loireg/p1t131.html\|language=en\|articletype=Section\|access-date=September 26, 2021}}</ref> The legislature meets at the [[Saskatchewan Legislative Building]] in [[Regina, Saskatchewan\|Regina]]. There are 61 constituencies in the province, which elect [[members of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLAs) to the Legislative Assembly. All are single-member districts, though the cities of [[Regina City (provincial electoral district)\|Regina]], [[Saskatoon City (provincial electoral district)\|Saskatoon]] and [[Moose Jaw City\|Moose Jaw]] have been represented by [[Cumulative voting\|multi-member constituencies]] in the past. The legislature has been unicameral since its establishment; there has never been a provincial upper house. == Political history == === From founding to the Great Depression === Saskatchewan entered Confederation on September 1, 1905, alongside Alberta, with both provinces being carved out of the [[Northwest Territories]]. Territorial premier [[Frederick Haultain]] had advocated for the creation of one large western province, which he wanted to call [[Buffalo (province)\|Buffalo]]. However, the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada\|Liberal]] government under [[Wilfrid Laurier]], wary of the potential power of a large western province, opted to create two provinces instead.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Eneas \|first=Bryan \|date=2019-09-20 \|title=Disenfranchisement and disappointment: Idea of western Canadian separation has deep roots in Prairies \|work=CBC News \|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/sask-western-alienation-1.5289839 \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-07 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922161452/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/sask-western-alienation-1.5289839 \|archive-date=2019-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2013-10-18 \|editor-last=Payne \|editor-first=Michael \|title=Redrawing the West: The Politics of Provincehood in 1905 \|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/redrawing-the-west-the-politics-of-provincehood-in-1905-feature/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318061914/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/redrawing-the-west-the-politics-of-provincehood-in-1905-feature/ \|archive-date=2017-03-18 \|access-date=2023-11-07 \|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia \|series=Editorial}}</ref> Moreover, as had been the case with Manitoba in 1870, the federal government withheld natural resource rights from the new provinces, instead paying grants to the provinces—a situation that remained a point of contention until the [[Natural Resources Transfer Acts\|Natural Resource Transfer Acts]] gave western provinces their resource rights in 1930.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Waiser \|first=Bill \|url=https://archive.org/details/saskatchewannewh0000wais/page/n3/mode/2up \|title=Saskatchewan: A New History \|publisher=Fifth House \|year=2005 \|isbn=978-1-894856-49-2 \|location=Calgary \|pages=277 \|language=en-CA}}</ref> Not happy with these developments, Haultain vied to become Saskatchewan premier as the leader of the [[Provincial Rights Party]] from 1905 until 1912. The party had been the territorial [[North-West Territories Liberal-Conservative Party\|Conservative Association]], and would return to the Conservative name in 1912. Despite Haultain's efforts, the early political history of the province was dominated by the [[Liberal Party of Saskatchewan\|Liberal Party]]. Liberal [[Walter Scott (Canadian politician)\|Walter Scott]] was Premier from 1905 until 1916, and remains the [[List of premiers of Saskatchewan by time in office\|second-longest tenured]] premier in Saskatchewan history. The Liberals achieved their dominance through close associations with farmers, especially through the [[Saskatchewan Grain Growers' Association]], and the large immigrant communities that were rapidly populating the Prairies in the early part of the twentieth century. Moreover, Saskatchewan Liberals were able to position themselves to fill important roles in the federal Liberal cabinet; for example, premiers [[Charles Avery Dunning\|Charles Dunning]] and [[James Garfield Gardiner\|James Gardiner]] both became key cabinet members in [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]]'s governments, including the latter as Minister of Agriculture.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=2011-11-07 \|title=A list of Saskatchewan premiers \|work=[[Global News]] \|agency=[[The Canadian Press]] \|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/174964/a-list-of-saskatchewan-premiers/ \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-07 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107022207/https://globalnews.ca/news/174964/a-list-of-saskatchewan-premiers/ \|archive-date=2023-11-07}}</ref> This reality staved off the impact of the [[Progressive Party of Canada\|Progressive Party]] movement, which through its United Farmer parties managed to disrupt the two-party system and win power in both Alberta and Manitoba in the 1920s. Before 1944, the only interruption in Liberal rule came after the [[1929 Saskatchewan general election\|1929 election]]. Although the Liberals won the most seats with 28, they were short of a majority government. [[James T.M. Anderson]], whose Conservatives won 24 seats, secured the support of the remaining members to form a coalition government, which was known as the "Co-operative" government. Anderson ran a largely [[Nativism (politics)\|nativist]] campaign, and was known to have been closely associated with the provincial branch of the [[Ku Klux Klan in Canada\|Ku Klux Klan]], which supported his election.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Latimer \|first=Kendall \|date=2017-08-18 \|title=KKK history challenges idea Sask. always welcomed newcomers: expert \|work=CBC News \|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/ku-klux-klan-saskatchewan-history-1.4251309 \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-06 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820063110/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/ku-klux-klan-saskatchewan-history-1.4251309 \|archive-date=2017-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Waiser \|url= \|title=Saskatchewan \|publisher= \|year= \|isbn= \|location= \|pages=249–252 \|language=en-CA}}</ref> Anderson became premier at the outset of the Great Depression, and conditions became so severe on the Prairies that not a single Conservative won a seat in the following election; in fact, only two Conservatives were elected again before 1975—one in a 1953 by-election and one in 1964. === The Depression and the CCF === The Prairies were ravaged by the [[Great Depression]], where severe economic recession was joined by [[Dust Bowl\|dust bowl]] conditions to create disastrous conditions. During the 1930s, which became known as the "Dirty Thirties" on the Prairies, approximately 14,000 farms were abandoned across the region, and Saskatchewan was by 1939 the most indebted province in the country.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2021-12-13 \|title=The Great Depression - Making Do \|url=https://wdm.ca/2021/12/13/greatdepression/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127181543/https://wdm.ca/2021/12/13/greatdepression/ \|archive-date=2022-01-27 \|access-date=2023-11-07 \|website=[[Western Development Museum]]}}</ref> In 1935, the [[On-to-Ottawa Trek]], an attempted convoy of unemployed workers making their way from western Canada to Ottawa, was violently stopped by the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] in Regina.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Waiser \|first=Bill \|date=2016-07-04 \|title=The Regina Riot \|url=https://www.canadashistory.ca/explore/peace-conflict/the-regina-riot \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206122417/https://www.canadashistory.ca/explore/peace-conflict/the-regina-riot \|archive-date=2020-02-06 \|access-date=2023-11-07 \|website=[[Canada's History]]}}</ref> The [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]] emerged that decade as a [[Populism\|populist]] socialist alternative, which was well-positioned to critique a political and economic system in crisis.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Larmour \|first=Jean \|title="Building the Co-operative Commonwealth" Essays on the Democratic Socialist Tradition in Canada \|publisher=Canadian Plains Research Centre \|year=1985 \|isbn=0-88977-031-X \|editor-last=Brennan \|editor-first=J. William \|location=Regina \|pages=161 \|language=en-CA \|chapter=The Douglas Government's Changing Emphasis on Public, Private, and Co-operative Development in Saskatchewan, 1944–1961}}</ref> The CCF was founded in [[Calgary]] in 1932, bringing together farmer and labour organizers under a socialist banner. The following year in Regina, the party adopted its platform, which became known as the [[Regina Manifesto]].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2017-06-15 \|title=Co-operative Commonwealth Federation Adopts the Regina Manifesto \|url=https://www.historymuseum.ca/blog/co-operative-commonwealth-federation-adopts-the-regina-manifesto/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616095944/https://www.historymuseum.ca/blog/co-operative-commonwealth-federation-adopts-the-regina-manifesto/ \|archive-date=2017-06-16 \|access-date=2023-11-07 \|website=[[Canadian Museum of History]]}}</ref> The party first fielded candidates in Saskatchewan in 1934 under the "Farmer-Labour" banner, and the party won the only five non-Liberal seats to become the Opposition. Running as the CCF in 1938, the party doubled its seat count to 10. The CCF achieved its significant breakthrough in the 1940s, just as the Second World War was helping to ease Depression conditions. Tommy Douglas succeeded [[George Hara Williams]]—one of the CCF's founders with a background in the [[United Farmers of Canada]]—as CCF leader, and led the party to a [[1944 Saskatchewan general election\|majority government]]. The CCF promised a more interventionist government that would help direct the province's economic development while building the foundation of a robust welfare state that could ensure a universal standard of public services to residents.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Larmour \|title="Building the Co-operative Commonwealth" \|pages=163–164 \|language=en-CA \|chapter=The Douglas Government}}</ref> Under the CCF, the province created new [[crown corporations]] for services like insurance, transportation, and utilities, while working to modernize the province through new infrastructure development. The party's crowning achievement was the institution of universal medicare in 1962. The CCF effectively pitched the [[1960 Saskatchewan general election\|1960 election]] as a referendum on medicare, and secured its fifth consecutive majority mandate. However, medicare still proved controversial, especially among medical professionals, and the [[Saskatchewan doctors' strike\|1962 doctors' strike]] in response to medicare legislation threatened to stop its implementation. The strike lasted approximately three weeks before an amended medicare act was passed in August. This development laid the foundation for the 1966 Medical Care Act, which expanded medicare nationwide—by then, Douglas had become the leader of the federal [[New Democratic Party]], which held the balance of power in [[Lester B. Pearson\|Lester Pearson]]'s minority Liberal governments.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Medicare: A People's Issue \|url=http://digital.scaa.sk.ca/gallery/medicare/en_intro2.php \|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/14753/20201021223835/http://digital.scaa.sk.ca/gallery/medicare/en_intro2.php \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2020-10-21 \|access-date=2023-11-07 \|website=Saskatchewan Council for Archives and Archivists}}</ref> The postwar era brought about an increasing rate of urbanization in Saskatchewan as farms—the foundational unit of the province since its inception—continually became larger and more capital-intensive, and many farmers sold their land and moved to cities. This process of rural decline would become a fixation of governments of all stripes in the years to come. In this period, while agriculture remained a major part of the provincial economy, mineral development began to take on a more significant share of the economy. ===Elections from 1905 to 1964=== [[File:Premier Tommy Douglas (F1257 s1057 it2743).jpg\|thumb\|Tommy Douglas led the CCF in Saskatchewan from 1942 to 1962.\|300x300px]] {\| class="wikitable" \|+ Elections to the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1905–1964) — seats won by party<ref name=":2">{{Cite web \|title=Provincial General Election Summaries \|url=http://www.elections.sk.ca/previous-elections/historical---provincial-general-election-summaries/ \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407165609/http://www.elections.sk.ca/previous-elections/historical---provincial-general-election-summaries/ \|archive-date=2014-04-07 \|access-date=2023-11-08 \|website=Elections Saskatchewan}}</ref> \|- \| colspan = "2"\| '''Government''' \| {{Canadian party colour\|SK\|Liberal\|background}} align="center" colspan=6\|'''Liberal''' \| {{Canadian party colour\|SK\|Conservative\|background}} align="center" \|'''"Co-op"'''{{ref label\|Co-op\|d\|d}} \| {{Canadian party colour\|SK\|Liberal\|background}} align="center" colspan=2\|'''Liberal''' \| {{Canadian party colour\|SK\|CCF\|background}} align="center" colspan=5\|'''CCF''' \| {{Canadian party colour\|SK\|Liberal\|background}} align="center" colspan=1\|'''Liberal''' \|- ! colspan = "2"\|Party !! [[1905 Saskatchewan general election\|1905]] !! [[1908 Saskatchewan general election\|1908]] !! [[1912 Saskatchewan general election\|1912]] !! [[1917 Saskatchewan general election\|1917]] !! [[1921 Saskatchewan general election\|1921]] !! [[1925 Saskatchewan general election\|1925]] !! [[1929 Saskatchewan general election\|1929]] !! [[1934 Saskatchewan general election\|1934]] !! [[1938 Saskatchewan general election\|1938]] !! [[1944 Saskatchewan general election\|1944]] !! [[1948 Saskatchewan general election\|1948]] !! [[1952 Saskatchewan general election\|1952]] !! [[1956 Saskatchewan general election\|1956]] !! [[1960 Saskatchewan general election\|1960]] !! [[1964 Saskatchewan general election\|1964]] \|- align = "right" \| bgcolor="#EA6D6A" \|     \|\| align="left"\|'''[[Saskatchewan Liberal Party\|Liberal]]''' \|\| 16\|\| 27\|\| 45\|\| 51\|\| 45\|\| 50\|\| 28\|\| 50\|\| 38\|\| 5\|\| 19\|\| 11\|\| 14\|\| 17\|\| 32 \|- align="right" \| bgcolor="#9999FF" \|    \|\| align="left" \|'''[[Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan\|Provincial Rights / Conservative / PC]]'''\|\| 9\|\| 14\|\| 8\|\| 7\|\| 2\|\| 3\|\| 24\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\|1 \|- align = "right" \| bgcolor="#66CC00" \|     \|\| align="left"\|'''[[Progressive Party of Saskatchewan\|Progressive]]''' \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 6\|\| 6\|\| 5\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- align = "right" \| bgcolor="#EEBBBB" \|     \|\| align="left"\|'''[[Labour candidates and parties in Canada\|Labour]]''' '''/''' '''[[Liberal-Labour (Canada)\|Liberal-Labour]]''' \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 1\|\| 1\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- align="right" \| bgcolor="#EEDDAA" \|    \|\| align="left" \|'''[[Saskatchewan New Democratic Party\|Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]]'''\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 5\|\| 10\|\| 47\|\| 31\|\| 42\|\| 36\|\| 37\|\| 25 \|- align = "right" \| bgcolor="#90EE90" \|     \|\| align="left"\|'''[[Social Credit Party of Saskatchewan\|Social Credit]]''' \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 2\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 3\|\| \|\| \|- align = "right" \| bgcolor="#FF6347" \|     \|\| align="left"\|'''[[Unity (Canada)\|Unity]] (Communist)''' \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 2\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- align = "right" \| bgcolor="#A6C8B5" \|     \|\| align="left"\|'''Soldiers' vote'''{{ref label\|Soldiers\|a\|a}} \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 3\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- align = "right" \| bgcolor="#DCDCDC" \|     \|\| align="left"\|'''Independent'''{{ref label\|Independent\|b\|b}} \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 1\|\| 9\|\| 3\|\| 6\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 1\|\| \|\| \|\| \|- align = "right" \| bgcolor="#DCDCDC" \|     \|\| align="left"\|'''Liberal-PC'''{{ref label\|LPC\|c\|c}} \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 1\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- align = "right" \| colspan = "2" align="left"\|'''Total''' \|\| 25\|\| 41\|\| 53\|\| 62\|\| 63\|\| 63\|\| 63\|\| 55\|\| 52\|\| 52\|\| 52\|\| 53\|\| 53\|\| 54\|\| 58 \|} ====Notes==== : {{note label\|Soldiers\|a\|a}} In 1917, three MLAs were elected to represent Saskatchewan residents serving overseas in Belgium, France, and England during the First World War. : {{note label\|Independent\|b\|b}} The Independent label includes candidates who ran with affiliations to parties. An "Independent Conservative" and an "Independent Pro-Government" were both elected in 1921, while an "Independent Liberal" was elected in 1925. : {{note label\|LPC\|c\|c}} In 1948, [[Alexander Hamilton McDonald\|Alex H. McDonald]] was jointly nominated by the Liberal and Progressive Conservative parties as an anti-CCF candidate; upon election, McDonald joined the Liberal caucus, and he remained a Liberal candidate in future elections. : {{note label\|Co-op\|d\|d}} The 1929 election resulted in a coalition government when the Liberals, who were short of a majority, failed to secure the confidence of the Legislature. The Conservative Party won the second most seats and were supported by Progressive and Independent MLAs to form what was termed the "Co-operative government", with Conservative leader J.T.M. Anderson as Premier. === Shifting divides: 1960s to the 1990s === After five straight electoral victories and a drawn out, bitter dispute over the implementation of medicare, the CCF, now under the leadership of [[Woodrow Lloyd]], lost the [[1964 Saskatchewan general election\|1964 election]] to [[Ross Thatcher]]'s Liberals. The Liberals presented themselves as a free enterprise alternative to the socialist CCF. Although Thatcher, who had started his own political career with the CCF, railed against socialism—frequently equating it with [[communism]]—his Liberals proved unable to overturn medicare, although they did introduce limited user fees.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web \|last=Quiring \|first=Brett \|title=Thatcher, Wilbur Ross \|url=http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/thatcher_wilbert_ross_1917-71.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706195833/http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/thatcher_wilbert_ross_1917-71.html \|archive-date=2017-07-06 \|access-date=2023-11-20 \|website=The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan}}</ref> They also downsized what they labeled a bloated civil service, and during this period, the province saw many of its civil servants join the federal civil service as Pearson's government expanded the federal welfare state. Those civil servants became known as the "Saskatchewan Mafia".<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Marchildon \|first=Gregory P. \|title=Saskatchewan Mafia \|url=https://www.esask.uregina.ca/entry/saskatchewan_mafia.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706200309/https://www.esask.uregina.ca/entry/saskatchewan_mafia.html \|archive-date=2017-07-06 \|access-date=2023-11-08 \|website=Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan}}</ref> Several were also recruited by [[Louis Robichaud]] to join the [[New Brunswick]] civil service.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Pasolli \|first=Lisa \|date=2009 \|title=Bureaucratizing the Atlantic Revolution: The 'Saskatchewan Mafia' in the New Brunswick Civil Service, 1960-1970 \|url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/Acadiensis/article/view/12473 \|journal=[[Acadiensis]] \|volume=38 \|issue=1 \|via=University of New Brunswick}}</ref> The New Democratic Party—the successor to the CCF after it merged with the [[Canadian Labour Congress]]—returned to power in 1971 under the leadership of [[Allan Blakeney]]. The NDP promised a "New Deal for People": a revitalization of central planning and a further expansion of the welfare state. Blakeney, a former civil servant in Douglas' government, was particularly concerned with questions of equality.<ref>{{Cite news \|last1=McGrane \|first1=David \|last2=Whyte \|first2=John D. \|last3=Romanow \|first3=Roy \|last4=Isinger \|first4=Russell \|date=2019-11-22 \|title=Excerpt: Looking Back to Allan Blakeney for the Sake of Democracy's Future \|work=[[Saskatoon StarPhoenix]] \|url=https://thestarphoenix.com/entertainment/books/excerpt-looking-back-to-allan-blakeney-for-the-sake-of-democracys-future \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-07 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127173848/https://thestarphoenix.com/entertainment/books/excerpt-looking-back-to-allan-blakeney-for-the-sake-of-democracys-future \|archive-date=2019-11-27}}</ref> The NDP would win three consecutive elections under Blakeney in an era that was marked by the [[1970s energy crisis]] and a resurgence of [[western alienation]]. With commodity prices soaring in the 1970s, Saskatchewan created a number of new crown corporations, such as the [[Saskatchewan Mining Development Corporation]], [[SaskOil]], and [[PotashCorp]], to help the province capture windfall profits from resource development. The NDP also created an Environment Department and drafted environmental assessment legislation.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Prebble \|first=Peter \|title=Devine Rule in Saskatchewan: A Decade of Hope and Hardship \|publisher=Fifth House \|year=1991 \|isbn=9780920079720 \|editor-last=Biggs \|editor-first=Lesley \|location=Saskatoon, Saskatchewan \|pages=112–113 \|language=en-CA \|chapter=Protecting God's Country \|editor-last2=Stobbee \|editor-first2=Mark}}</ref> Blakeney also played a key role alongside Alberta's Progressive Conservative premier [[Peter Lougheed]] in challenging federal encroachment on provincial resource rights, which was epitomized by the 1980 [[National Energy Program]], instituted by [[Pierre Trudeau]]'s Liberals. Blakeney and Lougheed ensured that provincial resource rights were enshrined in the [[Patriation of the Canadian Constitution\|patriated Canadian Constitution]] in 1982, and Blakeney helped to craft the [[Section 33\|notwithstanding clause]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Romanow \|first=Roy \|title=Back to Blakeney: Revitalizing the Democratic State \|publisher=University of Regina Press \|year=2019 \|isbn=9780889776821 \|editor-last=Isinger \|editor-first=Russell \|location=Regina \|pages=11–12 \|language=en-CA \|chapter=Principled Pragmatism: Allan Blakeney and Saskatchewan's 'Resource Wars' \|editor-last2=Whyte \|editor-first2=John D. \|editor-last3=Romanow \|editor-first3=Roy \|editor-last4=McGrane \|editor-first4=David}}</ref> The 1970s also saw the re-building of the Conservatives—by then the Progressive Conservatives—into a political force. Under the leadership of [[Dick Collver]], the party returned to the legislature with seven members in 1975, and won the second most seats in 1978, when the Liberals were shut out of the legislature for the first time ever. The PCs surged to power in 1982 under the leadership of [[Grant Devine]], whose campaign focused largely on rural issues, exposing a rapidly growing divide between city and country. According to historian [[Bill Waiser]], the Devine years marked a profound shift in Saskatchewan political divides.<ref name="Waiser 473">{{Cite book \|last=Waiser \|title=Saskatchewan \|pages=473}}</ref> For more than a generation, the province appeared to be ideologically divided between proponents of democratic socialism and free-enterprise capitalism—these are the lines along which political campaigns were waged.<ref>See for example the "debate of the century" between Tommy Douglas and Ross Thatcher at [[Mossbank, Saskatchewan\|Mossbank]] in 1957. [https://mossbank.ca/history/ "Political History"]. Town of Mossbank. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230601215351/https://mossbank.ca/history/ Archived] from the original on 2023-06-01. Retrieved 2023-11-07.</ref> Devine participated in this approach too, proclaiming that Saskatchewan was "open for business", but his time in office—and his fixation on championing agriculture at all costs—marked a shift towards another divide: that between urban and rural.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Waiser \|title=Saskatchewan \|publisher= \|year= \|isbn= \|location= \|pages=473 \|language=en-CA}}</ref> Political analyst Dale Eisler has written similarly that Saskatchewan politics can be grouped into distinct "Before Devine" and "After Devine" categories.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Eisler \|title=From Left to Right \|publisher= \|year= \|isbn= \|location= \|pages=2 \|language=en-CA}}</ref> Devine's government determined to cater to rural interests, and it spent lavishly in building infrastructure and new programs for farmers especially. It achieved this in part through drawing on a relationship with [[Brian Mulroney]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada\|Progressive Conservatives]], which formed a majority government in Ottawa in 1984. The PCs also wracked up large deficits, and, particularly after securing a second majority in 1986—despite losing the popular vote to the NDP—embarked on a privatization campaign, targeting crown corporations like PotashCorp and SaskOil, eliminating significant sources of government revenue.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news \|last=Mandryk \|first=Murray \|date=2022-04-22 \|title=Devine plan: Election 40 years ago brought both scandal and political change \|work=Regina Leader-Post \|url=https://leaderpost.com/news/saskatchewan/devine-election-40-years-ago-brought-both-scandal-and-political-change \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-07 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503150102/https://leaderpost.com/news/saskatchewan/devine-election-40-years-ago-brought-both-scandal-and-political-change \|archive-date=2022-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Pitsula \|first1=James M. \|title=Privatizing a Province: The New Right in Saskatchewan \|last2=Rasmussen \|first2=Ken \|publisher=New Star Books \|year=1990 \|isbn=9780921586098 \|location=Vancouver \|pages=2 \|language=en-CA}}</ref> The Opposition managed to stop the attempted privatization of [[SaskEnergy]], which slowed the privatization agenda.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Pitsula & Rasmussen \|title=Privatizing a Province \|pages=194–196 \|language=en-CA}}</ref> Commodity prices also dipped in the 1980s, further straining provincial finances. By the end of the decade, Saskatchewan was deeply in debt. Devine's government, which had inherited balanced finances, had added approximately $1 billion per year to the provincial debt, and when the PCs were swept from power in 1991, the debt stood at $12 billion and the province was on the brink of bankruptcy.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news \|last1=Bergman \|first1=Brian \|last2=Eisler \|first2=Dale \|date=1996-11-18 \|title=Saskatchewan Tories in Fraud Scandal \|work=[[Maclean's]] \|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/saskatchewan-tories-in-fraud-scandal \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-07 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524031851/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/saskatchewan-tories-in-fraud-scandal \|archive-date=2022-05-24 \|via=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref> By 1995, it was also revealed that the PC government was implicated in one of the biggest fraud scandals in Canadian political history. Between 1987 and 1991, members of the government had defrauded the province of over $800,000 through false expense claims.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> An RCMP investigation ultimately led to 16 fraud convictions, including several MLAs and former cabinet ministers, many of them serving jail time.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2000 \|title=From politics to prison in Saskatchewan \|url=https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1776948517 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407101629/https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1776948517 \|archive-date=2022-04-07 \|access-date=2023-11-07 \|website=CBC Archives}}</ref> Devine was not found to be directly connected to the scandal. The NDP returned to power in 1991 under the leadership of Blakeney's former attorney general, [[Roy Romanow]]. The new government's biggest priority was avoiding provincial insolvency. Over the next several years, the NDP cut spending drastically to balance its finances, now lacking some of the biggest revenue generators of the previous NDP government, like PotashCorp.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Butler \|first=Patrick \|date=2020-11-18 \|title=Saskatchewan staved off bankruptcy in the '90s. Is there hope for N.L., too? \|work=CBC News \|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/saskatchewan-bankruptcy-newfoundland-lessons-1.5804984 \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-07 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118190042/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/saskatchewan-bankruptcy-newfoundland-lessons-1.5804984 \|archive-date=2020-11-18}}</ref> This effort included a reduction in rural health services involving the conversion or closure of 52 health centres, a decision that only further solidified perceptions of an urban and rural divide in the province.<ref name=":0" /> The cuts were divisive even within the NDP as large sections of the party felt this turn to neoliberal austerity, or "[[Third Way\|third way]]" politics, betrayed the NDP tradition of claiming public revenue and investing in public ownership. However, Romanow's government did balance finances by 1995, much sooner than expected.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Waiser \|title=Saskatchewan \|pages=458–461 \|language=en-CA}}</ref> ===Elections from 1967 to present=== [[File:BradWall.jpg\|thumb\|300x300px\|Brad Wall led the Saskatchewan Party from 2004 to 2018.]] {\| class="wikitable" \|+ Elections to the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (1967–2024) — seats won by party<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Provincial General Election Summaries \|url=http://www.elections.sk.ca/previous-elections/historical---provincial-general-election-summaries/page-2/ \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407162559/http://www.elections.sk.ca/previous-elections/historical---provincial-general-election-summaries/page-2/ \|archive-date=2014-04-07 \|access-date=2023-11-08 \|website=Elections Saskatchewan}}</ref> \|- \| colspan = "2"\| '''Government''' \| {{Canadian party colour\|SK\|Liberal\|background}} align="center" colspan=1\|'''Liberal''' \| {{Canadian party colour\|SK\|NDP\|background}} align="center" colspan=3\|'''NDP''' \| {{Canadian party colour\|SK\|PC\|background}} align="center" colspan=2\|'''PC''' \| {{Canadian party colour\|SK\|NDP\|background}} align="center" colspan=4\|'''NDP''' \| {{Canadian party colour\|SK\|Saskatchewan\|background}} align="center" colspan=5\|'''Saskatchewan''' \|- ! colspan = "2"\|Party !! [[1967 Saskatchewan general election\|1967]] !! [[1971 Saskatchewan general election\|1971]] !! [[1975 Saskatchewan general election\|1975]] !! [[1978 Saskatchewan general election\|1978]] !! [[1982 Saskatchewan general election\|1982]] !! [[1986 Saskatchewan general election\|1986]] !! [[1991 Saskatchewan general election\|1991]] !! [[1995 Saskatchewan general election\|1995]] !! [[1999 Saskatchewan general election\|1999]] !! [[2003 Saskatchewan general election\|2003]] !! [[2007 Saskatchewan general election\|2007]] !! [[2011 Saskatchewan general election\|2011]] !! [[2016 Saskatchewan general election\|2016]] !! [[2020 Saskatchewan general election\|2020]] ![[2024 Saskatchewan general election\|2024]] \|- align = "right" \| bgcolor="#EA6D6A" \|     \|\| align="left"\|'''[[Saskatchewan Progress Party\|Liberal / Progress]]{{ref label\|Progress\|a\|a}}''' \|\| 35\|\| 15\|\| 15\|\| \|\| \|\| 1\|\| 1\|\| 11\|\| 3\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \| \|- align = "right" \| bgcolor="#F4A460" \|     \|\| align="left"\|'''[[Saskatchewan New Democratic Party\|New Democratic]]'''{{ref label\|NDP\|b\|b}} \|\| 24\|\| 45\|\| 39\|\| 44\|\| 9\|\| 25\|\| 55\|\| 42\|\| 29\|\| 30\|\| 20\|\| 9\|\| 10\|\| 13 \|27 \|- align = "right" \| bgcolor="#9999FF" \|     \|\| align="left"\|'''[[Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan\|Progressive Conservative]]''' \|\| \|\| \|\| 7\|\| 17\|\| 55\|\| 38\|\| 10\|\| 5\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \| \|- align = "right" \| bgcolor="#3CB371" \|     \|\| align="left"\|'''[[Saskatchewan Party\|Saskatchewan]]''' \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 26\|\| 28\|\| 38\|\| 49\|\| 51\|\| 48 \|34 \|- align = "right" \| colspan = "2" align="left"\|'''Total''' \|\| 59\|\| 60\|\| 61\|\| 61\|\| 64\|\| 64\|\| 66\|\| 58\|\| 58\|\| 58\|\| 58\|\| 58\|\| 61\|\| 61 \|61 \|} ====Notes==== : {{note label\|Progress\|a\|a}} The Liberal party rebranded itself as the Saskatchewan Progress Party in 2023. : {{note label\|NDP\|b\|b}} The CCF merged with the Canadian Labour Congress and re-branded as the New Democratic Party. Candidates ran as NDP-CCF in 1964, and NDP thereafter. === At the turn of the century === The Progressive Conservatives were badly damaged by the expense fraud scandal. The party, now under the leadership of [[Bill Boyd (Canadian politician)\|Bill Boyd]], lost nearly half of its vote share in the [[1995 Saskatchewan general election\|1995 election]] compared to [[1991 Saskatchewan general election\|1991]], and was reduced to five MLAs. The main beneficiary were the Liberals under [[Lynda Haverstock]]—the party had seen just two members elected between 1975 and 1991, but became the Official Opposition in 1995 with 11 MLAs. Neither party saw a clear path to challenge the NDP. This situation led to the foundation of a new right-wing party in 1997. Boyd and three other PC MLAs joined a coalition with four Liberal MLAs—all representing rural districts—to form the [[Saskatchewan Party]], which was envisioned as a united alternative to the governing NDP.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Bridges \|first=Alicia \|date=2017-08-08 \|title='Renewal' needed as Sask. Party marks 20th anniversary: analyst \|work=CBC News \|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatoon/saskatchewan-party-20th-anniversary-2017-1.4239522 \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810200326/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatoon/saskatchewan-party-20th-anniversary-2017-1.4239522 \|archive-date=2017-08-10}}</ref> With eight MLAs, the party immediately took Opposition status from the Liberals. For PC members, the new party provided an opportunity to distance themselves from the expense fraud scandal as well as the struggling federal PCs; in fact, the Saskatchewan PCs effectively went dormant, running only paper candidates in the [[1999 Saskatchewan general election\|1999 election]].<ref name="Waiser 473"/> For their part, the Liberals persisted and had three members elected in 1999, which gave them the balance of power in a minority NDP government. That minority was a result of a strong Saskatchewan Party (SP) performance in rural districts, as the new party managed to win just one urban seat in an election that firmly established it as the Opposition. The SP's first leader was former [[Reform Party of Canada\|Reform Party]] Member of Parliament and House Leader [[Elwin Hermanson]]. Under Hermanson, the party adopted a number of socially conservative policies that betrayed its supposed centrist position, including work-for-welfare policies, an openness to referendums on publicly funded abortions, and "boot camp" correctional sentences.<ref>{{Cite news \|last1=White \|first1=Patrick \|last2=Taber \|first2=Jane \|date=2009-06-12 \|title=Wall flowers \|work=The Globe and Mail \|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/wall-flowers/article4355629/?page=all \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208155336/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/wall-flowers/article4355629/?page=all \|archive-date=2015-12-08}}</ref> Such policies, the inability of the SP to appeal to urban voters, and accusations that the SP would privatize crown corporations—Hermanson admitted that he intended to restructure them—kept the party out of power in [[2003 Saskatchewan general election\|2003]].<ref>{{Cite news \|date=1999-09-10 \|title=Hermanson Vows Tighter Control Over Crowns \|work=CBC News \|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hermanson-vows-tighter-control-over-crowns-1.168732 \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108202038/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hermanson-vows-tighter-control-over-crowns-1.168732 \|archive-date=2023-11-08}}</ref> The NDP, now led by [[Lorne Calvert]] after Romanow's retirement, secured a narrow majority government. Notably, for the first time ever, neither the Liberals nor the PCs were represented in the legislature, which was now dominated by two "homegrown" parties.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Waiser \|title=Saskatchewan \|pages=474 \|language=en-CA}}</ref> Rapidly-rising resource prices at the time kicked off a renewed boom in the provincial economy. Hermanson resigned as SP leader in the wake of the election loss, and the party acclaimed [[Brad Wall]] as its new leader in 2004. Wall, who had worked as a ministerial assistant in the Devine government, undertook a review to scale back the party's social conservative policies and focused intently on economic policy, including avoiding any discussions of privatizing crown corporations.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Sears \|first=Robin \|date=2014-11-20 \|title=From Inside Policy: Robin Sears profiles Saskatchewan Premier Brad Wall \|url=https://www.macdonaldlaurier.ca/inside-policy-robin-sears-profiles-saskatchewan-premier-brad-wall/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223081328/https://www.macdonaldlaurier.ca/inside-policy-robin-sears-profiles-saskatchewan-premier-brad-wall/ \|archive-date=2014-12-23 \|access-date=2023-11-08 \|website=[[Macdonald-Laurier Institute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|last=Béland \|first=Daniel \|date=2011-11-01 \|title=Politics and policy in Brad Wall's Saskatchewan \|work=Policy Options \|publisher=[[Institute for Research on Public Policy]] \|url=https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/continuity-and-change-in-the-provinces/politics-and-policy-in-brad-walls-saskatchewan/ \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714180643/https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/continuity-and-change-in-the-provinces/politics-and-policy-in-brad-walls-saskatchewan/ \|archive-date=2016-07-14}}</ref> The more moderate approach worked—Wall led the Saskatchewan Party to a majority government in [[2007 Saskatchewan general election\|2007]].<ref>{{Cite news \|date=2007-11-07 \|title=Saskatchewan Party wins majority government \|work=CBC News \|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/saskatchewan-party-wins-majority-government-1.646258 \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229225628/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/saskatchewan-party-wins-majority-government-1.646258 \|archive-date=2016-02-29}}</ref> ==Contemporary politics== === Political dominance === [[File:Scott Moe and Andrew Scheer - 2019 (49065738711).jpg\|thumb\|250x250px\|Scott Moe meeting with federal Opposition leader [[Andrew Scheer]] in 2019.]] Although [[List of political parties in Saskatchewan\|six other parties]] have contested general elections in Saskatchewan in the twenty first century, only the Saskatchewan Party and the New Democratic Party have had members elected to the legislature, signalling a solidification of a two-party system. However, NDP support fell after the Saskatchewan Party was first elected in 2007; the party had just nine members elected in [[2011 Saskatchewan general election\|2011]], ten in [[2016 Saskatchewan general election\|2016]], and thirteen in [[2020 Saskatchewan general election\|2020]]. Moreover, the party struggled with consistent leadership. After Lorne Calvert's retirement, subsequent leaders [[Dwain Lingenfelter]] and [[Cam Broten]] both failed to win their own seats in their first elections as leader.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Hamilton \|first=Charles \|date=2016-04-05 \|title=NDP Leader Cam Broten loses seat in Saskatoon Westview to Sask. Party's David Buckingham \|work=Saskatoon StarPhoenix \|url=https://thestarphoenix.com/news/local-news/ndp-leader-cam-broten-loses-seat-saskatoon-westview-to-saskatchewan-party-david-buckingham \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417015510/https://thestarphoenix.com/news/local-news/ndp-leader-cam-broten-loses-seat-saskatoon-westview-to-saskatchewan-party-david-buckingham \|archive-date=2016-04-17}}</ref> [[Ryan Meili]], who became leader in 2018, fared slightly better, but resigned in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Hunter \|first=Adam \|date=2022-02-18 \|title=Sask. NDP Leader Ryan Meili stepping down, will remain as leader until party chooses a successor \|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/ndp-sask-meili-resigns-1.6355312 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220193507/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/ndp-sask-meili-resigns-1.6355312 \|archive-date=2022-02-20 \|access-date=2023-11-15 \|work=CBC News}}</ref> This situation has meant that the Saskatchewan Party has enjoyed a run of electoral success not seen in the province since the days of the CCF. In 2024, the SP won its fifth consecutive majority government, a span over which the party won more than 60% of the popular vote three times. However, the 2024 election saw the party lose fourteen seats to a resurgent NDP under the leadership of [[Carla Beck]], the first woman to lead the party.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=2022-06-26 \|title=Sask. NDP elects Carla Beck as first female leader of party \|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/regina/article/sask-ndp-elects-carla-beck-as-first-female-leader-of-party/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627131325/https://regina.ctvnews.ca/sask-ndp-elects-carla-beck-as-first-female-leader-of-party-1.5963767 \|archive-date=2022-06-27 \|access-date=2023-11-08 \|work=[[CTV News]] Regina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|last=Salloum \|first=Alec \|date=2024-10-29 \|title='Remarkable' but 'bittersweet' victory for diminished Sask. Party \|url=https://thestarphoenix.com/news/saskatchewan/remarkable-but-bittersweet-victory-for-diminished-sask-party \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111221648/https://thestarphoenix.com/news/saskatchewan/remarkable-but-bittersweet-victory-for-diminished-sask-party \|archive-date=2024-11-11 \|access-date=2024-11-11 \|work=[[Saskatoon StarPhoenix]]}}</ref> This signalled the Saskatchewan Party's biggest decline in support since first forming government. Brad Wall became premier at a time of soaring commodity prices, which correspondingly raised revenues, and Wall and his party staked out a position as staunch promoters of the province's resource-based industries, especially potash and oil and gas; however, this promotion prioritized the private sector, a key distinction from past NDP governments. Wall rose to national prominence in 2010 when he successfully opposed a hostile takeover of Saskatoon-based PotashCorp by Australian mining giant [[BHP]].<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Graham \|first=Jennifer \|date=2010-12-26 \|title=Saskatchewan Premier Brad Wall builds his profile on potash debate \|work=[[iPolitics]] \|agency=The Canadian Press \|url=https://www.ipolitics.ca/news/saskatchewan-premier-brad-wall-builds-his-profile-on-potash-debate \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108223120/https://www.ipolitics.ca/news/saskatchewan-premier-brad-wall-builds-his-profile-on-potash-debate \|archive-date=2023-11-08}}</ref> However, after resource prices decreased sharply beginning in 2014, the province faced economic challenges. The province's 2017 budget, which was the sixth deficit in ten SP budgets to that point, was deeply unpopular due to its austerity measures.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=MacPherson \|first=Alex \|date=2017-10-17 \|title='The effects of this budget are long-lasting and continuous': Sask. Federation of Labour plans protest \|work=Saskatoon StarPhoenix \|url=https://thestarphoenix.com/news/local-news/the-effects-of-this-budget-are-long-lasting-and-continuous-sask-federation-of-labour-plans-protest \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020094753/https://thestarphoenix.com/news/local-news/the-effects-of-this-budget-are-long-lasting-and-continuous-sask-federation-of-labour-plans-protest \|archive-date=2017-10-20}}</ref> That unpopularity was a significant factor in Wall's decision to retire later that year.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Martell \|first=Creeden \|date=2017-08-10 \|title=Saskatchewan Premier Brad Wall retiring from politics \|work=CBC News \|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/brad-wall-retiring-from-politics-1.4241711 \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813144015/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/brad-wall-retiring-from-politics-1.4241711 \|archive-date=2017-08-13}}</ref> He was replaced in 2018 by Scott Moe. Another outcome of the Saskatchewan Party's approach to resource development—especially fossil fuel development—has been persistent clashes with the federal government, particularly since the election of the Liberals under [[Justin Trudeau]] in 2015. Saskatchewan has emerged as a vocal opponent to federal efforts to address climate change and regulate environmental impacts. The province refused to join the [[Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change\|Pan-Canadian Framework]] on climate change and has taken the federal government to court over several policies, including the [[Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act\|federal carbon tax]].<ref>{{Cite news \|date=2018-03-01 \|title=Deadline passes for Sask. to sign federal carbon deal \|work=CBC News \|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/saskatchewan-pan-canadian-framework-1.4556227 \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305003002/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/saskatchewan-pan-canadian-framework-1.4556227 \|archive-date=2018-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|last=Taylor \|first=Stephanie \|date=2021-03-25 \|title=Saskatchewan to bring in own carbon price on fuel following Supreme Court decision \|work=Global News \|agency=The Canadian Press \|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7720076/saskatchewan-carbon-price-supreme-court/ \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325220302/https://globalnews.ca/news/7720076/saskatchewan-carbon-price-supreme-court/ \|archive-date=2021-03-25}}</ref> Moe has been adamant that this opposition represents a new wave of [[western alienation]], and Saskatchewan Party rhetoric consequently focuses largely on national politics.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=White-Crummey \|first=Arthur \|date=2019-10-24 \|title=Moe the hardliner as 'resistance' premiers diverge on Liberal election win \|work=Regina Leader-Post \|url=https://leaderpost.com/news/politics/moe-the-hardliner-as-resistance-premiers-diverge-on-liberal-election-win \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025131542/https://leaderpost.com/news/politics/moe-the-hardliner-as-resistance-premiers-diverge-on-liberal-election-win \|archive-date=2019-10-25}}</ref> Under Moe's leadership, the Saskatchewan Party has been characterized as moving further to the right, in part to combat new conservative parties like the separatist [[Buffalo Party of Saskatchewan\|Buffalo Party]] and the [[Saskatchewan United Party]]<ref>See for example Tank, Phil (2023-11-08). [https://leaderpost.com/opinion/columnists/phil-tank-once-averse-saskatchewan-government-now-embraces-mandates/wcm/886f2c27-aef3-4868-b2fe-f03828554093 "Once averse, Saskatchewan government now embraces mandates"]. ''Regina Leader-Post''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231109152301/https://leaderpost.com/opinion/columnists/phil-tank-once-averse-saskatchewan-government-now-embraces-mandates/wcm/886f2c27-aef3-4868-b2fe-f03828554093 Archived] from the original on 2023-11-09. Retrieved 2023-11-09.</ref>—both of those parties have claimed second place in rural elections and by-elections.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Kliem \|first=Theresa \|date=2020-10-26 \|title=Buffalo Party runs fraction of candidates, yet outdraws Greens in preliminary election count \|work=CBC News \|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/sask-election-2020-buffalo-1.5777555 \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-09 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029163358/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/sask-election-2020-buffalo-1.5777555 \|archive-date=2020-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|last=Garn \|first=Nicole \|date=2023-08-14 \|title=Saskatchewan United Party leader happy with byelection results \|work=[[CKOM]] \|url=https://www.ckom.com/2023/08/14/saskatchewan-united-party-leader-happy-with-byelection-results/ \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-09 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814233554/https://www.ckom.com/2023/08/14/saskatchewan-united-party-leader-happy-with-byelection-results/ \|archive-date=2023-08-14}}</ref> This rightward shift has been accelerated in the wake of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan\|COVID-19 pandemic]], which has been noted for increasing political polarization in Saskatchewan and elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Kliem \|first=Theresa \|date=2022-02-11 \|title=Most Sask. residents believe society has become more polarized compared to a year ago: survey \|work=CBC News \|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/divisiveness-survey-saskatchewan-1.6325651 \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218045755/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/divisiveness-survey-saskatchewan-1.6325651 \|archive-date=2022-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|last=Djuric \|first=Mickey \|date=2022-04-04 \|title=Canadians becoming more divided over COVID-19 and politics, survey says \|work=CTV News \|agency=The Canadian Press \|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/article/canadians-becoming-more-divided-over-covid-19-and-politics-survey-says/ \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-09 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408032720/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/canadians-becoming-more-divided-over-covid-19-and-politics-survey-says-1.5846868 \|archive-date=2022-04-08}}</ref> In 2021, former SP MLA [[Nadine Wilson]] resigned from the caucus, and in 2022 became the leader of the new Saskatchewan United Party, which focused largely on opposing pandemic-related public health measures.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Simes \|first=Jeremy \|date=2022-12-01 \|title=Day 1 as Saskatchewan United Party leader, Nadine Wilson asks about vaccine injuries \|work=Regina Leader-Post \|url=https://leaderpost.com/news/saskatchewan/saskatchewan-united-party-becomes-official-nadine-wilson-named-leader \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202054545/https://leaderpost.com/news/saskatchewan/saskatchewan-united-party-becomes-official-nadine-wilson-named-leader \|archive-date=2022-12-02}}</ref> In 2023, the Liberal Party, having elected no candidates since 1999, changed its name to the [[Saskatchewan Progress Party]].<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Levy \|first=Bryn \|date=2023-07-19 \|title=Liberals no more: Saskatchewan Progress Party unveils new name \|work=[[Regina Leader-Post]] \|url=https://leaderpost.com/news/politics/liberals-no-more-saskatchewan-progress-party-unveils-new-name \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-06 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802091142/https://leaderpost.com/news/politics/liberals-no-more-saskatchewan-progress-party-unveils-new-name \|archive-date=2023-08-02}}</ref> ==Federal politics== For much of its history, federal politics have aligned relatively closely with provincial politics in Saskatchewan. Into the 1940s, the province tended to elect [[Liberal Party of Canada\|Liberal]] members to federal [[Parliament of Canada\|Parliament]], at the same time as the provincial Liberals dominated the province. In [[1945 Canadian federal election\|1945]], 18 of the province's 21 seats went to the CCF—18 of the 28 seats the party won in the election—which was led by former Saskatchewan CCF leader [[M. J. Coldwell\|M.J. Coldwell]]. The province largely supported the CCF into the late 1950s, when this pattern weakened. === Diefenbaker's influence === [[File:John Diefenbaker and Dwight Eisenhower at signing of Columbia River Treaty (January 1961) (cropped).jpg\|thumb\|John Diefenbaker (front left) seated next to US President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower\|Dwight Eisenhower]] in 1961.]]Saskatchewan's [[John Diefenbaker]], one time leader of the provincial Progressive Conservatives, became the national [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada\|PC]] leader in 1956. Diefenbaker was considered an unabashed champion of western Canada, and his populist style and moderate conservatism helped to shift Saskatchewan towards supporting the PCs nationally at a time when the CCF still dominated provincial politics. This included PC sweeps of Saskatchewan seats in the [[1963 Canadian federal election\|1963]] and [[1965 Canadian federal election\|1965]] federal elections after having all but one Saskatchewan seat in [[1962 Canadian federal election\|1962]]. PC support was so extensive that when Tommy Douglas became leader of the federal [[NDP (Canada)\|NDP]], he lost his first election bid in Regina in 1962; he was ultimately elected MP in a British Columbia riding. Diefenbaker was thus the first federal politician to break dominant trends in the province. His time in office included ushering in the [[Canadian Bill of Rights]]—he had begun drafts as early as the 1930s, and the passage of the [[Saskatchewan Bill of Rights]] by the CCF in 1947 helped to provide a legal precedent.<ref>{{Cite web \|editor-last=Carlson \|editor-first=Teresa \|title=The Canadian Bill of Rights \|url=https://diefenbaker.usask.ca/exhibits/online-exhibits-content/the-canadian-bill-of-rights.php \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331053717/https://diefenbaker.usask.ca/exhibits/online-exhibits-content/the-canadian-bill-of-rights.php#top \|archive-date=2023-03-31 \|access-date=2023-11-09 \|website=[[Diefenbaker Canada Centre]]}}</ref> In [[1988 Canadian federal election\|1988]], when Grant Devine's PCs enjoyed a majority in Saskatchewan, the province elected mostly NDP MPs. That party remained competitive in the province throughout the 1980s and 1990s, contrasting with the dominance of the western [[Reform Party of Canada\|Reform Party]] in BC and Alberta at the time. However, this changed at the turn of the century. The [[Canadian Alliance]]—the rebranded Reform Party—won the majority of Saskatchewan seats in [[2000 Canadian federal election\|2000]], and the new [[Conservative Party of Canada\|Conservative Party]]—created through a merger between the Alliance and the PCs—has dominated the province since then, including sweeping all Saskatchewan seats in the [[2019 Canadian federal election\|2019]] and [[2021 Canadian federal election\|2021]] federal elections. As such, Saskatchewan's federal politics have once again aligned closely with provincial results. This reflects the success of the Conservatives and the Saskatchewan Party in framing the federal government as hostile to the province's economic interests. It also reflects that Saskatchewan riding boundaries have often been characterized by mixed urban and rural ridings, with changes to those boundaries being highly politicized.<ref>{{cite web \|last=Graham \|first=Jennifer \|date=2013-08-21 \|title=Contentious redrawing of federal election ridings in Saskatchewan complete \|url=http://www.macleans.ca/2013/08/21/contentious-redrawing-of-federal-election-ridings-in-saskatchewan-complete/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309000035/https://macleans.ca/news/canada/contentious-redrawing-of-federal-election-ridings-in-saskatchewan-complete/ \|archive-date=2016-03-09 \|access-date=2013-08-23 \|work=Maclean's \|agency=The Canadian Press}}</ref> === National figures === Aside from Coldwell, Douglas, and Diefenbaker, the only other Saskatchewan politician to lead a federal party was Regina's [[Andrew Scheer]], who led the Conservative Party—and the Official Opposition—from 2017 to 2020. Scheer announced his resignation as leader in the wake of the 2019 election.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Hunter \|first=Adam \|date=2019-12-12 \|title=Andrew Scheer resignation 'diminishes' Sask. voice in Ottawa, says political scientist \|work=CBC News \|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/scheer-resignation-sask-reaction-1.5394143 \|url-status=live \|access-date=2023-11-09 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215000411/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/scheer-resignation-sask-reaction-1.5394143 \|archive-date=2019-12-15}}</ref> However, [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], Canada's longest serving prime minister, represented the Saskatchewan riding of [[Prince Albert (federal electoral district)\|Prince Albert]] from 1926 to 1945—the same riding that Diefenbaker would later represent from 1953 to 1979. This was partly a political arrangement for the Ontario politician after he lost his seat in North York in the 1925 election; MP [[Charles McDonald (Canadian politician)\|Charles McDonald]] resigned his Prince Albert seat so that King could return to Parliament.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Wardhaugh \|first=Robert A. \|date=1996 \|title=A Marriage of Convenience? Mackenzie King and Prince Albert Constituency \|url=https://ourspace.uregina.ca/items/904860a2-72b6-45ea-ad0b-0fadecc79ff7 \|journal=Prairie Forum \|volume=21 \|issue=2 \|pages=180 \|via=University of Regina}}</ref> The decision also reflected the importance with which King considered the Prairie west and the affection he felt for the region.<ref>See Wardhaugh, Robert Alexander. ''Mackenzie King and the Prairie West''. Toronto: [[University of Toronto Press]], 2000. ISBN 9780802047335</ref> King gave prominent cabinet roles to two former Saskatchewan Liberal premiers in [[Charles Avery Dunning\|Charles Dunning]] and [[James Garfield Gardiner\|Jimmy Gardiner]]. The arrangement also helped lead to the establishment of the province's first [[National parks of Canada\|national park]], [[Prince Albert National Park]], in 1927.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Wardhaugh \|first=Robert \|title=King, William Lyon Mackenzie \|url=https://esask.uregina.ca/entry/king_william_lyon_mackenzie_1874-_1950.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003050724/https://esask.uregina.ca/entry/king_william_lyon_mackenzie_1874-_1950.html \|archive-date=2023-10-03 \|access-date=2023-11-09 \|website=The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan}}</ref> === Federal elections from 1908 to 1965 === {\| class="wikitable" \|+ Elections to the Parliament of Canada from Saskatchewan (1908–1965) — seats won by party<ref name=":3">{{Cite web \|title=Elections and Candidates Official Voting Results \|url=https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/ElectionsRidings/Elections?permalink=1243 \|access-date=2023-11-10 \|website=Parliament of Canada}}</ref> ! colspan = "2"\|Party !! [[1908 Canadian federal election\|1908]] !! [[1911 Canadian federal election\|1911]] !! [[1917 Canadian federal election\|1917]] !! [[1921 Canadian federal election\|1921]] !! [[1925 Canadian federal election\|1925]] !! [[1926 Canadian federal election\|1926]] !! [[1930 Canadian federal election\|1930]] !! [[1935 Canadian federal election\|1935]] !! [[1940 Canadian federal election\|1940]] !! [[1945 Canadian federal election\|1945]] !! [[1949 Canadian federal election\|1949]] !! [[1953 Canadian federal election\|1953]] !! [[1957 Canadian federal election\|1957]] !! [[1958 Canadian federal election\|1958]] !! [[1962 Canadian federal election\|1962]] !! [[1963 Canadian federal election\|1963]] !! [[1965 Canadian federal election\|1965]] \|- align = "right" \| bgcolor="#EA6D6A" \|     \|\| align="left"\|'''[[Liberal Party of Canada\|Liberal]]''' \|\| 9\|\| 9\|\| \|\| 1\|\| 15\|\| 16\|\| 12\|\| 16\|\| 12\|\| 2\|\| 14\|\| 5\|\| 4\|\| \|\| 1\|\| \|\| \|- align = "right" \| bgcolor="#9999FF" \|     \|\| align="left"\|'''[[Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)\|Conservative]]''' '''/''' '''[[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada\|PC]]''' \|\| 1\|\| 1\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 7\|\| 1\|\| 2{{ref label\|ConNat\|b\|b}}\|\| 1\|\| 1\|\| 1\|\| 3\|\| 16\|\| 16\|\| 17\|\| 17 \|- align = "right" \| bgcolor="#9999FF" \|     \|\| align="left"\|'''[[Unionist Party (Canada)\|Unionist]]''' \|\| \|\| \|\| 16\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- align = "right" \| bgcolor="#66CC00" \|     \|\| align="left"\|'''[[Progressive Party of Canada\|Progressive]]''' \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 15\|\| 6\|\| 4\|\| 2\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- align = "right" \| bgcolor="#EEDDAA" \|     \|\| align="left"\|'''[[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation\|CCF]]''' '''/''' '''[[New Democratic Party of Canada\|NDP]]''' \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 2\|\| 5\|\| 18\|\| 5\|\| 11\|\| 10\|\| 1\|\| \|\| \|\| \|- align = "right" \| bgcolor="#90EE90" \|     \|\| align="left"\|'''[[Social Credit Party of Canada\|Social Credit]]''' \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 2\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- align = "right" \| bgcolor="#FF6347" \|     \|\| align="left"\|'''[[Unity (Canada)\|Unity / United (Communist)]]''' \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 2\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- align = "right" \| bgcolor="##66CC00" \|     \|\| align="left"\|'''[[Liberal-Progressive]]'''{{ref label\|LibProg\|a\|a}} \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 1\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- align = "right" \| colspan = "2" align="left"\|'''Total''' \|\| 10\|\| 10\|\| 16\|\| 16\|\| 21\|\| 21\|\| 21\|\| 21\|\| 21\|\| 21\|\| 20\|\| 17\|\| 17\|\| 17\|\| 17\|\| 17\|\| 17 \|} ====Notes==== : {{note label\|LibProg\|a\|a}} Some Progressive candidates ran in support of the Liberal government after 1921. : {{note label\|ConNat\|b\|b}} In 1940, the Conservatives largely ran as "National Government" candidates in the wartime context; Saskatchewan elected two National Government candidates. === Federal elections from 1968 to 2021 === {\| class="wikitable" \|+ Elections to the Parliament of Canada from Saskatchewan (1968–2021) — seats won by party<ref name=":3" /> ! colspan = "2"\|Party !! [[1968 Canadian federal election\|1968]] !! [[1972 Canadian federal election\|1972]] !! [[1974 Canadian federal election\|1974]] !! [[1979 Canadian federal election\|1979]] !! [[1980 Canadian federal election\|1980]] !! [[1984 Canadian federal election\|1984]] !! [[1988 Canadian federal election\|1988]] !! [[1993 Canadian federal election\|1993]] !! [[1997 Canadian federal election\|1997]] !! [[2000 Canadian federal election\|2000]] !! [[2004 Canadian federal election\|2004]] !! [[2006 Canadian federal election\|2006]] !! [[2008 Canadian federal election\|2008]] !! [[2011 Canadian federal election\|2011]] !! [[2015 Canadian federal election\|2015]] !! [[2019 Canadian federal election\|2019]] !! [[2021 Canadian federal election\|2021]] \|- align = "right" \| bgcolor="#EA6D6A" \|     \|\| align="left"\|'''[[Liberal Party of Canada\|Liberal]]''' \|\| 2\|\| 1\|\| 3\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 5\|\| 1\|\| 2\|\| 1\|\| 2\|\| 1\|\| 1\|\| 1\|\| \|\| \|- align = "right" \| bgcolor="#9999FF" \|     \|\| align="left"\|'''[[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada\|PC]]''' \|\| 5\|\| 7\|\| 8\|\| 10\|\| 7\|\| 9\|\| 4\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- align = "right" \| bgcolor="#F4A460" \|     \|\| align="left"\|'''[[New Democratic Party of Canada\|NDP]]''' \|\| 6\|\| 5\|\| 2\|\| 4\|\| 7\|\| 5\|\| 10\|\| 5\|\| 5\|\| 2\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 3\|\| \|\| \|- align = "right" \| bgcolor="#3CB371" \|     \|\| align="left"\|'''[[Reform Party of Canada\|Reform]]''' '''/''' '''[[Canadian Alliance\|Alliance]]''' \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 4\|\| 8\|\| 10\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|- align = "right" \| bgcolor="#6495ED" \|     \|\| align="left"\|'''[[Conservative Party of Canada\|Conservative]]''' \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 13\|\| 12\|\| 13\|\| 13\|\| 10\|\| 14\|\| 14 \|- align = "right" \| colspan = "2" align="left"\|'''Total''' \|\| 13\|\| 13\|\| 13\|\| 14\|\| 14\|\| 14\|\| 14\|\| 14\|\| 14\|\| 14\|\| 14\|\| 14\|\| 14\|\| 14\|\| 14\|\| 14\|\| 14 \|} ==Aboriginal politics== {{See also\|First Nations in Saskatchewan}} Saskatchewan, when compared to other provinces, has a large Aboriginal population. As of the 2006 Canadian census, residents identifying as [[First Nations in Canada\|First Nations]], [[Métis people (Canada)\|Métis]], or [[Inuit]] comprised 14.8% of the overall population.<ref>{{cite web \| url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/Aboriginal/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=1&Data=Count&Sex=1&Age=1&StartRec=1&Sort=2&Display=Page \| title=Aboriginal identity population, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories \| access-date=October 12, 2009 \| publisher=Statistics Canada }}</ref> Unlike neighbouring [[Alberta]], Saskatchewan does not have land set aside as [[Métis Settlements]] (see [[Métis in Alberta]]). Saskatchewan also has a rich history of Aboriginal political leaders of national prominence. First Nations leaders include [[Walter Dieter]], [[Noel Starblanket]], and the highly controversial [[David Ahenakew]]. First Nations are represented in the [[Federation of Sovereign Indigenous Nations]]. In addition, each First Nation has its own government band structure. The majority of Saskatchewan First Nations are [[Cree]] although [[Saulteaux]], [[Assiniboine people\|Assiniboine]], [[Sioux\|Dakota]], and [[Dene]] bands predominate in some areas. Métis leaders of national importance include [[Malcolm Norris]], [[Jim Sinclair (Politician)\|Jim Sinclair]] and [[Clément Chartier]]. Métis people in the province take part in the [[Métis Nation - Saskatchewan]]. The Métis nation is represented on the community level by Métis Locals, structured similarly to [[trade union]] locals. In 1982 the [[Aboriginal People's Party]] ran ten electoral candidates for the provincial legislature but received little support. ==Municipal politics== {{See also\|List of municipalities in Saskatchewan}} On the [[municipal]] level, non-[[Indian reserve]], or non-[[Crown Land]], in Saskatchewan is divided into [[List of rural municipalities in Saskatchewan\|rural municipalities]] and [[List of municipalities in Saskatchewan\|urban municipalities]]. Rural Municipalities have a corporate structure for dealing with larger governments known as SARM: the [[Saskatchewan Association of Rural Municipalities]]. Unlike neighbouring Alberta, Saskatchewan does not have [[Counties\|Municipal Districts]]. ==See also== {{Portal\|Canada\|Politics}} * [[History of Saskatchewan]] * [[List of Saskatchewan general elections]] * [[List of political parties in Saskatchewan]] * [[List of premiers of Saskatchewan]] * [[First Nations in Saskatchewan]] * [[Politics of Canada]] * [[Political culture of Canada]] * [[Council of the Federation]] ==References== {{Reflist}} == Bibliography == * Brennan, J. William. ''"Building the Co-operative Commonwealth": Essays on the Democratic Socialist Tradition in Canada''. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, 1985. ISBN 0-88977-031-X * Eisler, Dale. ''From Left to Right: Saskatchewan's Political and Economic Transformation''. Regina: University of Regina Press, 2022. ISBN 9780889778672 * Pitsula, James M. and Ken Rasmussen. ''Privatizing a Province: The New Right in Saskatchewan''. Vancouver: New Star Books, 1990. ISBN 9780921586098 * Waiser, Bill. ''Saskatchewan: A New History''. Calgary: Fifth House, 2005. ISBN 1-894856-43-0 ==External links== [http://www.gov.sk.ca Government of Saskatchewan] == Further reading == Conway, John F. ''The Rise of the New West: The History of a Region in Confederation''. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company, 2014. ISBN 978-1-4594-0624-7 * ''The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan''. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, 2005. ISBN 0-88977-175-8 * Friesen, Gerald. ''The Canadian Prairies: A History''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984. ISBN 0-8020-2513-7 * Leeson, Howard A., ed. ''Saskatchewan Politics: Into the Twenty-First Century''. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, 2001. ISBN 0-88977-131-6 * Leeson, Howard A., ed. ''Saskatchewan Politics: Crowding the Centre''. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, 2008. ISBN 9780889772342 * Warnock, John W. ''Saskatchewan: The Roots of Discontent and Protest''. Montreal: Black Rose Books, 2004. ISBN 1-55164-244-1 {{Canada topic\|Politics of}} {{Politics of Canadian provinces}} {{Saskatchewan politics}} {{SK-ED}} {{Saskatchewan topics}} [[Category:Politics of Saskatchewan\| ]] [[Category:Indigenous politics in Canada]]	1,302,859,552	[{"title": "Politics of Saskatchewan", "data": {"Polity type": "Province within a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy", "Constitution": "Constitution of Canada"}}, {"title": "Legislative branch", "data": {"Name": "Legislature - Legislative Assembly", "Type": "Unicameral", "Meeting place": "Saskatchewan Legislative Building, Regina", "Presiding officer": "Speaker of the Legislative Assembly"}}, {"title": "Executive branch", "data": {"Executive branch": ["Head of state", "Head of government", "Cabinet"], "Currently": ["King Charles III \u00b7 represented by \u00b7 Bernadette McIntyre, \u00b7 Lieutenant Governor", "Premier \u00b7 Scott Moe"], "Appointer": "Lieutenant Governor", "Name": "Executive Council", "Leader": "Premier (as President of the Executive Council)", "Headquarters": "Regina"}}, {"title": "Judicial branch", "data": {"Judicial branch": ["Court of Appeal", "Court of King's Bench", "Provincial Court"], "Chief judge": ["Robert G. Richards", "Martel D. Popescul", "James Plemel"], "Seat": "Regina"}}]	false
# Vincent Warren Vincent de Paul Warren, CM (August 31, 1938 – October 25, 2017) was a Canadian dancer, teacher, dance historian and lecturer. After a distinguished career as a ballet dancer and teacher, he became widely known and respected as a historian and archivist. He is celebrated as a leading figure in the dance world of Canada. ## Early life, education, and training Vincent de Paul Warren was born in Jacksonville, Florida. He and his fraternal twin Denis were the youngest of their parents' fourteen children. Influenced by his mother's love of opera and music, Vincent was a sensitive boy, receptive to what he has called "a fantasy life of beauty." At age ten, he saw the ballet movie The Red Shoes (1948) and discovered his future profession. At eleven, he began taking ballet classes with Betty Hyatt Ogilvie, a former Balanchine dancer. His twin brother Denis was drawn to the Roman Catholic church and at thirteen left home to join the clergy. Vincent, however, continued his dance training throughout his teenage years. He graduated from high school at eighteen, and soon he, too, left home, headed for New York City with a letter of introduction to Igor Schwezoff, a Russian-trained teacher at the American Ballet Theatre School. He was given a scholarship to study at the school, where he excelled in classes. As a promising student, he was soon offered another scholarship, at the Metropolitan Opera Ballet School, where Antony Tudor was teaching. At age nineteen, in 1957, he auditioned for a position in the company at the Met and was hired as a member of the corps de ballet. ## Ballet dancer Warren danced with the Metropolitan Opera Ballet for two years, 1957–59, during which time he took the opportunity to expand his training with leading teachers in New York City. In dance classes with Merce Cunningham and James Waring, he became adept in the expressive styles of modern dance while continuing to study classical ballet technique with Igor Schwezoff, Anatol Oboukoff, and Antony Tudor. In 1959-60, he danced with the Santa Fe Opera Ballet and then the Pennsylvania Ballet, based in Philadelphia. In 1961, he joined Les Grands Ballets Canadiens in Montréal, where, except for dancing as guest artist with Ballet Nacional de Guatemala (1963) and seasons with the Théâtre Français de la Danse in Paris (1969–70) and the Cologne Opera Ballet (1970–71), he remained until his retirement from the stage in 1979. After more than a decade of living and dancing in Canada, he became a Canadian citizen in 1973. ### Repertoire With Les Grands Ballets Canadiens, Warren danced leading roles in many classical, romantic, neoclassical, and contemporary works. Among them were Albrecht in Giselle, Siegfried in Le Lac des Cygnes (Swan Lake), the Poet in Les Sylphides, and Drummer Boy and First Cadet in Bal des Cadets (Graduation Ball), David Lichine's merry romp at a girls' school celebration. He also appeared in principal roles in George Balanchine's Allegro Brillante, Divertimento no. 15, The Four Temperaments, Serenade, and Theme and Variations. Notably, Warren created many roles for the artistic director and resident choreographer of the company, Ludmilla Chiriaeff and Fernand Nault. He danced principal male roles in Chiriaeff's Bagatelle (aka Jeux d'Arlequin), Cendrillon (Cinderella), Mémoires de Camille, Pierrot de la Lune, Quatrième Concert Royal, and Suite Canadienne, among others. Her penultimate choreographic work was Artère (1976), a solo she made especially for him, set to music by Gabriel Charpentier. In Nault's productions, Warren danced leading roles in Carmina Burana, Casse-Noisette (The Nutcracker), Hip and Straight, Pas Rompu (Not Broken), and the hugely successful Tommy, set to the rock opera by The Who. In works by other contemporary choreographers, Warren was cast in leading roles in Catulli Carmina and Villon by John Butler, L'Oiseau de Feu (The Firebird) by Maurice Béjart, Icare by Lucas Hoving, Aureole by Paul Taylor, and Les Noces by Lar Lubovitch. In the ballets of Brian Macdonald, Warren starred in Diabelli Variations, Double Quartet, Romeo and Juliet, and Tam Ti Delam, set to a Québécois folk song by Gilles Vigneault. He was especially acclaimed for his interpretation of the title role in Macdonald's Adieu Robert Schumann, created in 1979 for his farewell performance, with both ballerina Annette av Paul and pianist Denise Massé playing Clara Schumann, and along famed Canadian contralto Maureen Forrester singing Clara's reminiscences. Reviewing the performance, CBC Radio's Kati Vita wrote: "Vincent Warren blazes through the work like a slender crimson flame and compels such attention [that] one is oblivious to all else when he is on stage." Warren's curiosity about all forms of kinetic artistry led him to the postmodern experimentation at Judson Dance Theater in New York City, where he appeared in performances with James Waring and Aileen Passloff from 1959 to 1964. In Montréal, he discovered similar avant-garde dancers at work. While remaining a principal dancer with Les Grands Ballets Canadiens, he danced with Le Groupe de Danse Moderne de Montréal, a company formed by Françoise Riopelle and Jeanne Renaud, and, on numerous occasions, with Le Groupe de la Place Royale, directed by Jeanne Renaud and Peter Boneham. With his varied training, he found that he could perform Renaud's modern minimalism with the same ease and precision he demonstrated in classical ballets. Among other works, he danced leading roles in Renaud's Blanc sur Blanc (1964) and Phases et Reseaux (1965). Some twenty years later, during the 1987 Festival de Nouvelle Danse, Warren appeared in Paul-André Fortier's Chaleurs and showed that his command of modern dance technique had not faded. In 2016, Warren agreed to be a part of a project by Sophie Corriveau and Katya Montaignac, produced by Danse-Cité and copresented by Agora de la danse, Nous (ne) sommes (pas) tous des danseurs. Focusing on specific themes, this 'danced round table' brought together some twenty dancers from different generations to share their experiences and reflections through reading and movement, highlighting the foundations and workings of the dance profession, as well as the myths that accompany it. The work was shown on May 6, 7 and 8, 2016. However, due to an unrelated injury, Warren did not perform on the last night. On television, Warren performed on many shows originating in Canada and France. In Montréal, he appeared numerous times in works by Chiriaeff, Todd Bolender, and Renaud on Les Beaux Dimanches (Beautiful Sundays) and L'Heure du Concert (The Concert Hour), which were broadcast bilingually by Société Radio-Canada across the country. On film, Warren can be seen dancing with Margaret Mercier in Norman McLaren's Pas de deux (1968), winner of seventeen awards in experimental filmmaking, including the 1969 award for best animated film by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. More recently, he also appeared in two compelling documentary films: Marie Brodeur's Danseur à tout prix (2002) and Marie Beaulieu's Les Météores: Vincent Warren, un temps en mouvements (2011). In 2016, a documentary on Warren was produced by TAP Film Inc and La Compagnie de la Marie, A Man of Dance. The film, directed by Marie Brodeur, won the Best Canadian Film at the International Art Film Festival (FIFA) in Montreal, Canada. ### Technique and style As a performer, Warren was known as a lyrical and romantic dancer, valued for his charisma, theatricality, and vivid stage presence. Although he possessed a sound classical ballet technique, he was not a bravura dancer. Spectacular feats of athleticism were not his forte, but he was a strong and attentive partner in classical roles and was favored by many ballerinas. His partners included such international stars as Ana Cardus, Janine Charrat, Alexandra Radius, Claire Sombert, and Ghislaine Thesmar as well as Canadian ballerinas Irene Apinee, Melissa Hayden, Veronique Landory, Andrée Millaire, Sonia Taverner, and Sonia Vartanian. Warren's looks, physique, and bearing made him an ideal interpreter of classical and romantic roles. As Albrecht, his partnership with German-born Christa Mertins in Giselle was highly acclaimed, especially in the ethereal, ghostly sequences in act 2. Warren was also celebrated in contemporary works that require emotive, expressive dancing. In London, he won high critical praise for his performance in John Butler's Catulli Carmina, set to Carl Orff's scenic cantata of the lyrical texts of the Latin poet Catullus. Montréal critics praised him especially in roles created for him in a balletic modern idiom by Fernand Nault. Three works with religious and spiritual references were Gehenne (1965), Cérémonie (1972), and Cantique des Cantiques (Song of Songs, 1974). In Gehenne set to music by Alvin Etler and named for a biblical place of extreme suffering, Warren was able to express his deep grief at the death of New York City poet Frank O'Hara, the "love of his life," who died after a vehicle accident on a Fire Island beach in the summer of 1966. (Warren had been the addressee of O'Hara's poem, "Having a Coke with You.") In Cérémonie, a rock mass that recalls Leonardo da Vinci's famous painting of the Last Supper of Jesus, and Cantique des Cantiques, inspired by the biblical Song of Solomon, celebrating sexual love, Warren drew upon his fundamental artistic vision: to give meaning to movement. ## Later life and careers Following his retirement from Les Grands Ballets Canadiens in 1979, Warren soon put his dance talents and broad knowledge of dance history to use as he embarked on what would become multiple careers as teacher, lecturer, librarian, and archivist. ### Teacher and lecturer At the invitation of Madame Chiriaeff, director of Les Grands Ballets Canadiens, Warren began teaching classes in ballet technique to teenagers in the company's affiliated school, the École Supérieure de Danse du Québec, in 1979. As his teaching skills grew, he expanded his schedule to include classes in male variations and partnering, which became popular with advanced students. He conducted his classes in the formal manner traditional in all ballet schools, but his cheerful disposition and good humor in giving technical corrections to his students lent much to his effectiveness as a teacher. He continued to teach at the school until 1992. When the instructor of dance history at the school departed, Chiriaeff asked Warren to replace him, despite the fact that he had no formal education in the field. She knew, however, that Warren had been collecting books, prints, and magazines about dance for years and that he had developed an encyclopedic knowledge. Soon after he began teaching technique classes, in 1979, Warren undertook the role of dance historian with enthusiasm and began to formulate his own system of teaching the subject. In the course of time, he was recognized by academics as a brilliant autodidact. He taught and lectured on dance history in English and French at all four universities in Montréal and at many Canadian dance institutions. His courses at McGill University (1988–1995) and at Les Ateliers de Danse Moderne de Montréal (1989–1999) were well-attended, as were his lectures at Concordia University, Ottawa University, Université de Montréal, Université du Québec à Montréal, the Musée National des Beaux Arts du Québec, the Musée des Beaux Arts de Montréal, the National Theatre School of Canada, the Banff Center for the Arts, the McCord Museum, and the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. In 1999, Warren was invited to lecture at four cities in India: Delhi, Hyderabad, Madras, and Bangalore. His lecture "Abhinaya in Ballet," on the Indian concept of the art of expression, won the prize for best presentation at the Natya Kala Conference held annually at Madras. His lecture "Yearning for the Spiritual Ideal: The Influence of India on Western Dance, 1626-2003," was published in Sruti (December 2000), an English-language monthly magazine on Indian performing arts, and in Dance Research Journal (2006). Notable among his other lecture topics are the seasons of Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, 1909–1929; the Ballet de l'Opéra de Paris at the time of Degas; and the Imperial Russian Ballet at the time of Fabergé. Warren continued to teach dance history at the École Supérieure de Ballet du Québec (so renamed in 2010) until shortly before his death. ### Librarian and archivist While he continued to teach classes at the École Supérieure, Warren volunteered to run the school's small dance library, thus beginning his fourth career. Despite a limited budget, he installed proper book shelves, updated the cataloging system, allowed books to circulate, and began a vigorous campaign of acquisitions to enlarge the library's holdings. Eventually, he donated his own sizeable collection of dance materials, sought donations from friends in the dance world, and continued to purchase books, videos, prints, photographs, programs, and dance memorabilia. He was officially appointed curator of the library in 1982 and served in that capacity for twenty-four years, until 2006. Now named the Bibliothèque de la Danse Vincent-Warren, in his honor, it is the largest dance library in Canada. ### Related activities During his later years, Warren was active in numerous dance-related organizations in Québec and elsewhere. He was a member of the board of directors of the Dance in Canada Association from 1979 to 1983 and was its chairman from 1981 to 1982. He also served on the board of directors of the Regroupment des Professionels de la Danse du Québec from 1986 to 1990 and as its president for the 1987-1988 term. Subsequently, he was a member of the Arts Council of the Montreal Urban Community (1993–1999), in which he took an active role. For the dance section of the Canada Council, he served on the Committee on Archives and Documentation, and continued to serve on many artistic juries for the Canada Council and for Québec's Conseil des Arts et Lettres thereafter. He also served as a judge for dance competitions such as the Rencontres Chorégraphiques, held at Bagnolet, France, and the Festival des Arts de Saint-Sauveur and the International Festival de Danse Encore in Québec. ## Awards and honours In recognition of his accomplishments, Warren received a Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal in 1977, the Dance in Canada Service Award in 1984, and the Prix Denise-Pelletier in 1992. The Queen's Jubilee Medal was awarded for his contributions to the performing arts in Canada. The Pelletier prize is one of the Prix du Québec lifetime achievement awards given annually by the provincial government. In 2004, Warren was named a member of the Order of Canada. In 2012, he was among the recipients of the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal, created to honour significant achievements and contributions to national culture by Canadian citizens. In 2017, Warren was named a member of the Ordre des arts et des lettres du Québec, which honours the commitment and devotion of those who have significantly contributed to the development, promotion or dissemination of the arts in Quebec.	enwiki/45227636	enwiki	45,227,636	Vincent Warren	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Warren	2025-08-01T04:38:48Z	en	Q3559882	70,111	{{Short description\|Canadian dancer}} {{Infobox person \| name = Vincent Warren \| birth_name = \| image = Vincent Warren.jpg \| image_size = \| alt = \| caption = \| birth_date = {{Birth date\|mf=yes\|1938\|8\|31}} \| birth_place = Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A \| death_date = {{Death date and age\|mf=yes\|2017\|10\|25\|1938\|8\|31}} \| death_place = Montreal, Quebec, Canada \| education = \| occupation = Dancer and historian \| title = \| spouse = \| parents = \| children = \| website = }} {{Use mdy dates\|date=November 2022}} '''Vincent de Paul Warren''', {{Post-nominals\|country=CAN\|CM}} (August 31, 1938 – October 25, 2017) was a Canadian dancer, teacher, [[dance historian]] and lecturer. After a distinguished career as a ballet dancer and teacher, he became widely known and respected as a historian and [[archivist]]. He is celebrated as a leading figure in the dance world of Canada.<ref>Kathryn Greenaway, "Vincent Warren," in ''Encyclopedia of Theatre Dance in Canada / Encyclopédie de la Danse Théâtrale au Canada'' (Toronto: Dance Collection Danse Press, 2000).</ref> ==Early life, education, and training== Vincent de Paul Warren was born in [[Jacksonville, Florida]]. He and his fraternal twin Denis were the youngest of their parents' fourteen children. Influenced by his mother's love of opera and music, Vincent was a sensitive boy, receptive to what he has called "a fantasy life of beauty." At age ten, he saw the ballet movie ''The Red Shoes'' (1948) and discovered his future profession. At eleven, he began taking ballet classes with Betty Hyatt Ogilvie, a former [[Balanchine]] dancer. His twin brother Denis was drawn to the Roman Catholic church and at thirteen left home to join the clergy. Vincent, however, continued his dance training throughout his teenage years. He graduated from high school at eighteen, and soon he, too, left home, headed for [[New York City]] with a letter of introduction to Igor Schwezoff, a Russian-trained teacher at the American Ballet Theatre School. He was given a scholarship to study at the school, where he excelled in classes. As a promising student, he was soon offered another scholarship, at the Metropolitan Opera Ballet School, where [[Antony Tudor]] was teaching. At age nineteen, in 1957, he auditioned for a position in the company at the Met and was hired as a member of the ''corps de ballet.''<ref>Victor Swoboda, "Vincent Warren: An Artist of Compassion," ''Dance Collection Danse,'' no. 72 (Fall, 2012).</ref> ==Ballet dancer== Warren danced with the Metropolitan Opera Ballet for two years, 1957–59, during which time he took the opportunity to expand his training with leading teachers in New York City. In dance classes with [[Merce Cunningham]] and [[James Waring]], he became adept in the expressive styles of modern dance while continuing to study classical ballet technique with Igor Schwezoff, Anatol Oboukoff, and Antony Tudor. In 1959-60, he danced with the Santa Fe Opera Ballet and then the Pennsylvania Ballet, based in Philadelphia. In 1961, he joined [[Les Grands Ballets Canadiens]] in Montréal, where, except for dancing as guest artist with Ballet Nacional de Guatemala (1963) and seasons with the Théâtre Français de la Danse in Paris (1969–70) and the Cologne Opera Ballet (1970–71), he remained until his retirement from the stage in 1979.<ref>Michael Crabb, "Warren, Vincent," in ''International Encyclopedia of Dance,'' edited by Selma Jeanne Cohen and others (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), vol. 6, p. 364.</ref> After more than a decade of living and dancing in Canada, he became a Canadian citizen in 1973.<ref>''Curriculum vitae'' Vincent Warren, C.M. in the archives of Dance Collection Danse, Toronto, and the Bibliothèque de la Danse Vincent-Warren, Montréal. A principal source of information given herein, used by permission of the subject.</ref> ===Repertoire=== With [[Les Grands Ballets Canadiens]], Warren danced leading roles in many classical, romantic, neoclassical, and contemporary works.<ref>''Curriculum vitae'' Vincent Warren, C.M.</ref> Among them were Albrecht in ''[[Giselle]],'' Siegfried in ''Le Lac des Cygnes'' (''[[Swan Lake]]''), the Poet in ''[[Les Sylphides]],'' and Drummer Boy and First Cadet in ''Bal des Cadets'' (''[[Graduation Ball]]''), [[David Lichine]]'s merry romp at a girls' school celebration. He also appeared in principal roles in [[George Balanchine]]'s ''[[Allegro Brillante]], Divertimento no. 15, The Four Temperaments, Serenade,'' and ''Theme and Variations''. Notably, Warren created many roles for the artistic director and resident choreographer of the company, [[Ludmilla Chiriaeff]] and [[Fernand Nault]].<ref>Crabb, "Warren, Vincent," in ''International Encyclopedia of Dance'' (1998).</ref> He danced principal male roles in Chiriaeff's ''Bagatelle'' (aka ''Jeux d'Arlequin''), ''Cendrillon'' (''Cinderella''), ''Mémoires de Camille, Pierrot de la Lune, Quatrième Concert Royal,'' and ''Suite Canadienne,'' among others. Her penultimate choreographic work was ''Artère'' (1976), a solo she made especially for him, set to music by Gabriel Charpentier. In Nault's productions, Warren danced leading roles in ''Carmina Burana, Casse-Noisette'' (''[[The Nutcracker]]''), ''Hip and Straight, Pas Rompu'' (''Not Broken''), and the hugely successful ''Tommy'', set to the rock opera by [[The Who]]. In works by other contemporary choreographers, Warren was cast in leading roles in ''Catulli Carmina'' and ''Villon'' by John Butler, ''L'Oiseau de Feu'' (''[[The Firebird]]'') by [[Maurice Béjart]], ''Icare'' by Lucas Hoving, ''Aureole'' by Paul Taylor, and ''Les Noces'' by [[Lar Lubovitch]]. In the ballets of [[Brian Macdonald (choreographer)\|Brian Macdonald]], Warren starred in ''Diabelli Variations, Double Quartet, Romeo and Juliet,'' and ''Tam Ti Delam,'' set to a Québécois folk song by [[Gilles Vigneault]]. He was especially acclaimed for his interpretation of the title role in Macdonald's ''Adieu Robert Schumann,'' created in 1979 for his farewell performance, with both ballerina [[Annette av Paul]] and pianist [[Denise Massé]] playing Clara Schumann, and along famed Canadian contralto [[Maureen Forrester]] singing Clara's reminiscences.<ref>''Curriculum vitae'' Vincent Warren, C.M.</ref> Reviewing the performance, CBC Radio's Kati Vita wrote: "Vincent Warren blazes through the work like a slender crimson flame and compels such attention [that] one is oblivious to all else when he is on stage."<ref>Kena Herod, "Vincent Warren . . . Danseur, professeur de danse, historien de la danse et conservateur de la Bibliothèque de la danse." http://www.bibliodanse.ca. Retrieved January 21. 2015.</ref> [[File:MasseForresterWarrenavPaul.tif\|upright\|thumb\|left\|230px\|Vincent Warren hand in hand with [[Denise Massé]] on the set of [[Les Grands Ballets Canadiens]]' performance of 'Adieu [[Robert Schumann]] (1979)' by [[R. Murray Schafer\|R.M. Schafer]] and choreographed by [[Brian Macdonald (choreographer)\|Brian MacDonald]], with [[Maureen Forrester]] (left) and [[Annette av Paul]] (center).]] Warren's curiosity about all forms of kinetic artistry led him to the postmodern experimentation at [[Judson Dance Theater]] in New York City, where he appeared in performances with James Waring and Aileen Passloff from 1959 to 1964.<ref>Norma McLain Stoop, "Spotlight on Vincent Warren," ''Dance Magazine'' (New York), August 1973.</ref> In Montréal, he discovered similar avant-garde dancers at work. While remaining a principal dancer with Les Grands Ballets Canadiens, he danced with Le Groupe de Danse Moderne de Montréal, a company formed by [[Françoise Riopelle]] and [[Jeanne Renaud]], and, on numerous occasions, with [[Le Groupe de la Place Royale]], directed by Jeanne Renaud and [[Peter Boneham]].<ref>Sara Porter, ''Peter in Process: Peter Boneham's Sixty Years in Dance'' (Toronto: Dance Collection Danse Press, 2010).</ref> With his varied training, he found that he could perform Renaud's modern minimalism with the same ease and precision he demonstrated in classical ballets. Among other works, he danced leading roles in Renaud's ''Blanc sur Blanc'' (1964) and ''Phases et Reseaux'' (1965).<ref>"Jeanne Renaud: Interdisciplinary Innovation; Le Groupe de la Place Royale, 1966-1971." http://www.dcd.ca/exhibitions/renaud. Retrieved January 21, 2015.</ref> Some twenty years later, during the 1987 Festival de Nouvelle Danse, Warren appeared in [[Paul-André Fortier]]'s ''Chaleurs'' and showed that his command of modern dance technique had not faded.<ref>Herod, "Vincent Warren," http://bibliodanse.ca. Retrieved January 23, 2015.</ref> In 2016, Warren agreed to be a part of a project by Sophie Corriveau and Katya Montaignac, produced by Danse-Cité and copresented by Agora de la danse, ''Nous (ne) sommes (pas) tous des danseurs''.<ref>"Nous (ne) sommes (pas) tous des danseurs" program in Agora de la danse’s archives https://agoradanse.com/en/event/nous-ne-sommes-pas-tous-des-danseurs/</ref> Focusing on specific themes, this 'danced round table' brought together some twenty dancers from different generations to share their experiences and reflections through reading and movement, highlighting the foundations and workings of the dance profession, as well as the myths that accompany it. The work was shown on May 6, 7 and 8, 2016. However, due to an unrelated injury, Warren did not perform on the last night. On television, Warren performed on many shows originating in Canada and France. In Montréal, he appeared numerous times in works by Chiriaeff, Todd Bolender, and Renaud on ''Les Beaux Dimanches'' (''Beautiful Sundays'') and ''L'Heure du Concert'' (''The Concert Hour''), which were broadcast bilingually by Société Radio-Canada across the country. On film, Warren can be seen dancing with Margaret Mercier in [[Norman McLaren]]'s ''[[Pas de deux (film)\|Pas de deux]]'' (1968), winner of seventeen awards in experimental filmmaking, including the 1969 award for best animated film by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. More recently, he also appeared in two compelling documentary films: Marie Brodeur's ''Danseur à tout prix'' (2002) and Marie Beaulieu's ''Les Météores: Vincent Warren, un temps en mouvements'' (2011). In 2016, a documentary on Warren was produced by TAP Film Inc and La Compagnie de la Marie, ''A Man of Dance.'' The film, directed by Marie Brodeur, won the Best Canadian Film at the International Art Film Festival (FIFA) in Montreal, Canada. ===Technique and style=== As a performer, Warren was known as a lyrical and romantic dancer, valued for his charisma, theatricality, and vivid stage presence. Although he possessed a sound classical ballet technique, he was not a bravura dancer. Spectacular feats of athleticism were not his forte, but he was a strong and attentive partner in classical roles and was favored by many ballerinas. His partners included such international stars as Ana Cardus, Janine Charrat, [[Alexandra Radius]], [[Claire Sombert]], and [[Ghislaine Thesmar]] as well as Canadian ballerinas Irene Apinee, [[Melissa Hayden (dancer)\|Melissa Hayden]], Veronique Landory, Andrée Millaire, Sonia Taverner, and Sonia Vartanian. Warren's looks, physique, and bearing made him an ideal interpreter of classical and romantic roles.<ref>Crabb, "Vincent de Paul Warren," in ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'' (2011).</ref> As Albrecht, his partnership with German-born Christa Mertins in ''Giselle'' was highly acclaimed, especially in the ethereal, ghostly sequences in act 2.<ref>Swoboda, "Vincent Warren: An Artist of Compassion," 2012.</ref> Warren was also celebrated in contemporary works that require emotive, expressive dancing. In London, he won high critical praise for his performance in John Butler's ''Catulli Carmina,'' set to Carl Orff's scenic cantata of the lyrical texts of the Latin poet Catullus.<ref>Hood, "Vincent Warren," http://www.bibliodanse.ca. Retrieved January 22, 2015.</ref> Montréal critics praised him especially in roles created for him in a balletic modern idiom by Fernand Nault. Three works with religious and spiritual references were ''Gehenne'' (1965), ''Cérémonie'' (1972), and ''Cantique des Cantiques'' (''Song of Songs,'' 1974).<ref>Iro Valasakis Tembeck, ''Dancing in Montreal: Seeds of a Choreographic History.'' Studies in Dance History, vol. 5.2 (Madison, Wis., 1994).</ref> In ''Gehenne'' set to music by [[Alvin Etler]] and named for a biblical place of extreme suffering, Warren was able to express his deep grief at the death of New York City poet [[Frank O'Hara]], the "love of his life," who died after a vehicle accident on a Fire Island beach in the summer of 1966.<ref>Brad Gooch, ''City Poet: The Life and Times of Frank O'Hara'' (New York: Knopf, 1993). Includes a full account of the twenty-one-month relationship of O'Hara and Warren.</ref> (Warren had been the addressee of O'Hara's poem, "Having a Coke with You."<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Glavey \|first=Brian \|date=2019 \|title=Having a Coke with You Is Even More Fun Than Ideology Critique \|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/pmla/article/abs/having-a-coke-with-you-is-even-more-fun-than-ideology-critique/F3CA5E6B514DF91973A508DD5707F73A \|journal=[[Publications of the Modern Language Association of America\|PMLA]] \|volume=134 \|issue=5 \|pages=996–1011}}</ref>) In ''Cérémonie,'' a rock mass that recalls Leonardo da Vinci's famous painting of the Last Supper of Jesus, and ''Cantique des Cantiques,'' inspired by the biblical Song of Solomon, celebrating sexual love, Warren drew upon his fundamental artistic vision: to give meaning to movement.<ref>Swoboda, "Vincent Warren: An Artist of Compassion", 2012.</ref> ==Later life and careers== Following his retirement from Les Grands Ballets Canadiens in 1979, Warren soon put his dance talents and broad knowledge of dance history to use as he embarked on what would become multiple careers as teacher, lecturer, librarian, and archivist. ===Teacher and lecturer=== At the invitation of Madame Chiriaeff, director of Les Grands Ballets Canadiens, Warren began teaching classes in [[ballet technique]] to teenagers in the company's affiliated school, the École Supérieure de Danse du Québec, in 1979. As his teaching skills grew, he expanded his schedule to include classes in male variations and partnering, which became popular with advanced students. He conducted his classes in the formal manner traditional in all ballet schools, but his cheerful disposition and good humor in giving technical corrections to his students lent much to his effectiveness as a teacher. He continued to teach at the school until 1992. When the instructor of dance history at the school departed, Chiriaeff asked Warren to replace him, despite the fact that he had no formal education in the field. She knew, however, that Warren had been collecting books, prints, and magazines about dance for years and that he had developed an encyclopedic knowledge. Soon after he began teaching technique classes, in 1979, Warren undertook the role of dance historian with enthusiasm and began to formulate his own system of teaching the subject. In the course of time, he was recognized by academics as a brilliant autodidact. He taught and lectured on dance history in English and French at all four universities in Montréal and at many Canadian dance institutions. His courses at McGill University (1988–1995) and at Les Ateliers de Danse Moderne de Montréal (1989–1999) were well-attended, as were his lectures at Concordia University, Ottawa University, Université de Montréal, Université du Québec à Montréal, the Musée National des Beaux Arts du Québec, the Musée des Beaux Arts de Montréal, the National Theatre School of Canada, the Banff Center for the Arts, the McCord Museum, and the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. In 1999, Warren was invited to lecture at four cities in India: Delhi, Hyderabad, Madras, and Bangalore. His lecture "''Abhinaya'' in Ballet," on the Indian concept of the art of expression, won the prize for best presentation at the Natya Kala Conference held annually at Madras. His lecture "Yearning for the Spiritual Ideal: The Influence of India on Western Dance, 1626-2003," was published in ''Sruti'' (December 2000), an English-language monthly magazine on Indian performing arts, and in ''Dance Research Journal'' (2006).<ref>Vincent Warren, "Yearning for the Spiritual Ideal: The Influence of India on Western Dance, 1626-2003," ''Dance Research Journal,'' 38.1/2 (Summer-Winter 2006), 97-114.</ref> Notable among his other lecture topics are the seasons of Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, 1909–1929; the Ballet de l'Opéra de Paris at the time of Degas; and the Imperial Russian Ballet at the time of Fabergé. Warren continued to teach dance history at the École Supérieure de Ballet du Québec (so renamed in 2010) until shortly before his death. ===Librarian and archivist=== While he continued to teach classes at the École Supérieure, Warren volunteered to run the school's small dance library, thus beginning his fourth career. Despite a limited budget, he installed proper book shelves, updated the cataloging system, allowed books to circulate, and began a vigorous campaign of acquisitions to enlarge the library's holdings. Eventually, he donated his own sizeable collection of dance materials, sought donations from friends in the dance world, and continued to purchase books, videos, prints, photographs, programs, and dance memorabilia.<ref>Vincent Warren, "Archives of the Dance du Québec," ''Dance Research'' 13 (Winter 1995), 89-94.</ref> He was officially appointed curator of the library in 1982 and served in that capacity for twenty-four years, until 2006. Now named the Bibliothèque de la Danse Vincent-Warren, in his honor, it is the largest dance library in Canada.<ref name="tce">{{cite web \|author1=Michael Crabb \|author2=Katherine Cornell \|title=Vincent de Paul Warren \|website=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] \|date=20 June 2014 \|publisher=[[Historica Canada]]\|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/vincent-de-paul-warren/ \|access-date=31 March 2017}}</ref> ===Related activities=== During his later years, Warren was active in numerous dance-related organizations in [[Québec]] and elsewhere. He was a member of the board of directors of the Dance in Canada Association from 1979 to 1983 and was its chairman from 1981 to 1982. He also served on the board of directors of the Regroupment des Professionels de la Danse du Québec from 1986 to 1990 and as its president for the 1987-1988 term. Subsequently, he was a member of the Arts Council of the Montreal Urban Community (1993–1999), in which he took an active role. For the dance section of the Canada Council, he served on the Committee on Archives and Documentation, and continued to serve on many artistic juries for the Canada Council and for Québec's Conseil des Arts et Lettres thereafter. He also served as a judge for dance competitions such as the Rencontres Chorégraphiques, held at Bagnolet, France, and the Festival des Arts de Saint-Sauveur and the International Festival de Danse Encore in Québec. ==Awards and honours== In recognition of his accomplishments, Warren received a [[Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal]] in 1977, the Dance in Canada Service Award in 1984, and the [[Prix Denise-Pelletier]] in 1992. The Queen's Jubilee Medal was awarded for his contributions to the performing arts in Canada. The Pelletier prize is one of the [[Prix du Québec]] lifetime achievement awards given annually by the provincial government. In 2004, Warren was named a member of the [[Order of Canada]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Order of Canada: Vincent Warren \|website=The [[Governor General of Canada]] \|url=http://www.gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=8385&t=12 \|access-date=31 March 2017}}</ref> In 2012, he was among the recipients of the [[Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal]], created to honour significant achievements and contributions to national culture by Canadian citizens.<ref>''Curriculum vitae'' Vincent Warren, C.M.</ref> In 2017, Warren was named a member of the [[:fr:Ordre des arts et des lettres du Québec\|Ordre des arts et des lettres du Québec]], which honours the commitment and devotion of those who have significantly contributed to the development, promotion or dissemination of the arts in Quebec.<ref>Tribute to Vincent Warren, C.A.L.Q. https://www.calq.gouv.qc.ca/en/news-and-publications/news/hommage-a-vincent-warren-c-a-l-q</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Warren, Vincent}} [[Category:1938 births]] [[Category:2017 deaths]] [[Category:Canadian male ballet dancers]] [[Category:Canadian librarians]] [[Category:Dance historians]] [[Category:Canadian LGBTQ dancers]] [[Category:Members of the Order of Canada]] [[Category:People from Jacksonville, Florida]] [[Category:Prix Denise-Pelletier winners]] [[Category:20th-century Canadian LGBTQ people]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian LGBTQ people]]	1,303,635,819	[{"title": "Vincent Warren", "data": {"Born": "August 31, 1938 \u00b7 Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A", "Died": "October 25, 2017 (aged 79) \u00b7 Montreal, Quebec, Canada", "Occupation(s)": "Dancer and historian"}}]	false
# Roger Rabbit Roger Rabbit is a fictional animated anthropomorphic rabbit. The character first appeared in author Gary K. Wolf's 1981 novel, Who Censored Roger Rabbit?. In the book, Roger is second banana in a popular comic strip, "Baby Herman". Roger hires private detective Eddie Valiant to investigate why his employers, the DeGreasy Brothers, have reneged on their promise to give Roger his own strip. When Roger is found murdered in his home, Valiant sets out to look for the killer, with the help of Roger's "doppel" (in the book, comic characters can construct physical copies of themselves using their minds that last for only a few days). The book and character were later re-envisioned in the Touchstone/Amblin's hit 1988 live-action/animated film Who Framed Roger Rabbit. In the film version, Roger is a cartoon character or "toon" living in Hollywood during the Golden age of American animation. The various toons live in a Los Angeles enclave known as "Toontown", and act out animated shorts in the same way human actors act out feature films. After Roger is framed for the murder of a famous Hollywood producer and the owner of Toontown, Marvin Acme, he seeks out Valiant to help clear his name. In the film, the voice of Roger is performed by comedian Charles Fleischer, who was known for electing to wear an actual rabbit costume on the set to get into the role over the entirety of production. ## Background ### Development The character of Roger was created by author Gary K. Wolf, for his 1981 novel Who Censored Roger Rabbit? Wolf was watching Saturday morning cartoons as research for new book ideas, when he noticed cereal commercial mascots such as Tony the Tiger and the Trix Rabbit. Wolf found it amusing that these commercials had real children interacting with cartoon characters casually and without question, and he decided to explore the concept in book form, eventually combining pulp fiction and true crime elements, and eventually creating the character of Roger Rabbit in the process. Published in 1981, Walt Disney Productions purchased the film rights that same year for $35,000. Wolf retains all story rights related to the characters and is allowed to write new novels featuring them, but Disney and Amblin Entertainment own the intellectual property rights. Before Richard Williams came on board for the film project, early animation tests for Roger gave him a simple and stylized look of a skinny white bunny with a purple nose. In these test animations, Roger was voiced by Paul Reubens. Subscribers to The Disney Channel (which was a subscription channel back in its early years) were able to see this test footage in the early 1980s. When the film went into full production, Roger was redesigned in a fashion to take elements from all the major cartoon studios of the period, the philosophy behind the new characters, in general, being a combination of Disney's elaborate animation style, similar characterization to Warner Bros. characters and capable of performing Tex Avery-inspired gags. His voice in the film was provided by Charles Fleischer. Before filming, Fleischer was asked to come up with a speech impediment for Roger. He gave Roger a lisp and the stammering catchphrase "P-p-p-please!" as a tribute to all the other famous cartoon characters with speech impediments, which was inspired by Huntz Hall's Sach Jones in The Bowery Boys. He had invented the "cheek flutter" while performing the voice of B.B. in Deadly Friend. His portrayal of Roger was also inspired by Screwy Squirrel. To facilitate Bob Hoskins' performance as Eddie Valiant, Fleischer wore a Roger Rabbit costume on the set to get into the role over the entirety of production, and "stood in" behind camera for most scenes. He called it "trans-projectional acting". ### Physical appearance "He was almost my height, close to six feet, but only if you counted his eighteen-inch ears. He wore only a baggy pair of shorts, held up by brightly colored suspenders. His shoulders stooped so badly, he had to secure his suspender tops in place with crossed pieces of cellophane tape. For eyes, he had twin black dots, floating in the center of two oblong white saucers. His white stomach, nose, toes, and palms on a light brown body made him resemble someone who had just walked face first into a freshly painted wall." — Eddie Valiant describing Roger Rabbit in the novel Roger in the movie is a skinny white rabbit with large blue eyes, pink nose, a tuft of red hair who wears red overalls, yellow gloves, and a blue bow tie with yellow polka dots. He is an amalgamation of various classic cartoon characters, taking: Mickey Mouse for his gloves; Bugs Bunny for his rabbit form, cheeks and ears included; Goofy for his baggy overalls; Porky Pig for his bow tie; Droopy for his head and red hair; and Wile E. Coyote for his expressions. Animator Richard Williams described the process of creating him like an "American flag" with the red overalls, white fur and blue bow tie so that American audiences would enjoy him subliminally. ### Personality Roger is zany, kind-hearted, humorous, energetic, a bit naïve and not very clever. He loves to make others laugh and is good friends with the other Toons, especially Baby Herman (his Maroon Cartoons costar) and Benny the Cab. He is also nervous and is intimidated by Judge Doom, the Dip, and the Toon Patrol as well as many other hazards. Despite his traditionally cartoonish behavior, Roger is aware of what most people think of cartoons, facts he's voiced to Eddie Valiant, in that making people laugh is often what makes toons' lives worthwhile, but also notes that there are times when making people laugh is the only weapon toons have. He believes that if someone doesn't have a good sense of humor they're better off dead and gets upset over having to sit through things such as newsreels that he perceives as boring. He truly loves his voluptuous toon wife, Jessica, and always makes her laugh. Roger doesn't take well to alcoholic beverages. It's shown twice in the film that when he has consumed one, he changes color rapidly, at least one of his eyes swells, his head spins, and he mumbles incoherently at a fast pace, before stretching up into the air and whistling like a steam train at a loud enough tone to shatter glass, all the while spinning around. ## Appearances ### Who Censored Roger Rabbit?(1981) He is a second banana comic strip character who hires gruff alcoholic private eye, Eddie Valiant, to find out why his employers, the owners of a cartoon syndicate called the DeGreasy Brothers, refuse to give him his own comic strip or to sell his contract to another studio. This has Valiant interrogating several suspects, starting with Roger's co-star Baby Herman, then talking to Roger's ex-wife Jessica Rabbit, and finally Roger's photographer Carol. Valiant also goes to the Rabbit's house and finds Roger's corpse lying over the banister, soaking in a pool of his own blood. Toon policeman Captain Cleaver and a human commissioner then show up at the house. Valiant then encounters Roger's dopple, who begs the toon-hating detective to prove his innocence and clear his name. ### Who Framed Roger Rabbit(1988) In the 1988 Touchstone/Amblin Entertainment film, he is re-envisioned as a character in 1940s animated cartoons and a resident of the fictional Los Angeles enclave, Toontown. He is framed for the murder of Acme Corporation C.E.O. Marvin Acme and seeks out Eddie Valiant to help clear his name. ### Mickey's 60th Birthday(1988) Roger notably played a significant role in the 1988 NBC special Mickey's 60th Birthday. At the beginning, during the taping of Mickey Mouse's birthday show, he is told to bring Mickey's cake to him, but in the process, he mistakes a stick of dynamite for a candle and puts it on the cake. Upon noticing his mistake, he attempts to blow it out but fails miserably and brings down the set in the process. Due to the resulting explosion, Mickey uses Yen Sid's magic to fix the place up and then shows off some more magic to his audience, only to disappear and have Yen Sid cast a spell on him. At the end, after the curse is lifted, Roger is the first to find Mickey (at Disneylands Main Street, U.S.A.), takes a selfie of himself and Mickey and is hailed as a hero for doing so on the front page of USA Today. ### 1990s theatrical shorts Roger was featured in a series of cartoon shorts following the popularity of the movie. These shorts were presented in front of various Touchstone/Disney features in an attempt to revive short subject animation as a part of the movie-going experience. These shorts include Tummy Trouble (1989), released in front of Honey, I Shrunk the Kids (this was also included on the original video release of the film); Roller Coaster Rabbit (1990), shown in front of Dick Tracy; and Trail Mix-Up (1993), shown before A Far Off Place. Despite being produced by Disney Animation, these shorts contained a heavy slapstick style similar to Warner Bros. Looney Tunes or Tex Avery cartoons, and MGM character Droopy cameos in each one. ### Tiny Toon Adventures(1992) He makes two cameos voiced by Frank Welker and Joe Alaskey in the show, once with Jessica Rabbit. - "New Character Day" (1991) - voiced by Frank Welker (as White Rabbit) - "Buster and Babs Go Hawaiian" (1991) - voiced by Joe Alaskey ### Who P-P-P-Plugged Roger Rabbit?(1991) Roger is also a character in Wolf's novel, Who P-P-P-Plugged Roger Rabbit?. In the book, Roger Rabbit is sure that Clark Gable has not only stolen the role of Rhett Butler in the soon-to-be-shot Gone with the Wind, but he has also stolen the heart of Jessica. Investigating the affair, Eddie Valiant, Toon protector, finds himself up to his fedora in murder and Hollywood corruption. The book is neither a sequel nor a prequel to Who Censored Roger Rabbit? or the film adaptation by Touchstone/Amblin. It is a spin-off story with the same characters, just different situations. ### Aladdin and the King of Thieves(1996) Roger and Jessica both make small cameo appearances. ### Who Wacked Roger Rabbit(2013) In Who Wacked Roger Rabbit?, the third novel in Gary K. Wolf's acclaimed Roger Rabbit/Toontown series, hard-boiled gumshoe Eddie Valiant lands a plum job as Gary Cooper's bodyguard while Coop scouts locations for his next movie—a screwball comedy titled Hi, Toon! But Eddie's dream job quickly turns into a nightmare. The film's being shot in Toontown, and Coop's co-star turns out to be none other than Roger Rabbit. Eddie's a big fan of Coop. Of Roger? Not so much. Now a sinister hoodlum is threatening to murder Coop if the movie gets made. Before long, Eddie, Coop, Roger, and the ever-glamorous Jessica Rabbit are embroiled in a mystery that could destroy Toontown. When Roger bites off more Toonish trouble than Eddie can swallow, the answer to the question, Who Wacked Roger Rabbit?, suddenly becomes no laughing matter. Like P-P-P-Plugged, the book is non-canon to either the first book, or the film. ### Other appearances Roger occasionally appears as a meet-and-greet costumed character at Disney Parks across the world. A costumed Roger was noticeably present at the opening of Disney-MGM Studios (now Disney's Hollywood Studios) on May 1, 1989. Roger and company appeared in the 1989 graphic novel, Roger Rabbit: The Resurrection of Doom, by Bob Foster and published by Marvel Comics. In the story, Roger and Jessica are thrown out of work when Maroon Cartoon Studios resorts to cheaper animation. Meanwhile, Judge Doom plots revenge as he makes a most unexpected and surprising return. Roger also starred in a comic book series published by Disney Comics from April 1990 to September 1991 and a spin-off series called Roger Rabbit's Toontown, published from June to October 1991, which featured Roger in the first story and supporting characters like Jessica Rabbit, Baby Herman, Benny the Cab, and the Toon Patrol. The series continues the adventures of Roger Rabbit, who has since returned to working for Maroon Cartoons, now under C.B. Maroon. The comics were usually split into two stories, with one main feature focusing on Roger's adventures, and a back-up feature presented to look like an actual animated subject. While Jessica Rabbit, Baby Herman and Benny the Cab all appeared in the stories, Eddie Valiant was seldom seen, replaced by a new detective character named Rick Flint. This was given an in-universe explanation in the first issue: Roger had a new case for he and Valiant to team up on, but Valiant told Roger he wouldn't be able to help him, as a result of his heavy workload. So to not leave Roger on his own, Valiant referred him to a "new kid" private detective, Rick Flint. The editorial reason for omitting Valiant from the comic was not having the likeness rights to Bob Hoskins outside of the first issue. Other new characters introduced were Lenny, a toon plane who was Benny's cousin, and Mel, who was Roger's sentient mailbox. The series had a one-off 3D strip as part of the "Disney's Comics in 3-D" series, which reprinted the back-up features of earlier comics and converted them into 3D. The Roger Rabbit comic book line lasted 18 issues, ending at the time of the Disney Comics implosion. However, new stories involving Roger and company continued to appear in the pages of Disney Adventures until after the May 1993 issue. A parody of Roger appeared in a 2009 episode of the Adult Swim stop-motion sketch comedy series, Robot Chicken (episode: Love, Maurice). In the sketch, Roger (voiced by veteran-Looney Tunes voice actor Bob Bergen) murders O. J. Simpson's ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, in exchange for O. J. killing Roger's wife, Jessica. The sketch satirizes the infamous O. J. Simpson murder case. He also makes a cameo appearance in the 2022 film Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers, with Fleischer reprising his role. ## Legacy and pop culture Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin, a dark ride featuring Roger, opened at Disneyland and Tokyo Disneyland. Roger had also appeared at other Walt Disney Parks and Resorts as a meetable character but retired as of 2018. Andy Ape from the animated series Darkwing Duck is a parody of Roger. The Roger Rabbit became a popular fad dance in America during the late 1980s and early 1990s. It was named after the floppy movements of the Roger Rabbit cartoon character. In movement, the Roger Rabbit dance is similar to the running man, but done by skipping backwards with arms performing a flapping gesture as if hooking one's thumbs on suspenders. Bobby Brown popularized the dance move, as seen in the music video for his song "Every Little Step" (1989). The popular Disney Afternoon TV series Bonkers was long rumored to have originally been intended as a Roger Rabbit spin-off series, that ended up being scrapped due to licensing issues from Amblin Entertainment, with Bonkers being created instead. However, in 2008, Greg Weisman, who was a writer and on the series and helped co-created the series, denied this. While confirming that the title character was inspired by Roger, and the Toontown concept had also been influenced by the film, Weisman insists that Bonkers was always meant to be his own character. Rappers MC Lars and Kool Keith wrote a song about Roger and Judge Doom on Lars's 2015 album, "the Zombie Dinosaur LP" called "the Dip". ## Additional media - Roger Rabbit in literature - Roger Rabbit in comic books - Roger Rabbit in video games	enwiki/53961815	enwiki	53,961,815	Roger Rabbit	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Rabbit	2025-08-08T20:41:15Z	en	Q2265878	173,332	{{Short description\|Fictional book and film character}} {{About\|the character\|the film featuring this character\|Who Framed Roger Rabbit\|the book which inspired the film\|Who Censored Roger Rabbit}} {{Infobox character \| name = Roger Rabbit \| series = [[Who Censored Roger Rabbit?]]'' and ''[[Who Framed Roger Rabbit]] \| image = Roger-Rabbit.png \| caption = Roger Rabbit as he appears in ''Who Framed Roger Rabbit'' (1988). \| first = '''Literature:''' ''[[Who Censored Roger Rabbit?]]'' (1981)<br/>'''Film:''' ''[[Who Framed Roger Rabbit]]'' (1988) \| lbl1 = Voiced by \| data1 = {{ubl\|[[Paul Reubens]] (1983; original test footage)<ref name="Buzzfeed">{{cite web\|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/briangalindo/20-things-you-didnt-know-about-who-framed-roger-rabbit\|title=20 Things You Didn't Know About "Who Framed Roger Rabbit"\|first=Brian \|last=Galindo\|website=[[BuzzFeed]]\|date=12 March 2013 \|access-date=May 26, 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315195121/https://www.buzzfeed.com/briangalindo/20-things-you-didnt-know-about-who-framed-roger-rabbit?utm_term=.yaJaEAEdb#.uxPB2Q2bD\|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last1=Reyes\|first1=Mike\|title=Listen To Pee-Wee Herman As The Voice Of Roger Rabbit\|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Listen-Pee-Wee-Herman-Voice-Roger-Rabbit-67174.html\|website=CinemaBlend\|access-date=5 May 2017\|date=2014-09-11}}</ref>\|[[Charles Fleischer]] (1988−present)<ref name="Buzzfeed"/><ref name="Voice Inspiration 1"/><ref name="Voice Inspiration 2"/>\|[[Jess Harnell]] (1991−1998; Disney park appearances, ''[[Hare Raising Havoc]]'', ''[[Who Framed Roger Rabbit#Proposed sequel\|Roger Rabbit 2]]'' CGI test footage (singing voice))<ref name="Starland Show">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/rides-attractions/Mickey's-Starland-Show/\|title=Mickey's Starland Show\|website=Behind The Voice Actors\|language=en-US\|access-date=2020-09-20}}</ref><ref name="Hare Havoc">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/video-games/Hare-Raising-Havoc/\|title=Hare Raising Havoc\|website=Behind The Voice Actors\|language=en-US\|access-date=2020-08-03}}</ref><ref name="Toons Up">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/rides-attractions/Goofy-Toons-Up/\|title=Goofy Toons Up\|website=Behind The Voice Actors\|language=en-US\|access-date=2021-04-24}}</ref><ref name="Car Toon Spin">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/rides-attractions/Roger-Rabbits-Car-Toon-Spin/\|title=Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin\|website=Behind The Voice Actors\|language=en-US\|access-date=2020-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \| url=http://saturdaymorningrewind.podbean.com/e/14-jess-harnell-interview-animaniacs-the-looney-tunes-show-rock-sugar/ \| title=14: JESS HARNELL interview (Animaniacs, the Looney Tunes Show, Rock Sugar) \| access-date=2018-01-07 \| archive-date=2023-04-02 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402200430/https://saturdaymorningrewind.podbean.com/e/14-jess-harnell-interview-animaniacs-the-looney-tunes-show-rock-sugar/ \| url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="House Meet">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/rides-attractions/Minnies-House-and-Meet-Minnie/\|title=Minnie's House and Meet Minnie\|website=Behind The Voice Actors\|language=en-US\|access-date=2020-08-03}}</ref><ref name="Roger Rabbit 2">{{cite web\|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=TsMPd2ceiFA&t=6s\|title=Roger Rabbit 2 CGI Test 1998 (Not Richard Williams)\|date=18 October 2010\|publisher=YouTube\|access-date=August 3, 2020\|archive-date=10 March 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310224513/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TsMPd2ceiFA&t=6s\|url-status=live}}</ref>\|[[Frank Welker]] (1991; ''[[Tiny Toon Adventures]]'')<ref name="Tiny Toons 1">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/tv-shows/Tiny-Toon-Adventures/Roger-Rabbit/\|title=Voice(s) of Roger Rabbit in Tiny Toon Adventures\|website=Behind The Voice Actors\|language=en-US\|access-date=2020-08-03\|archive-date=2022-09-21\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921173507/https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/tv-shows/Tiny-Toon-Adventures/Roger-Rabbit/\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tiny Toons 2">{{cite web\|title=John Hardel on Twitter: "Although Steven Spielberg was credited as the voice of Roger Rabbit in "New Character Day", Tom Ruegger confirmed that it was Frank Welker who provided the voice."\|url=https://twitter.com/hardel_john/status/1571620324357115906\|publisher=Twitter\|access-date=September 21, 2022\|archive-date=December 11, 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211103144/https://twitter.com/hardel_john/status/1571620324357115906\|url-status=live}}</ref>\|[[Joe Alaskey]] (1991; ''Tiny Toon Adventures'')<ref name="Joe Alaskey">{{cite web\|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rWcb2uZ9xo&t=61s\|title=Joe Alaskey Animation Reel\|publisher=YouTube\|access-date=October 8, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310224510/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rWcb2uZ9xo\|archive-date=March 10, 2022}}</ref>\|[[Jim Cummings]] (1998; ''Roger Rabbit 2'' CGI test footage (speaking voice))<ref name="Roger Rabbit 2"/>\|[[Bob Bergen]] (2009; ''[[Robot Chicken]]'')<ref name="Robot Chicken">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/tv-shows/Robot-Chicken/Roger-Rabbit/\|title=Voice of Roger Rabbit in Robot Chicken\|website=Behind The Voice Actors\|language=en-US\|access-date=2020-08-03\|archive-date=2023-04-27\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427145510/https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/tv-shows/Robot-Chicken/Roger-Rabbit/\|url-status=live}}</ref>\|[[Jon St. John]] (2013, ''Aficionados Chris'')<ref>{{cite web \|title=Filmography \|url=http://www.jonstjohn.audio/video-games.html \|website=Jon St. John \|access-date=31 January 2021 \|archive-date=January 31, 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131025539/http://www.jonstjohn.audio/video-games.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref> \|Jenn Waitt (2014; ''[[Rapid T. Rabbit and Friends]]'')<ref name="Roger on Rapid">{{cite web\|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=Zk3IEeAU9js&t=54s\|title=Rapid T. Rabbit and Friends Show #688\|date=6 October 2014 \|publisher=YouTube\|access-date=August 3, 2020}}</ref>}} \| creator = [[Gary K. Wolf]] \| adapted_by = {{ubl\|[[Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman\|Jeffrey Price<br/>Peter S. Seaman]]\|[[Richard Williams (animator)\|Richard Williams]]}} \| species = [[Cartoon\|Toon]] [[rabbit]] \| occupation = Actor \| gender = Male \| spouse = [[Jessica Rabbit]] (wife) \| family = [[Thumper (Bambi)\|Thumper]] (uncle) }} '''Roger Rabbit''' is a fictional [[animation\|animated]] [[Anthropomorphism\|anthropomorphic]] [[rabbit]]. The character first appeared in author [[Gary K. Wolf]]'s 1981 novel, ''[[Who Censored Roger Rabbit?]]''. In the book, Roger is [[double act\|second banana]] in a popular [[comic strip]], "Baby Herman". Roger hires private detective [[Eddie Valiant]] to investigate why his employers, the DeGreasy Brothers, have reneged on their promise to give Roger his own strip. When Roger is found murdered in his home, Valiant sets out to look for the killer, with the help of Roger's "[[doppelgänger\|doppel]]" (in the book, comic characters can construct physical copies of themselves using their minds that last for only a few days). The book and character were later re-envisioned in the [[Touchstone Pictures\|Touchstone]]/[[Amblin Entertainment\|Amblin]]'s hit 1988 [[Live-action animated film\|live-action/animated film]] ''[[Who Framed Roger Rabbit]]''. In the film version, Roger is a [[Cartoon\|cartoon character]] or "toon" living in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles\|Hollywood]] during the [[Golden age of American animation]]. The various toons live in a [[Los Angeles]] [[enclave]] known as "Toontown", and act out [[animated short]]s in the same way human actors act out [[feature film]]s. After Roger is framed for the murder of a famous Hollywood producer and the owner of Toontown, Marvin Acme, he seeks out Valiant to help clear his name. In the film, the voice of Roger is performed by comedian [[Charles Fleischer]], who was known for electing to wear an actual rabbit costume on the set to get into the role over the entirety of production. ==Background== ===Development=== The character of Roger was created by author [[Gary K. Wolf]], for his 1981 novel ''[[Who Censored Roger Rabbit?]]'' Wolf was watching [[Saturday morning cartoon]]s as research for new book ideas, when he noticed cereal commercial mascots such as [[Tony the Tiger]] and the [[Trix Rabbit]]. Wolf found it amusing that these commercials had real children interacting with cartoon characters casually and without question, and he decided to explore the concept in book form, eventually combining [[pulp magazine\|pulp fiction]] and [[true crime]] elements, and eventually creating the character of Roger Rabbit in the process.<ref name="AMA">{{cite web\|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1onjjx/i_am_gary_k_wolf_author_screenwriter_and_the/\|title=I am Gary K. Wolf, author, screenwriter, and the creator of Roger Rabbit. Ask me anything!\|date=October 17, 2013\|website=[[Reddit]]\|access-date=April 13, 2018\|archive-date=February 4, 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204181944/https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1onjjx/i_am_gary_k_wolf_author_screenwriter_and_the/\|url-status=live}}</ref> Published in 1981, [[Walt Disney Productions]] purchased the film rights that same year for $35,000.<ref name="AMA" /> Wolf retains all story rights related to the characters and is allowed to write new novels featuring them, but Disney and [[Amblin Entertainment]] own the intellectual property rights.<ref name="AMA" /> Before [[Richard Williams (animator)\|Richard Williams]] came on board for the film project, early animation tests for Roger gave him a simple and stylized look of a skinny white bunny with a purple nose. In these test animations, Roger was voiced by [[Paul Reubens]].<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Reyes\|first1=Mike\|title=Listen To Pee-Wee Herman As The Voice Of Roger Rabbit\|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Listen-Pee-Wee-Herman-Voice-Roger-Rabbit-67174.html\|website=CinemaBlend\|access-date=5 May 2017\|date=2014-09-11\|archive-date=2017-08-28\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828013815/http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Listen-Pee-Wee-Herman-Voice-Roger-Rabbit-67174.html\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Buzzfeed"/> Subscribers to [[The Disney Channel]] (which was a [[pay television\|subscription channel]] back in its early years) were able to see this test footage in the early 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web\|url = http://www.slashfilm.com/paul-reubens-roger-rabbit-test-footage/\|title = Paul Reubens Roger Rabbit Test Footage Reveals Unmade 1982 Version\|date = 2014-09-08\|access-date = 2017-12-12\|archive-date = 2017-12-13\|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171213082901/http://www.slashfilm.com/paul-reubens-roger-rabbit-test-footage/\|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="Buzzfeed"/> When the film went into full production, Roger was redesigned in a fashion to take elements from all the major cartoon studios of the period, the philosophy behind the new characters, in general, being a combination of Disney's elaborate animation style, similar characterization to Warner Bros. characters and capable of performing [[Tex Avery]]-inspired gags.<ref name="AMA" /> His voice in the film was provided by [[Charles Fleischer]]. Before filming, Fleischer was asked to come up with a speech impediment for Roger. He gave Roger a lisp and the stammering catchphrase "P-p-p-please!" as a tribute to all the other famous cartoon characters with speech impediments, which was inspired by [[Huntz Hall]]'s Sach Jones in ''[[The Bowery Boys]]''.<ref name="Voice Inspiration 1">{{cite web\|title=Interview with Charles Fleischer, the voice of Roger Rabbit\|url=https://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/big-screen/2013/mar/20/interview-with-charles-fleischer-the-voice-of-roge/\|publisher=San Diego Reader\|access-date=September 4, 2024\|archive-date=September 4, 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904084540/https://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/big-screen/2013/mar/20/interview-with-charles-fleischer-the-voice-of-roge/\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Voice Inspiration 2">{{cite web\|title=Who Framed Roger Rabbit Turns 35: Voice of Roger Reflects on Filming Classic Cartoon Crossover\|date=22 June 2023 \|url=https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/who-framed-roger-rabbit-charles-fleischer-35th-anniversary-interview\|publisher=SYFY WIRE\|access-date=September 4, 2024}}</ref> He had invented the "cheek flutter" while performing the voice of B.B. in ''[[Deadly Friend]]''.<ref name="Voice Inspiration 3">{{cite web\|title=Charles Fleischer, the voice behind Roger Rabbit, explores the meaning of life\|date=25 March 2013\|url=https://www.sfexaminer.com/culture/charles-fleischer-the-voice-behind-roger-rabbit-explores-the-meaning-of-life/article_a17a7465-727c-5c11-ad2d-34baeabf7fb2.html\|access-date=January 19, 2024\|archive-date=19 January 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119152828/https://www.sfexaminer.com/culture/charles-fleischer-the-voice-behind-roger-rabbit-explores-the-meaning-of-life/article_a17a7465-727c-5c11-ad2d-34baeabf7fb2.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> His portrayal of Roger was also inspired by [[Screwy Squirrel]].<ref name="Voice Inspiration 4">{{cite book \|last1=Scott \|first1=Keith \|title=Cartoon Voices of the Golden Age, Vol. 1 \|date=3 October 2022 \|publisher=BearManor Media \|language=en}}</ref> To facilitate [[Bob Hoskins]]' performance as Eddie Valiant, Fleischer wore a Roger Rabbit costume on the set to get into the role over the entirety of production, and "stood in" behind camera for most scenes. He called it "trans-projectional acting".<ref name="Voice Inspiration 3"/><ref name="Roger Costume">{{cite web\|title=An Interview With Charles Fleischer, the Voice of Roger Rabbit\|date=19 March 2013\|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/an-interview-with-charles_b_2903967\|publisher=HuffPost\|access-date=January 19, 2024\|archive-date=19 January 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119152826/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/an-interview-with-charles_b_2903967\|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Physical appearance=== {{blockquote\|"He was almost my height, close to six feet, but only if you counted his eighteen-inch ears. He wore only a baggy pair of shorts, held up by brightly colored suspenders. His shoulders stooped so badly, he had to secure his suspender tops in place with crossed pieces of cellophane tape. For eyes, he had twin black dots, floating in the center of two oblong white saucers. His white stomach, nose, toes, and palms on a light brown body made him resemble someone who had just walked face first into a freshly painted wall."\|Eddie Valiant describing Roger Rabbit in the novel<ref name="WCRR excerpt">{{cite book \|url=https://garywolf.com/excerpts/whocensoredrogerrabbit.php \|title=Who Censored Roger Rabbit? \|author=Gary K. Wolf}}</ref>}} Roger in the movie is a skinny white rabbit with large blue eyes, pink nose, a tuft of red hair who wears red overalls, yellow gloves, and a blue bow tie with yellow polka dots. He is an amalgamation of various classic cartoon characters, taking: [[Mickey Mouse]] for his gloves; [[Bugs Bunny]] for his rabbit form, cheeks and ears included; [[Goofy]] for his baggy overalls; [[Porky Pig]] for his bow tie; [[Droopy]] for his head and red hair; and [[Wile E. Coyote]] for his expressions.<ref name="Norman">{{cite book \| author = Norman Kagan \| title = The Cinema of Robert Zemeckis \|date = May 2003\| publisher = [[Rowman & Littlefield]] \| location = Lanham, Maryland \| chapter = Who Framed Roger Rabbit \| pages = 93–117 \| isbn = 0-87833-293-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last1=Arbeiter\|first1=Michael\|title=15 Things You Might Not Know About Who Framed Roger Rabbit\|url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/62910/15-things-you-might-not-know-about-who-framed-roger-rabbit\|website=Mental Floss\|access-date=4 May 2017\|archive-date=12 April 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412180353/http://mentalfloss.com/article/62910/15-things-you-might-not-know-about-who-framed-roger-rabbit\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Expressions">{{cite web\|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BHVloe8MAc&t=375s\|title=I Drew Roger Rabbit\|date=17 February 2013 \|publisher=YouTube\|access-date=November 4, 2023}}</ref> Animator Richard Williams described the process of creating him like an "American flag" with the red overalls, white fur and blue bow tie so that American audiences would enjoy him subliminally.<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Bonner\|first1=Wesley\|title=13 Things You Never Knew About 'Who Framed Roger Rabbit'\|url=http://www.nerve.com/movies913/13-things-you-didnt-know-about-who-framed-roger-rabbit-disney-gifs\|website=NERVE\|access-date=5 May 2017\|archive-date=7 June 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607233922/http://www.nerve.com/movies913/13-things-you-didnt-know-about-who-framed-roger-rabbit-disney-gifs\|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Personality=== Roger is zany, kind-hearted, humorous, energetic, a bit naïve and not very clever. He loves to make others laugh and is good friends with the other Toons, especially [[Baby Herman]] (his [[Maroon Cartoons]] costar) and [[Benny the Cab]]. He is also nervous and is intimidated by [[Judge Doom]], the Dip, and the Toon Patrol as well as many other hazards. Despite his traditionally cartoonish behavior, Roger is aware of what most people think of cartoons, facts he's voiced to [[Eddie Valiant]], in that making people laugh is often what makes toons' lives worthwhile, but also notes that there are times when making people laugh is the only weapon toons have. He believes that if someone doesn't have a good sense of humor they're better off dead and gets upset over having to sit through things such as newsreels that he perceives as boring. He truly loves his voluptuous toon wife, [[Jessica Rabbit\|Jessica]], and always makes her laugh. Roger doesn't take well to alcoholic beverages. It's shown twice in the film that when he has consumed one, he changes color rapidly, at least one of his eyes swells, his head spins, and he mumbles incoherently at a fast pace, before stretching up into the air and whistling like a steam train at a loud enough tone to shatter glass, all the while spinning around. ==Appearances== ===''Who Censored Roger Rabbit?'' (1981)=== {{Main\|Who Censored Roger Rabbit?}} He is a [[second banana]] comic strip character who hires gruff [[alcoholic]] [[Private investigator\|private eye]], [[Eddie Valiant]], to find out why his employers, the owners of a cartoon syndicate called the DeGreasy Brothers, refuse to give him his own [[comic strip]] or to sell his [[contract]] to another studio.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Rovin \|first1=Jeff \|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Cartoon Animals \|date=1991 \|publisher=Prentice Hall Press \|isbn=0-13-275561-0 \|access-date=8 April 2020 \|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc00rovi/page/222/mode/2up/ \|pages=223–225}}</ref> This has Valiant interrogating several suspects, starting with Roger's co-star [[Baby Herman]], then talking to Roger's ex-wife [[Jessica Rabbit]], and finally Roger's photographer Carol. Valiant also goes to the Rabbit's house and finds Roger's corpse lying over the banister, soaking in a pool of his own blood. Toon policeman Captain Cleaver and a human commissioner then show up at the house. Valiant then encounters Roger's [[Doppelgänger\|dopple]], who begs the toon-hating detective to prove his innocence and clear his name. ===''Who Framed Roger Rabbit'' (1988)=== {{Main\|Who Framed Roger Rabbit}} In the 1988 [[Touchstone Pictures\|Touchstone]]/[[Amblin Entertainment]] film, he is re-envisioned as a character in 1940s [[animated cartoons]] and a resident of the fictional [[Los Angeles]] enclave, Toontown. He is framed for the murder of [[Acme Corporation]] C.E.O. Marvin Acme and seeks out [[Eddie Valiant]] to help clear his name. ===''Mickey's 60th Birthday'' (1988)=== {{Main\|Mickey's 60th Birthday}} Roger notably played a significant role in the 1988 [[NBC]] special ''Mickey's 60th Birthday''. At the beginning, during the taping of [[Mickey Mouse\|Mickey Mouse's]] birthday show, he is told to bring Mickey's cake to him, but in the process, he mistakes a stick of dynamite for a candle and puts it on the cake. Upon noticing his mistake, he attempts to blow it out but fails miserably and brings down the set in the process. Due to the resulting explosion, Mickey uses Yen Sid's magic to fix the place up and then shows off some more magic to his audience, only to disappear and have Yen Sid cast a spell on him. At the end, after the curse is lifted, Roger is the first to find Mickey (at [[Disneyland]]s [[Main Street, U.S.A.]]), takes a [[selfie]] of himself and Mickey and is hailed as a hero for doing so on the front page of ''[[USA Today]]''. ===1990s theatrical shorts=== {{Main\|Roger Rabbit short films}} Roger was featured in a series of cartoon shorts following the popularity of the movie. These shorts were presented in front of various [[Touchstone Pictures\|Touchstone]]/[[Walt Disney Pictures\|Disney]] features in an attempt to revive short subject animation as a part of the movie-going experience. These shorts include ''Tummy Trouble'' (1989), released in front of ''[[Honey, I Shrunk the Kids]]'' (this was also included on the original video release of the film); ''Roller Coaster Rabbit'' (1990), shown in front of ''[[Dick Tracy (1990 film)\|Dick Tracy]]''; and ''Trail Mix-Up'' (1993), shown before ''[[A Far Off Place]]''. Despite being produced by Disney Animation, these shorts contained a heavy slapstick style similar to [[Warner Bros.]] ''[[Looney Tunes]]'' or [[Tex Avery]] cartoons, and MGM character [[Droopy]] cameos in each one. ===''Tiny Toon Adventures'' (1992)=== {{Main\|Tiny Toon Adventures}} He makes two cameos voiced by [[Frank Welker]] and [[Joe Alaskey]] in the show, once with [[Jessica Rabbit]].<ref name="Tiny Toons 1"/><ref name="Tiny Toons 2"/><ref name="Joe Alaskey"/> "New Character Day" (1991) - voiced by Frank Welker (as White Rabbit) "Buster and Babs Go Hawaiian" (1991) - voiced by Joe Alaskey ===''Who P-P-P-Plugged Roger Rabbit?'' (1991)=== {{Main\|List of Who Framed Roger Rabbit media#Who P-P-P-Plugged Roger Rabbit?}} Roger is also a character in Wolf's novel, ''Who P-P-P-Plugged Roger Rabbit?''. In the book, Roger Rabbit is sure that [[Clark Gable]] has not only stolen the role of [[Rhett Butler]] in the soon-to-be-shot ''[[Gone with the Wind (1939 film)\|Gone with the Wind]]'', but he has also stolen the heart of Jessica. Investigating the affair, Eddie Valiant, Toon protector, finds himself up to his fedora in murder and Hollywood corruption. The book is neither a sequel nor a prequel to ''Who Censored Roger Rabbit?'' or the film adaptation by Touchstone/Amblin. It is a spin-off story with the same characters, just different situations. ===''Aladdin and the King of Thieves'' (1996)=== {{Main\|Aladdin and the King of Thieves}} Roger and Jessica both make small cameo appearances. ===''Who Wacked Roger Rabbit'' (2013)=== {{Main\|List of Who Framed Roger Rabbit media#Who Wacked Roger Rabbit?}} In ''Who Wacked Roger Rabbit?'', the third novel in Gary K. Wolf's acclaimed ''Roger Rabbit/Toontown'' series, hard-boiled gumshoe Eddie Valiant lands a plum job as [[Gary Cooper]]'s bodyguard while Coop scouts locations for his next movie—a screwball comedy titled ''Hi, Toon!'' But Eddie's dream job quickly turns into a nightmare. The film's being shot in Toontown, and Coop's co-star turns out to be none other than Roger Rabbit. Eddie's a big fan of Coop. Of Roger? Not so much. Now a sinister hoodlum is threatening to murder Coop if the movie gets made. Before long, Eddie, Coop, Roger, and the ever-glamorous Jessica Rabbit are embroiled in a mystery that could destroy Toontown. When Roger bites off more Toonish trouble than Eddie can swallow, the answer to the question, Who Wacked Roger Rabbit?, suddenly becomes no laughing matter. Like ''P-P-P-Plugged'', the book is non-canon to either the first book, or the film. ===Other appearances=== Roger occasionally appears as a meet-and-greet costumed character at [[Walt Disney Parks and Resorts\|Disney Parks]] across the world. A costumed Roger was noticeably present at the opening of [[Disney-MGM Studios]] (now [[Disney's Hollywood Studios]]) on May 1, 1989.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.wdwmagic.com/wdwopenings.htm \|title=WDW Opening Dates \|access-date=2008-06-11 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704105418/http://www.wdwmagic.com/wdwopenings.htm \|archive-date=2008-07-04 }}</ref> Roger and company appeared in the 1989 [[graphic novel]], ''Roger Rabbit: The Resurrection of Doom'', by Bob Foster and published by [[Marvel Comics]]. In the story, Roger and Jessica are thrown out of work when Maroon Cartoon Studios resorts to cheaper animation. Meanwhile, Judge Doom plots revenge as he makes a most unexpected and surprising return. Roger also starred in a comic book series published by [[Disney Comics (publishing)\|Disney Comics]] from April 1990 to September 1991 and a spin-off series called ''Roger Rabbit's Toontown'', published from June to October 1991, which featured Roger in the first story and supporting characters like Jessica Rabbit, Baby Herman, Benny the Cab, and the Toon Patrol. The series continues the adventures of Roger Rabbit, who has since returned to working for Maroon Cartoons, now under C.B. Maroon. The comics were usually split into two stories, with one main feature focusing on Roger's adventures, and a back-up feature presented to look like an actual animated subject. While Jessica Rabbit, Baby Herman and Benny the Cab all appeared in the stories, Eddie Valiant was seldom seen, replaced by a new detective character named Rick Flint. This was given an in-universe explanation in the first issue: Roger had a new case for he and Valiant to team up on, but Valiant told Roger he wouldn't be able to help him, as a result of his heavy workload. So to not leave Roger on his own, Valiant referred him to a "new kid" private [[detective]], Rick Flint. The editorial reason for omitting Valiant from the comic was not having the likeness rights to [[Bob Hoskins]] outside of the first issue. Other new characters introduced were Lenny, a toon plane who was Benny's cousin, and Mel, who was Roger's sentient mailbox. The series had a one-off 3D strip as part of the "Disney's Comics in 3-D" series, which reprinted the back-up features of earlier comics and converted them into 3D. The ''Roger Rabbit'' comic book line lasted 18 issues, ending at the time of the Disney Comics implosion. However, new stories involving Roger and company continued to appear in the pages of [[Disney Adventures]] until after the May 1993 issue. A [[parody]] of Roger appeared in a 2009 episode of the [[Adult Swim]] [[stop-motion]] sketch comedy series, ''[[Robot Chicken]]'' (episode: ''[[List of Robot Chicken episodes#Season 4\|Love, Maurice]]''). In the sketch, Roger (voiced by veteran-''[[Looney Tunes]]'' voice actor [[Bob Bergen]]) murders [[O. J. Simpson]]'s ex-wife, [[Nicole Brown Simpson]], in exchange for O. J. killing Roger's wife, Jessica. The sketch satirizes the infamous [[O. J. Simpson murder case]].<ref name="Robot Chicken"/> He also makes a cameo appearance in the 2022 film ''[[Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (film)\|Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers]]'', with Fleischer reprising his role.<ref>{{cite web \| url = https://www.slashfilm.com/869710/chip-n-dale-rescue-rangers-writers-doug-mand-and-dan-gregor-talk-about-creating-a-spiritual-successor-to-who-framed-roger-rabbit-interview/ \| title = Chip 'N Dale: Rescue Rangers Writers Doug Mand and Dan Gregor Talk About Creating a Spiritual Successor to Who Framed Roger Rabbit \| first = Ben \| last = Silverio \| date = May 20, 2022 \| accessdate = May 21, 2022 \| work = [[Slashfilm]] \| archive-date = May 20, 2022 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220520220210/https://www.slashfilm.com/869710/chip-n-dale-rescue-rangers-writers-doug-mand-and-dan-gregor-talk-about-creating-a-spiritual-successor-to-who-framed-roger-rabbit-interview/ \| url-status = live }}</ref> == Legacy and pop culture == [[File:Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin.JPG\|thumb\|175px\|Roger with [[Benny the Cab]], on the marquee of [[Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin]] at [[Disneyland\|Disneyland California]].]] [[Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin]], a [[dark ride]] featuring Roger, opened at [[Disneyland]] and [[Tokyo Disneyland]]. Roger had also appeared at other [[Walt Disney Parks and Resorts]] as a [[meetable character]] but retired as of 2018. Andy Ape from the animated series ''[[Darkwing Duck]]'' is a parody of Roger.<ref>{{cite episode\|title=Film Flam\|series=Darkwing Duck\|airdate=September 14, 1991\|season=1 (ABC)\|number=67}}</ref> The Roger Rabbit became a popular [[Novelty and fad dances\|fad dance]] in America during the late 1980s and early 1990s.<ref>For example, fitness expert [[Monica Brant]] verifies her efforts to learn the dance in the 1990s in Monica Brant, ''Monica Brant's Secrets to Staying Fit and Loving Life'' (Sports Publishing LLC, 2005), [https://books.google.com/books?id=_-XovLHmb5EC&pg=PA4&dq=%22The+Roger+Rabbit+(dance)%22&ei=hTMbSYy8PIjUMpDrye8N 4].</ref><ref>The dance is even used in the dedication of W. Michael Kelley, ''The Complete Idiot's Guide to Calculus'' (Alpha Books, 2002), [https://books.google.com/books?id=H-0L9Dxor6sC&pg=PR2&dq=%22The+Roger+Rabbit+(dance)%22&ei=hTMbSYy8PIjUMpDrye8N ii].</ref> It was named after the floppy movements of the Roger Rabbit cartoon character. In movement, the Roger Rabbit dance is similar to the [[Running man (dance)\|running man]], but done by skipping backwards with arms performing a flapping gesture as if hooking one's thumbs on suspenders.<ref>{{cite web\|title=How to Do the Roger Rabbit\|url=https://trendy-dancing.wonderhowto.com/how-to/do-roger-rabbit-dance-386232/\|website=WONDERHOWTO\|date=4 October 2010\|access-date=5 May 2017\|archive-date=7 February 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207123146/https://trendy-dancing.wonderhowto.com/how-to/do-roger-rabbit-dance-386232/\|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bobby Brown]] popularized the dance move,<ref>{{Cite web \| url=https://www.theodysseyonline.com/moves-80s \| title=Moves from the 80's \| date=June 27, 2016 \| access-date=June 22, 2022 \| archive-date=July 2, 2022 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702050019/https://www.theodysseyonline.com/moves-80s \| url-status=live }}</ref> as seen in the [[music video]] for his song "[[Every Little Step]]" (1989).<ref>{{Cite web \| url=https://rickeysmileymorningshow.com/2852861/bobby-browns-most-trendsetting-style-moments/ \| title=Bobby Brown's Most Trendsetting Style Moments \| date=May 26, 2022 \| access-date=June 22, 2022 \| archive-date=May 28, 2022 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528011909/https://rickeysmileymorningshow.com/2852861/bobby-browns-most-trendsetting-style-moments/ \| url-status=live }}</ref> The popular [[Disney Afternoon]] TV series ''[[Bonkers (American TV series)\|Bonkers]]'' was long rumored to have originally been intended as a ''Roger Rabbit'' spin-off series, that ended up being scrapped due to licensing issues from [[Amblin Entertainment]], with ''Bonkers'' being created instead. However, in 2008, [[Greg Weisman]], who was a writer and on the series and helped co-created the series, denied this. While confirming that the title character was inspired by Roger, and the Toontown concept had also been influenced by the film, Weisman insists that Bonkers was always meant to be his own character.<ref>{{cite web\|title=ASK GREG ARCHIVES\|url=http://www.s8.org/gargoyles/askgreg/archives.php?lid=243\|website=Station Eight: A [[Gargoyles (TV series)\|Gargoyles]] Fan Site\|access-date=January 14, 2018\|archive-date=January 15, 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115184523/http://www.s8.org/gargoyles/askgreg/archives.php?lid=243\|url-status=live}}</ref> Rappers [[MC Lars]] and [[Kool Keith]] wrote a song about Roger and [[Judge Doom]] on Lars's 2015 album, "the Zombie Dinosaur LP" called "the Dip".<ref>{{Cite web \| url=http://diffuser.fm/exclusive-premiere-mc-lars-raps-about-roger-rabbit-in-the-dip-ft-kool-keith/ \| title=Exclusive Premiere: MC Lars Raps About 'Roger Rabbit' on 'The Dip' (Ft. Kool Keith) \| date=20 October 2015 \| access-date=5 May 2017 \| archive-date=21 April 2019 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421201320/https://diffuser.fm/exclusive-premiere-mc-lars-raps-about-roger-rabbit-in-the-dip-ft-kool-keith/ \| url-status=live }}</ref> == Additional media == [[List of Who Framed Roger Rabbit media#Books\|Roger Rabbit in literature]] [[List of Who Framed Roger Rabbit media#Comic books\|Roger Rabbit in comic books]] *[[List of Who Framed Roger Rabbit media#Video games\|Roger Rabbit in video games]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Roger Rabbit}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rabbit, Roger}} [[Category:Disney animal characters]] [[Category:Anthropomorphic rabbits and hares]] [[Category:Characters in American novels of the 20th century]] [[Category:Fictional actors]] [[Category:Fictional characters from the 20th century]] [[Category:Fictional rabbits and hares]] [[Category:Literary characters introduced in 1981]] [[Category:Male characters in animation]] [[Category:Who Framed Roger Rabbit]] [[Category:Film characters introduced in 1988]] [[Category:Animated characters introduced in 1988]]	1,304,894,424	[{"title": "Roger Rabbit", "data": {"First appearance": "Literature: Who Censored Roger Rabbit? (1981) \u00b7 Film: Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)", "Created by": "Gary K. Wolf", "Adapted by": "- Jeffrey Price \u00b7 Peter S. Seaman - Richard Williams", "Voiced by": "- Paul Reubens (1983; original test footage) - Charles Fleischer (1988\u2212present) - Jess Harnell (1991\u22121998; Disney park appearances, Hare Raising Havoc, Roger Rabbit 2 CGI test footage (singing voice)) - Frank Welker (1991; Tiny Toon Adventures) - Joe Alaskey (1991; Tiny Toon Adventures) - Jim Cummings (1998; Roger Rabbit 2 CGI test footage (speaking voice)) - Bob Bergen (2009; Robot Chicken) - Jon St. John (2013, Aficionados Chris) - Jenn Waitt (2014; Rapid T. Rabbit and Friends)"}}, {"title": "In-universe information", "data": {"Species": "Toon rabbit", "Gender": "Male", "Occupation": "Actor", "Family": "Thumper (uncle)", "Spouse": "Jessica Rabbit (wife)"}}]	false
# The Fall Guy (soundtrack) The Fall Guy (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack to the 2024 film of the same name directed by David Leitch, starring Ryan Gosling and Emily Blunt. The soundtrack featured 24 tracks, with three songs and the remainder consisting of original score composed by Dominic Lewis. It was released by Back Lot Music on May 3, 2024 alongside the film. ## Development Dominic Lewis was assigned as the composer after previously working with Leitch on Bullet Train (2022). Lewis started working on the score during the pre-production stage where he received the script from Leitch and began writing the music based on the ideas he provided from the script. The music went through several iterations thereafter. The first piece written was the end credits song, which was an "old school love ballad" as Leitch suggested. Afterwards, he wrote several score suites for the film. The music from the 1970s and 1980s served as the inspiration for the film score, which matched the film's tone. Rachel Levy was assigned as the music supervisor. Producer Kelly McCormick wanted a Taylor Swift song to be played in the sequence where Colt (Gosling) reminisces of his times with Jody (Blunt), which Gosling had agreed. Though being unable to decide on which song to be played, he came up with "All Too Well" being a perfect fit for the sequence. The license to the song was secured even before the Eras Tour. The song "I Was Made for Lovin' You" (1979) by the hard rock band Kiss was initially refused by McCormick and the Universal Pictures' president Peter Cramer, but Leitch was insistent on using the song as the band's music was "crystallizing the tone of the movie for me, which was equal parts camp and cool". It was deciphered as the challenging song to get clearance, according to Levy, but as Leitch wanted it to use as a needledrop throughout the film, Lewis deconstructed and integrated the song into his theme and Yungblud covered the song for the film. This resulted in being the "beating heart of the film's soundtrack". The song "You Oughta Know" by Alanis Morissette was excluded from the film during its edit. Besides the pre-existing songs in the film, the soundtrack had an original song "Unknown Stuntman", a take of the original theme from the television series performed by Blake Shelton. Though Gosling was intended to perform the theme song for the film, he refrained from doing so. ## Release "I Was Made for Lovin' You" was released as a single on April 26, 2024 through Geffen Records. The theme song "Unknown Stuntman" performed by Shelton was released on May 2, 2024. The soundtrack in its entirety was released on May 3, 2024, alongside the film by Back Lot Music. It is further set to be released on 140-gram double LP explosion-colored vinyl featuring three liner notes from Leitch, on August 2, 2024. ## Critical reception Alci Rengifo of Entertainment Voice wrote "Dominic Lewis' score even sounds like a satirical jab at Hans Zimmer"s tribal sounds for Dune." Richard Brody of The New Yorker described it as "high-octane", while Bilge Ebiri of Vulture called it "energetic". Glenn Whipp of Los Angeles Times described it as an enjoyable soundtrack. Liz Shannon Miller of Consequence wrote that "the songs are well-chosen, with just a touch of randomness". ## Track listing \| No. \| Title \| Artist(s) \| Length \| \| ------------- \| ------------------------------------------------ \| ---------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "I Was Made for Lovin' You" \| Yungblud \| 4:22 \| \| 2. \| "Unknown Stuntman (Fall Guy Theme)" \| Blake Shelton \| 2:40 \| \| 3. \| "Thumbs Up" \| \| 2:16 \| \| 4. \| "Metalstorm" \| \| 0:37 \| \| 5. \| "Third-Degree Burn" \| \| 0:54 \| \| 6. \| "Sexy Bacon" \| \| 2:30 \| \| 7. \| "Owner of a Lonely Heart" \| \| 1:44 \| \| 8. \| "Dead Guy On Ice" \| \| 1:29 \| \| 9. \| "Fruit Plate" \| \| 1:01 \| \| 10. \| "Bon Garçon" \| \| 0:52 \| \| 11. \| "Ball Biter" \| \| 1:45 \| \| 12. \| "Post-It Party" \| \| 1:14 \| \| 13. \| "Ducking Autocorrect" \| \| 2:12 \| \| 14. \| "Attaque!" \| \| 2:02 \| \| 15. \| "Miami Grilled Cheese" \| \| 5:49 \| \| 16. \| "I Was Made for Lovin' You" (orchestral version) \| Yungblud Dominic Lewis \| 4:48 \| \| 17. \| "Chef's Kiss" \| \| 1:13 \| \| 18. \| "High Noon at the End of the Universe" \| \| 1:55 \| \| 19. \| "Pyro Prep" \| \| 1:01 \| \| 20. \| "Wire Straits" \| \| 4:39 \| \| 21. \| "The Fall Guy" \| \| 5:25 \| \| 22. \| "Waiting for Love" \| \| 3:46 \| \| 23. \| "Unsung Heroes" \| \| 2:17 \| \| 24. \| "Ain't No Galaxy" \| \| 3:30 \| \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| 60:01 \| ## Curated soundtrack The film features the list of songs, which were not released as a part of the official soundtrack or separately as a compilation album. - "I Was Made For Lovin' You" – Kiss - "A Man Without Love" - Engelbert Humperdinck - "Fiesta" – Mariachi La Estrella - "Thunderstruck" – AC/DC - "All Too Well (Taylor's Version)" – Taylor Swift - "All I Do Is Win" – DJ Khaled (feat. T-Pain, Ludacris, Snoop Dogg and Rick Ross - "I Believe in a Thing Called Love" – The Darkness - "Genie in a Bottle" – Christina Aguilera - "Looks That Kill" – Mötley Crüe - "Against All Odds (Take A Look At Me Now)" – Phil Collins - "I Hate Myself For Loving You" – Joan Jett and the Blackhearts ## Personnel Credits adapted from Film Music Reporter: - All music composed and produced by Dominic Lewis Orchestra - Conductor – Gavin Greenaway - Orchestrator – Tommy Laurence - Additional orchestrations by – Stephen Coleman, Andrew Kinney, Geoff Lawson, Michael Llyod, Tutti Music Partners - Orchestra leader – Everton Nelson - Orchestra contractors – Jenny Goshawk, Isobel Griffiths Featured musicians - Bass – Laurence Cottle - Guitar – Tommy Everton - Drums – Doug Harper Technical - Score programming – Daniel Futcher, Tom Skyrme - Recorded at Abbey Road Studios and AIR Studios, London - Recording engineers – Sam Okell, Nick Wollage - Score recordist – Chris Parker, Marta Di Nozzi, George Oulton - Assistant engineers – Marta Di Nozzi, George Oulton - Mixed at The Village, Los Angeles - Mixing engineer – Al Clay - Mixing assistants – Mark Knight, Joyie Lai - Music editors – Angie Rubin, Dan Pinder - Librarians – Jill Streater, Ann Barnard - Music preparation – Global Music Service ## Release history \| Region \| Date \| Format(s) \| Label \| Ref. \| \| ------- \| -------------- \| -------------------------- \| -------------- \| ------ \| \| Various \| May 3, 2024 \| Digital download streaming \| Back Lot Music \| [ 20 ] \| \| Various \| August 2, 2024 \| Vinyl \| Back Lot Music \| [ 11 ] \|	enwiki/76877000	enwiki	76,877,000	The Fall Guy (soundtrack)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fall_Guy_(soundtrack)	2025-08-12T23:55:52Z	en	Q126095020	113,360	{{Infobox album \| name = The Fall Guy (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) \| type = soundtrack \| cover = The Fall Guy (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack).jpg \| alt = \| border = yes \| artist = [[Dominic Lewis]] and various artists \| released = May 3, 2024 \| recorded = 2023–2024 \| studio = {{hlist\|[[Abbey Road Studios\|Abbey Road]], London\|[[AIR Studios\|AIR]], London\|[[The Village (studio)\|The Village]], Los Angeles}} \| genre = [[Film soundtrack]] \| length = 60:01 \| label = [[Back Lot Music]] \| producer = [[Dominic Lewis]] \| misc = {{Extra chronology \| artist = [[Dominic Lewis]] \| type = film \| prev_title = [[Lift (2024 film)\|Lift]] \| prev_year = 2024 \| title = The Fall Guy \| year = 2024 \| next_title = [[Karate Kid: Legends]] \| next_year = 2025 }} {{Singles \| name = The Fall Guy (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) \| type = soundtrack \| single1 = [[I Was Made for Lovin' You#Yungblud\|I Was Made for Lovin' You]] \| single1date = April 26, 2024 \| single2 = Unknown Stuntman (Fall Guy Theme) \| single2date = May 2, 2024 }} }} '''''The Fall Guy (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''''' is the soundtrack to the 2024 film of the [[The Fall Guy (2024 film)\|same name]] directed by [[David Leitch]], starring [[Ryan Gosling]] and [[Emily Blunt]]. The soundtrack featured 24 tracks, with three songs and the remainder consisting of original score composed by [[Dominic Lewis]]. It was released by Back Lot Music on May 3, 2024 alongside the film. == Development == [[Dominic Lewis]] was assigned as the composer after previously working with Leitch on [[Bullet Train (film)\|''Bullet Train'']] (2022). Lewis started working on the score during the pre-production stage where he received the script from Leitch and began writing the music based on the ideas he provided from the script. The music went through several iterations thereafter. The first piece written was the end credits song, which was an "old school love ballad" as Leitch suggested. Afterwards, he wrote several score suites for the film. The music from the 1970s and 1980s served as the inspiration for the film score, which matched the film's tone.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Mills \|first=Lane \|date=March 13, 2024 \|title=Notes On A Score: 'The Fall Guy' Composer Dominic Lewis On Crafting A Love Letter To Film Music \|url=https://geekvibesnation.com/notes-on-a-score-the-fall-guy-composer-dominic-lewis/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314141409/https://geekvibesnation.com/notes-on-a-score-the-fall-guy-composer-dominic-lewis/ \|archive-date=March 14, 2024 \|access-date=May 10, 2024 \|website=Geek Vibes Nation \|language=en-US}}</ref> Rachel Levy was assigned as the music supervisor. Producer Kelly McCormick wanted a [[Taylor Swift]] song to be played in the sequence where Colt (Gosling) reminisces of his times with Jody (Blunt), which Gosling had agreed.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Wilkes \|first=Emma \|date=May 3, 2024 \|title=How Taylor Swift's 'All Too Well' ended up being in 'The Fall Guy' \|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/how-taylor-swifts-all-too-well-ended-up-being-in-the-fall-guy-3753472 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509182406/https://www.nme.com/news/music/how-taylor-swifts-all-too-well-ended-up-being-in-the-fall-guy-3753472 \|archive-date=May 9, 2024 \|access-date=May 10, 2024 \|website=NME \|language=en-GB}}</ref> Though being unable to decide on which song to be played, he came up with "[[All Too Well]]" being a perfect fit for the sequence.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=March 11, 2024 \|title=The Fall Guy Director Confirms Taylor Swift's Music is Part of Upcoming Film \|url=https://comicbook.com/movies/news/the-fall-guy-director-confirms-taylor-swifts-music-is-part-of-upcoming-film/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330091534/https://comicbook.com/movies/news/the-fall-guy-director-confirms-taylor-swifts-music-is-part-of-upcoming-film/ \|archive-date=March 30, 2024 \|access-date=May 10, 2024 \|website=Comicbook.com \|publisher=Paramount Global \|language=en}}</ref> The license to the song was secured even before [[the Eras Tour]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web \|last1=Tangcay \|first1=Jazz \|last2=Woerner \|first2=Meredith \|date=May 3, 2024 \|title=How 'The Fall Guy' Landed Taylor Swift and Kiss for its Soundtrack — and the Alanis Morissette Karaoke Moment That Didn't Make the Final Cut \|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/features/the-fall-guy-taylor-swift-kiss-alanis-morissette-soundtrack-1235990416/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503232602/https://variety.com/2024/film/features/the-fall-guy-taylor-swift-kiss-alanis-morissette-soundtrack-1235990416/ \|archive-date=May 3, 2024 \|access-date=May 10, 2024 \|website=Variety \|language=en-US}}</ref> The song "[[I Was Made for Lovin' You]]" (1979) by the hard rock band [[Kiss (band)\|Kiss]] was initially refused by McCormick and the [[Universal Pictures]]' president Peter Cramer, but Leitch was insistent on using the song as the band's music was "crystallizing the tone of the movie for me, which was equal parts camp and cool".<ref name=":0" /> It was deciphered as the challenging song to get clearance, according to Levy, but as Leitch wanted it to use as a needledrop throughout the film, Lewis deconstructed and integrated the song into his theme and [[Yungblud]] covered the song for the film. This resulted in being the "beating heart of the film's soundtrack".<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Jones \|first=Tamera \|date=November 2, 2023 \|title='The Fall Guy' Has Three Stunts That Just Aren't Done on Movie Sets Anymore \|url=https://collider.com/the-fall-guy-ryan-gosling-stunts-david-leitch-comments/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105191300/https://collider.com/the-fall-guy-ryan-gosling-stunts-david-leitch-comments/ \|archive-date=November 5, 2023 \|access-date=May 10, 2024 \|website=Collider \|language=en}}</ref> The song "[[You Oughta Know]]" by [[Alanis Morissette]] was excluded from the film during its edit.<ref name=":0" /> Besides the pre-existing songs in the film, the soundtrack had an original song "Unknown Stuntman", a take of the original theme from the [[The Fall Guy\|television series]] performed by [[Blake Shelton]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite magazine \|last=Nicholson \|first=Jessica \|date=May 2, 2024 \|title=Blake Shelton Calls Covering 'Unknown Stuntman' for Ryan Gosling's 'The Fall Guy' a 'Bucket-List' Moment \|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/country/blake-shelton-unknown-stuntman-cover-fall-guy-ryan-gosling-1235672179/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508081821/https://www.billboard.com/music/country/blake-shelton-unknown-stuntman-cover-fall-guy-ryan-gosling-1235672179/ \|archive-date=May 8, 2024 \|access-date=May 10, 2024 \|magazine=Billboard \|language=en-US}}</ref> Though Gosling was intended to perform the theme song for the film, he refrained from doing so.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=January 15, 2024 \|title=Will Ryan Gosling sing the theme song in the Fall Guy remake? \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/hollywood/will-ryan-gosling-sing-the-theme-song-in-the-fall-guy-remake-101705304531796.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116201939/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/hollywood/will-ryan-gosling-sing-the-theme-song-in-the-fall-guy-remake-101705304531796.html \|archive-date=January 16, 2024 \|access-date=May 10, 2024 \|website=Hindustan Times \|language=en}}</ref> == Release == "I Was Made for Lovin' You" was released as a single on April 26, 2024 through [[Geffen Records]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Wilkes \|first=Emma \|date=May 3, 2024 \|title=Watch Yungblud cover KISS' 'I Was Made For Loving You' from 'The Fall Guy' soundtrack \|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/watch-yungblud-cover-kiss-i-was-made-for-loving-you-from-the-fall-guy-soundtrack-3753480 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509213740/https://www.nme.com/news/music/watch-yungblud-cover-kiss-i-was-made-for-loving-you-from-the-fall-guy-soundtrack-3753480 \|archive-date=May 9, 2024 \|access-date=May 10, 2024 \|website=NME \|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Piner \|first=Chris \|date=May 2, 2024 \|title=Blake Shelton Shares New Music Featured in Ryan Gosling's Film 'The Fall Guy' \|url=https://americansongwriter.com/blake-shelton-shares-new-music-featured-in-ryan-goslings-film-the-fall-guy/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503004105/https://americansongwriter.com/blake-shelton-shares-new-music-featured-in-ryan-goslings-film-the-fall-guy/ \|archive-date=May 3, 2024 \|access-date=May 10, 2024 \|website=American Songwriter \|language=en-US}}</ref> The theme song "Unknown Stuntman" performed by Shelton was released on May 2, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=May 2, 2024 \|title=Yes, Blake Shelton Sings The New The Fall Guy Theme Song {{ndash}} Everything to Know (LISTEN) \|url=https://www.nbc.com/nbc-insider/does-blake-shelton-sing-the-new-the-fall-guy-theme-song \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510140807/https://www.nbc.com/nbc-insider/does-blake-shelton-sing-the-new-the-fall-guy-theme-song \|archive-date=May 10, 2024 \|access-date=May 10, 2024 \|website=NBC \|language=en-US}}</ref> The soundtrack in its entirety was released on May 3, 2024, alongside the film by [[Back Lot Music]]. It is further set to be released on 140-gram [[double LP]] explosion-colored [[LP record\|vinyl]] featuring three liner notes from Leitch, on August 2, 2024.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web \|date=May 3, 2024 \|title=How to Get the Gorgeous The Fall Guy Vinyl Soundtrack Featuring Blake Shelton \|url=https://www.nbc.com/nbc-insider/how-to-get-the-fall-guy-vinyl-soundtrack-featuring-blake-shelton \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510142114/https://www.nbc.com/nbc-insider/how-to-get-the-fall-guy-vinyl-soundtrack-featuring-blake-shelton \|archive-date=May 10, 2024 \|access-date=May 10, 2024 \|website=NBC \|language=en-US}}</ref> == Critical reception == Alci Rengifo of ''Entertainment Voice'' wrote "Dominic Lewis' score even sounds like a satirical jab at Hans Zimmer"s tribal sounds for ''[[Dune (2021 film)\|Dune]]''."<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Rengifo \|first=Alci \|date=May 2, 2024 \|title='The Fall Guy': Ryan Gosling and Emily Blunt Give This Pyrotechnic Comedy Its Chemistry \|url=https://entertainmentvoice.com/2024/05/02/the-fall-guy-ryan-gosling-and-emily-blunt-give-this-pyrotechnic-comedy-its-chemistry/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510140735/https://entertainmentvoice.com/2024/05/02/the-fall-guy-ryan-gosling-and-emily-blunt-give-this-pyrotechnic-comedy-its-chemistry/ \|archive-date=May 10, 2024 \|access-date=May 10, 2024 \|website=Entertainment Voice}}</ref> Richard Brody of ''[[The New Yorker]]'' described it as "high-octane",<ref>{{Cite magazine \|last=Brody \|first=Richard \|date=May 2, 2024 \|title="The Fall Guy" Is Gravity-Defying Fun, in Every Sense \|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2024/05/13/the-fall-guy-movie-review \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509123631/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2024/05/13/the-fall-guy-movie-review \|archive-date=May 9, 2024 \|access-date=May 10, 2024 \|magazine=The New Yorker \|language=en-US \|issn=0028-792X}}</ref> while Bilge Ebiri of ''[[Vulture (website)\|Vulture]]'' called it "energetic".<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Ebiri \|first=Bilge \|date=May 2, 2024 \|title=The Fall Guy Is a Funny, Romantic, Stunt-Filled Delight \|url=https://www.vulture.com/article/the-fall-guy-movie-review-ryan-gosling.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509200051/https://www.vulture.com/article/the-fall-guy-movie-review-ryan-gosling.html \|archive-date=May 9, 2024 \|access-date=May 10, 2024 \|website=Vulture \|language=en}}</ref> Glenn Whipp of ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' described it as an enjoyable soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Whipp \|first=Glenn \|date=May 2, 2024 \|title=Review: In 'The Fall Guy' with Ryan Gosling and Emily Blunt, what's a stuntman to do? Shake it off \|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2024-05-02/the-fall-guy-review-ryan-gosling-emily-blunt-david-leitch-stunts \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509222624/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2024-05-02/the-fall-guy-review-ryan-gosling-emily-blunt-david-leitch-stunts \|archive-date=May 9, 2024 \|access-date=May 10, 2024 \|website=Los Angeles Times \|language=en-US}}</ref> Liz Shannon Miller of ''[[Consequence (publication)\|Consequence]]'' wrote that "the songs are well-chosen, with just a touch of randomness".<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Miller \|first=Liz Shannon \|date=April 30, 2024 \|title=The Fall Guy Review: Ryan Gosling Leads Perfect Action Movie \|url=https://consequence.net/2024/04/the-fall-guy-review-ryan-gosling/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508040226/https://consequence.net/2024/04/the-fall-guy-review-ryan-gosling/ \|archive-date=May 8, 2024 \|access-date=May 10, 2024 \|website=Consequence \|language=en-US}}</ref> == Track listing == {{Track listing \| headline = ''The Fall Guy (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)'' track listing \| title1 = [[I Was Made for Lovin' You#Yungblud\|I Was Made for Lovin' You]] \| extra1 = [[Yungblud]] \| length1 = 4:22 \| title2 = Unknown Stuntman (Fall Guy Theme) \| extra2 = [[Blake Shelton]] \| length2 = 2:40 \| title3 = Thumbs Up \| length3 = 2:16 \| title4 = Metalstorm \| length4 = 0:37 \| title5 = Third-Degree Burn \| length5 = 0:54 \| title6 = Sexy Bacon \| length6 = 2:30 \| title7 = Owner of a Lonely Heart \| length7 = 1:44 \| title8 = Dead Guy On Ice \| length8 = 1:29 \| title9 = Fruit Plate \| length9 = 1:01 \| title10 = Bon Garçon \| length10 = 0:52 \| title11 = Ball Biter \| length11 = 1:45 \| title12 = Post-It Party \| length12 = 1:14 \| title13 = Ducking Autocorrect \| length13 = 2:12 \| title14 = Attaque! \| length14 = 2:02 \| title15 = Miami Grilled Cheese \| length15 = 5:49 \| title16 = I Was Made for Lovin' You \| note16 = orchestral version \| extra16 = {{hlist\|Yungblud\|[[Dominic Lewis]]}} \| length16 = 4:48 \| title17 = Chef's Kiss \| length17 = 1:13 \| title18 = High Noon at the End of the Universe \| length18 = 1:55 \| title19 = Pyro Prep \| length19 = 1:01 \| title20 = Wire Straits \| length20 = 4:39 \| title21 = The Fall Guy \| length21 = 5:25 \| title22 = Waiting for Love \| length22 = 3:46 \| title23 = Unsung Heroes \| length23 = 2:17 \| title24 = Ain't No Galaxy \| length24 = 3:30 \| extra_column = Artist(s) \| total_length = 60:01 }} == Curated soundtrack == The film features the list of songs, which were not released as a part of the official soundtrack or separately as a compilation album.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Hood \|first=Cooper \|date=May 3, 2024 \|title=The Fall Guy Soundtrack Guide: Every Song & When They Play \|url=https://screenrant.com/the-fall-guy-soundtrack-song-guide/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503174626/https://screenrant.com/the-fall-guy-soundtrack-song-guide/ \|archive-date=May 3, 2024 \|access-date=May 10, 2024 \|website=ScreenRant \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Starkey \|first=Adam \|date=May 2, 2024 \|title=Here's every song on 'The Fall Guy' soundtrack \|url=https://www.nme.com/news/film/every-song-the-fall-guy-soundtrack-yungblud-3752548 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503213459/https://www.nme.com/news/film/every-song-the-fall-guy-soundtrack-yungblud-3752548 \|archive-date=May 3, 2024 \|access-date=May 10, 2024 \|website=NME \|language=en-GB}}</ref> {{div col}} * "[[I Was Made for Lovin' You\|I Was Made For Lovin' You]]" – [[Kiss (band)\|Kiss]] * "[[Quando m'innamoro\|A Man Without Love]]" - [[Engelbert Humperdinck (singer)\|Engelbert Humperdinck]] * "Fiesta" – Mariachi La Estrella * "[[Thunderstruck (song)\|Thunderstruck]]" – [[AC/DC]] * "[[All Too Well (Taylor's Version)]]" – [[Taylor Swift]] * "[[All I Do Is Win]]" – [[DJ Khaled]] (feat. [[T-Pain]], [[Ludacris]], [[Snoop Dogg]] and [[Rick Ross]] * "[[I Believe in a Thing Called Love]]" – [[The Darkness (band)\|The Darkness]] * "[[Genie in a Bottle]]" – [[Christina Aguilera]] * "[[Looks That Kill]]" – [[Mötley Crüe]] * "[[Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)\|Against All Odds (Take A Look At Me Now)]]" – [[Phil Collins]] * "[[I Hate Myself for Loving You\|I Hate Myself For Loving You]]" – [[Joan Jett & The Blackhearts\|Joan Jett and the Blackhearts]] {{div col end}} == Personnel == Credits adapted from ''Film Music Reporter'':<ref>{{Cite web \|title=The Fall Guy {{ndash}} Music Team Credits \|url=https://filmmusicreporter.com/music-team-credits/the-fall-guy/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510141653/https://filmmusicreporter.com/music-team-credits/the-fall-guy/ \|archive-date=May 10, 2024 \|access-date=May 10, 2024 \|website=Film Music Reporter \|language=en-US}}</ref> {{div col}} * All music composed and produced by [[Dominic Lewis]] '''Orchestra''' * Conductor – [[Gavin Greenaway]] * Orchestrator – Tommy Laurence * Additional orchestrations by – [[Stephen Coleman]], Andrew Kinney, Geoff Lawson, Michael Llyod, Tutti Music Partners * Orchestra leader – Everton Nelson * Orchestra contractors – Jenny Goshawk, Isobel Griffiths '''Featured musicians''' * Bass – [[Laurence Cottle]] * Guitar – Tommy Everton * Drums – Doug Harper '''Technical''' * Score programming – Daniel Futcher, Tom Skyrme * Recorded at [[Abbey Road Studios]] and [[Associated Independent Recording\|AIR Studios]], [[London]] * Recording engineers – Sam Okell, Nick Wollage * Score recordist – Chris Parker, Marta Di Nozzi, George Oulton * Assistant engineers – Marta Di Nozzi, George Oulton * Mixed at [[The Village (studio)\|The Village]], [[Los Angeles]] * Mixing engineer – Al Clay * Mixing assistants – Mark Knight, Joyie Lai * Music editors – Angie Rubin, Dan Pinder * Librarians – Jill Streater, Ann Barnard * Music preparation – Global Music Service {{div col end}} == Release history == {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" \|+Release history and formats for ''The Fall Guy (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)'' ! scope="col" \| Region ! scope="col" \| Date ! scope="col" \| Format(s) ! scope="col" \| Label ! scope="col" \| {{Abbr\|Ref.\|Reference}} \|- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" \| Various \| May 3, 2024 \| {{Hlist\|[[Music download\|Digital download]]\|[[Streaming media\|streaming]]\|}} \| rowspan="2" \| Back Lot Music \| align="center" \| <ref>{{Cite web \|date=May 2, 2024 \|title='The Fall Guy' Soundtrack Album Details \|url=https://filmmusicreporter.com/2024/05/02/the-fall-guy-soundtrack-album-details/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503193458/https://filmmusicreporter.com/2024/05/02/the-fall-guy-soundtrack-album-details/ \|archive-date=May 3, 2024 \|access-date=May 10, 2024 \|website=Film Music Reporter \|language=en-US}}</ref> \|- \| August 2, 2024 \| [[LP record\|Vinyl]] \| align="center" \| <ref name=":1" /> \|} == References == {{reflist}} {{Dominic Lewis}}{{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fall Guy, The}} [[Category:2024 soundtrack albums]] [[Category:Albums recorded at AIR Studios]] [[Category:Albums recorded at the Village (studio)]] [[Category:Back Lot Music soundtracks]] [[Category:Dominic Lewis soundtracks]]	1,305,587,885	[{"title": "Soundtrack album by Dominic Lewis and various artists", "data": {"Released": "May 3, 2024", "Recorded": "2023\u20132024", "Studio": "Abbey Road , London AIR , London The Village , Los Angeles", "Genre": "Film soundtrack", "Length": "60:01", "Label": "Back Lot Music", "Producer": "Dominic Lewis"}}, {"title": "Dominic Lewis chronology", "data": {"Lift \u00b7 (2024)": "The Fall Guy \u00b7 (2024) \u00b7 Karate Kid: Legends \u00b7 (2025)"}}, {"title": "Singles from The Fall Guy (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)", "data": {"Singles from The Fall Guy (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)": "1. \"I Was Made for Lovin' You\" \u00b7 Released: April 26, 2024 2. \"Unknown Stuntman (Fall Guy Theme)\" \u00b7 Released: May 2, 2024"}}, {"title": "Dominic Lewis", "data": {"Soundtracks": "Peter Rabbit (2018) Goosebumps 2: Haunted Halloween (2018) Peter Rabbit 2: The Runaway (2021) The King's Man (2021) Bullet Train (2022) Spirited (2022) The Fall Guy (2024) Karate Kid: Legends (2025)"}}]	false
# Agave Agave (/əˈɡɑːvi/; also UK: /əˈɡeɪvi/; Anglo-Hispanic, also US: /əˈɡɑːveɪ/) is a genus of monocots native to the arid regions of the Americas. The genus is primarily known for its succulent and xerophytic species that typically form large rosettes of strong, fleshy leaves. Many plants in this genus may be considered perennial, because they require several to many years to mature and flower. However, most Agave species are more accurately described as monocarpic rosettes or multiannuals, since each individual rosette flowers only once and then dies; a small number of Agave species are polycarpic. Along with plants from the closely related genera Yucca, Hesperoyucca, and Hesperaloe, various Agave species are popular ornamental plants in hot, dry climates, as they require very little supplemental water to survive. Most Agave species grow very slowly. Some Agave species are known by the common name "century plant". Maguey is a Spanish word that refers to all of the large-leafed plants in the Asparagaceae family, including agaves and yuccas. Maguey flowers are eaten in many indigenous culinary traditions of Mesoamerica. ## Description The succulent leaves of most Agave species have sharp marginal teeth, an extremely sharp terminal spine, and are very fibrous inside. The stout stem is usually extremely short, which may make the plant appear as though it is stemless. Agave rosettes are mostly monocarpic, though some species are polycarpic.: 30 During flowering, a tall stem or "mast" ("quiote" in Mexico), which can grow to be 12 metres (40 feet) high, and Agave salmiana can be significantly taller. The panicle grows apically from the center of the rosette and bears a large number of short, tubular flowers and sometimes vegetatively produced bulbils (a form of asexual reproduction). After pollination/fertilization and subsequent fruit development, in monocarpic species, the original rosette dies. However, throughout the lifetime of many Agave species, rhizomatous suckers develop above the roots at the base of the rosette.: 30 These suckers go on to form new plants after the original rosette desiccates and dies. Not all agaves produce suckers throughout their lifetimes; some species rarely or never produce suckers, while others may only develop suckers after final maturation with inflorescence. Some varieties can live for 60 years before flowering. Agaves can be confused with cacti, aloes, or stonecrops, but although these plants all share similar morphological adaptations to arid environments (e.g. succulence), each group belongs to a different plant family and probably experienced convergent evolution. Further, cactus (Cactaceae) and stonecrop (Crassulaceae) lineages are eudicots, while aloes (Asphodelaceae) and agaves (Asparagaceae) are monocots. ### Adaptations The agave root system, consisting of a network of shallow rhizomes, allows the agave to efficiently capture moisture from rain, condensation, and dew. In addition to growing from seeds, most agaves produce 'pups' – young plants from runners. Agave vilmoriniana (the octopus agave) produces hundreds of pups on its bloom stalk. Agave leaves store the plant's water and are crucial to its continued existence. The coated leaf surface prevents evaporation. The leaves also have sharp, spiked edges. The spikes discourage predators from eating the plant or using it as a source of water and are so tough that ancient peoples used them for sewing needles. The sap is acidic. Some agaves bloom at a height up to 9 m (30 ft) so that they are far out of reach to animals that might attack them. Smaller species, such as Agave lechuguilla, have smaller bloom stalks. ## Taxonomy The genus name Agave come from the Ancient Greek αγαυή agauê from ἀγαυός agauós meaning "illustrious, noble" having to do with very tall flower spikes found on its many species. The genus Agave was erected by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, initially with four species. The first listed was Agave americana, now the type species. In the Cronquist system and others, Agave was placed in the family Liliaceae, but phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences later showed it did not belong there. In the APG II system, Agave was placed in the segregated family Agavaceae. When this system was superseded by the APG III system in 2009, the Agavaceae were subsumed into the expanded family Asparagaceae, and Agave was treated as one of 18 genera in the subfamily Agavoideae, a position retained in the APG IV system of 2016. Agaves and close relatives have long presented significant taxonomic difficulty. These difficulties could be due to the relatively young evolutionary age of the group (major diversification events of the group most likely occurred 8–10 million years ago), ease of hybridization between species (and even genera), incomplete lineage sorting, and long generation times. Within a species, morphological variations can be considerable, especially in cultivation; a number of named species may be variants of original wild-type species that horticulturalists bred to appear unique in cultivation. ### Commonly grown species Some commonly grown species include Agave americana, A. angustifolia, A. attenuata, A. murpheyi, A. palmeri, A. parryi, A. parviflora, A. tequilana, A. victoriae-reginae, and A. vilmoriniana. ### A. americana One of the most familiar species is A. americana, a native of tropical America. Common names include century plant, maguey (in Mexico), or American aloe (though not related to the genus Aloe). The name "century plant" refers to the long time the plant takes to flower. The number of years before flowering occurs depends on the vigor of the individual plant, the richness of the soil, and the climate; during these years, the plant is storing in its fleshy leaves the nourishment required for the effort of flowering. A. americana, century plant, was introduced into southern Europe about the middle of the 16th century and is now naturalized as well as widely cultivated as an ornamental, as it is in the Americas. In the variegated forms, the leaf has a white or yellow marginal or central stripe. As the leaves unfold from the center of the rosette, the impression of the marginal spines is conspicuous on the still erect younger leaves. The plant is reported being hardy to −9.5 to −6.5 °C or Zone 8b 15-20f. Being succulents, they tend to rot if kept too wet. In areas such as America's Pacific Northwest, they might be hardy for cold winter temperatures, but need protection from winter rain. They mature very slowly and die after flowering but are easily propagated by the offsets from the base of the stem. A. americana (a blue variety) occurs in abundance in the Karoo, and arid highland regions of South Africa. Introduced by the British settlers in 1820, the plant was originally cultivated and used as emergency feed for livestock. Today, it is used mainly for the production of syrup and sugar. ### A. attenuata A. attenuata is a native of central Mexico and is uncommon in its natural habitat. Unlike most species of agave, A. attenuata has a curved flower spike from which it derives one of its numerous common names – the foxtail agave. It is also commonly grown as a garden plant. Unlike many agaves, A. attenuata has no teeth or terminal spines, making it an ideal plant for areas adjacent to footpaths. Like all agaves, it is a succulent and requires little water or maintenance once established. ### A. tequilana Agave azul (blue agave) is used in the production of tequila. It is native to the Caribbean as well as many regions of Mexico like Colima, Nayarit, Jalisco and more. In 2001, the Mexican government and European Union agreed upon the classification of tequila and its categories. All 100% blue agave tequila must be made from the A. tequilana 'Weber's Blue' agave plant, to rigorous specifications and only in the state of Jalisco. Blue agave is significantly different from other types of agave because it is higher in fructose and much sweeter compared to the rest. It is also the primary source for agave syrup, a nectary sweetener made for consumption. ## Ecology Agave species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species, including Batrachedra striolata, which has been recorded on A. shawii. ## Toxicity Some species contain components in their juice which can cause dermatitis for some people. ## Uses The ethnobotany of the agave was described by William H. Prescott in 1843: But the miracle of nature was the great Mexican aloe, or maguey, whose clustering pyramids of flowers, towering above their dark coronals of leaves, were seen sprinkled over many a broad acre of the table-land. As we have already noticed its bruised leaves afforded a paste from which paper was manufactured, its juice was fermented into an intoxicating beverage, pulque, of which the natives, to this day, are extremely fond; its leaves further supplied an impenetrable thatch for the more humble dwellings; thread, of which coarse stuffs were made, and strong cords, were drawn from its tough and twisted fibers; pins and needles were made from the thorns at the extremity of its leaves; and the root, when properly cooked, was converted into a palatable and nutritious food. The agave, in short, was meat, drink, clothing, and writing materials for the Aztec! Surely, never did Nature enclose in so compact a form so many of the elements of human comfort and civilization! The four major edible parts of the agave are the flowers, the leaves, the stalks or basal rosettes, and the sap (in Spanish: aguamiel, meaning "honey water"). The sap of some species can also be used as soap. ### Food and fiber Each agave plant produces several pounds of edible flowers during its final season. The stalks, which are ready during the summer, before the blossom, weigh several pounds each. Roasted, they are sweet and can be chewed to extract the sap or aguamiel, like sugarcane. When dried out, the stalks can be used to make didgeridoos. The leaves may be collected in winter and spring, when the plants are rich in sap, for eating. The leaves of several species also yield fiber, for instance, A. sisalana, the sisal hemp, and A. decipiens, the false sisal hemp. A. americana is the source of pita fiber, and is used as a fiber plant in Mexico, the West Indies, and southern Europe. The agave, especially A. murpheyi, was a major food source for the prehistoric indigenous people of the Southwestern United States. The Hohokam of southern Arizona cultivated large areas of agave. In southern California and the Baja California Peninsula, the roasted hearts of A. shawii and A. deserti were historically among the most important foods for the Cahuilla, Kumeyaay, Kiliwa, and Paipai peoples, leaving ubiquitous archeological evidence in the form of agave-roasting pits throughout the region. The Navajo similarly found many uses for the agave plant. A beverage is squeezed from the baked fibers, and the heads can be baked or boiled, pounded into flat sheets, sun dried, and stored for future use. The baked, dried heads are also boiled and made into an edible paste, eaten whole, or made into soup. The leaves are eaten boiled, and the young, tender flowering stalks and shoots are roasted and eaten as well. The fibers are used to make rope, the leaves are used to line baking pits, and the sharp-pointed leaf tips are used to make basketry awls. During the development of the inflorescence, sap rushes to the base of the young flower stalk. Agave syrup (commonly called agave nectar), a sweetener derived from the sap, is used as an alternative to sugar in cooking, and can be added to breakfast cereals as a binding agent. Extracts from agave leaves are under preliminary research for their potential use as food additives. ### Beverages and tequila The sap of A. americana and other species is used in Mexico and Mesoamerica to produce pulque, an alcoholic beverage. The flower shoot is cut out and the sap collected and subsequently fermented. By distillation, a spirit called mezcal is prepared; one of the best-known forms of mezcal is tequila. A. tequilana or A. tequilana var. azul is used in the production of tequila. A. angustifolia is widely used in the production of mezcal and pulque, though at least 10 other Agave species are also known to be used for this. ### Research Agave can be used as the raw material for industrial production of fructans as a prebiotic dietary fiber. Agave contains fructooligosaccharides, which are naturally occurring oligosaccharides that support safely subjecting peanut-allergic people to allergen immunotherapy. Resulting from its natural habitat in stressful environments, agave is under preliminary research for its potential use in germplasm conservation and in biotechnology to better anticipate the economic effects of global climate change. It may also have use as a bioethanol or bioenergy feedstock. ## Gallery of species and cultivars - Agave americana var. americana - Variegated Century Plant -- Agave americana 'Marginata' - Agave americana 'Marginata' - Agave americana cv. 'Mediopicta Alba' - Agave angustifolia 'Marginata' - Agave angustifolia (flowering) - Agave attenuata - Agave bracteosa (spider agave) - Agave deserti - Agave filifera - Agave inaequidens ssp. barrancensis - Agave lechuguilla - Agave lophantha - Agave palmeri - Agave parrasana (syn. Agave wislizeni subsp. parrasana) - Agave parryi - Agave potatorum cv. 'Kichiokan' - Agave salmiana - Agave salmiana var. ferox - Agave schidigera cv. 'Durango Delight' - Agave shawii - Agave sisalana (sisal) - Agave sisalana (flowers) - Agave stricta - Agave tequilana - Agave tequilana 'Weber's Azul' (tequila agave) - Agave utahensis - Agave victoriae-reginae - Agave vilmoriniana - Agave xylonacantha	enwiki/18952853	enwiki	18,952,853	Agave	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agave	2025-08-12T23:16:43Z	en	Q155874	259,209	{{Short description\|Genus of flowering plants}} {{For-multi\|the Greek mythological figures\|Agave (mythology)\|the ethnic group in Ghana\|Agave people\|the cactus\|Leuchtenbergia}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=September 2024}} {{Automatic taxobox \|image = Agave americana R01.jpg \|image_caption = ''[[Agave americana]]'' \|taxon = Agave \|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus\|L.]]<ref name="POWO_325900-2" /> \|type_species = ''[[Agave americana]]'' \|type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus\|Linnaeus]], [[Systema Naturae#Editions\|1753]]<ref name="IPNI_325900-2" /> \|subdivision_ranks = Species \|subdivision = See text. See also [[List of Agave species\|full listing]]. \|synonyms = {{Genus list \|Delpinoa\|H.Ross \|Ghiesbreghtia\|Roezl \|Littaea\|Tagl. }} \|synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO_325900-2" /> }} '''''Agave''''' ({{IPAc-en\|ə\|ˈ\|g\|ɑː\|v\|i}}; {{IPAc-en\|also\|UK\|ə\|ˈ\|ɡ\|eɪ\|v\|i}};<ref>{{cite web \|title=agave ''noun'' \|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/agave \|website=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries \|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> {{small\|Anglo-Hispanic,}} {{IPAc-en\|also\|US\|ə\|ˈ\|ɡ\|ɑː\|v\|eɪ}})<ref>An Anglo-Hispanic pronunciation. ''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607.</ref> is a [[genus]] of [[monocot]]s native to the [[arid]] regions of the [[Americas]]. The genus is primarily known for its [[succulent]] and [[xerophytic]] species that typically form large [[Rosette (botany)\|rosettes]] of strong, fleshy [[leaves]].<ref name="Gentry" /> Many plants in this genus may be considered [[perennial]], because they require several to many years to mature and flower.<ref name="Gentry" />{{page needed\|date=January 2019}}<ref name="Irish-2000" /> However, most ''Agave'' species are more accurately described as [[monocarpic]] rosettes or multiannuals, since each individual rosette [[semelparity\|flowers only once]] and then dies; a small number of ''Agave'' species are [[polycarpic]].<ref name="Gentry" />{{page needed\|date=January 2019}}<ref name="Irish-2000" /> Along with plants from the closely related genera ''[[Yucca]]'', ''[[Hesperoyucca]]'', and ''[[Hesperaloe]],'' various ''Agave'' species are popular [[ornamental plant]]s in hot, dry climates, as they require very little supplemental water to survive.<ref name="Irish-2000" /> Most ''Agave'' species grow very slowly.<ref name="Gentry" /> Some ''Agave'' species are known by the common name "century plant".<ref name="Bailey" /> {{lang\|es\|Maguey}} is a Spanish word that refers to all of the large-leafed plants in the Asparagaceae family,{{citation needed\|date=January 2024}} including agaves and yuccas. [[Maguey flower]]s are eaten in many indigenous culinary traditions of Mesoamerica. == Description == [[File:Agave chiapensis whole.jpg\|thumb\|left\|upright\|The large flower spike of ''[[Agave chiapensis]]'', [[San Francisco Botanical Garden]]]] The succulent [[leaves]] of most ''Agave'' species have sharp marginal teeth, an extremely sharp terminal [[thorns, spines, and prickles\|spine]], and are very fibrous inside.<ref name="Irish-2000" /> The stout stem is usually extremely short, which may make the plant appear as though it is stemless. ''Agave'' rosettes are mostly [[monocarpic]], though some species are [[polycarpic]].<ref name="Gentry" />{{Rp\|page=30}} During flowering, a tall stem or "mast" ("''quiote''" in Mexico), which can grow to be {{convert\|12\|m\|ft\|-1\|abbr=off}} high,<ref name="Millbrook Press" /> and ''[[Agave salmiana]]'' can be significantly taller.{{cn\|date=August 2025}} The [[panicle]] grows apically from the center of the rosette and bears a large number of short, tubular flowers and sometimes vegetatively produced [[bulbil]]s (a form of asexual reproduction). After [[pollination]]/[[fertilization]] and subsequent fruit development, in monocarpic species, the original rosette dies. However, throughout the lifetime of many ''Agave'' species, [[rhizomatous]] [[Basal shoot\|sucker]]s develop above the roots at the base of the rosette.<ref name="Gentry" />{{Rp\|page=30}} These suckers go on to form new plants after the original rosette [[desiccate]]s and dies.<ref name="Gentry" />{{page needed\|date=January 2019}} Not all agaves produce suckers throughout their lifetimes; some species rarely or never produce suckers, while others may only develop suckers after final maturation with inflorescence.<ref name="Gentry" />{{page needed\|date=January 2019}} Some varieties can live for 60 years before flowering.<ref name="Millbrook Press" /> Agaves can be confused with [[cacti]], [[aloe]]s, or [[stonecrop]]s, but although these plants all share similar morphological adaptations to arid environments (e.g. [[Succulent plant\|succulence]]), each group belongs to a different plant family and probably experienced [[convergent evolution]].<ref name="succulence" /> Further, cactus ([[Cactaceae]]) and [[stonecrop]] ([[Crassulaceae]]) lineages are [[eudicots]], while aloes ([[Asphodelaceae]]) and agaves ([[Asparagaceae]]) are [[monocots]]. ===Adaptations=== The agave root system, consisting of a network of shallow [[rhizome]]s, allows the agave to efficiently capture moisture from rain, condensation, and dew. In addition to growing from seeds, most agaves produce 'pups' – young plants from runners. ''[[Agave vilmoriniana]]'' (the octopus agave) produces hundreds of pups on its bloom stalk. Agave leaves store the plant's water and are crucial to its continued existence. The coated leaf surface prevents evaporation. The leaves also have sharp, spiked edges. The spikes discourage predators from eating the plant or using it as a source of water and are so tough that ancient peoples used them for sewing needles. The [[sap]] is acidic. Some agaves bloom at a height up to {{convert\|30\|ft\|m\|0\|abbr=on\|order=flip}} so that they are far out of reach to animals that might attack them. Smaller species, such as ''[[Agave lechuguilla]]'', have smaller bloom stalks. ==Taxonomy== The genus name ''Agave'' come from the Ancient Greek {{lang\|grc\|αγαυή}} {{Transliteration\|grc\|agauê}} from {{lang\|grc\|[[:wikt:ἀγαυός\|ἀγαυός]]}} ''agauós'' meaning "illustrious, noble"<ref>{{cite web \|url= https://www.etymonline.com/word/agave \|title= Etymology of agave \|last= Harper \|first= Douglas\|date= December 3, 2016 \|website= Online Etymology Dictionary \|publisher= \|access-date= August 20, 2022 \|quote=}}</ref><ref name="Liddel" /> having to do with very tall [[raceme\|flower spikes]] found on its many species.<ref>{{cite web \|url= https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=275719 \|title= ''Agave americana'' \|date= n.d. \|website= Plant Finder \|publisher= Missouri Botanical Garden \|access-date= August 20, 2022}}</ref> The genus ''Agave'' was erected by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753, initially with four species. The first listed was ''[[Agave americana]]'', now the [[type species]].<ref name="IPNI_325900-2" /> In the [[Cronquist system]] and others, ''Agave'' was placed in the family [[Liliaceae]], but [[phylogenetic]] analyses of [[DNA sequencing\|DNA sequence]]s later showed it did not belong there.<ref name="BoglPireFran06" /> In the [[APG II system]], ''Agave'' was placed in the segregated family Agavaceae.<ref name="APGII" /> When this system was superseded by the [[APG III system]] in 2009, the Agavaceae were subsumed into the expanded family Asparagaceae, and ''Agave'' was treated as one of 18 genera in the subfamily Agavoideae,<ref name="ChasReveFay09" /> a position retained in the [[APG IV system]] of 2016.<ref name="APGIV" /> Agaves and close relatives have long presented significant [[Taxonomy (biology)\|taxonomic]] difficulty. These difficulties could be due to the relatively young evolutionary age of the group (major diversification events of the group most likely occurred 8–10 [[million years ago]]), ease of hybridization between species (and even genera), [[incomplete lineage sorting]], and long generation times.<ref name="HeydMcKaLalaLeeb16" /> Within a species, morphological variations can be considerable, especially in cultivation; a number of named species may be variants of original wild-type species that horticulturalists bred to appear unique in cultivation. ===Commonly grown species=== {{Main\|List of Agave species}} {{more citations needed section\|date=May 2023}} Some commonly grown species include ''[[Agave americana]]'',<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Types of Agave—How Many Are There? \|url=https://mezcalrosaluna.com/ \|access-date=April 18, 2023 \|website=Mezcal Rosaluna: Mezcal is Magic \|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Agave angustifolia\|A. angustifolia]]'', ''[[Agave attenuata\|A. attenuata]]'', ''[[Agave murpheyi\|A. murpheyi]]'', ''[[Agave palmeri\|A. palmeri]]'', ''[[Agave parryi\|A. parryi]]'', ''[[Agave parviflora\|A. parviflora]]'', ''[[Blue agave\|A. tequilana]]'', ''[[Agave victoriae-reginae\|A. victoriae-reginae]]'', and ''[[Agave vilmoriniana\|A. vilmoriniana]]''.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Types Of Agave Plants For The Garden \|url=https://plantcaretoday.com/types-of-agave-plants.html \|website=Plant Care Today\|date=December 29, 2019}}</ref> [[File:Garing boom.jpg\|thumb\|A row of agaves in bloom in the [[Karoo]] region of South Africa: the [[inflorescence]]s of the plants are clearly visible.]] ===''A. americana''=== {{Main\|Agave americana}} One of the most familiar species is ''A. americana'', a native of tropical America. Common names include century plant, ''maguey'' (in Mexico), or American aloe (though not related to the genus ''[[Aloe]]''). The name "century plant" refers to the long time the plant takes to flower. The number of years before flowering occurs depends on the vigor of the individual plant, the richness of the soil, and the climate; during these years, the plant is storing in its fleshy leaves the nourishment required for the effort of flowering. ''A. americana'', century plant, was introduced into southern Europe about the middle of the 16th century and is now naturalized as well as widely cultivated as an ornamental, as it is in the Americas. In the variegated forms, the leaf has a white or yellow marginal or central stripe. As the leaves unfold from the center of the rosette, the impression of the marginal spines is conspicuous on the still erect younger leaves. The plant is reported being [[Hardiness (plants)\|hardy]] to −9.5 to −6.5 °C or Zone 8b 15-20f.<ref>{{cite web \|publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden \|url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=275719 \|title=''Agave americana''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=USDA Plant Hardiness Zone \|url=https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/}}</ref> Being succulents, they tend to rot if kept too wet. In areas such as America's [[Pacific Northwest]], they might be hardy for cold winter temperatures, but need protection from winter rain. They mature very slowly and die after flowering but are easily propagated by the [[Offset (botany)\|offsets]] from the base of the stem. ''A. americana'' (a blue variety) occurs in abundance in the [[Karoo]], and arid highland regions of [[South Africa]]. Introduced by the British settlers in 1820, the plant was originally cultivated and used as emergency feed for livestock.<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Environment and history: The taming of nature in the USA and South Africa\|url=https://archive.org/details/environmenthisto00bein\|url-access=limited\|last1=Beinart\|first1=William\|last2=Coates\|first2=Peter\|publisher=Routledge\|year=2002\|isbn=978-0415114684\|location=New York, NY\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/environmenthisto00bein/page/n53 41]}}</ref> Today, it is used mainly for the production of syrup and sugar. ===''A. attenuata''=== {{Main\|Agave attenuata}} {{unreferenced section\|date=May 2023}} ''A. attenuata'' is a native of central Mexico and is uncommon in its natural habitat. Unlike most species of agave, ''A. attenuata'' has a curved flower spike from which it derives one of its numerous common names – the foxtail agave. It is also commonly grown as a garden plant. Unlike many agaves, ''A. attenuata'' has no teeth or terminal spines, making it an ideal plant for areas adjacent to footpaths. Like all agaves, it is a succulent and requires little water or maintenance once established. ===''A. tequilana''=== {{Main\|Agave tequilana}} {{unreferenced section\|date=April 2018}} ''Agave azul'' (blue agave) is used in the production of [[tequila]]. It is native to the Caribbean as well as many regions of Mexico like Colima, Nayarit, Jalisco and more. In 2001, the Mexican government and [[European Union]] agreed upon the classification of tequila and its categories. All 100% blue agave tequila must be made from the ''A. tequilana'' 'Weber's Blue' agave plant, to rigorous specifications and only in the state of Jalisco. Blue agave is significantly different from other types of agave because it is higher in fructose and much sweeter compared to the rest. It is also the primary source for [[agave syrup]], a nectary sweetener made for consumption. == Ecology == ''Agave'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] ([[butterfly]] and [[moth]]) species, including ''[[Batrachedra]] striolata'', which has been recorded on ''A. shawii''.{{citation needed\|date=May 2023}} == Toxicity == Some species contain components in their juice which can cause [[dermatitis]] for some people.<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing-2009" /> == Uses == [[Image:AgaveFibers.JPG\|thumb\|right\|Fibers inside a huachuca agave leaf ''([[Agave parryi]])'']] [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Op onderneming Bendoredjo worden bossen agave per spoor vervoert Kediri Oost-Java TMnr 10011411.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Agave harvesting in [[Java (island)\|Java]], 1917]] The [[ethnobotany]] of the agave was described by [[William H. Prescott]] in 1843:<ref>[[William H. Prescott]],1843 (1979 reprint). ''History of the Conquest of Mexico and the Conquest of Peru'', Modern Library, pp. 79–80</ref> <blockquote>But the miracle of nature was the great Mexican aloe, or maguey, whose clustering pyramids of flowers, towering above their dark coronals of leaves, were seen sprinkled over many a broad acre of the table-land. As we have already noticed its bruised leaves afforded a paste from which paper was manufactured, its juice was fermented into an intoxicating beverage, [[pulque]], of which the natives, to this day, are extremely fond; its leaves further supplied an impenetrable thatch for the more humble dwellings; thread, of which coarse stuffs were made, and strong cords, were drawn from its tough and twisted fibers; pins and needles were made from the thorns at the extremity of its leaves; and the root, when properly cooked, was converted into a palatable and nutritious food. The agave, in short, was meat, drink, clothing, and writing materials for the Aztec! Surely, never did Nature enclose in so compact a form so many of the elements of human comfort and civilization! </blockquote> The four major edible parts of the agave are the flowers, the leaves, the stalks or basal rosettes, and the sap (in Spanish: ''[[aguamiel]]'', meaning "honey water").<ref name="Davidson" /> The sap of some species can also be used as soap.<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing-2009" /> ===Food and fiber=== Each agave plant produces several pounds of [[edible flower]]s during its final season. The stalks, which are ready during the summer, before the blossom, weigh several pounds each. Roasted, they are sweet and can be chewed to extract the sap or ''[[aguamiel]]'', like [[sugarcane]]. When dried out, the stalks can be used to make [[didgeridoo]]s. The leaves may be collected in winter and spring, when the plants are rich in sap, for eating. The leaves of several species also yield fiber, for instance, ''[[Sisal\|A. sisalana]]'', the sisal hemp, and ''[[Agave decipiens\|A. decipiens]]'', the false sisal hemp. ''A. americana'' is the source of pita fiber, and is used as a fiber plant in [[Mexico]], the [[West Indies]], and southern Europe. The agave, especially ''A. murpheyi'', was a major food source for the prehistoric [[Native Americans in the United States\|indigenous people]] of the [[Southwestern United States]]. The [[Hohokam]] of southern [[Arizona]] cultivated large areas of agave.<ref>{{cite book \|author1=Fish, Suzanne K. \|author2=Fish, Paul R. \|author3=Madsen, John H. \|chapter=Evidence for Large-scale Agave Cultivation in the Marana Community \|chapter-url=http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/onlinebks/fishchapter7.htm \|title=The Marana Community in the Hohokam world \|location=Tucson \|publisher=University of Arizona Press \|date=1992 \|access-date=June 1, 2012 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507120647/http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/onlinebks/Fish/chapter7.htm \|archive-date=May 7, 2013}}</ref> In [[southern California]] and the [[Baja California peninsula\|Baja California Peninsula]], the roasted hearts of ''[[Agave shawii\|A. shawii]]'' and ''[[Agave deserti\|A. deserti]]'' were historically among the most important foods for the [[Cahuilla]], [[Kumeyaay]], [[Kiliwa people\|Kiliwa]], and [[Paipai people\|Paipai]] peoples, leaving ubiquitous archeological evidence in the form of agave-roasting pits throughout the region.<ref name="Wilken2004" /><ref name="Wilken2012" /> The [[Navajo people\|Navajo]] similarly found many uses for the agave plant. A beverage is squeezed from the baked fibers, and the heads can be baked or boiled, pounded into flat sheets, sun dried, and stored for future use. The baked, dried heads are also boiled and made into an edible paste, eaten whole, or made into soup. The leaves are eaten boiled, and the young, tender flowering stalks and shoots are roasted and eaten as well. The fibers are used to make rope, the leaves are used to line baking pits, and the sharp-pointed leaf tips are used to make basketry awls.{{citation needed\|date=July 2023}} During the development of the inflorescence, sap rushes to the base of the young flower stalk. Agave syrup (commonly called agave nectar), a sweetener derived from the sap, is used as an alternative to [[sugar]] in cooking, and can be added to [[breakfast cereal]]s as a binding agent.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Chomka\|first=Stefan\|date=July 30, 2007\|title=Dorset Cereals\|journal=[[The Grocer]]\|url=http://www.thegrocer.co.uk/articles.aspx?page=independentarticle&ID=120966\|access-date=January 16, 2011}}</ref> [[Extract]]s from agave leaves are under preliminary research for their potential use as [[food additive]]s.<ref name="LR" /> ===Beverages and tequila=== {{Main\|Tequila}} The sap of ''A. americana'' and other species is used in Mexico and [[Mesoamerica]] to produce [[pulque]], an alcoholic beverage. The flower shoot is cut out and the sap collected and subsequently fermented. By distillation, a spirit called [[mezcal]] is prepared; one of the best-known forms of mezcal is tequila. ''A. tequilana'' or ''A. tequilana'' var. ''azul'' is used in the production of tequila.<ref name="Gentry" /> ''A. angustifolia'' is widely used in the production of mezcal and pulque, though at least 10 other ''Agave'' species are also known to be used for this.<ref name="Gentry" /> ===Research=== Agave can be used as the raw material for industrial production of [[fructan]]s as a [[Prebiotic (nutrition)\|prebiotic]] [[dietary fiber]].<ref name="LR" /><ref>{{Citation\|last=Tungland\|first=Bryan\|title=Chapter 8 – Nondigestible Fructans as Prebiotics\|date=January 1, 2018\|work=Human Microbiota in Health and Disease\|pages=349–379\|editor-last=Tungland\|editor-first=Bryan\|publisher=Academic Press\|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-814649-1.00008-9\|isbn=9780128146491}}</ref> Agave contains fructooligosaccharides, which are naturally occurring oligosaccharides that support safely subjecting peanut-allergic people to allergen immunotherapy.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Wagenaar \|first1=Laura \|last2=van Roest \|first2=Manon \|last3=Kruijssen \|first3=Laura J. W. \|last4=Simons \|first4=Peter J. \|last5=Boon \|first5=Louis \|last6=Vonk \|first6=Marlotte M. \|last7=van Esch \|first7=Betty C. A. M. \|last8=Knippels \|first8=Leon M. J. \|last9=Garssen \|first9=Johan \|last10=Pieters \|first10=Raymond H. H. \|last11=Smit \|first11=Joost J. \|date=April 4, 2019 \|title=Non-digestible oligosaccharides scFOS/lcFOS facilitate safe subcutaneous immunotherapy for peanut allergy \|journal=Clinical and Molecular Allergy \|volume=17 \|issue=1 \|pages=7 \|doi=10.1186/s12948-019-0111-5 \|issn=1476-7961 \|pmc=6448225 \|pmid=30988664 \|doi-access=free}}</ref> Resulting from its natural [[habitat]] in stressful environments, agave is under preliminary research for its potential use in [[germplasm]] conservation and in [[biotechnology]] to better anticipate the economic effects of global [[climate change]].<ref name="TO" /> It may also have use as a [[bioethanol]] or [[bioenergy]] [[feedstock]].<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Yan \| first1 = X. \| last2 = Tan \| first2 = D.K.Y. \| last3 = Inderwildi \| first3 = O.R. \| last4 = Smith \| first4 = J.A.C. \| last5 = King \| first5 = D.A. \| title = Life cycle energy and greenhouse gas analysis for agave-derived bioethanol \| doi = 10.1039/C1EE01107C \| journal = Energy & Environmental Science \| volume = 4 \| issue = 9 \| pages = 3110 \| year = 2011\| bibcode = 2011EnEnS...4.3110Y }}</ref><ref name="Stewart" /> ==Gallery of species and cultivars== <gallery> Image:Agave_americana4.jpg\|''[[Agave americana]]'' var. ''americana'' Image:Variegated Century Plant -- Agave americana 'Marginata'.jpg\|Variegated Century Plant -- ''[[Agave americana]]'' 'Marginata' Image:Agave americana74.jpg\|''[[Agave americana]]'' 'Marginata' Image:Agave americana 'Medio-Picta' Plant 3264px.jpg\|''[[Agave americana]]'' cv. 'Mediopicta Alba' Image:Agaveespinho2.jpg\|''[[Agave angustifolia]]'' 'Marginata' Image:Caribbean Agave (Agave angustifolia) with inflorescence at Secunderabad, AP W IMG 6676.jpg\|''[[Agave angustifolia]]'' (flowering) Image:Agave attenuata Pot 2250px.jpg\|''[[Agave attenuata]]'' Image:Agave bracteosa.jpg\|''[[Agave bracteosa]]'' (spider agave) Image:Agave_deserti_form.jpg\|''[[Agave deserti]]'' Image:Agave_filifera01.jpg\|''[[Agave filifera]]'' Image:Agave inaequidens ssp barrancensis.jpg\|''Agave inaequidens'' ssp. ''barrancensis'' Image:Agave lechuguilla0.jpg\|''[[Agave lechuguilla]]'' Image:Agaveespinho1.jpg\|''[[Agave lophantha]]'' Image:Agave palmeri.jpg\|''[[Agave palmeri]]'' Image:Agave parrasana.jpg\|''[[Agave parrasana]]'' (syn. ''Agave wislizeni'' subsp. ''parrasana'') Image:California Cabbage Agave.jpg\|''[[Agave parryi]]'' Image:Agave potatorum Kichiokan.jpg\|''Agave potatorum'' cv. 'Kichiokan' Image:agave.potatorum.kewgardens.london.arp.jpg\|''[[Agave salmiana]]'' Image:Agave_ferox_3.jpg\|''[[Agave salmiana]]'' var. ''ferox'' Image:Agave schidigera Durango Delight.jpg\|''Agave schidigera'' cv. 'Durango Delight' Image:Agave shawii 1.jpg\|''[[Agave shawii]]'' Image:Plantsisal.jpg\|''[[Agave sisalana]]'' (sisal) Image:Agave sisalana W IMG_2377.jpg\|''[[Agave sisalana]]'' (flowers) Image:Agave stricta Monaco.jpg\|''[[Agave stricta]]'' Image:Agave tequilana F.A.C. Weber 2013 cropped.jpg\|''[[Agave tequilana]]'' Image:Agave tequilana0.jpg\|''[[Agave tequilana]]'' 'Weber's Azul' (tequila agave) Image:Agave utahensis leaves.jpg\|''[[Agave utahensis]]'' Image:Agave victoriae-reginae lv 2.jpg\|''[[Agave victoriae-reginae]]'' Image:Agave vilmoriniana 2.jpg\|''[[Agave vilmoriniana]]'' Image:Agave xylonacantha 1.jpg\|''[[Agave xylonacantha]]'' </gallery> ==References== {{reflist\|refs= <ref name="APGII">{{Citation \|mode=cs1 \|date=2003 \|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II \|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society \|volume=141 \|issue=4 \|pages=399–436 \|doi=10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x \|doi-access= \|s2cid=7498637}}</ref> <ref name="APGIV">{{Citation \|mode=cs1 \|year=2016 \|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV \|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society \|volume=181 \|issue=1 \|pages=1–20 \|doi=10.1111/boj.12385 \|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="BoglPireFran06">{{Citation \|mode=cs1 \|last1=Bogler \|first1=David J. \|last2=Pires \|first2=J. Chris \|last3=Francisco-Ortega \|first3=Javier \|date=2006 \|title=Phylogeny of Agavaceae based on ''ndhF'', ''rbcL'', and ITS sequences: Implications of molecular data for classification \|journal=Aliso \|volume='''22''' (Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution) \|pages=313–328 \|doi=10.5642/aliso.20062201.26 \|name-list-style=amp \|doi-access=free \|s2cid=27472679}}</ref> <ref name="ChasReveFay09">{{Citation \|mode=cs1 \|last1=Chase \|first1=Mark W. \|last2=Reveal \|first2=James L. \|last3=Fay \|first3=Michael F. \|date=2009 \|title=A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae, and Xanthorrhoeaceae \|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society \|volume=161 \|issue=2 \|pages=132–136 \|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x \|name-list-style=amp \|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="HeydMcKaLalaLeeb16">{{Citation \|mode=cs1 \|last1=Heyduk \|first1=Karolina \|last2=McKain \|first2=Michael \|last3=Lalani \|first3=Falak \|last4=Leebens-Mack \|first4=James \|date=2016 \|title=Evolution of a CAM anatomy predates the origins of Crassulacean acid metabolism in the Agavoideae (Asparagaceae) \|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution \|volume=105 \|pages=102–113 \|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2016.08.018 \|pmid=27591171 \|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2016MolPE.105..102H \|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> <ref name="IPNI_325900-2">{{Citation \|mode=cs1 \|title=''Agave'' L. \|work=[[International Plant Names Index\|The International Plant Names Index]] \|url=https://www.ipni.org/n/325900-2 \|access-date=October 30, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="POWO_325900-2">{{citation \|mode=cs1 \|title=''Agave'' L. \|work=Plants of the World Online \|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew \|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325900-2 \|access-date=9 July 2025}}</ref> <ref name="Irish-2000">{{Cite book\|title=Agaves, yuccas, and related plants : a gardener's guide\|last=Irish\|first=Mary\|date=2000\|publisher=Timber Press\|others=Irish, Gary.\|isbn=978-0881924428\|location=Portland, Or.\|oclc=41966994\|url-access=registration\|url=https://archive.org/details/agavesyuccasrela0000iris}}</ref> <ref name="Bailey">Bailey, L.H.; Bailey, E.Z.; the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. ''Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada''. Macmillan, New York.</ref> <ref name="Gentry">{{cite book \|last1=Gentry \|first1=Howard S. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caA5EAAAQBAJ \|title=Agaves of Continental North America \|publisher=[[University of Arizona Press]] \|year=2004 \|isbn=978-0-8165-2395-5 \|location=Tucson \|author-link=Howard Scott Gentry \|orig-date=1982}}</ref> <ref name="Millbrook Press">{{Cite book\|title=The Young people's encyclopedia of the United States\|date=1993\|publisher=Millbrook Press\|others=Shapiro, William E.\|isbn=1-56294-514-9\|location=Brookfield, Conn.\|oclc=30932823}}</ref> <ref name="succulence">{{cite journal \|last1=Males \|first1=Jamie \|title=Secrets of succulence \|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany \|date=2017 \|volume=68 \|issue=9 \|pages=2121–2134 \|doi=10.1093/jxb/erx096\|pmid=28369497 \|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Liddel">{{cite web\|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)gauo/s \|title=ἀγαυός \|last1=Liddell \|first1=Henry George\|last2=Scott\|first2=Robert \|work=A Greek-English Lexicon \|publisher=Perseus Digital Library \|date= 1940}}</ref> <ref name="Skyhorse Publishing-2009">{{Cite book \|title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants \|publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] \|others=[[United States Department of the Army]] \|year=2009 \|isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 \|location=New York \|pages=17 \|language=en-US \|oclc=277203364}}</ref> <ref name="Davidson">{{cite book \|last=Davidson \|first=Alan \|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000davi_s2r1/page/7/ \|title=The Oxford Companion to Food \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-19-211579-9 \|editor-last=Jaine \|editor-first=Tom \|editor-link=Tom Jaine \|edition=2nd \|pages=7 \|author-link=Alan Davidson (food writer) \|orig-date=1999}}</ref> <ref name="Wilken2004">Wilken-Robertson, M. (2004). Strategies for Sustainable Development of Natural and Cultural Resources in the Paipai Indian Community of Santa Catarina, Baja California. ''The US-Mexican Border Environment: Tribal Environmental Issues of the Border Region'', (9), 71.</ref> <ref name="Wilken2012">{{Cite book \|last=Wilken \|first=Michael A. \|title=An Ethnobotany of Baja California's Kumeyaay Indians \|date=2012 \|publisher=San Diego State University \|pages=29–37, 60–65, 139}}</ref> <ref name="LR">{{cite journal \| last1=López-Romero \| first1=Julio Cesar \| last2=Ayala-Zavala \| first2=Jesús Fernando \| last3=González-Aguilar \| first3=Gustavo Adolfo \| last4=Peña-Ramos \| first4=Etna Aida \| last5=González-Ríos \| first5=Humberto \| title=Biological activities of ''Agave'' by-products and their possible applications in food and pharmaceuticals \| journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture \| volume=98 \| issue=7 \| year=2018 \| issn=0022-5142 \| pmid=29023758 \| doi=10.1002/jsfa.8738 \| pages=2461–2474\| bibcode=2018JSFA...98.2461L}}</ref> <ref name="TO">{{cite journal \| last1=Tamayo-Ordóñez \| first1=M. C. \| last2=Ayil-Gutiérrez \| first2=B. A. \| last3=Tamayo-Ordóñez \| first3=Y. J. \| last4=Rodríguez-Zapata \| first4=L. C. \| last5=Monforte-González \| first5=M. \| last6=De la Cruz-Arguijo \| first6=E. A. \| last7=García-Castillo \| first7=M. J. \| last8=Sánchez-Teyer \| first8=L. F. \| title=Review and in silico analysis of fermentation, bioenergy, fiber, and biopolymer genes of biotechnological interest in ''Agave'' L. for genetic improvement and biocatalysis \| journal=Biotechnology Progress \| volume=34 \| issue=6 \| date=October 2, 2018 \| issn=8756-7938 \| pmid=30009567 \| doi=10.1002/btpr.2689 \| pages=1314–1334\| s2cid=51629483}}</ref> <ref name="Stewart">{{cite journal \| last=Stewart \| first=J. Ryan \| title=Agave as a model CAM crop system for a warming and drying world \| journal=Frontiers in Plant Science \| publisher=Frontiers Media SA \| volume=6 \| pages=684 \| date=September 24, 2015 \| issn=1664-462X \| pmid=26442005 \| pmc=4585221 \| doi=10.3389/fpls.2015.00684 \| doi-access=free\| bibcode=2015FrPS....6..684S }}</ref> }} ==External links== {{Commons category}} {{Wikispecies}} {{Taxonbar\|from=Q155874\|from2=Q9666220\|from3=Q10319180\|from4=Q2701628\|from5=Q41804878\|from6=Q2346876\|from7=Q15925215}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Agave\| ]] [[Category:Agavoideae]] [[Category:Asparagaceae genera]] [[Category:Crops originating from the Americas]] [[Category:Drought-tolerant plants]] [[Category:Garden plants of North America]] [[Category:Medicinal plants]] [[Category:Our Lady of Guadalupe]] [[Category:Plants used in Native American cuisine]] [[Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine]]	1,305,584,033	[{"title": "Scientific classification", "data": {"Kingdom": "Plantae", "Clade": ["Tracheophytes", "Angiosperms", "Monocots"], "Order": "Asparagales", "Family": "Asparagaceae", "Subfamily": "Agavoideae", "Genus": "Agave \u00b7 L."}}, {"title": "Type species", "data": {"Type species": "Agave americana \u00b7 Linnaeus, 1753"}}, {"title": "Species", "data": {"Species": "See text. See also full listing."}}, {"title": "Synonyms", "data": {"Synonyms": "- Delpinoa H.Ross - Ghiesbreghtia Roezl - Littaea Tagl."}}]	false
# Wire (band) Wire are a British rock band, formed in London in October 1976 by Colin Newman (vocals, guitar), Graham Lewis (bass, vocals), Bruce Gilbert (guitar), George Gill (lead guitar) and Robert Grey (aka Robert Gotobed; drums). They were originally associated with the punk rock scene, appearing on The Roxy London WC2 album, and were instrumental to the development of post-punk, while their debut album, Pink Flag, was influential for hardcore punk. Wire are considered a definitive and highly influential art punk and post-punk band, due to their richly detailed and atmospheric sound and obscure lyrical themes. They steadily developed from an early noise rock style to a more complex, structured sound involving increased use of guitar effects and synthesizers (1978's Chairs Missing and 1979's 154). The band gained a reputation for experimenting with song arrangements throughout their career. ## History ### 1976 to 1980 Wire began as a five-piece band in October 1976. Initially, the band's main songwriter was guitarist George Gill but after he broke his leg and was unable to perform, the band moved on without him in February 1977. They dropped most of the songs written by Gill, although many of these early songs have been released as demos or on compilation albums. Wire's debut album, Pink Flag (1977) – "perhaps the most original debut album to come out of the first wave of British punk", according to AllMusic – contains songs that are diverse in mood and style, but most use a minimalist punk approach combined with unorthodox structures. "Field Day for the Sundays", for example, is only 28 seconds long. Their second album, Chairs Missing (1978), marked a retreat from the stark minimalism of Pink Flag, with longer, more atmospheric songs and synthesizer parts added by producer Mike Thorne. "Outdoor Miner" was a minor hit, peaking at number 51 in the UK singles chart. The experimentation was even more prominent on 154 (1979). Wire's unorthodox ideas to promote 154 led to a falling out with their label. According to Newman, "We'd worked out a sales strategy for 154 that EMI couldn't see at all...They couldn't understand a rock band that wanted to do a week in a theater as an event, and wanted to promote 154 with videos or left-field TV adverts. We wanted to help them sell records; they thought we were simply being intransigent." According to Jim Green in an interview with Newman, "personnel changes at EMI had left Wire without any support." Colin Newman's solo album, "A-Z was planned as the fourth Wire album, but EMI cancelled studio time in the wake of failed negotiations with the band, and then dropped Wire's option." Lacking a recording deal and money, creative differences split the band in 1979, leading to the Document and Eyewitness LP (1981), a recording of a live performance that featured, almost exclusively, new material. The album was described as "disjointed", "unrecognizable as rock music" and "almost unlistenable". The LP came packaged with an EP of a different performance of more new material. Some of these songs, along with others performed but not included on the album, were included on Newman's post-Wire solo albums (5/10, We Meet Under Tables), while others were released by Gilbert's and Lewis' primary post-Wire outlet Dome (And Then..., Ritual View). Between 1981 and 1985, Wire ceased recording and performing in favour of solo and collaborative projects such as Dome, Cupol, Duet Emmo and several Colin Newman solo efforts. ### 1985 to 1992 In 1985, the group re-formed as a "beat combo" (a joking reference to early 1960s beat music), with greater use of electronic musical instruments. Wire announced that they would perform none of their older material, hiring Ex-Lion Tamers (a Wire cover band from Hoboken, New Jersey, named after a song title from Pink Flag) as their opening act for a 1987 U.S. Tour. Ex-Lion Tamers played Wire's older songs, and Wire played their new material. In June 1988, Wire were part of a lineup that included Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark and Thomas Dolby supporting Depeche Mode at the Pasadena Rose Bowl where they played to over 60,000 people. In 1989, Wire released IBTABA, a "live" album of mostly reworked versions of songs from The Ideal Copy and A Bell Is a Cup, heavily rearranged, edited, and remixed. A new song from the album, "Eardrum Buzz", was released as a single and peaked at number 68 in the UK singles chart. Gotobed left the band in 1990, after the release of the album Manscape. After his departure, the band dropped one letter from its name, becoming "Wir" (still pronounced "wire"), and released The First Letter in 1991. There followed a further period of solo recordings, during which Newman founded the swim ~ label, and later Githead with his wife (ex-Minimal Compact bassist Malka Spigel), while Wire remained an occasional collaboration. It was not until 1999 that Wire again became a full-time entity. ### 1999 to present With Gotobed back in the line-up (now using his birth name, Robert Grey), the group initially reworked much of their back catalogue for a performance at Royal Festival Hall in 2000. Wire's reception during a short tour in early May of the US, and a number of UK gigs, convinced the band to continue. Two EPs, Read & Burn 01 and Read & Burn 02 were released in 2002. Seven of the tracks from the two EPs were collected with four previously unreleased tracks on the 2003 album, Send. Wire collaborated with stage designer Es Devlin and artists Jake and Dinos Chapman. In 2005, The Scottish Play: 2004, which contained recordings of live performances from this era, was released. In 2006, Wire's 1970s albums were remastered and re-released with the original vinyl track listings. In 2007, Read & Burn 03 was released. According to Newman, Gilbert featured in a minimal capacity on this EP; Gilbert would no longer feature in Wire after this release. Later, in 2020, Wire would release Send Ultimate which added a bonus disc to the Send album. Send Ultimate collected all the tracks from the first two Read and Burn EPs along with other unreleased material and both sides of the "Twelve Times You" single. A full-length album of new material entitled Object 47 was released in July 2008 with Wire now consisting of three members. In January 2011, Wire released Red Barked Tree, which according to the band's press release "rekindles a lyricism sometimes absent from Wire's previous work and reconnects with the live energy of performance, harnessed and channelled from extensive touring over the past few years". The album was written and recorded by Newman, Lewis and Grey, but speaking to Marc Riley on the day of the release, Newman introduced as "a new boy" guitarist Matt Simms (from It Hugs Back), who had been a touring member with the band since April 2010. In March 2013 the band released Change Becomes Us, their 13th studio album, which was very well received. Their fourteenth album, eponymously titled Wire, was released in April 2015. The following year, in April 2016, the band's 15th studio album, entitled Nocturnal Koreans, was released on their label Pinkflag. The album consisted of eight songs recorded during the sessions for their previous album which were as of then unreleased. Stereogum named Nocturnal Koreans the Album of the Week. Reviews for the album were mostly positive. In 2017 Wire celebrated 40 years since their debut gig on 1 April 1977 by releasing their 16th studio album, Silver/Lead, and headlining the Los Angeles edition of their DRILL : FESTIVAL. In 2018, Wire released multi-disc special editions of their first three albums. Each album was housed in a book containing lyrics and other information about the album. The three releases collected non-LP singles and the demo sessions from this era along with remastered versions of the original albums. Also in 2018, Wire released a nine-disc vinyl box set, Nine Sevens, which compiled their first eight singles and the free EP given away with 154. Nine Sevens was rereleased in April 2025 as a double vinyl set as part of Record Store Day. In January 2020, Wire released Mind Hive on their own Pinkflag label. The band appeared on the front cover of Wire magazine (issue 432) published in January 2020; it featured an interview with the band about the new album and discussed the enduring nature of the group. On Record Store Day, June 2020, Wire released an eight-song album entitled 10:20. Side one of the vinyl LP consists of four tracks that were originally released as the limited edition Strays EP, which was given away with mail ordered copies of Red Barked Trees. Side two contains four tracks that were recorded during the Mind Hive sessions but not released until their appearance on 10:20. In June 2021, in conjunction with Record Store Day, Wire released PF456 Deluxe an 18-song vinyl-only compilation of the first two Read and Burn EPs, the "Twelve Times You" single, and the four unreleased tracks from Send. Concurrently, Wire released a CD version of PF456 Redux, a 16-song vinyl-only compilation, originally released in 2003, of edited versions of all the songs from the first two Read and Burn EPs along with the unreleased songs on Send. In April 2022, in conjunction with Record Store Day, Wire released Not About to Die which was originally released as a bootleg in the early 1980s. The album consists of recordings made for EMI as demos for the 1978 and 1979 albums, Chairs Missing and 154. The songs on Not About to Die were also previously released in 2018 by Wire on the special editions of the two EMI albums. ## Musical style and influences Despite Wire being considered pioneers of post-punk, Newman has denied any association with punk. He has stated: "Wire really never were a punk band... we happened to be there at the same time. You could list the Ramones as one of our influences, but we were never interested in just doing that genre. (...) [T]here's basically two views of Wire: you either think we were not a punk band, or that we were the best punk band ever because we broke every single rule of punk." In addition to the Ramones, the band have also cited Neu!, Can, early Roxy Music, Captain Beefheart, Patti Smith, and Television as influences. They also absorbed early German electronic music and early Pink Floyd and were also interested in Talking Heads and Teenage Jesus and the Jerks. Kraftwerk's impact was "massive" and the band was also inspired by the Velvet Underground, the Stooges, the New York Dolls, Jonathan Richman, and Brian Eno. ## Legacy Wire's influence has outshone their comparatively modest record sales. In the 1980s and 1990s, Big Black, Minutemen, and Sonic Youth all expressed a fondness for the group. Minutemen bassist Mike Watt described their influence as key, saying of Pink Flag: "I don't know what we would have sounded like if we didn't hear it." "And the sound was incredible," he continues. "It was like that NYC band Richard Hell and the Voidoids without the studio gimmickry, but Wire was way more 'econo' with the instrumentation and the radical approach to song structure. And the way Wire wrote words were artistic without being elitist; some of the slang was trippy, too. All the 'old' conventions from all the other 'old' bands went out the window after we heard Wire. They were big-time liberating on us." Wire were influential on American hardcore punk. Fans included Ian MacKaye of Minor Threat and Henry Rollins, formerly of Black Flag. Minor Threat covered "12XU" for the Flex Your Head compilation, as did Boss Hog on their I Dig You EP. Rollins, as Henrietta Collins & The Wife-Beating Childhaters, covered "Ex Lion Tamer" on the EP Drive by Shooting. Michael Azerrad reported, in the book Our Band Could Be Your Life, that at Minor Threat's second gig, each of the seven bands on the roster performed a version of a Wire song. Robert Pollard once declared Wire's 154 to be "the greatest album of all time", and has stated that "[t]here's always some Wire influence in my stuff." Numerous other bands and artists have cited Wire as an influence, including Soundgarden, Manic Street Preachers, Hüsker Dü, Quicksand, Mission of Burma, Mary Timony, and A Certain Ratio. Big Black covered Wire's "Heartbeat" twice, once as a studio version that was released as a single (also included on The Rich Man's Eight Track Tape compilation) and also as a live version, featuring Bruce Gilbert and Graham Lewis, included on the VHS version of the live album Pigpile. R.E.M. covered "Strange" on their album Document. My Bloody Valentine covered "Map Ref 41°N 93°W" for the Wire tribute album Whore. The slowcore band Low included an early, previously unreleased cover of "Heartbeat" on their career-spanning box set in 2007. Ampere and New Bomb Turks have both covered Wire's "Mr. Suit". The British electronic band Ladytron included Wire's "The 15th" on the mix compilation Softcore Jukebox. Ladytron member Reuben Wu claimed Wire as a musical influence. A plagiarism case between Wire's music publisher and Elastica over the similarity between Wire's 1977 song "Three Girl Rhumba" and Elastica's 1995 hit "Connection" resulted in an out-of-court settlement. It has also been noted that two other songs on Elastica's debut album, "Line Up" and "2:1", both borrowed heavily from the Wire song "I Am The Fly". Alternative Press included Wire in their 1996 list of 100 underground inspirations of the past 20 years, stating that "as long as there are listeners equally lured by tough, intelligent riffs and fearless experimentalism, Wire will remain a crucial benchmark." Fischerspooner (who covered "The 15th" on their album #1), Britpop bands like Elastica and Menswe@r and post-punk revival bands like Bloc Party, Futureheads, Blacklist and Franz Ferdinand have cited Wire as an influence. The Smiths' Johnny Marr has confirmed that he is a fan of the band and has acknowledged that seeing Wire live helped give him the confidence to release his first solo album in 2013. The chorus of Ministry's "Thieves" was influenced by the Wire song "Mr. Suit". Helmet guitarist Page Hamilton cites Wire as one of his "top five bands" and as an influence on his music. ## Band members - Robert Grey – drums (1976–1980, 1985–1990, 1999–present) - Graham Lewis – bass guitar, vocals (1976–1980, 1985–1992, 1999–present) - Colin Newman – vocals, guitar (1976–1980, 1985–1992, 1999–present) - Matthew Simms – guitar (2010–present) Former members - George Gill – lead guitar (1976–1977) - Bruce Gilbert – guitar (1976–1980, 1985–1992, 1999–2004) - Margaret Fiedler McGinnis – guitar (2008–2009 – touring musician) Timeline ## Discography Studio albums - Pink Flag (1977) - Chairs Missing (1978) - 154 (1979) - The Ideal Copy (1987) - A Bell Is a Cup (1988) - IBTABA (1989) - Manscape (1990) - The Drill (1991) - The First Letter (1991) - Send (2003) - Object 47 (2008) - Red Barked Tree (2010) - Change Becomes Us (2013) - Wire (2015) - Nocturnal Koreans (2016) - Silver/Lead (2017)[50] - Mind Hive (2020)[21]	enwiki/34096	enwiki	34,096	Wire (band)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_(band)	2025-08-16T18:33:44Z	en	Q1135620	219,112	{{Short description\|English rock band}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2020}} {{Use British English\|date=February 2019}} {{Infobox musical artist \| name = Wire \| image = Wire sept 2013.jpg \| caption = Wire in 2013; left to right: Matthew Simms, Robert Grey, Colin Newman, Graham Lewis \| alt = \| background = group_or_band \| alias = Wir \| origin = London, England \| genre = {{flatlist\| * [[Post-punk]] * [[art punk]] * [[punk rock]] * [[new wave music\|new wave]]<ref>{{cite news\|title=Battle of the Bands: Old Turf, New Combatants\|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/22/arts/recordings-view-battle-of-the-bands-old-turf-new-combatants.html\|date=22 October 1995\|access-date=27 July 2025\|last=Reynolds\|first=Simon\|author-link=Simon Reynolds\|quote=This so-called Britpop movement, which includes Blur, Oasis, Elastica, Pulp and Supergrass, harks back to the days when Britannia ruled the airwaves: the 60's (the Beatles, the Kinks, the Who) and the New Wave late 70's (Buzzcocks, Wire, the Jam).}}</ref> }} \| discography = [[Wire discography]] \| years_active = 1976–1980, 1985–1992, {{nowrap\|1999–present}} \| label = {{flatlist\| * Pinkflag * [[Mute Records\|Mute]] * [[Harvest Records\|Harvest]] * [[Warner Bros. Records\|Warner Bros.]] * [[Rough Trade Records\|Rough Trade]] }} \| website = {{URL\|www.pinkflag.com}} \| current_members = [[Colin Newman]]<br/>[[Graham Lewis]]<br/>[[Robert Grey (musician)\|Robert Grey]]<br/>[[Matthew Simms]] \| past_members = George Gill<br/>[[Bruce Gilbert]]<br/>[[Margaret Fiedler McGinnis]] }} '''Wire''' are a British rock band, formed in London in October 1976<ref name="The Great Rock Discography">{{cite book \|first=Martin C. \|last=Strong \|year=2000 \|title=The Great Rock Discography \|edition=5th \|publisher=Mojo Books \|location=[[Edinburgh]] \|pages=1075–1076 \|isbn=1-84195-017-3}}</ref> by [[Colin Newman]] (vocals, guitar), [[Graham Lewis]] (bass, vocals), [[Bruce Gilbert]] (guitar), George Gill (lead guitar) and [[Robert Grey (musician)\|Robert Grey]] (aka Robert Gotobed; drums). They were originally associated with the [[punk rock]] scene, appearing on ''[[The Roxy London WC2]]'' album, and were instrumental to the development of [[post-punk]], while their debut album, ''[[Pink Flag]]'', was influential for [[hardcore punk]].<ref name="grow">{{cite magazine\|last=Grow\|first=Kory\|title=Wire Reflect on 40 Years as Punk's Ultimate Cult Band \|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/wire-reflect-on-40-years-as-punks-ultimate-cult-band-128633/\|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]\|date=20 March 2017\|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> Wire are considered a definitive and highly influential [[art punk]] and post-punk band, due to their richly detailed and atmospheric sound and obscure lyrical themes.{{citation needed\|date=November 2022}} They steadily developed from an early [[noise rock]] style to a more complex, structured sound involving increased use of guitar effects and synthesizers (1978's ''[[Chairs Missing]]'' and 1979's ''[[154 (album)\|154]]''). The band gained a reputation for experimenting with song arrangements throughout their career.<ref name="allmusic_bio">{{cite web \|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/wire-p5856/biography \|title=Wire \|author=Wilson Neate \|website=[[AllMusic]] \|access-date=15 February 2012}}</ref> ==History== ===1976 to 1980=== Wire began as a five-piece band in October 1976. Initially, the band's main songwriter was guitarist George Gill but after he broke his leg and was unable to perform, the band moved on without him in February 1977. They dropped most of the songs written by Gill, although many of these early songs have been released as demos or on compilation albums. Wire's debut album, ''[[Pink Flag]]'' (1977) – "perhaps the most original debut album to come out of the first wave of [[British punk]]", according to [[AllMusic]]<ref name="Pink Flag Allmusic">{{cite web \|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/pink-flag-r22101/review \|title=Pink Flag \|author=Steve Huey \|website=[[AllMusic]] \|access-date=16 February 2012}}</ref> – contains songs that are diverse in mood and style, but most use a [[minimalism\|minimalist]] punk approach combined with unorthodox structures.<ref name="Trouser Press">{{cite web \|url=http://www.trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=wire \|title=Wire \|author1=Jim DeRogatis \|author2=Wilson Neate \|publisher=TrouserPress.com \|access-date=16 February 2012 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204040037/http://www.trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=wire \|archive-date=4 February 2012}}</ref> "Field Day for the Sundays", for example, is only 28 seconds long. [[File:Colin Newman b nov 2011.jpg\|left\|upright=0.7\|thumb\|Colin Newman, 2011]] {{Listen \| filename=Wire Outdoor Miner.ogg \| title="Outdoor Miner"\| description=Sample of "Outdoor Miner", taken from ''[[Chairs Missing]]'' (1978) \| format=[[Ogg]]}} Their second album, ''[[Chairs Missing]]'' (1978), marked a retreat from the stark minimalism of ''Pink Flag'', with longer, more atmospheric songs and synthesizer parts added by producer [[Mike Thorne]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/chairs-missing-r22102 \|title=Chairs Missing \|author=Steve Huey \|website=[[AllMusic]] \|access-date=16 February 2012}}</ref> "[[Outdoor Miner]]" was a minor hit, peaking at number 51 in the UK singles chart.<ref name="Wire singles">{{cite web\|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/wire/ \|title=WIRE \| full Official Chart History \| Official Charts Company \|website=Officialcharts.com \|access-date=3 June 2016}}</ref> The experimentation was even more prominent on ''[[154 (album)\|154]]'' (1979).<ref name="The Great Rock Discography"/> Wire's unorthodox ideas to promote ''154'' led to a falling out with their label. According to Newman, "We'd worked out a sales strategy for ''154'' that EMI couldn't see at all...They couldn't understand a rock band that wanted to do a week in a theater as an event, and wanted to promote ''154'' with videos or left-field TV adverts. We wanted to help them sell records; they thought we were simply being intransigent."<ref name="Trouser Press interview">{{cite magazine \|url=https://trouserpress.com/magazine-covers-7/ \|title=Colin Newman \|magazine=[[Trouser Press]] \|location=New York \|volume=8 \|issue=4 \|date=June 1981 \|access-date=December 24, 2021 \|last=Green \|first=Jim \|page=18}}</ref> According to Jim Green in an interview with Newman, "personnel changes at EMI had left Wire without any support." Colin Newman's solo album, "''[[A–Z (album)\|A-Z]]'' was planned as the fourth Wire album, but EMI cancelled studio time in the wake of failed negotiations with the band, and then dropped Wire's option."<ref name="Trouser Press interview"/> Lacking a recording deal and money,<ref name="Trouser Press interview"/> creative differences split the band in 1979, leading to the ''[[Document and Eyewitness]]'' LP (1981), a recording of a live performance that featured, almost exclusively, new material. The album was described as "disjointed",<ref name="Trouser Press"/> "unrecognizable as rock music" and "almost unlistenable".<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/document-and-eyewitness-r22090/review \|title=Document and Eyewitness \|author=Wilson Neate \|website=[[AllMusic]] \|access-date=16 February 2012}}</ref> The LP came packaged with an [[Extended play\|EP]] of a different performance of more new material. Some of these songs, along with others performed but not included on the album, were included on Newman's post-Wire solo albums (''5/10'', ''We Meet Under Tables''), while others were released by Gilbert's and Lewis' primary post-Wire outlet [[Dome (band)\|Dome]] (''And Then...'', ''Ritual View''). Between 1981 and 1985, Wire ceased recording and performing in favour of solo and collaborative projects such as [[Dome (band)\|Dome]], Cupol, [[Daniel Miller (music producer)#Duet Emmo\|Duet Emmo]] and several Colin Newman solo efforts. ===1985 to 1992=== In 1985, the group re-formed as a "[[Popular beat combo\|beat combo]]" (a joking reference to early 1960s [[beat music]]), with greater use of [[electronic musical instrument]]s. Wire announced that they would perform none of their older material, hiring Ex-Lion Tamers (a Wire [[cover band]] from [[Hoboken, New Jersey]], named after a song title from ''Pink Flag'') as their opening act for a 1987 U.S. Tour. Ex-Lion Tamers played Wire's older songs, and Wire played their new material.<ref>Stuart Tomlinson, 'Critic's Choice' ''The Oregonion'' 'A&E' section 26 June 1987 p. F8 </ref> In June 1988, Wire were part of a lineup that included [[Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark]] and [[Thomas Dolby]] supporting [[Depeche Mode]] at the [[Pasadena, California\|Pasadena]] [[Rose Bowl (stadium)\|Rose Bowl]] where they played to over 60,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=ckuttimecapsule\|date=1988-06-29\|title=Interview with Colin Newman of WIRE circa 1988\|url=https://ckuttimecapsule.wordpress.com/1988/06/29/interview-with-colin-newman-of-wire-circa-1988/\|access-date=2020-09-22\|website=CKUT TIME CAPSULE\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|date=2013-06-17\|title=Video: Depeche Mode, 'A Concert for the Masses' — rare footage from 1988's '101' concert\|url=http://www.slicingupeyeballs.com/2013/06/17/depeche-mode-concert-for-the-masses-25th-anniverary/\|access-date=2020-09-22\|website=[[Slicing Up Eyeballs]]\|language=en-US}}</ref> In 1989, Wire released ''[[It's Beginning to and Back Again\|IBTABA]]'', a "live" album of mostly reworked versions of songs from ''[[The Ideal Copy]]'' and ''[[A Bell Is a Cup... Until It Is Struck\|A Bell Is a Cup]]'', heavily rearranged, edited, and remixed. A new song from the album, "Eardrum Buzz", was released as a single and peaked at number 68 in the UK singles chart.<ref name="Wire singles" /> Gotobed left the band in 1990, after the release of the album ''[[Manscape]]''. After his departure, the band dropped one letter from its name, becoming "Wir" (still pronounced "wire"), and released ''[[The First Letter]]'' in 1991. There followed a further period of solo recordings, during which Newman founded the [[swim ~]] label, and later [[Githead]] with his wife (ex-[[Minimal Compact]] bassist [[Malka Spigel]]), while Wire remained an occasional collaboration. It was not until 1999 that Wire again became a full-time entity. ===1999 to present=== With Gotobed back in the line-up (now using his birth name, Robert Grey), the group initially reworked much of their back catalogue for a performance at [[Royal Festival Hall]] in 2000. Wire's reception during a short tour in early May of the US, and a number of UK gigs, convinced the band to continue. Two EPs, ''[[Read & Burn 01]]'' and ''[[Read & Burn 02]]'' were released in 2002. Seven of the tracks from the two EPs were collected with four previously unreleased tracks on the 2003 album, ''[[Send (album)\|Send]]''. Wire collaborated with stage designer [[Es Devlin]] and artists [[Jake and Dinos Chapman]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.projectdark.demon.co.uk/DJK/wire.htm \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205113845/http://www.projectdark.demon.co.uk/DJK/wire.htm \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=5 December 2003 \|title=Wire + Jake & Dinos Chapman + ES Devlin with Kirsten Reynolds (Project Dark) \|publisher=projectdark.demon.co.uk \|access-date=16 February 2012}}</ref> In 2005, ''[[The Scottish Play: 2004]]'', which contained recordings of live performances from this era, was released. In 2006, Wire's 1970s albums were remastered and re-released with the original vinyl track listings. In 2007, ''[[Read & Burn 03]]'' was released. According to Newman, Gilbert featured in a minimal capacity on this EP; Gilbert would no longer feature in Wire after this release. Later, in 2020, Wire would release ''[[Send (album)#Send Ultimate\|Send Ultimate]]'' which added a bonus disc to the ''Send'' album. ''Send Ultimate'' collected all the tracks from the first two Read and Burn EPs along with other unreleased material and both sides of the "Twelve Times You" single. A full-length album of new material entitled ''[[Object 47]]'' was released in July 2008 with Wire now consisting of three members. [[File:Matt Simms sep 2013.jpg\|thumb\|Matt Simms, 2013]]In January 2011, Wire released ''[[Red Barked Tree]]'', which according to the band's press release "rekindles a lyricism sometimes absent from Wire's previous work and reconnects with the live energy of performance, harnessed and channelled from extensive touring over the past few years".<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Pinkflag.com (the official Wire website) - Press - Red Barked Tree\|url=http://pinkflag.com/press/red-barked-tree/\|access-date=2020-08-28\|website=pinkflag.com}}</ref> The album was written and recorded by Newman, Lewis and Grey, but speaking to [[Marc Riley]] on the day of the release, Newman introduced as "a new boy" guitarist [[Matthew Simms\|Matt Simms]] (from It Hugs Back), who had been a touring member with the band since April 2010.<ref name="Marc Riley">{{cite web \|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00xbbmz#segments \|title=Wire \|publisher=bbc.co.uk \|access-date=16 February 2012}}</ref> In March 2013 the band released ''[[Change Becomes Us]]'', their 13th studio album, which was very well received.<ref>{{cite web \| url=http://www.spin.com/reviews/wire-change-becomes-us-pink-flag/ \| title=Wire, ''Change Becomes Us'' (Pink Flag) \| author=Gubbels, Jason \| work=[[Spin (magazine)\|Spin]] \| date=28 March 2013 \| access-date=30 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17720-wire-change-becomes-us/ \| title=Wire – ''Change Becomes Us'' \| publisher=[[Pitchfork Media]] \| date=2 April 2013 \| access-date=2 April 2013 \| author=Wolk, Douglas}}</ref> Their fourteenth album, eponymously titled ''[[Wire (2015 album)\|Wire]]'', was released in April 2015. The following year, in April 2016, the band's 15th studio album, entitled ''[[Nocturnal Koreans]],'' was released on their label Pinkflag. The album consisted of eight songs recorded during the sessions for their previous album which were as of then unreleased. [[Stereogum]] named ''Nocturnal Koreans'' the Album of the Week. Reviews for the album were mostly positive.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.stereogum.com/1872193/album-of-the-week-wire-nocturnal-koreans/franchises/album-of-the-week/\|title=Album Of The Week: Wire Nocturnal Koreans\|date=19 April 2016\|access-date=12 August 2016}}</ref> In 2017 Wire celebrated 40 years since their debut gig on 1 April 1977 by releasing their 16th studio album, ''[[Silver/Lead]]'', and headlining the Los Angeles edition of their DRILL : FESTIVAL. In 2018, Wire released multi-disc special editions of their first three albums. Each album was housed in a book containing lyrics and other information about the album. The three releases collected non-LP singles and the demo sessions from this era along with remastered versions of the original albums. Also in 2018, Wire released a nine-disc vinyl box set, ''Nine Sevens'', which compiled their first eight singles and the free EP given away with ''154''. ''Nine Sevens'' was rereleased in April 2025 as a double vinyl set as part of Record Store Day. In January 2020, Wire released ''[[Mind Hive]]''<ref>{{cite web\|last=Pearis\|first=Bill\|title=Wire announce new album 'Mind Hive' and 2020 tour (listen to "Cactused")\|url=http://www.brooklynvegan.com/wire-announce-new-album-mind-hive-and-2020-tour-listen-to-cactused/\|work=[[Brooklyn Vegan]]\|date=22 October 2019\|access-date=22 October 2019}}</ref> on their own Pinkflag label.<ref name="mhv">{{cite web\|last=Gentile\|first=John\|title=Wire to release new album\|url=https://www.punknews.org/article/71095/wire-to-release-new-album\|website=Punknews.org\|date=22 October 2019\|access-date=22 October 2019}}</ref> The band appeared on the front cover of [[The Wire (magazine)\|''Wire'']] magazine (issue 432) published in January 2020; it featured an interview with the band about the new album and discussed the enduring nature of the group.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.thewire.co.uk/issues/432\|title=Issue 432 of The Wire\|date=February 2020}}</ref> On [[Record Store Day]], June 2020, Wire released an eight-song album entitled [[10:20 (Wire album)\|''10:20'']].<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Schatz\|first=Lake\|title=Wire Announce New Album 10:20, North American Tour\|url=https://consequenceofsound.net/2020/03/wire-new-album-1020-tour-dates-tickets/\|work=[[Consequence of Sound]]\|date=11 March 2020\|access-date=11 March 2020}}</ref> Side one of the vinyl LP consists of four tracks that were originally released as the limited edition ''Strays'' EP, which was given away with mail ordered copies of ''Red Barked Trees''. Side two contains four tracks that were recorded during the ''Mind Hive'' sessions but not released until their appearance on ''10:20''.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Pearis\|first=Bill\|title=Wire share "Small Black Reptile" from RSD20 LP, on tour now (NYC this week)\|url=http://www.brooklynvegan.com/wire-share-small-black-reptile-from-rsd20-lp-on-tour-now-nyc-this-week/\|work=[[Brooklyn Vegan]]\|date=11 March 2020\|access-date=11 March 2020}}</ref> In June 2021, in conjunction with Record Store Day, Wire released ''PF456 Deluxe'' an 18-song vinyl-only compilation of the first two Read and Burn EPs, the "Twelve Times You" single, and the four unreleased tracks from ''Send''. Concurrently, Wire released a CD version of ''PF456 Redux'', a 16-song vinyl-only compilation, originally released in 2003, of edited versions of all the songs from the first two Read and Burn EPs along with the unreleased songs on ''Send''. In April 2022, in conjunction with Record Store Day, Wire released ''Not About to Die'' which was originally released as a bootleg in the early 1980s. The album consists of recordings made for EMI as demos for the 1978 and 1979 albums, ''Chairs Missing'' and ''154''. The songs on ''Not About to Die'' were also previously released in 2018 by Wire on the special editions of the two EMI albums. == Musical style and influences == Despite Wire being considered pioneers of [[post-punk]], Newman has denied any association with [[Punk rock\|punk]]. He has stated: "Wire really never were a punk band... we happened to be there at the same time. You could list [[Ramones\|the Ramones]] as one of our influences, but we were never interested in just doing that genre. (...) [T]here's basically two views of Wire: you either think we were not a punk band, or that we were the best punk band ever because we broke every single rule of punk."<ref>{{Cite web \|date=May 2, 2017 \|title=Not A Punk Band: Interview with Wire's Colin Newman \|url=https://eastwoodguitars.com/blogs/news/interview-with-wires-colin-newman-we-are-not-punk \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928084558/https://eastwoodguitars.com/blogs/news/interview-with-wires-colin-newman-we-are-not-punk \|archive-date=September 28, 2023 \|access-date=May 31, 2024 \|website=eastwoodguitars.com}}</ref> In addition to the Ramones, the band have also cited [[Neu!]], [[Can (band)\|Can]], early [[Roxy Music]], [[Captain Beefheart]], [[Patti Smith]], and [[Television (band)\|Television]] as influences.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Brodsky \|first=Rachel \|date=April 17, 2015 \|title=Q&A: Nobody Puts Wire in a Corner \|url=https://www.spin.com/2015/04/wire-interview-graham-lewis-colin-newman/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207140356/https://www.spin.com/2015/04/wire-interview-graham-lewis-colin-newman/ \|archive-date=February 7, 2023 \|access-date=May 31, 2024 \|work=[[Spin (magazine) \| SPIN]] \|quote=Going back to when we started playing together, I think we had very disparate influences, but one of the common ones was pop music from the ’60s, what we were brought up on. The early music from Germany: [[Neu!]], [[Can (band) \| Can]], people like that. We’re big fans of [[Captain Beefheart]], obviously. The very early [[Roxy Music]] stuff was good. At the time, when we actually started working together, we’d been doing things like [[Patti Smith]]’s first album, [[Ramones \| the Ramones]], that stuff, [[Television (band) \| Television]].}}</ref> They also absorbed early [[German electronic music]] and early [[Pink Floyd]] and were also interested in [[Talking Heads]] and [[Teenage Jesus and the Jerks]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://archive.today/20211013230204/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/wire-reflect-on-40-years-as-punks-ultimate-cult-band-128633/ \|title= Wire Reflect on 40 Years as Punk's Ultimate Cult Band \|publisher=Rolling Stone\|date=2017-03-30 \|access-date=2025-05-04\|quote=We started absorbing early German electronic music and early Pink Floyd into what we were doing. We were more interested in Patti Smith and the Ramones, Talking Heads, Teenage Jesus – all this stuff is far more interesting to us because it was art-based.}}</ref> [[Kraftwerk]]'s impact was "massive" and the band was also inspired by [[the Velvet Underground]], [[the Stooges]], [[the New York Dolls]], [[Jonathan Richman]], and [[Brian Eno]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://archive.today/20250606062039/https://www.furious.com/perfect/newman.html \|title=Colin Newman interview \|publisher=furious.com \|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> ==Legacy== Wire's influence has outshone their comparatively modest record sales. In the 1980s and 1990s, Big Black, [[Minutemen (band)\|Minutemen]],<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://louderthanwar.com/mike-watt-stoogesminutemen-bass-genius-exclusive-interview/ \|title=Mike Watt, Stooges/Minutemen Bass Genius, Exclusive Interview \|last1=Adams \|first1=Owen \|date=26 June 2011 \|publisher=Louder Than War\|access-date=25 April 2013}}</ref> and [[Sonic Youth]]<ref name="soundci">{{cite web\|title='Sound City Liverpool onstage interview\|url=https://soundcloud.com/dave-8-2/thurston-moore-2\|publisher=Soundcloud.com\|access-date=25 August 2018}}</ref> all expressed a fondness for the group. Minutemen bassist [[Mike Watt]] described their influence as key, saying of ''Pink Flag'': "I don't know what we would have sounded like if we didn't hear it."<ref name="grow"/> {{quote\|"And the sound was incredible," he continues. "It was like that NYC band Richard Hell and the Voidoids without the studio gimmickry, but Wire was way more 'econo' with the instrumentation and the radical approach to song structure. And the way Wire wrote words were artistic without being elitist; some of the slang was trippy, too. All the 'old' conventions from all the other 'old' bands went out the window after we heard Wire. They were big-time liberating on us."<ref name="grow"/>}} Wire were influential on American [[hardcore punk]]. Fans included [[Ian MacKaye]] of [[Minor Threat]] and [[Henry Rollins]],<ref name="grow" /><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://henryrollins.com/kcrw/detail/kcrw_broadcast_144_121011/\|title=KCRW BROADCAST No. 144 12–10–11\|author=Henry Rollins\|author-link=Henry Rollins\|publisher=henryrollins.com\|access-date=16 February 2012}}</ref> formerly of [[Black Flag (band)\|Black Flag]]. [[Minor Threat]] covered "12XU" for the ''[[Flex Your Head]]'' compilation,<ref>{{cite magazine\|url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/sashafrerejones/2012/03/loving-a-band-that-doesnt-want-to-be-loved.html \|title=Loving a Band That Doesn't Want Your Love \|author=Frere-Jones, Sasha \|author-link=Sasha Frere-Jones \|magazine=[[The New Yorker]] \|date=2 March 2012 \|access-date=3 June 2016}}</ref> as did [[Boss Hog]] on their [[I Dig You (song)\|''I Dig You'']] EP. Rollins, as Henrietta Collins & The Wife-Beating Childhaters, covered "Ex Lion Tamer" on the EP ''[[Drive by Shooting]]''. [[Michael Azerrad]] reported, in the book ''[[Our Band Could Be Your Life]]'', that at Minor Threat's second gig, each of the seven bands on the roster performed a version of a Wire song.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Our Band Could Be Your Life\|title-link=Our Band Could Be Your Life\|author=Michael Azerrad\|year=2001\|publisher=Little, Brown \|isbn=0-316-78753-1\|oclc=50483014\|author-link=Michael Azerrad}}</ref> [[Robert Pollard]] once declared Wire's ''154'' to be "the greatest album of all time",<ref>{{Cite web \|date=September 19, 2014 \|title=Robert Pollard: Scalping The Guru \|url=https://magnetmagazine.com/2014/09/19/robert-pollard-scalping-the-guru/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910172509/https://magnetmagazine.com/2014/09/19/robert-pollard-scalping-the-guru/ \|archive-date=September 10, 2024 \|access-date=December 30, 2024 \|website=Magnet Magazine}}</ref> and has stated that "[t]here's always some Wire influence in my stuff."<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Captain, My Captain - The No Ugly Babies interview with Robert Pollard \|url=https://www.angelfire.com/biz/nouglybabies/bob.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030215005750/https://www.angelfire.com/biz/nouglybabies/bob.html \|archive-date=February 15, 2003 \|access-date=December 30, 2024 \|website=No Ugly Babies}}</ref> Numerous other bands and artists have cited Wire as an influence, including [[Soundgarden]],<ref>{{Cite magazine \|last=Foege \|first=Alec \|date=December 29, 1994 \|title=Chris Cornell: The Rolling Stone Interview \|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/chris-cornell-the-rolling-stone-interview-79108/3/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629042634/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/chris-cornell-the-rolling-stone-interview-79108/3/ \|archive-date=June 29, 2024 \|access-date=July 31, 2024 \|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref> [[Manic Street Preachers]],<ref>{{Cite news \|date=February 12, 2018 \|title=6 influences that have shaped Manic Street Preachers… in ways you wouldn't expect \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2k0HyJXs3bCX16T7JLGLzbP/6-influences-that-have-shaped-manic-street-preachers-in-ways-you-wouldn-t-expect \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808103601/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2k0HyJXs3bCX16T7JLGLzbP/6-influences-that-have-shaped-manic-street-preachers-in-ways-you-wouldn-t-expect \|archive-date=August 8, 2020 \|access-date=November 24, 2023 \|work=[[BBC Radio 6 Music]]}}</ref> [[Hüsker Dü]],<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Woods \|first=Austin \|date=April 2004 \|title=GREG NORTON – On Hüsker Dü's Zen Arcade and his new band Ultrabomb \|url=https://www.furious.com/perfect/huskerdugregnorton.html \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528174615/https://www.furious.com/perfect/huskerdugregnorton.html \|archive-date=May 28, 2024 \|access-date=June 12, 2024 \|website=Perfect Sound Forever}}</ref> [[Quicksand (American band)\|Quicksand]],<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Hill \|first=Stephen \|date=November 9, 2017 \|title=Quicksand's track by track guide to new album Interiors \|url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/quicksands-track-by-track-guide-to-new-album-interiors \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425104246/https://www.loudersound.com/features/quicksands-track-by-track-guide-to-new-album-interiors \|archive-date=April 25, 2023 \|access-date=October 27, 2023 \|website=Louder}}</ref> [[Mission of Burma]],<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Friedman \|first=Eric \|date=January 26, 2011 \|title=INTERVIEW WITH ROGER MILLER FROM MISSION OF BURMA: PSYCHEDELIC SORTIES \|url=https://www.theaquarian.com/2011/01/26/interview-with-roger-miller-from-mission-of-burma-psychedelic-sorties/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605124917/https://www.theaquarian.com/2011/01/26/interview-with-roger-miller-from-mission-of-burma-psychedelic-sorties/ \|archive-date=June 5, 2023 \|access-date=June 12, 2024 \|work=[[The Aquarian Weekly]]}}</ref> [[Mary Timony]],<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Swartz \|first=Aimee \|date=October 17, 2014 \|title=Lion With Wings: Ex Hex's Mary Timony Interviewed \|url=https://thequietus.com/articles/16468-ex-hex-interview-mary-timony \|access-date=November 23, 2023 \|website=The Quietus}}</ref> and [[A Certain Ratio]].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=January 7, 2020 \|title=Interview / A Certain Ratio \|url=https://banbantonton.com/2020/01/07/interview-a-certain-ratio/ \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520101028/https://banbantonton.com/2020/01/07/interview-a-certain-ratio/ \|archive-date=May 20, 2022 \|access-date=March 30, 2025 \|website=Ban Ban Ton Ton}}</ref> [[Big Black]] covered Wire's "Heartbeat" twice, once as a studio version that was released as a single (also included on ''[[The Rich Man's Eight Track Tape]]'' compilation) and also as a live version, featuring Bruce Gilbert and Graham Lewis, included on the VHS version of the live album ''[[Pigpile]]''. [[R.E.M.]] covered "Strange" on their album ''[[Document (album)\|Document]].''<ref name="grow" /> [[My Bloody Valentine (band)\|My Bloody Valentine]] covered "Map Ref 41°N 93°W" for the Wire tribute album ''Whore.'' The [[slowcore]] band [[Low (band)\|Low]] included an early, previously unreleased cover of "Heartbeat" on their career-spanning box set in 2007. [[Ampere (band)\|Ampere]] and [[New Bomb Turks]] have both covered Wire's "Mr. Suit". The British [[electronic music\|electronic]] band [[Ladytron]] included Wire's "The 15th" on the mix compilation ''[[Softcore Jukebox]]''. Ladytron member [[Reuben Wu]] claimed Wire as a musical influence.<ref>{{cite web\|title=SG Music: Interview With Ladytron {{!}} Soccer Gaming\|url=http://www.soccergaming.com/features/1661/sg-music-interview-with-ladytron/\|access-date=28 April 2013\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123180959/http://www.soccergaming.com/features/1661/sg-music-interview-with-ladytron/\|archive-date=23 January 2013}}</ref> [[File:Graham Lewis sep 2013.jpg\|upright\|thumb\|left\|Graham Lewis, 2013]]A [[plagiarism]] case between Wire's music publisher and [[Elastica]] over the similarity between Wire's 1977 song "Three Girl Rhumba" and Elastica's 1995 hit "[[Connection (Elastica song)\|Connection]]" resulted in an out-of-court settlement.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.avclub.com/elastica-s-debut-stole-from-the-best-embodying-britpop-1798237216\|title=Elastica's debut stole from the best, embodying Britpop while staying punk\|last1=Heller\|first1=Jason\|date=26 March 2013\|work=[[The A.V. Club]]\|access-date=25 April 2013}}</ref> It has also been noted that two other songs on Elastica's [[Elastica (album)\|debut album]], "[[Line Up (song)\|Line Up]]" and "2:1", both borrowed heavily from the Wire song "I Am The Fly".<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.avclub.com/elastica-s-debut-stole-from-the-best-embodying-britpop-1798237216 \|title=Elastica's debut stole from the best, embodying Britpop while staying punk \|last=Heller \|first=Jason \|date=26 March 2013 \|website=[[The A.V. Club]]\|access-date=8 February 2024}}</ref> [[Alternative Press (magazine)\|Alternative Press]] included Wire in their 1996 list of 100 underground inspirations of the past 20 years, stating that "as long as there are listeners equally lured by tough, intelligent riffs and fearless experimentalism, Wire will remain a crucial benchmark."<ref name="ap-11-100-1996">{{cite journal \|last1=Kappes \|first1=John \|editor=Michael Shea \|title=100 Underground Inspirations of the Past 20 Years \|journal=Alternative Press \|date=1996 \|volume=11 \|issue=100 \|pages=39–56 \|publisher=Alternative Press Magazine, Inc. \|location=Cleveland, OH \|issn=1065-1667}}</ref> [[Fischerspooner]] (who covered "[[The 15th]]" on their album ''[[1 (Fischerspooner album)\|#1]]''), [[Britpop]] bands like [[Elastica]] and [[Menswear (band)\|Menswe@r]] and [[post-punk revival]] bands like [[Bloc Party]], [[Futureheads]], [[Blacklist (band)\|Blacklist]] and [[Franz Ferdinand (band)\|Franz Ferdinand]] have cited Wire as an influence.{{citation needed\|date=February 2012}} [[The Smiths]]' [[Johnny Marr]] has confirmed that he is a fan of the band and has acknowledged that seeing Wire live helped give him the confidence to release [[The Messenger (Johnny Marr album)\|his first solo album]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Youngs \|first=Ian \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-21323467 \|title=BBC News – Johnny Marr on The Smiths and going solo \|publisher=bbc.co.uk \|date=17 February 2013 \|access-date=26 March 2013}}</ref> The chorus of Ministry's "Thieves" was influenced by the Wire song "Mr. Suit". [[Helmet (band)\|Helmet]] guitarist [[Page Hamilton]] cites Wire as one of his "top five bands"<ref>{{cite web\|title=Helmet's Page Hamilton: 'I'm Thinking Of 2 More Albums, As In 2 Years I'll Be Fifty'\|url=http://www.ultimate-guitar.com/interviews/interviews/helmets_page_hamilton_im_thinking_of_2_more_albums_as_in_2_years_ill_be_fifty.html\|publisher=[[Ultimate Guitar Archive\|Ultimate Guitar]]\|access-date=25 May 2013\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906102317/http://www.ultimate-guitar.com/interviews/interviews/helmets_page_hamilton_im_thinking_of_2_more_albums_as_in_2_years_ill_be_fifty.html\|archive-date=6 September 2013}}</ref> and as an influence on his music.<ref>{{cite web\|title=BowieNet Live Chat Transcription Page Hamilton – 28/9/00\|url=http://www.bowiewonderworld.com/chats/dbchatpage0900.htm\|publisher=David Bowie Wonderworld\|access-date=25 May 2013}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Band members== * [[Robert Grey (musician)\|Robert Grey]] – drums (1976–1980, 1985–1990, 1999–present) * [[Graham Lewis]] – bass guitar, vocals (1976–1980, 1985–1992, 1999–present) * [[Colin Newman]] – vocals, guitar (1976–1980, 1985–1992, 1999–present) * [[Matthew Simms]] – guitar (2010–present) '''Former members''' * George Gill – lead guitar (1976–1977) * [[Bruce Gilbert]] – guitar (1976–1980, 1985–1992, 1999–2004) * [[Margaret Fiedler McGinnis]] – guitar (2008–2009 – touring musician) '''Timeline''' <timeline> ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:20 PlotArea = left:130 bottom:80 top:0 right:10 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = mm/dd/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1976 till:01/01/2023 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy Legend = orientation:vertical position:bottom columns:3 ScaleMajor = increment:5 start:01/01/1980 ScaleMinor = increment:1 start:01/01/1977 Colors = id:vocals value:red legend:Vocals id:guitar value:green legend:Guitar id:bass value:blue legend:Bass id:drums value:orange legend:Drums id:album value:black legend:Studio_release id:bars value:gray(0.95) BackgroundColors = bars:bars LineData = layer:back color:album at: 10/01/1977 at: 08/01/1978 at: 09/01/1979 at: 04/01/1987 at: 05/01/1988 at: 05/01/1989 at: 05/01/1990 at: 04/01/1991 at: 10/01/1991 at: 05/01/2003 at: 07/07/2008 at: 12/20/2010 at: 03/25/2013 at: 04/13/2015 at: 04/22/2016 at: 03/31/2017 at: 01/24/2020 at: 06/19/2020 BarData = bar:Colin text:"Colin Newman" bar:George text:"George Gill" bar:Bruce text:"Bruce Gilbert" bar:Margaret text:"Margaret Fiedler McGinnis" bar:Matthew text:"Matthew Simms" bar:Graham text:"Graham Lewis" bar:Robert text:"Robert Grey" PlotData= width:11 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4) bar:Colin from:01/01/1976 till:12/31/1980 color:vocals bar:Graham from:01/01/1976 till:12/31/1980 color:bass bar:Bruce from:01/01/1976 till:12/31/1980 color:guitar bar:Robert from:01/01/1976 till:12/31/1980 color:drums bar:Colin from:01/01/1985 till:12/31/1992 color:vocals bar:Graham from:01/01/1985 till:12/31/1992 color:bass bar:Bruce from:01/01/1985 till:12/31/1992 color:guitar bar:Robert from:01/01/1985 till:12/31/1990 color:drums bar:Colin from:01/01/1999 till:end color:vocals bar:Graham from:01/01/1999 till:end color:bass bar:Bruce from:01/01/1999 till:12/31/2006 color:guitar bar:Robert from:01/01/1999 till:end color:drums bar:Margaret from:01/01/2008 till:12/31/2009 color:guitar width:3 bar:Matthew from:04/01/2010 till:end color:guitar bar:George from:01/01/1976 till:03/10/1977 color:guitar width:3 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4) bar:Colin from:01/01/1976 till:12/31/1980 color:guitar bar:Graham from:01/01/1976 till:12/31/1980 color:vocals bar:Colin from:01/01/1985 till:12/31/1992 color:guitar bar:Graham from:01/01/1985 till:12/31/1992 color:vocals bar:Colin from:01/01/1999 till:end color:guitar bar:Graham from:01/01/1999 till:end color:vocals </timeline> ==Discography== [[File:Wire june 2008.jpg\|thumb\|Wire performing in 2008. L to R: Lewis, Newman, Grey.]] {{main article\|Wire discography}} ; Studio albums * ''[[Pink Flag]]'' (1977) * ''[[Chairs Missing]]'' (1978) * ''[[154 (album)\|154]]'' (1979) * ''[[The Ideal Copy]]'' (1987) * ''[[A Bell Is a Cup]]'' (1988) * ''[[IBTABA]]'' (1989) * ''[[Manscape]]'' (1990) * ''[[The Drill (album)\|The Drill]]'' (1991) * ''[[The First Letter]]'' (1991) * ''[[Send (album)\|Send]]'' (2003) * ''[[Object 47]]'' (2008) * ''[[Red Barked Tree]]'' (2010) * ''[[Change Becomes Us]]'' (2013) * ''[[Wire (2015 album)\|Wire]]'' (2015) * ''[[Nocturnal Koreans]]'' (2016) * ''[[Silver/Lead]]'' (2017)<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://wirehq.bandcamp.com/album/silver-lead\|title=Silver / Lead, by Wire\|website=Wire\|access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref> * ''[[Mind Hive]]'' (2020)<ref name="mhv" /> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category\|Wire (band)}} * {{Official}} * {{AllMusic \|class=artist \|id=p5856 \|label=Wire}} {{Wire}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Wire (band)\| ]] [[Category:English art rock groups]] [[Category:English punk rock groups]] [[Category:English new wave musical groups]] [[Category:English post-punk music groups]] [[Category:English alternative rock groups]] [[Category:Art punk groups]] [[Category:Harvest Records artists]] [[Category:Musical groups established in 1976]] [[Category:Mute Records artists]] [[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1980]] [[Category:Musical groups reestablished in 1985]] [[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1992]] [[Category:Musical groups reestablished in 1999]] [[Category:Rough Trade Records artists]] [[Category:Warner Records artists]] [[Category:1976 establishments in England]] [[Category:Restless Records artists]]	1,306,244,407	[{"title": "Background information", "data": {"Also known as": "Wir", "Origin": "London, England", "Genres": "Post-punk art punk punk rock new wave", "Works": "Wire discography", "Years active": "1976\u20131980, 1985\u20131992, 1999\u2013present", "Labels": "Pinkflag Mute Harvest Warner Bros. Rough Trade"}}, {"title": "Wire", "data": {"Members": "Colin Newman \u00b7 Graham Lewis \u00b7 Robert Grey \u00b7 Matthew Simms"}}, {"title": "Wire", "data": {"Past members": "George Gill \u00b7 Bruce Gilbert \u00b7 Margaret Fiedler McGinnis"}}, {"title": "Wire", "data": {"Studio albums": "Pink Flag Chairs Missing 154 The Ideal Copy A Bell Is a Cup IBTABA Manscape The Drill The First Letter Object 47 Red Barked Tree Change Becomes Us Wire Nocturnal Koreans Silver/Lead Mind Hive", "Live albums": "Document and Eyewitness Wire on the Box: 1979 The Scottish Play: 2004 Live at the Roxy, London \u2013 April 1st & 2nd 1977/Live at CBGB Theatre, New York \u2013 July 18th 1978 Legal Bootleg Series: 14 Sept 2002 Metro, Chicago The Black Session: Paris, 10 May 2011", "Compilations": "On Returning (1977\u20131979) The Peel Sessions Album 1985\u20131990: The A List Behind the Curtain Turns and Strokes Coatings Send 10:20", "EPs": "Snakedrill Kidney Bingos Silk Skin Paws The Third Day Read & Burn 01 Read & Burn 02 Read & Burn 03", "Songs": "\" The 15th \" \" Heartbeat \" \" Outdoor Miner \"", "Related articles": "Discography Dome A.C. Marias Githead Swim It Hugs Back Fitted"}}]	false
# 2013 Azerbaijani presidential election Presidential elections were held in Azerbaijan on 9 October 2013. The result was a victory for incumbent President Ilham Aliyev, who received a reported 85% of the vote, whilst leading opposition candidate Jamil Hasanli finished second with a reported 6% of the vote. The elections were marred by claims of irregularities; official results were accidentally released by the government's Central Election Commission through a mobile app before voting began, giving incumbent Aliyev a victory with 73% of the vote. The commission later recalled the results, claiming that they were taken from the 2008 elections. The claim was disputed, given that the results accidentally released included the candidates from the 2013 elections, and that the percentages differed from the 2008 results. Opposition candidates were imprisoned and repressed in the lead-up to the elections, which led the European Court of Human Rights to issue a judgment against the Aliyev regime. The Aliyev regime put up numerous non-genuine candidates to confuse voters and dilute support for opposition candidates. Freedom of speech was restricted prior to the elections. OSCE monitors reported candidate and voter intimidation and a restrictive media environment, including arrests and the use of force against journalists and activists. 92% of the coverage on the six main TV channels were dedicated to the incumbent president. ## Background All previous elections in Azerbaijan observed by OSCE fell short of meeting international standards. In 2009, an amendment was made to the Constitution of Azerbaijan, which abolished the limit of two consecutive presidential terms and allowed incumbent Aliyev, who had already served for two terms, to run for president for unlimited number of times. The constitutional amendment was condemned by the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe, which stated that "the abolition of existing limits preventing the unlimited re-election of a President is a step back, in terms of democratic achievements". The amendment was also criticized by the Azerbaijani opposition. On the basis of the amendment in 2013 Ilham Aliyev ran for president for the third time. After his visit to Azerbaijan the President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe Jean-Claude Mignon called on the authorities to fully respect their obligations. However, overall, in 2013 elections the Central Election Commission (CEC) demonstrated efficiency in administrative preparations for the elections and observed the legal deadlines. ## Candidates On 7 June 2013 the New Azerbaijan Party nominated incumbent President Ilham Aliyev as their official presidential candidate. MP Mubariz Gurbanli announced that according to the Election Code of Azerbaijan Republic, the party had not only filled its signature requirements but could get more than the minimum 40,000 required signatures. He said: "The signature lists have been ready for already 4-5 days, but they can be submitted to the Central Election Commission (CEC) starting from 20 August, that is, 50 days before the elections under the legislation. So, our employees will submit the signature lists to CEC tomorrow. Under the law, the CEC will issue a document confirming the candidate’s participation in the elections after it reviews them." In the meantime, playwright Rustam Ibragimbekov was chosen as the leader of the newly created National Council of Democratic Forces. The NCDF brought together main opposition forces, including Musavat, the Azerbaijani Popular Front Party, Open Society, Forum of Intellectuals. The alliance set as its main goal the "peaceful transition to democracy." Ibragimbekov was denied registration by the CEC because he "along with the citizenship of Azerbaijan, also of Russian citizenship and his commitment to the Russian Federation." In late August, the united opposition picked historian Jamil Hasanli as its candidate. During the rally on 28 September 2013, Hasanli called on people to vote for him to "end the dictatorship of one family in Azerbaijan." A day before the election, main opposition candidate Jamil Hasanli stated that he is "running in this election with the paramount aim of ending 20 years of the Aliyev dynasty's misrule of my country, and restoring Azerbaijani democracy." ## Conduct An official smartphone app run by the Central Election Commission (CEC) inadvertently released final election results a day before polls had opened. The results showed Ilham Aliyev having won with 72.76% of the recorded votes, while the nearest opposing candidate, Jamil Hasanli, tallied just 7.4%. The data was recalled, with an official claim that the app's developer had mistakenly tested the app with the 2008 election results, but the data released did not match the voter totals nor percentages of the previous election. On 10 October 2013, Hasanli called for the results to be annulled due to alleged vote-rigging, claiming the elections were not free and fair because of electoral fraud and government control of all television channels. ## Results \| Candidate \| Candidate \| Party \| Votes \| % \| \| ------------------------- \| ------------------------- \| ------------------------------------- \| --------- \| ------ \| \| \| Ilham Aliyev \| New Azerbaijan Party \| 3,126,113 \| 84.54 \| \| \| Jamil Hasanli \| National Council of Democratic Forces \| 204,642 \| 5.53 \| \| \| Igbal Aghazade \| Party of Hope \| 88,723 \| 2.40 \| \| \| Gudrat Gasanguliev \| Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front Party \| 73,702 \| 1.99 \| \| \| Zahid Oruj \| Independent \| 53,839 \| 1.46 \| \| \| Ilyas Ismayilov \| Justice Party \| 39,722 \| 1.07 \| \| \| Araz Alizadeh \| Azerbaijani Social Democratic Party \| 32,069 \| 0.87 \| \| \| Faraj Guliyev \| National Revival Movement Party \| 31,926 \| 0.86 \| \| \| Hafiz Hacıyev \| Modern Equality Party \| 24,461 \| 0.66 \| \| \| Sardar Jalaloglu \| Azerbaijan Democratic Party \| 22,773 \| 0.62 \| \| Total \| Total \| Total \| 3,697,970 \| 100.00 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Valid votes \| Valid votes \| Valid votes \| 3,697,970 \| 99.02 \| \| Invalid/blank votes \| Invalid/blank votes \| Invalid/blank votes \| 36,622 \| 0.98 \| \| Total votes \| Total votes \| Total votes \| 3,734,592 \| 100.00 \| \| Registered voters/turnout \| Registered voters/turnout \| Registered voters/turnout \| 5,214,787 \| 71.62 \| \| Source: CEC \| \| \| \| \| ## Reactions International organizations - Council of Europe — The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe short-term (4 days) delegation in the statement issued jointly with the European Parliament said that "overall around election day we have observed a free, fair and transparent electoral process." It did note, however, there was "[a lack of] respect [for] fundamental freedoms during the months before the election." and the election was "far from perfect."[27] - Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe /Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights— The OSCE/ODIHR observation mission, which consisted of 13 Baku-based international experts and 30 long-term observers,[28] criticized the electoral process in their conclusions saying that it "was undermined by limitations on the freedoms of expression, assembly, and association that did not guarantee a level playing field for candidates."[29] The head of mission stated that their "observers received allegations of intimidation, witnessed even physical attacks on journalists in the lead up to an election day, which we found seriously flawed."[30] - European Union The Statement made by the EU High Representative and Security Policy Catherine Ashton and Commissioner Štefan Füle on Presidential elections in Azerbaijan stressed the results of the OSCE/ODIHR observation mission, "the OSCE/ODIHR's preliminary conclusions state that significant problems were observed throughout all stages of election day processes, and identify serious shortcomings"[31] States - United States — The State Department said that the election "fell short of international standards." The statement, which aligned with the position of the OSCE/ODIHR, also named the procedural irregularities such as 1) ballot box stuffing; 2) serious problems with vote counting; and 3) failure to record the number of received ballots. "Leading up to election day, the Government of Azerbaijan also maintained a repressive political environment. Authorities interfered with the media and civil society routinely, sometimes violently interrupted peaceful rallies and meetings before and occasionally during the campaign period, and jailed a number of opposition and youth activists."[32] - France — Senator Thani Mohamed Soilihi, who observed the election, said that he does not "see any difference in the election processes of our countries [France and Azerbaijan]."[33] - Turkey — Turkish President Abdullah Gül and Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan congratulated Ilham Aliyev on his election victory. - Russia — Russian President Vladimir Putin congratulated Ilham Aliyev and called the election "fair and stable". Azerbaijani officials have bashed those who criticizes their elections. The Chief of Presidential Administration of Azerbaijan Ramiz Mehdiyev, accused the US officials in recommending them to rig the elections to show that the incumbent President Ilham Aliyev was winning with 75% of the votes and to give 25% to the opposition candidate, to make it look believable. ### International scandal The controversial assessments by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe/European Parliament and OSCE/ODIHR sparked a major scandal, as for the first time the reports of these authoritative European organizations openly contradicted one other. Further, many European experts and parliamentarians, among them also deputies of the European Parliament, harshly criticized the reports of the European Parliament and PACE as being biased. The Socialist Group in the European Parliament has distanced itself from the words of the observer mission EP / PACE, stating that the differences between the findings of the delegation of parliamentarians and the OSCE are so far away that it cannot be supported at all. The Greens/EFA Group of the European Parliament said that they do not endorse the statements made by the EP delegation. The Green foreign affairs spokesperson Werner Schulz said, The shortcomings of EP's own election observation mission to Azerbaijan call into question the existence of such short-term missions in general... The European Parliament loses credibility with statements ignoring the reality of the situation in the country. A handful of MEPs are endangering the European Parliament's reputation in fighting for human rights, democracy and rule of law. The European Stability Initiative (ESI) think tank has published a detailed report on observation missions participating in Azerbaijani elections 2013 titled "Disgraced: Azerbaijan and the end of election monitoring as we know it". The report, which was the third one of its kind on Azerbaijan issued by ESI, highlighted the drawbacks of international short-term observer missions, bringing up facts on that many election observers were either bribed by the Azerbaijani government or had some other vested interest in praising the fraudulent elections. Other attempts to investigate the sources of funding of the organizations that observed the elections in Azerbaijan, have proved to be futile, which further reinforced the suspicion that their "experts" were funded by Azerbaijan. ## Aftermath On 12 October around 4,000 people protested against the election results. About ten protesters were arrested, while others were beaten.	enwiki/37222653	enwiki	37,222,653	2013 Azerbaijani presidential election	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Azerbaijani_presidential_election	2025-08-18T09:13:09Z	en	Q3561483	174,477	{{Short description\|Presidential Elections held in 2013 in Azerbaijan, considered rigged}} {{Infobox election \| country = Azerbaijan \| flag_year = 1991 \| type = presidential \| previous_election = 2008 Azerbaijani presidential election \| previous_year = 2008 \| next_election = 2018 Azerbaijani presidential election \| next_year = 2018 \| election_date = {{Start date\|2013\|10\|9\|df=y}} \| turnout = 71.62% \| image1 = Ilham Aliyev par Claude Truong-Ngoc juin 2014.jpg \| nominee1 = '''[[Ilham Aliyev]]''' \| party1 = New Azerbaijan Party \| popular_vote1 = '''3,126,113''' \| percentage1 = '''84.54%''' \| image2 = Cəmil Həsənli (06.08.2014).jpg \| nominee2 = [[Jamil Hasanli]] \| colour2 = FFDEAD \| party2 = [[National Council of Democratic Forces\|NCDF]] \| popular_vote2 = 204,642 \| percentage2 = 5.53% \| map_image = Map of 2008, 2013, and 2018 Azerbaijani presidential elections.png \| map_caption = Results by constituency<br />{{color box\|#1D75B9\|border=darkgray}} [[Ilham Aliyev]] \| title = [[President of Azerbaijan\|President]] \| before_election = [[Ilham Aliyev]] \| before_party = New Azerbaijan Party \| after_election = [[Ilham Aliyev]] \| after_party = New Azerbaijan Party }} Presidential elections were held in [[Azerbaijan]] on 9 October 2013.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://en.apa.az/xeber_central_election_commission_declares_aze_197152.html \|title=Central Election Commission declares Azerbaijani presidential elections will be held on October 9\|work= Azerbaijan Business Centre\|date= 14 January 2013}}</ref> The result was a victory for incumbent President [[Ilham Aliyev]], who received a reported 85% of the vote, whilst leading [[Opposition (politics)\|opposition]] candidate [[Jamil Hasanli]] finished second with a reported 6% of the vote. The elections were marred by claims of irregularities; official results were accidentally released by the government's Central Election Commission through a [[mobile app]] before voting began, giving incumbent Aliyev a victory with 73% of the vote.<ref name="wapo_oops" /> The commission later recalled the results, claiming that they were taken from the [[2008 Azerbaijani presidential election\|2008 elections]].<ref name="wapo_oops" /> The claim was disputed, given that the results accidentally released included the candidates from the 2013 elections,<ref name="wapo_oops" /> and that the percentages differed from the 2008 results. Opposition candidates were imprisoned and repressed in the lead-up to the elections, which led the [[European Court of Human Rights]] to issue a judgment against the Aliyev regime.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Waal \|first=Thomas De \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glByDwAAQBAJ \|title=The Caucasus: An Introduction \|date=2018 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-068308-5 \|pages=227–228 \|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news \|date=2013-10-08 \|title=Azerbaijan's pre-determined president \|language=en-GB \|work=BBC News \|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-24450227 \|access-date=2024-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2014-05-22 \|title=Dispatches: Court Slams Azerbaijan for Rights Abuses {{!}} Human Rights Watch \|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/05/22/dispatches-court-slams-azerbaijan-rights-abuses \|website=Human Rights Watch \|language=en}}</ref> The Aliyev regime put up numerous non-genuine candidates to confuse voters and dilute support for opposition candidates.<ref name=":0" /> Freedom of speech was restricted prior to the elections.<ref name=":0" /> [[OSCE]] monitors reported candidate and voter intimidation and a restrictive media environment, including arrests and the use of force against journalists and activists. 92% of the coverage on the six main TV channels were dedicated to the incumbent president.<ref>OSCE/ODIHR Final Report on Azerbaijan Presidential election, 24 December 2013</ref> ==Background== All previous elections in Azerbaijan observed by [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe\|OSCE]] fell short of meeting international standards.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Azerbaijan to Move against International Organizations?\|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/66701\|accessdate=11 June 2013\|newspaper=Eurasianet\|date=15 March 2013}}</ref> In 2009, an amendment was made to the [[2009 Azerbaijani constitutional referendum\|Constitution of Azerbaijan]], which abolished the limit of two consecutive presidential terms and allowed incumbent Aliyev, who had already served for two terms, to run for president for unlimited number of times.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.europeanforum.net/news/549/\|title=Controversial constitutional referendum in Azerbaijan passed, 19 Mar 2009\|access-date=22 November 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052527/http://www.europeanforum.net/news/549/\|archive-date=4 March 2016\|url-status=dead\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The constitutional amendment was condemned by the [[Venice Commission]] of the Council of Europe, which stated that "the abolition of existing limits preventing the unlimited re-election of a President is a step back, in terms of democratic achievements".<ref> [http://azerireport.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1110 Venice Commission Questions Constitutional Changes In Azerbaijan]</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL-AD(2009)010-e\|title=Venice Commission :: Council of Europe\|website=www.venice.coe.int}}</ref> The amendment was also criticized by the Azerbaijani opposition.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://iwpr.net/report-news/opposition-condemns-changes-azeri-constitution\|title=Opposition Condemns Changes to Azeri Constitution\|publisher=\|access-date=2013-11-22\|archive-date=2013-12-03\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001020/http://iwpr.net/report-news/opposition-condemns-changes-azeri-constitution\|url-status=dead}}</ref> On the basis of the amendment in 2013 Ilham Aliyev ran for president for the third time. After his visit to Azerbaijan the President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe Jean-Claude Mignon called on the authorities to fully respect their obligations.<ref>{{cite news\|title=PACE President: Elections in Azerbaijan Must Fully Comply with European Standards\|url=http://contact.az/docs/2013/Politics/052900037950en.htm#.UcdDHTuG0ks\|accessdate=23 June 2013\|newspaper=contact.az\|date=29 May 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610210526/http://contact.az/docs/2013/Politics/052900037950en.htm#.UcdDHTuG0ks\|archive-date=2015-06-10\|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, overall, in 2013 elections the [[Central Election Commission (Azerbaijan)\|Central Election Commission]] (CEC) demonstrated efficiency in administrative preparations for the elections and observed the legal deadlines.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.osce.org/institutions/110015?download=true\|title=OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Report\|last=\|first=\|date=\|website=\|access-date=}}</ref> ==Candidates== [[File:Azerbaijan President Elections 2013 bulletin.jpg\|thumbnail\|Bulletin for election in the voting cabin]] On 7 June 2013 the [[New Azerbaijan Party]] nominated incumbent President [[Ilham Aliyev]] as their official presidential candidate.<ref>{{cite news\|title=The Fifth Congress of the "Yeni Azerbaijan Party" nominated Chairman of the Party and President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev to stand in the presidential election in October 2013\|url=http://en.president.az/articles/8393\|accessdate=11 June 2013\|date=7 June 2013\|agency=Official website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|title=Azerbaijani Ruling Party Nominates Aliyev For Presidency\|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/azerbaijan-aliyev-nominated-president/25010042.html\|accessdate=11 June 2013\|date=7 June 2013\|agency=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}</ref> MP Mubariz Gurbanli announced that according to the Election Code of Azerbaijan Republic, the party had not only filled its signature requirements but could get more than the minimum 40,000 required signatures. He said: "The signature lists have been ready for already 4-5 days, but they can be submitted to the [[Central Election Commission (Azerbaijan)\|Central Election Commission]] (CEC) starting from 20 August, that is, 50 days before the elections under the legislation. So, our employees will submit the signature lists to CEC tomorrow. Under the law, the CEC will issue a document confirming the candidate’s participation in the elections after it reviews them."<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.news.az/articles/politics/81865\|title=News.Az - Ruling party submits Aliyev's documents to CEC\|website=www.news.az}}</ref> In the meantime, playwright [[Rustam Ibragimbekov]] was chosen as the leader of the newly created National Council of Democratic Forces. The NCDF brought together main opposition forces, including [[Musavat]], the [[Azerbaijani Popular Front Party]], Open Society, Forum of Intellectuals. The alliance set as its main goal the "peaceful transition to democracy."<ref>{{cite news\|last=Agayev\|first=Zulfugar\|title=Azeri President Set to Run for Third Term as Opposition Unites\|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-07/azeri-president-set-to-run-for-third-term-as-opposition-unites.html\|accessdate=11 June 2013\|date=7 June 2013\|agency=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|last=Evgrashina\|first=Lada\|title=Oscar-winning Azeri says will challenge Aliyev in presidential race\|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-azerbaijan-opposition-idUKBRE9560XX20130607\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306154001/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-azerbaijan-opposition-idUKBRE9560XX20130607\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=March 6, 2016\|accessdate=11 June 2013\|date=7 June 2013\|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Ibragimbekov was denied registration by the CEC because he "along with the citizenship of Azerbaijan, also of Russian citizenship and his commitment to the Russian Federation."<ref>{{cite news\|title=Azerbaijani CEC rejects Rustam Ibragimbekov as presidential candidate\|url=http://eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/25602/\|accessdate=20 September 2013\|newspaper=Caucasian Knot\|date=27 August 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054356/http://eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/25602/\|archive-date=21 September 2013\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|title=Azerbaijan: Ibragimbekov Rejected as Presidential Candidate\|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/67433\|accessdate=20 September 2013\|newspaper=Eurasianet\|date=27 August 2013}}</ref> In late August, the united opposition picked historian [[Jamil Hasanli]] as its candidate.<ref>{{cite news\|last=Samedova\|first=Sevda\|title=Azeri Opposition Forced to Switch Candidate\|url=http://iwpr.net/report-news/azeri-opposition-forced-switch-candidate\|accessdate=9 October 2013\|newspaper=[[Institute for War & Peace Reporting]]\|date=29 August 2013}}</ref> During the rally on 28 September 2013, Hasanli called on people to vote for him to "end the dictatorship of one family in Azerbaijan."<ref>{{cite news\|title=Opposition Presidential Candidate Holds Baku Rally\|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/azerbaijan-hasanli-baku-rally/25120757.html\|accessdate=9 October 2013\|newspaper=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]\|date=28 September 2013}}</ref> A day before the election, main opposition candidate [[Jamil Hasanli]] stated that he is "running in this election with the paramount aim of ending 20 years of the Aliyev dynasty's misrule of my country, and restoring Azerbaijani democracy."<ref>{{cite news\|title=Azerbaijan must use this election to end the Aliyev dynasty\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/oct/08/azerbaijan-election-aliyev-dynasty-polls\|accessdate=9 October 2013\|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]\|date=8 October 2013}}</ref> ==Conduct== An official [[smartphone app]] run by the [[Central Election Commission (Azerbaijan)\|Central Election Commission]] (CEC) inadvertently released final election results a day before polls had opened. The results showed [[Ilham Aliyev]] having won with 72.76% of the recorded votes, while the nearest opposing candidate, [[Jamil Hasanli]], tallied just 7.4%. The data was recalled, with an official claim that the app's developer had mistakenly tested the app with the 2008 election results, but the data released did not match the voter totals nor percentages of the previous election.<ref name="telegraph">{{Cite web \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/azerbaijan-releases-election-results-before-the-polls-even-open-8869732.html \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/azerbaijan-releases-election-results-before-the-polls-even-open-8869732.html \|archive-date=2022-05-01 \|url-access=subscription \|title=Azerbaijan Releases Election Results... Before the Polls Even Open \|last=Luhn \|first=Alec \|date=9 October 2013 \|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="wapo_oops" /><ref name="eurasianet">{{Cite web \|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/67607 \|title=Azerbaijan: Election Commission's App Shows Vote Results before the Election \|last=Lomsadze \|first=Giorgi \|date=9 October 2013 \|work=[[EurasiaNet]]}}</ref> On 10 October 2013, Hasanli called for the results to be annulled due to alleged vote-rigging, claiming the elections were not free and fair because of electoral fraud and government control of all television channels.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24474753\|title=Azerbaijan Aliyev: Opponent Hasanli wants vote annulled\|work= BBC News\|date=9 October 2013\|accessdate=10 October 2013 }}</ref> ==Results== {{Election results \|cand1=[[Ilham Aliyev]]\|party1=[[New Azerbaijan Party]]\|votes1=3126113 \|cand2=[[Jamil Hasanli]]\|party2=[[National Council of Democratic Forces]]\|votes2=204642\|color2=#FFDEAD \|cand3={{ill\|Igbal Aghazade\|az\|İqbal Ağazadə}}\|party3=[[Party of Hope (Azerbaijan)\|Party of Hope]]\|votes3=88723 \|cand4=[[Gudrat Gasanguliev]]\|party4=[[Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front Party]]\|votes4=73702 \|cand5=[[Zahid Oruj]]\|party5=Independent\|votes5=53839 \|cand6=[[Ilyas Ismayilov]]\|party6=[[Justice Party (Azerbaijan)\|Justice Party]]\|votes6=39722 \|cand7=[[Araz Alizadeh]]\|party7=[[Azerbaijani Social Democratic Party]]\|votes7=32069 \|cand8=[[Faraj Guliyev]]\|party8=[[National Revival Movement Party]]\|votes8=31926 \|cand9={{ill\|Hafiz Hacıyev\|az}}\|party9=[[Modern Equality Party]]\|votes9=24461 \|cand10=[[Sardar Jalaloglu]]\|party10=[[Azerbaijan Democratic Party]]\|votes10=22773 \|invalid=36622 \|electorate=5214787 \|source=[http://www.msk.gov.az/uploads/protokollar/CEC_protocol_2013.pdf CEC] }} ==Reactions== ;International organizations {{flag\|Council of Europe}} — The [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]] short-term (4 days) delegation in the statement issued jointly with the [[European Parliament]] said that "overall around election day we have observed a free, fair and transparent electoral process." It did note, however, there was "[a lack of] respect [for] fundamental freedoms during the months before the election." and the election was "far from perfect."<ref>{{cite web\|title=Presidential election in Azerbaijan: joint statement by PACE and EP delegations\|url=http://www.assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/News/News-View-EN.asp?newsid=4699&lang=2&cat=31\|publisher=PACE\|accessdate=11 October 2013\|date=10 October 2013}}</ref> {{flagicon image\|OSCE logo.svg}} [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] /[[Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights]]— The OSCE/ODIHR observation mission, which consisted of 13 Baku-based international experts and 30 long-term observers,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/azerbaijan/104355\|title=Presidential Election, 9 October 2013 - OSCE\|website=[[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]]}}</ref> criticized the electoral process in their conclusions saying that it "was undermined by limitations on the freedoms of expression, assembly, and association that did not guarantee a level playing field for candidates."<ref>{{cite web\|title=International Election Observation Mission Republic Of Azerbaijan — Presidential Election, 9 October 2013\|url=http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/106901\|publisher=OSCE\|accessdate=11 October 2013}}</ref> The head of mission stated that their "observers received allegations of intimidation, witnessed even physical attacks on journalists in the lead up to an election day, which we found seriously flawed."<ref>{{cite web\|title=OSCE observers cry foul over 'seriously flawed' Azeri election\|url=http://www.euronews.com/2013/10/10/osce-observers-cry-foul-over-seriously-flawed-azeri-election/\|publisher=[[Euronews]]\|accessdate=11 October 2013\|date=10 October 2013}}</ref> {{flag\|European Union}} The Statement made by the [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs\|EU High Representative and Security Policy]] [[Catherine Ashton]] and Commissioner [[Štefan Füle]] on Presidential elections in Azerbaijan stressed the results of the OSCE/ODIHR observation mission, "the OSCE/ODIHR's preliminary conclusions state that significant problems were observed throughout all stages of election day processes, and identify serious shortcomings"<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-13-879_en.htm\|title=European Commission - PRESS RELEASES - Press release - Statement by the Spokespersons of EU High Representative Catherine Ashton and Commissioner Štefan Füle on Presidential elections in Azerbaijan\|website=europa.eu}}</ref> ;States {{Flag\|United States}} — The State Department said that the election "fell short of international standards." The statement, which aligned with the position of the OSCE/ODIHR, also named the procedural irregularities such as 1) ballot box stuffing; 2) serious problems with vote counting; and 3) failure to record the number of received ballots. "Leading up to election day, the Government of Azerbaijan also maintained a repressive political environment. Authorities interfered with the media and civil society routinely, sometimes violently interrupted peaceful rallies and meetings before and occasionally during the campaign period, and jailed a number of opposition and youth activists."<ref>{{cite web\|title=Azerbaijan Presidential Election\|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/10/215283.htm\|publisher=State Department\|accessdate=11 October 2013\|date=10 October 2013}}</ref> {{Flag\|France}} — Senator [[Thani Mohamed Soilihi]], who observed the election, said that he does not "see any difference in the election processes of our countries [France and Azerbaijan]."<ref>{{cite news\|title=EU ponders reaction to Azerbaijan's 'appgate'\|url=http://euobserver.com/foreign/121741\|accessdate=11 October 2013\|newspaper=[[EUobserver]]\|date=10 October 2013}}</ref> {{Flag\|Turkey}} — Turkish President [[Abdullah Gül]] and Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] congratulated Ilham Aliyev on his election victory. {{Flag\|Russia}} — Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] congratulated Ilham Aliyev and called the election "fair and stable". Azerbaijani officials have bashed those who criticizes their elections. The Chief of Presidential Administration of Azerbaijan [[Ramiz Mehdiyev]], accused the US officials in recommending them to rig the elections to show that the incumbent President Ilham Aliyev was winning with 75% of the votes and to give 25% to the opposition candidate, to make it look believable.<ref>[http://azerireport.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4167&Itemid=53 Baku Continues Its War of Words against the United States - UPDATED]</ref> ===International scandal=== The controversial assessments by the [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]]/[[European Parliament]] and [[Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights\|OSCE/ODIHR]] sparked a major scandal, as for the first time the reports of these authoritative European organizations openly contradicted one other.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.balcanicaucaso.org/eng/Regions-and-countries/Azerbaijan/Europe-Azerbaijan-and-caviar-144030\|title=Europe, Azerbaijan, and caviar\|first=Osservatorio Balcani e\|last=Caucaso\|publisher=}}</ref> Further, many European experts and parliamentarians, among them also deputies of the [[European Parliament]], harshly criticized the reports of the European Parliament and PACE as being biased.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24573024 \|title=European MPs' praise for Azerbaijan election sparks row\|work= BBC News\|date= 17 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=http://euobserver.com/opinion/121803 \|title=MEPs' shameful support for the Azerbaijan election\|work= [[EU Observer]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.panorama.am/en/analytics/2013/10/16/a-gross/ \|first=Andreas\|last= Gross\|title= Azerbaijan with regressing democracy is patient placed in reanimation ward at Council of Europe\|work= www.panorama.am\|date= 25 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.greens-efa.eu/azerbaijan-elections-10744.html\|title=Azerbaijan elections\|publisher=}}</ref> The Socialist Group in the European Parliament has distanced itself from the words of the observer mission EP / PACE, stating that the differences between the findings of the delegation of parliamentarians and the OSCE are so far away that it cannot be supported at all.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.socialistsanddemocrats.eu/newsroom/statement-european-parliament-election-observation-mission-azerbaijan\|title=Statement on the European Parliament election observation mission to Azerbaijan - Socialists & Democrats\|website=www.socialistsanddemocrats.eu}}</ref> The Greens/EFA Group of the European Parliament said that they do not endorse the statements made by the EP delegation. The Green foreign affairs spokesperson Werner Schulz said, <blockquote>The shortcomings of EP's own election observation mission to Azerbaijan call into question the existence of such short-term missions in general... The European Parliament loses credibility with statements ignoring the reality of the situation in the country. A handful of MEPs are endangering the European Parliament's reputation in fighting for human rights, democracy and rule of law.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24573024\|title=European furore over Azeri election\|first=Laurence\|last=Peter\|date=17 October 2013\|publisher=\|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref></blockquote> The [[European Stability Initiative]] (ESI) think tank has published a detailed report on observation missions participating in Azerbaijani elections 2013 titled "Disgraced: Azerbaijan and the end of election monitoring as we know it". The report, which was the third one of its kind on Azerbaijan issued by ESI,<ref>[http://www.esiweb.org/pdf/esi_document_id_131.pdf The first report titled] "[[Caviar diplomacy\|Caviar Diplomacy]]". How Azerbaijan silenced the Council of Europe was published on 24 May 2012. The second report titled [http://www.esiweb.org/pdf/esi_document_id_134.pdf A Portrait of Deception Monitoring Azerbaijan or Why Pedro Agramunt should resign] was published on 22 January 2013</ref> highlighted the drawbacks of international short-term observer missions, bringing up facts on that many election observers were either bribed by the Azerbaijani government or had some other vested interest in praising the fraudulent elections.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.esiweb.org/pdf/esi_document_id_145.pdf\|title="Disgraced. Azerbaijan and the end of election monitoring as we know it." 5 November 2013, Berlin\|publisher=}}</ref> Other attempts to investigate the sources of funding of the organizations that observed the elections in Azerbaijan, have proved to be futile, which further reinforced the suspicion that their "experts" were funded by Azerbaijan.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/shadowy-western-observers-election-azerbaijan-aliyev/25132176.html\|title=Who Are The Shadowy Western Observers Weighing In On Azerbaijan's Election?\|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> ==Aftermath== On 12 October around 4,000 people protested against the election results. About ten protesters were arrested, while others were beaten.<ref>{{cite news\|last=Grove\|first=Thomas\|title=Azeri police beat, detain demonstrators after vote protest rally\|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-azerbaijan-election-protest-idUSBRE99B06Q20131012\|accessdate=12 October 2013\|newspaper=[[Reuters]]\|date=12 October 2013}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist\|refs= <ref name="wapo_oops">{{cite news \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/10/09/oops-azerbaijan-released-election-results-before-voting-had-even-started/ \|title=Oops: Azerbaijan released election results before voting had even started \|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] \|last=Fisher \|first=Max \|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20131019141522/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/10/09/oops-azerbaijan-released-election-results-before-voting-had-even-started/ \|archivedate=2013-10-19 \|date=9 October 2013 \|accessdate=10 October 2013}}</ref> }} ==External links== [http://www.cec.gov.az/en/president2013/verified_candidates.htm Registered candidates] Central Election Commission of Azerbaijan *[http://www.euronews.com/2013/10/10/azerbaijan-s-aliyev-wins-a-predicted-third-term-as-president/ Azerbaijan’s Aliyev wins a predicted third term as president] // [[Euronews]]. 10/10/2013 {{Azerbaijani elections}} [[Category:2013 elections in Asia\|Azerbaijan]] [[Category:2013 elections in Europe\|Azerbaijan]] [[Category:2013 in Azerbaijan\|Presidential election, 2013]] [[Category:Presidential elections in Azerbaijan]] [[Category:2013 controversies]]	1,306,542,095	[{"title": "2013 Azerbaijani presidential election", "data": {"\u2190 2008": "9 October 2013 \u00b7 2018 \u2192", "Turnout": "71.62%", "Nominee": "Ilham Aliyev \u00b7 Jamil Hasanli", "Party": "New Azerbaijan \u00b7 NCDF", "Popular vote": "3,126,113 \u00b7 204,642", "Percentage": "84.54% \u00b7 5.53%", "President before election \u00b7 Ilham Aliyev \u00b7 New Azerbaijan": "Elected President \u00b7 Ilham Aliyev \u00b7 New Azerbaijan"}}]	false
# DE9 Closer to the Edit \| Review scores \| Review scores \| \| Source \| Rating \| \| ------------- \| ------------- \| \| AllMusic \| [ 1 ] \| \| The A.V. Club \| favorable \| \| MusicOMH \| favorable \| \| Pitchfork \| 7.9/10 \| DE9 \| Closer to the Edit is a 2001 compilation album by Canadian electronic musician Richie Hawtin. Spin named it one of the 20 best albums of 2001. Resident Advisor placed it at number 16 on its list of the top 50 mixes of the 2000s. ## Track listing \| No. \| Title \| Length \| \| --- \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "Range/Smart Card?/10 Strikes to 2001" \| 3:50 \| \| 2. \| "Smart Card?/10 Strikes to 2001/Monostatic/Diminishing Returns (Special Edition Dub)" \| 1:20 \| \| 3. \| "Monostatic/Diminishing Returns (Special Edition Dub)/Concept Loop U:1/Recoil/1" \| 1:50 \| \| 4. \| "Green Apple/Stereo Virus/Spastik" \| 0:51 \| \| 5. \| "Dada EP A2/Stereo Virus/Talk to Me" \| 0:28 \| \| 6. \| "Stereo Virus/Talk to Me/Diminishing Returns (Special Edition Dub)/Green Apple/4/Contain/From Pioneer to Poet (Softcore Edit)" \| 1:25 \| \| 7. \| "Orph/Diminishing Returns (Special Edition Dub)" \| 2:47 \| \| 8. \| "Silent Treatment/Diminishing Returns (Special Edition Dub)/Freek/Into the Duster" \| 1:18 \| \| 9. \| "Vacuum Cleaner/Silent Treatment/Into the Duster/Freek" \| 1:15 \| \| 10. \| "Forever Love/Bredow" \| 0:59 \| \| 11. \| "Forever Love/Courtesy Car/Into the Space/808 Loop" \| 2:32 \| \| 12. \| "Courtesy Car/Flibkà Top/Las Rambias (Forever Love)/No Milk Today" \| 2:18 \| \| 13. \| "Untitled/At the Front" \| 1:56 \| \| 14. \| "Untitled/Slacker Jack/Divisible/Muff Diver" \| 2:42 \| \| 15. \| "B1/Optical Way/A1" \| 1:59 \| \| 16. \| "Optical Way/Panna/B1/Too Distant Images/Clinicalism" \| 0:41 \| \| 17. \| "Luna (Re-Edit)/Clinicalism/Panpot Spliff" \| 1:01 \| \| 18. \| "Panpot Spliff/Gelb" \| 0:38 \| \| 19. \| "Gelb/Tea Party/Different View/Life Force/Plasticity/Kriket/Tracks on Delivery Pt. 2 (Pattern 7)" \| 1:03 \| \| 20. \| "Tea Party/Tracks on Delivery Pt. 2 (Pattern 7)/Gelb/The Climax (Original)" \| 2:05 \| \| 21. \| "Tracks on Delivery Pt. 2 (Pattern 7)/Grown" \| 0:47 \| \| 22. \| "Grown/Tracks on Delivery Pt. 2 (Pattern 7)/Loplop B1/Distortion Men" \| 0:55 \| \| 23. \| "Loplop B1/Anyway I Know You/Edit Blue" \| 1:56 \| \| 24. \| "Edit Blue/Süizgürtel/Diminishing Returns (Special Edition Dub)" \| 0:29 \| \| 25. \| "Edit Blue/Süizgürtel/Diminishing Returns (Special Edition Dub)/Formenverwandler" \| 2:00 \| \| 26. \| "Formenverwandler/Friday Night with B. Reynolds/Chemistry/Octagon/A Factory Dub/Edit Blue/Concept Loop U:2/Concept Loop U:3" \| 3:39 \| \| 27. \| "Octagon/Edit Blue/Contain/The Super/The Climax (Original)/For My Peepz" \| 2:56 \| \| 28. \| "Snatch/Lifeforce/LFO Drive" \| 2:00 \| \| 29. \| "Trinkets/Snatch/Does Ronda Know?" \| 0:43 \| \| 30. \| "B1/Snatch/Discount Baby (H.A.L. 9000 Mix)/Distortion Men/Flibkà Top/Kriket/Dekompression/B2" \| 2:32 \| \| 31. \| "Range/Dekommpression/Amenity" \| 2:15 \|	enwiki/8519069	enwiki	8,519,069	DE9 Closer to the Edit	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DE9_Closer_to_the_Edit	2025-08-20T22:54:02Z	en	null	60,508	{{Correct title\|DE9 {{!}} Closer to the Edit\|reason=vbar\|edit=substitution}} {{Infobox album \| name = DE9 {{!}} Closer to the Edit \| type = compilation \| artist = [[Richie Hawtin]] \| cover = Closertotheedit.jpg \| alt = \| released = {{Start date\|2001\|09\|18}} \| recorded = June 2001 \| venue = \| studio = The Building 530 \| genre = [[Detroit techno]], [[minimal techno]], [[microhouse]] \| length = {{Duration\|m=53\|s=10}} \| label = [[Novamute Records]], [[Minus (record label)\|Minus]] \| producer = Richie Hawtin \| prev_title = [[Decks, EFX & 909]] \| prev_year = 1999 \| next_title = [[DE9: Transitions\|DE9 \| Transitions]] \| next_year = 2005 }} {{Album ratings \| rev1 = [[AllMusic]] \| rev1score = {{Rating\|4.5\|5}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/de9-closer-to-the-edit-mw0000590925\|title=DE9: Closer to the Edit - Richie Hawtin\|work=[[AllMusic]]\|first=John\|last=Bush\|access-date=April 29, 2017}}</ref> \| rev2 = ''[[The A.V. Club]]'' \| rev2score = favorable<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.avclub.com/review/richie-hawtin-emde9-closer-to-the-editem-18429\|title=Richie Hawtin: DE9: Closer To The Edit\|work=[[The A.V. Club]]\|first=Andy\|last=Battaglia\|date=April 19, 2002\|access-date=April 29, 2017}}</ref> \| rev3 = ''[[MusicOMH]]'' \| rev3score = favorable<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.musicomh.com/reviews/albums/richie-hawtin-de9-closer-to-the-edit\|title=Richie Hawtin – DE9 – Closer to the Edit\|work=[[MusicOMH]]\|first=Michael\|last=Hubbard\|date=September 17, 2001\|access-date=April 29, 2017}}</ref> \| rev4 = ''[[Pitchfork (website)\|Pitchfork]]'' \| rev4score = 7.9/10<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/3770-de9-closer-to-the-edit/\|title=Richie Hawtin: DE9: Closer to the Edit\|work=[[Pitchfork (website)\|Pitchfork]]\|first=Paul\|last=Cooper\|date=October 1, 2001\|access-date=April 29, 2017}}</ref> }} '''''DE9 {{!}} Closer to the Edit''''' is a 2001 compilation album by Canadian electronic musician [[Richie Hawtin]]. ''[[Spin (magazine)\|Spin]]'' named it one of the 20 best albums of 2001.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.spin.com/2001/12/20-best-albums-2001/richie-hawtin-de9-closer-to-the-edit/\|title=The 20 Best Albums of 2001 - Richie Hawtin, DE9: Closer to the Edit (M-nus/NovaMute)\|work=[[Spin (magazine)\|Spin]]\|date=December 31, 2001\|access-date=April 29, 2017}}</ref> ''[[Resident Advisor]]'' placed it at number 16 on its list of the top 50 mixes of the 2000s.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.residentadvisor.net/features/1143\|title=RA Poll: Top 50 mixes of the '00s\|work=[[Resident Advisor]]\|date=January 17, 2010\|access-date=April 29, 2017}}</ref> ==Track listing== {{Track listing \| title1 = Range/Smart Card?/10 Strikes to 2001 \| length1 = 3:50 \| title2 = Smart Card?/10 Strikes to 2001/Monostatic/Diminishing Returns (Special Edition Dub) \| length2 = 1:20 \| title3 = Monostatic/Diminishing Returns (Special Edition Dub)/Concept Loop U:1/Recoil/1 \| length3 = 1:50 \| title4 = Green Apple/Stereo Virus/Spastik \| length4 = 0:51 \| title5 = Dada EP A2/Stereo Virus/Talk to Me \| length5 = 0:28 \| title6 = Stereo Virus/Talk to Me/Diminishing Returns (Special Edition Dub)/Green Apple/4/Contain/From Pioneer to Poet (Softcore Edit) \| length6 = 1:25 \| title7 = Orph/Diminishing Returns (Special Edition Dub) \| length7 = 2:47 \| title8 = Silent Treatment/Diminishing Returns (Special Edition Dub)/Freek/Into the Duster \| length8 = 1:18 \| title9 = Vacuum Cleaner/Silent Treatment/Into the Duster/Freek \| length9 = 1:15 \| title10 = Forever Love/Bredow \| length10 = 0:59 \| title11 = Forever Love/Courtesy Car/Into the Space/808 Loop \| length11 = 2:32 \| title12 = Courtesy Car/Flibkà Top/Las Rambias (Forever Love)/No Milk Today \| length12 = 2:18 \| title13 = Untitled/At the Front \| length13 = 1:56 \| title14 = Untitled/Slacker Jack/Divisible/Muff Diver \| length14 = 2:42 \| title15 = B1/Optical Way/A1 \| length15 = 1:59 \| title16 = Optical Way/Panna/B1/Too Distant Images/Clinicalism \| length16 = 0:41 \| title17 = Luna (Re-Edit)/Clinicalism/Panpot Spliff \| length17 = 1:01 \| title18 = Panpot Spliff/Gelb \| length18 = 0:38 \| title19 = Gelb/Tea Party/Different View/Life Force/Plasticity/Kriket/Tracks on Delivery Pt. 2 (Pattern 7) \| length19 = 1:03 \| title20 = Tea Party/Tracks on Delivery Pt. 2 (Pattern 7)/Gelb/The Climax (Original) \| length20 = 2:05 \| title21 = Tracks on Delivery Pt. 2 (Pattern 7)/Grown \| length21 = 0:47 \| title22 = Grown/Tracks on Delivery Pt. 2 (Pattern 7)/Loplop B1/Distortion Men \| length22 = 0:55 \| title23 = Loplop B1/Anyway I Know You/Edit Blue \| length23 = 1:56 \| title24 = Edit Blue/Süizgürtel/Diminishing Returns (Special Edition Dub) \| length24 = 0:29 \| title25 = Edit Blue/Süizgürtel/Diminishing Returns (Special Edition Dub)/Formenverwandler \| length25 = 2:00 \| title26 = Formenverwandler/Friday Night with B. Reynolds/Chemistry/Octagon/A Factory Dub/Edit Blue/Concept Loop U:2/Concept Loop U:3 \| length26 = 3:39 \| title27 = Octagon/Edit Blue/Contain/The Super/The Climax (Original)/For My Peepz \| length27 = 2:56 \| title28 = Snatch/Lifeforce/LFO Drive \| length28 = 2:00 \| title29 = Trinkets/Snatch/Does Ronda Know? \| length29 = 0:43 \| title30 = B1/Snatch/Discount Baby (H.A.L. 9000 Mix)/Distortion Men/Flibkà Top/Kriket/Dekompression/B2 \| length30 = 2:32 \| title31 = Range/Dekommpression/Amenity \| length31 = 2:15 }} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{cite web\|url=http://www.sfgate.com/music/article/Techno-DJ-Richie-Hawtin-Gets-Closer-3303952.php\|title=Techno DJ Richie Hawtin Gets Closer\|work=[[SFGate]]\|first=Kimberly\|last=Chun\|date=October 26, 2001}} * {{cite web\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/04/arts/music-old-fashioned-sounds-from-masters-of-electronica.html\|title=MUSIC; Old-Fashioned Sounds From Masters of Electronica\|work=[[The New York Times]]\|first=Kelefa\|last=Sanneh\|date=November 4, 2001}} ==External links== * {{Discogs master\|5052\|DE9 {{!}} Closer to the Edit}} * {{SoundCloud\|richiehawtin/de9-closer-to-the-edit-mp3-1\|''DE9 {{!}} Closer to the Edit''}} {{Richie Hawtin}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:De9: Closer To The Edit}} [[Category:2001 compilation albums]] [[Category:Richie Hawtin albums]] [[Category:Novamute Records albums]]	1,306,997,223	[{"title": "Compilation album by Richie Hawtin", "data": {"Released": "September 18, 2001", "Recorded": "June 2001", "Studio": "The Building 530", "Genre": "Detroit techno, minimal techno, microhouse", "Length": "53:10", "Label": "Novamute Records, Minus", "Producer": "Richie Hawtin"}}, {"title": "Richie Hawtin chronology", "data": {"Decks, EFX & 909 \u00b7 (1999)": "DE9 \| Closer to the Edit \u00b7 (2001) \u00b7 DE9 \| Transitions \u00b7 (2005)"}}, {"title": "Richie Hawtin", "data": {"Studio albums": "as F.U.S.E. Dimension Intrusion (1993) as Plastikman Sheet One (1993) Musik (1994) Consumed (1998) ( Consumed In Key (2022)) Artifakts [bc] (1998) Closer (2003) EX (2014) as Richie Hawtin From My Mind to Yours (2015)", "Extended plays": "as Plastikman Recycled Plastik (1994)", "Singles": "as Plastikman \" Spastik \" (1993)", "DJ mix compilations": "Decks, EFX & 909 (1999) DE9 \| Closer to the Edit (2001) DE9 \| Transitions (2005) Close Combined (2019)"}}, {"title": "as F.U.S.E.", "data": {"as F.U.S.E.": "Dimension Intrusion (1993)", "as Plastikman": "Sheet One (1993) Musik (1994) Consumed (1998) ( Consumed In Key (2022)) Artifakts [bc] (1998) Closer (2003) EX (2014)", "as Richie Hawtin": "From My Mind to Yours (2015)"}}, {"title": "as Plastikman", "data": {"as Plastikman": "Recycled Plastik (1994)"}}, {"title": "as Plastikman", "data": {"as Plastikman": "\" Spastik \" (1993)"}}]	false
# 1939 College Football All-America Team The 1939 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1939. The nine selectors recognized by the NCAA as "official" for the 1939 season are (1) Collier's Weekly, as selected by Grantland Rice, (2) the Associated Press, (3) the United Press, (4) the All-America Board, (5) the International News Service (INS), (6) Liberty magazine, (7) the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA), (8) Newsweek, and (9) the Sporting News. Two players, USC guard Harry Smith and Cornell tackle Nick Drahos, were unanimously chosen by all nine official selectors. Two other players, Iowa halfback Nile Kinnick and Michigan halfback Tom Harmon were selected as first-team All-Americans by eight of the nine official selectors, with Kinnick winning the Heisman Trophy in 1939 and Harmon winning it in 1940. ## Consensus All-Americans For the year 1939, the NCAA recognizes nine published All-American teams as "official" designations for purposes of its consensus determinations. The following chart identifies the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans and displays which first-team designations they received. \| Name \| Position \| School \| Number \| Official \| Other \| \| --------------- \| ----------- \| ----------- \| ------ \| -------------------------------------- \| ------------------------- \| \| Harry Smith \| Guard \| USC \| 9/9 \| AAB, AP, CO, INS, LIB, NEA, NW, SN, UP \| BL, CP, CW, LIFE, NYS, WC \| \| Nick Drahos \| Tackle \| Cornell \| 9/9 \| AAB, AP, CO, INS, LIB, NEA, NW, SN, UP \| CP, CW, LIFE, WC \| \| Tom Harmon \| Halfback \| Michigan \| 8/9 \| AAB, AP, CO, INS, LIB, NW, SN, UP \| BL, CP, CW, LIFE, NYS, WC \| \| Nile Kinnick \| Halfback \| Iowa \| 8/9 \| AAB, AP, CO, INS, NEA, NW, SN, UP \| BL, CP, CW, WC \| \| John Kimbrough \| Fullback \| Texas A&M \| 7/9 \| AAB, AP, INS, LIB, NEA, NW, UP \| BL, CP, LIFE, WC \| \| Esco Sarkkinen \| End \| Ohio State \| 5/9 \| AAB, CO, NEA, NW, UP \| CP, NYS, WC \| \| Ken Kavanaugh \| End \| LSU \| 5/9 \| INS, LIB, NW, SN, UP \| BL, CW, LIFE \| \| Ed Molinski \| Guard \| Tennessee \| 5/9 \| AAB, AP, CO, LIB, NEA \| -- \| \| George Cafego \| Quarterback \| Tennessee \| 4/9 \| INS, NW, SN, UP \| CW, LIFE \| \| John Schiechl \| Center \| Santa Clara \| 3/9 \| AAB, AP, CO, NEA \| CP, WC \| \| Paul Christman \| Quarterback \| Missouri \| 4/9 \| AAB, CO, NEA, SN \| CW, WC \| \| Harley McCollum \| Tackle \| Tulane \| 3/9 \| AP, LIB, NEA \| -- \| ## All-American selections for 1939 ### Ends - Esco Sarkkinen, Ohio State (AAB; AP-2; CO-1; NEA-1; NW-1; UP-1; CP-1; NYS-1; WC-1) - Ken Kavanaugh, LSU (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-2; INS-1; NW-1; LIB; SN; UP-1; BL; CP-2; CW-1; LIFE-1) - Bud Kerr, Notre Dame (AAB; AP-1; INS-2; NEA-1; SN; UP-2; BL; CP-2; CW-1; LIFE-1; NYS-2; WC-1) - Ralph Wenzel, Tulane (UP-3; CP-1; CW-2; LIFE-2; NYS-1) - Paul Severin, North Carolina (AP-1; UP-3; NEA-2) - Harlan Gustafson, Penn (AP-3; INS-1; CW-2; LIFE-2) - Pop Ivy, Oklahoma (AP-3; CO-1) - Dave Rankin, Purdue (LIB) - Erwin Prasse, Iowa (UP-2; CP-3) - Bob Ison, Georgia Tech (CP-3; NEA-3; NYS-2) - Bob Nowaskey, George Washington (NEA-3) - Hal Newman, Alabama (NEA-2) - Bill Anahu, Santa Clara (INS-2) ### Tackles - Nick Drahos, Cornell (College Football Hall of Fame) (AAB; AP-1; CO-1; INS-1; LIB; NEA-1; NW-1; SN; UP-1; CP-1; CW-1; LIFE-1; WC-1) - Harley McCollum, Tulane (AP-1; INS-2; NEA-1; LIB; CP-3) - Harry Stella, Army (AP-2; INS-1; NW-1; UP-1; CW-2; LIFE-2) - Joe Boyd, Texas A&M (AP-3; CO-1; NEA-2; SN; UP-2; BL; CP-2; CW-1; LIFE-2; NYS-1) - Cliff Duggan, Oklahoma (INS-2; NEA-3; UP-2; BL; CP-1; LIFE-1; CW-2; NYS-1) - Lee Artoe, California (AP-2) - Ty Coon, North Carolina State (NEA-2; NYS-2) - Win Pedersen, Minnesota (AP-3; UP-3) - Mike Enich, Iowa (NEA-3) - Phil Gaspar, USC (UP-3) - Bob Tierney, Princeton (CP-2) - Jim Reeder, Illinois (AAB; NYS-2; WC-1) ### Guards - Harry Smith, USC (College Football Hall of Fame) (AAB; AP-1; CO-1; INS-1; LIB; NEA-1; NW-1; SN; UP-1; BL; CP-1; CW-1; LIFE-1; NYS-1; WC-1) - Ed Molinski, Tennessee (College Football Hall of Fame) (AAB; AP-1; CO-1; LIB; NEA-1; UP-2; CP-3; WC-1) - Bob Suffridge, Tennessee (College Football Hall of Fame) (INS-1; NEA-3; NW-1; SN; UP-1; BL; CP-1; CW-1; LIFE-1; NYS-1) - Marshall Robnett, Texas A&M (AP-2; UP-3) - Jim Turner, Holy Cross (UP-3; CP-2; INS-2; NYS-2) - Elbie Schultz, Oregon State (AP-3; CP-3; CW-2; LIFE-2; NYS-2) - Allen Johnson, Duke (INS-2; CW-2; LIFE-2) - Mel Brewer, Illinois (UP-2) - Warren Alfson, Nebraska (AP-2) - Bob Waldorf, Missouri (NEA-2) - Tommy O'Boyle, Tulane (NEA-2) - Jack Sommers, UCLA (CP-2) - Frank Ribar, Duke (AP-3) - Joseph Enzler, Portland (NEA-3) - Carl Nery, Duquesne (CP-3) ### Centers - John Schiechl, Santa Clara (AAB; AP-1; UP-2; CO-1; CP-1; INS-2; NEA-1; NYS-2; WC-1) - Jack Haman, Northwestern (INS-1; NW-1; SN; UP-1; BL; CP-3; CW-1; LIFE-2) - Cary Cox, Alabama (CP-2; LIB) - Archie Kodros, Michigan (UP-3; CW-2; LIFE-1) - Bulldog Turner, Hardin-Simmons (NEA-3; NYS-1) - Frank Finneran, Cornell (AP-3; NEA-2) - Robert Nelson, Baylor (AP-2) ### Quarterbacks - George Cafego, Tennessee (INS-1; AP-2; NEA-2 [fb]; NW-1; SN; UP-1; CP-2; CW-1; LIFE-1) - Paul Christman, Missouri (AAB; AP-2; CO-1; CP-2; INS-2; NEA-1; SN; UP-2; CW-1; NYS-2; WC-1) - Jimmy McFadden, Clemson (AP-1) - Walter Matuszczak, Cornell (NYS-1) - Don Scott, Ohio State (AP-3; UP-3; CP-3; NEA-2; LIB) - Snuffy Stirnweiss, North Carolina (CP-2; NEA-3) ### Halfbacks - Tom Harmon, Michigan (College Football Hall of Fame) (AAB; AP-1; UP-1; CO-1; CINS-1; NEA-3; NW-1; LIB; SN; BL; CP-1; CW-1; LIFE-1; NYS-1 [fb]; WC-1) - Nile Kinnick, Iowa (College Football Hall of Fame) (AAB; AP-1; UP-1; CO-1; INS-1; NEA-1; NW-1; SN; BL; CP-1; CW-1; LIFE-2; NYS-1; WC-1) - Banks McFadden, Clemson (College Football Hall of Fame) (UP-3; CO-1 [fb]; CP-3; NEA-1) - George McAfee, Duke (College and Pro Football Hall of Fame) (AP-2; UP-2; CP-2; NEA-2; NYS-1; BL; LIFE-2) - Kenny Washington, UCLA (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-2; UP-2; CP-3; INS-2; NEA-2; CW-2; NYS-2; LIB; LIFE-1) - Grenny Lansdell, USC (AP-3; CP-1; CW-2) - Dick Cassiano, Pitt (NEA-3; UP-3; CW-2; LIFE-2) - Jim Lelanne, North Carolina (INS-2; LIFE-2) - Beryl Clark, Oklahoma (INS-2) - Bob Hoffman, USC (NYS-2) - Jack Crain, Texas (AP-3) ### Fullbacks - John Kimbrough, Texas A&M (College Football Hall of Fame) (AAB; AP-1; INS-1; NEA-1; NW-1; LIB; UP-1; BL; CP-1; CW-2; LIFE-1; NYS-2; WC-1) - Milt Piepul, Notre Dame (UP-2) - Dom Principe, Fordham (AP-3; UP-3; CP-3; NEA-3) ## Key Bold = Consensus All-American - -1 – First-team selection - -2 – Second-team selection - -3 – Third-team selection ### Official selectors - AAB = All-America Board[3] - AP = Associated Press[4] - CO = Collier's Weekly, selected by Grantland Rice[5] - INS = International News Service[6] - LIB = Liberty magazine[3] - NEA = Newspaper Enterprise Association[7] - NW = Newsweek, based on a consensus of five All-America teams chosen by the UP, the New York Daily News, Christy Walsh All-America Football Board, and the New York Sun[8] - SN = The Sporting News[3] - UP = United Press[9] ### Other selectors - BL = Boys' Life, All-America, All-Scout team.[10] - CP = Central Press Association, selected by the captains of more than 60 football teams across the country[11] - CW = Collegiate Writers: selected by a national poll of 67 collegiate sports writers in 36 states[12] - LIFE = Life magazine selected by NBC announcer Bill Stern[13] - NYS = New York Sun[14] - WC = Walter Camp Football Foundation[15]	enwiki/22281245	enwiki	22,281,245	1939 College Football All-America Team	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_College_Football_All-America_Team	2024-07-06T18:24:24Z	en	Q16949071	100,281	{{Short description\|Official list of the best college football players of 1939}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=August 2023}} {{sidebar \| width = 25em \| title = 1939 College Football All-America Team \| headingstyle = border-top:#aaa 1px solid \| content1style = border-top:1px #aaa solid \| content1 = [[College Football All-America Team]] \| heading2 = \| content2 = [[1939 college football season]] \| heading3 = \| content3 = \| content4style = border-top:1px #aaa solid \| content4 = [[1937 College Football All-America Team\|1937]] [[1938 College Football All-America Team\|1938]] ← → [[1940 College Football All-America Team\|1940]] [[1941 College Football All-America Team\|1941]] }} The '''1939 College Football All-America team''' is composed of [[college football]] players who were selected as [[All-America]]ns by various organizations and writers that chose [[College Football All-America Team]]s in 1939. The nine selectors recognized by the [[NCAA]] as "official" for the 1939 season are (1) ''[[Collier's Weekly]]'', as selected by [[Grantland Rice]], (2) the [[Associated Press]], (3) the [[United Press]], (4) the All-America Board, (5) the [[International News Service]] (INS), (6) ''[[Liberty (general interest magazine)\|Liberty]]'' magazine, (7) the [[Newspaper Enterprise Association]] (NEA), (8) ''[[Newsweek]]'', and (9) the ''[[Sporting News]]''. Two players, USC guard [[Harry Smith (American football)\|Harry Smith]] and Cornell tackle [[Nick Drahos]], were unanimously chosen by all nine official selectors. Two other players, Iowa halfback [[Nile Kinnick]] and Michigan halfback [[Tom Harmon]] were selected as first-team All-Americans by eight of the nine official selectors, with Kinnick winning the [[Heisman Trophy]] in 1939 and Harmon winning it in 1940. ==Consensus All-Americans== For the year 1939, the NCAA recognizes nine published All-American teams as "official" designations for purposes of its consensus determinations. The following chart identifies the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans and displays which first-team designations they received. {\| class="wikitable sortable" \|- ! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="15%" \| Name ! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="10%" \| Position ! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="10%" \| School ! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7%" \| Number ! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="30%" \| Official ! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="15%" \| Other \|-align="left" \| [[Harry Smith (American football)\|Harry Smith]] \|\|[[Guard (American football)\|Guard]] \|\| [[USC Trojans football\|USC]] \|\|9/9\|\|AAB, AP, CO, INS, LIB, NEA, NW, SN, UP\|\|BL, CP, CW, LIFE, NYS, WC \|- align="left" \| [[Nick Drahos]]\|\|[[Tackle (American football)\|Tackle]] \|\| [[Cornell]] \|\|9/9\|\|AAB, AP, CO, INS, LIB, NEA, NW, SN, UP\|\|CP, CW, LIFE, WC \|- align="left" \| [[Tom Harmon]]\|\|[[Halfback (American football)\|Halfback]] \|\| [[Michigan Wolverines football\|Michigan]] \|\|8/9\|\|AAB, AP, CO, INS, LIB, NW, SN, UP\|\|BL, CP, CW, LIFE, NYS, WC \|- align="left" \| [[Nile Kinnick]]\|\|[[Halfback (American football)\|Halfback]] \|\| [[Iowa Hawkeyes football\|Iowa]] \|\|8/9\|\|AAB, AP, CO, INS, NEA, NW, SN, UP\|\|BL, CP, CW, WC \|- align="left" \| [[John Kimbrough]]\|\|[[Fullback (American football)\|Fullback]] \|\| [[Texas A&M University\|Texas A&M]] \|\|7/9\|\|AAB, AP, INS, LIB, NEA, NW, UP\|\|BL, CP, LIFE, WC \|- align="left" \| [[Esco Sarkkinen]]\|\|[[End (American football)\|End]]\|\|Ohio State \|\|5/9\|\|AAB, CO, NEA, NW, UP\|\|CP, NYS, WC \|- align="left" \| [[Ken Kavanaugh]]\|\|[[End (American football)\|End]]\|\|LSU \|\|5/9\|\|INS, LIB, NW, SN, UP\|\|BL, CW, LIFE \|- align="left" \| [[Ed Molinski]]\|\|[[Guard (American football)\|Guard]]\|\|[[Tennessee Volunteers football\|Tennessee]] \|\|5/9\|\|AAB, AP, CO, LIB, NEA\|\|-- \|- align="left" \| [[George Cafego]]\|\|[[Quarterback]] \|\| [[Tennessee Volunteers football\|Tennessee]] \|\|4/9\|\|INS, NW, SN, UP\|\|CW, LIFE \|- align="left" \| [[John Schiechl]]\|\|[[Center (American football)\|Center]] \|\| Santa Clara \|\|3/9\|\|AAB, AP, CO, NEA\|\|CP, WC \|- align="left" \| ''[[Paul Christman]]''<ref>Quarterbacks George Cafego and Paul Christman both received four official first-team honor. However, Christman is not currently recognized by the NCAA as a consensus All-American.</ref>\|\|[[Quarterback]] \|\| Missouri \|\|4/9\|\|AAB, CO, NEA, SN\|\|CW, WC \|- align="left" \| [[Harley McCollum]]\|\|[[Tackle (American football)\|Tackle]] \|\|Tulane\|\|3/9\|\|AP, LIB, NEA\|\|-- \|- align="left" \|} ==All-American selections for 1939== ===Ends=== '''[[Esco Sarkkinen]]''', Ohio State <small>(AAB; AP-2; CO-1; NEA-1; NW-1; UP-1; CP-1; NYS-1; WC-1)</small> '''[[Ken Kavanaugh]]''', LSU (College Football Hall of Fame) <small>(AP-2; INS-1; NW-1; LIB; SN; UP-1; BL; CP-2; CW-1; LIFE-1)</small> [[Bud Kerr]], Notre Dame <small>(AAB; AP-1; INS-2; NEA-1; SN; UP-2; BL; CP-2; CW-1; LIFE-1; NYS-2; WC-1)</small> [[Ralph Wenzel (end)\|Ralph Wenzel]], Tulane <small>(UP-3; CP-1; CW-2; LIFE-2; NYS-1)</small> [[Paul Severin]], North Carolina <small>(AP-1; UP-3; NEA-2)</small> [[Harlan Gustafson]], Penn <small>(AP-3; INS-1; CW-2; LIFE-2)</small> [[Pop Ivy]], Oklahoma <small>(AP-3; CO-1)</small> [[Dave Rankin]], Purdue <small>(LIB)</small> [[Erwin Prasse]], Iowa <small>(UP-2; CP-3)</small> [[Bob Ison]], Georgia Tech <small>(CP-3; NEA-3; NYS-2)</small> [[Bob Nowaskey]], George Washington <small>(NEA-3)</small> Hal Newman, Alabama <small>(NEA-2)</small> Bill Anahu, Santa Clara <small>(INS-2)</small> ===Tackles=== '''[[Nick Drahos]]''', Cornell (College Football Hall of Fame) <small>(AAB; AP-1; CO-1; INS-1; LIB; NEA-1; NW-1; SN; UP-1; CP-1; CW-1; LIFE-1; WC-1)</small> '''[[Harley McCollum]]''', Tulane <small>(AP-1; INS-2; NEA-1; LIB; CP-3)</small> [[Harry Stella]], Army <small>(AP-2; INS-1; NW-1; UP-1; CW-2; LIFE-2)</small> [[Joe Boyd (American football)\|Joe Boyd]], Texas A&M <small>(AP-3; CO-1; NEA-2; SN; UP-2; BL; CP-2; CW-1; LIFE-2; NYS-1)</small> [[Cliff Duggan]], Oklahoma <small>(INS-2; NEA-3; UP-2; BL; CP-1; LIFE-1; CW-2; NYS-1)</small> [[Lee Artoe]], California <small>(AP-2)</small> [[Ty Coon]], North Carolina State <small>(NEA-2; NYS-2)</small> [[Win Pedersen]], Minnesota <small>(AP-3; UP-3)</small> [[Mike Enich]], Iowa <small>(NEA-3)</small> Phil Gaspar, USC <small>(UP-3)</small> Bob Tierney, Princeton <small>(CP-2)</small> [[Jim Reeder (American football tackle)\|Jim Reeder]], Illinois <small>(AAB; NYS-2; WC-1)</small> ===Guards=== '''[[Harry Smith (American football)\|Harry Smith]]''', USC (College Football Hall of Fame) <small>(AAB; AP-1; CO-1; INS-1; LIB; NEA-1; NW-1; SN; UP-1; BL; CP-1; CW-1; LIFE-1; NYS-1; WC-1)</small> '''[[Ed Molinski]]''', Tennessee (College Football Hall of Fame) <small>(AAB; AP-1; CO-1; LIB; NEA-1; UP-2; CP-3; WC-1)</small> [[Bob Suffridge]], Tennessee (College Football Hall of Fame) <small>(INS-1; NEA-3; NW-1; SN; UP-1; BL; CP-1; CW-1; LIFE-1; NYS-1)</small> [[Marshall Robnett]], Texas A&M <small>(AP-2; UP-3)</small> Jim Turner, Holy Cross <small>(UP-3; CP-2; INS-2; NYS-2)</small> [[Elbie Schultz]], Oregon State <small>(AP-3; CP-3; CW-2; LIFE-2; NYS-2)</small> [[Allen Johnson (American football)\|Allen Johnson]], Duke <small>(INS-2; CW-2; LIFE-2)</small> [[Mel Brewer]], Illinois <small>(UP-2)</small> [[Warren Alfson]], Nebraska <small>(AP-2)</small> [[Bob Waldorf]], Missouri <small>(NEA-2)</small> [[Tommy O'Boyle]], Tulane <small>(NEA-2)</small> [[Jack Sommers]], UCLA <small>(CP-2)</small> [[Frank Ribar]], Duke <small>(AP-3)</small> Joseph Enzler, Portland <small>(NEA-3)</small> [[Carl Nery]], Duquesne <small>(CP-3)</small> ===Centers=== '''[[John Schiechl]]''', Santa Clara <small>(AAB; AP-1; UP-2; CO-1; CP-1; INS-2; NEA-1; NYS-2; WC-1)</small> [[Jack Haman]], Northwestern <small>(INS-1; NW-1; SN; UP-1; BL; CP-3; CW-1; LIFE-2)</small> [[Cary Cox]], Alabama <small>(CP-2; LIB)</small> [[Archie Kodros]], Michigan <small>(UP-3; CW-2; LIFE-1)</small> [[Bulldog Turner]], Hardin-Simmons <small>(NEA-3; NYS-1)</small> Frank Finneran, Cornell <small>(AP-3; NEA-2)</small> [[Robert Nelson (American football, born 1920)\|Robert Nelson]], Baylor <small>(AP-2)</small> ===Quarterbacks=== '''[[George Cafego]]''', Tennessee <small>(INS-1; AP-2; NEA-2 [fb]; NW-1; SN; UP-1; CP-2; CW-1; LIFE-1)</small> [[Paul Christman]], Missouri <small>(AAB; AP-2; CO-1; CP-2; INS-2; NEA-1; SN; UP-2; CW-1; NYS-2; WC-1)</small> [[Banks McFadden\|Jimmy McFadden]], Clemson <small>(AP-1)</small> [[Walter Matuszczak]], Cornell <small>(NYS-1)</small> [[Don Scott (American football)\|Don Scott]], Ohio State <small>(AP-3; UP-3; CP-3; NEA-2; LIB)</small> [[Snuffy Stirnweiss]], North Carolina <small>(CP-2; NEA-3)</small> ===Halfbacks=== '''[[Tom Harmon]]''', Michigan (College Football Hall of Fame) <small>(AAB; AP-1; UP-1; CO-1; CINS-1; NEA-3; NW-1; LIB; SN; BL; CP-1; CW-1; LIFE-1; NYS-1 [fb]; WC-1)</small> '''[[Nile Kinnick]]''', Iowa (College Football Hall of Fame) <small>(AAB; AP-1; UP-1; CO-1; INS-1; NEA-1; NW-1; SN; BL; CP-1; CW-1; LIFE-2; NYS-1; WC-1)</small> [[Banks McFadden]], Clemson (College Football Hall of Fame) <small>(UP-3; CO-1 [fb]; CP-3; NEA-1)</small> [[George McAfee]], Duke (College and Pro Football Hall of Fame) <small>(AP-2; UP-2; CP-2; NEA-2; NYS-1; BL; LIFE-2)</small> [[Kenny Washington (American football)\|Kenny Washington]], UCLA (College Football Hall of Fame) <small>(AP-2; UP-2; CP-3; INS-2; NEA-2; CW-2; NYS-2; LIB; LIFE-1)</small> [[Grenny Lansdell]], USC <small>(AP-3; CP-1; CW-2)</small> [[Dick Cassiano]], Pitt <small>(NEA-3; UP-3; CW-2; LIFE-2)</small> Jim Lelanne, North Carolina <small>(INS-2; LIFE-2)</small> [[Beryl Clark]], Oklahoma <small>(INS-2)</small> [[Bob Hoffman (American football)\|Bob Hoffman]], USC <small>(NYS-2)</small> [[Jack Crain]], Texas <small>(AP-3)</small> ===Fullbacks=== '''[[John Kimbrough]]''', Texas A&M (College Football Hall of Fame) <small>(AAB; AP-1; INS-1; NEA-1; NW-1; LIB; UP-1; BL; CP-1; CW-2; LIFE-1; NYS-2; WC-1)</small> [[Milt Piepul]], Notre Dame <small>(UP-2)</small> [[Dom Principe]], Fordham <small>(AP-3; UP-3; CP-3; NEA-3)</small> ==Key== '''Bold''' = Consensus All-American<ref>{{cite web\|title=Football Award Winners\|publisher=National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)\|year=2016\|access-date=October 21, 2017\|page=7\|url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2016/awards.pdf}}</ref> -1 – First-team selection * -2 – Second-team selection * -3 – Third-team selection ===Official selectors=== * AAB = All-America Board<ref name=ESPN>{{cite book\|title=ESPN College Football Encyclopedia\|page=1178\|publisher=ESPN Books\|year=2005\|isbn=1401337031}}</ref> * AP = [[Associated Press]]<ref>{{cite news\|title=The 1939 A.P. All America\|work=San Antonio Express\|date=1939-12-09}}</ref> * CO = ''[[Collier's Weekly]]'', selected by [[Grantland Rice]]<ref>{{cite news\|title=All America Is Picked By Colliers\|work=Wisconsin State Journal\|date=1939-12-09}}</ref> * INS = [[International News Service]]<ref>{{cite news\|title=Kimbrough Named To INS All America Team\|work=Port Arthur News\|date=1939-11-24}}</ref> * LIB = ''[[Liberty (general interest magazine)\|Liberty]]'' magazine<ref name=ESPN/> * NEA = [[Newspaper Enterprise Association]]<ref>{{cite news\|author=Harry Grayson\|author-link=Harry Grayson\|title=NEA Picks All America Eleven: Nile Kinnick Named Back of Season\|work=Ironwood Daily Globe\|date=1939-11-28}}</ref> * NW = ''[[Newsweek]]'', based on a consensus of five All-America teams chosen by the UP, the ''New York Daily News'', Christy Walsh All-America Football Board, and the ''New York Sun''<ref>{{cite news\|title=Newsweek Picks Super Eleven\|work=Wisconsin State Journal\|date=1939-12-09}}</ref> * SN = The ''[[Sporting News]]''<ref name=ESPN/> * UP = [[United Press]]<ref>{{cite news\|title=U.P. Team Lists Kinnick As Best\|work=Brainerd Daily Dispatch\|date=1939-11-29}}</ref> ===Other selectors=== * BL = ''[[Boys' Life]]'', All-America, All-Scout team.<ref>{{cite news\|title=The 1939 All-American, All-Scout Team\|newspaper=Boys' Life\|date=February 1940\|page=25\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AjJ720vFQg4C&q=%22john+haman%22+northwestern+center&pg=PA45}}</ref> * CP = [[Central Press Association]], selected by the captains of more than 60 football teams across the country<ref>{{cite news\|author=Walter Johns\|title=South Dominates Captains' All-American\|work=Wisconsin State Journal\|date=1939-12-10}}</ref> * CW = Collegiate Writers: selected by a national poll of 67 collegiate sports writers in 36 states<ref>{{cite news\|title=Harmon Is Chosen Captain on Collegiate Writers' All-American\|newspaper=Columbia Daily Spectator\|date=December 13, 1939\|page=1\|url=http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19391213-01.2.6&e=-------en-20--32645--txt-txIN-Columbia-ARTICLE-51-1000--#}}</ref> * LIFE = ''Life'' magazine selected by NBC announcer Bill Stern<ref>{{cite news\|title=Bill Stern, Top NBC Announcer, Picks His 1939 All-America Team\|newspaper=Life\|date=November 20, 1939\|page=94\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90EEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22john+haman%22+northwestern+center&pg=PA94}}</ref> * NYS = ''New York Sun''<ref>{{cite news\|title=N.Y. Sun Picks All American\|work=Modesto Bee And News-Herald\|date=1939-12-02}}</ref> * WC = [[Walter Camp Football Foundation]]<ref>{{cite web\|title=Walter Camp Football Foundation All-American Selections \|url=http://waltercamp.org/index.php/teams_and_awards/ \|publisher=Walter Camp Football Foundation \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218214203/http://waltercamp.org/index.php/teams_and_awards/ \|archive-date=2007-12-18 }}</ref> ==See also== * [[1939 Little All-America college football team]] * [[1939 All-Big Six Conference football team]] * [[1939 All-Big Ten Conference football team]] * [[1939 All-Pacific Coast Conference football team]] * [[1939 All-SEC football team]] * [[1939 All-Southwest Conference football team]] ==References== {{Reflist\|2}} {{1939 College Football Consensus All-Americans}} {{College Football All-America Teams}} [[Category:1939 college football season\|All-America Team]] [[Category:College Football All-America Teams]]	1,232,992,276	[]	false
# Short-track speed skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Women's 1000 metres The women's 1000 metres in short track speed skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics was held between 18 and 21 February 2014 at the Iceberg Skating Palace in Sochi, Russia. The qualifying heats was held on 18 February with the quarterfinal, the semifinal and the final on 21 February. The defending Olympic Champion and World Champion is Wang Meng of China. Meng qualified to compete at the Games but broke her ankle in a collision with a teammate while practicing for the games in January 2014. ## Qualification Countries were assigned quotas using a combination of the four special Olympic Qualification classifications that were held at two world cups in November 2013. A nation may enter a maximum of three athletes per event. For this event a total of 32 athletes representing 18 nations qualified to compete. ## Results The event was started at 20:44. ### Preliminaries #### Heats Q – qualified for Quarterfinals ADV – advanced PEN – penalty \| Rank \| Heat \| Name \| Country \| Time \| Notes \| \| ---- \| ---- \| -------------------- \| -------------- \| -------- \| ----- \| \| 1 \| 1 \| Li Jianrou \| China \| 1:31.187 \| Q \| \| 2 \| 1 \| Jessica Smith \| United States \| 1:31.359 \| Q \| \| 3 \| 1 \| Tatiana Borodulina \| Russia \| 1:31.559 \| \| \| 4 \| 1 \| Sayuri Shimizu \| Japan \| 1:31.879 \| \| \| 1 \| 2 \| Park Seung-hi \| South Korea \| 1:31.883 \| Q \| \| 2 \| 2 \| Emily Scott \| United States \| 1:32.585 \| Q \| \| 3 \| 2 \| Inna Simonova \| Kazakhstan \| 1:32.599 \| \| \| – \| 2 \| Kateřina Novotná \| Czech Republic \| \| PEN \| \| 1 \| 3 \| Valérie Maltais \| Canada \| 1:28.771 \| Q, OR \| \| 2 \| 3 \| Yui Sakai \| Japan \| 1:29.824 \| Q \| \| 3 \| 3 \| Yara van Kerkhof \| Netherlands \| 1:29.980 \| \| \| 4 \| 3 \| Sofiya Vlasova \| Ukraine \| 1:32.495 \| \| \| 1 \| 4 \| Shim Suk-hee \| South Korea \| 1:31.046 \| Q \| \| 2 \| 4 \| Marie-Ève Drolet \| Canada \| 1:31.273 \| Q \| \| 3 \| 4 \| Martina Valcepina \| Italy \| 1:34.226 \| ADV \| \| – \| 4 \| Liu Qiuhong \| China \| \| PEN \| \| 1 \| 5 \| Kim A-lang \| South Korea \| 1:31.640 \| Q \| \| 2 \| 5 \| Fan Kexin \| China \| 1:31.713 \| Q \| \| 3 \| 5 \| Olga Belyakova \| Russia \| 1:32.034 \| \| \| – \| 5 \| Agnė Sereikaitė \| Lithuania \| \| PEN \| \| 1 \| 6 \| Arianna Fontana \| Italy \| 1:32.983 \| Q \| \| 2 \| 6 \| Véronique Pierron \| France \| 1:33.022 \| Q \| \| 3 \| 6 \| Sofia Prosvirnova \| Russia \| 1:36.521 \| \| \| – \| 6 \| Bernadett Heidum \| Hungary \| \| PEN \| \| 1 \| 7 \| Elise Christie \| Great Britain \| 1:30.588 \| Q \| \| 2 \| 7 \| Patrycja Maliszewska \| Poland \| 1:32.975 \| Q \| \| 3 \| 7 \| Ayuko Ito \| Japan \| 1:33.188 \| \| \| 4 \| 7 \| Elena Viviani \| Italy \| 1:33.352 \| \| \| 1 \| 8 \| Deanna Lockett \| Australia \| 1:34.845 \| Q \| \| 2 \| 8 \| Veronika Windisch \| Austria \| 1:36.018 \| Q \| \| 3 \| 8 \| Jorien ter Mors \| Netherlands \| 1:46.661 \| ADV \| \| 4 \| 8 \| Marianne St-Gelais \| Canada \| 2:05.206 \| \| #### Quarterfinal Q – qualified for Semifinals ADV – advanced PEN – penalty \| Rank \| Quarterfinal \| Name \| Country \| Time \| Notes \| \| ---- \| ------------ \| -------------------- \| ------------- \| -------- \| ----- \| \| 1 \| 1 \| Elise Christie \| Great Britain \| 1:30.606 \| Q \| \| 2 \| 1 \| Park Seung-hi \| South Korea \| 1:30.801 \| Q \| \| 3 \| 1 \| Marie-Ève Drolet \| Canada \| 1:31.668 \| \| \| – \| 1 \| Veronique Pierron \| France \| \| PEN \| \| 1 \| 2 \| Valérie Maltais \| Canada \| 1:29.037 \| Q \| \| 2 \| 2 \| Jorien ter Mors \| Netherlands \| 1:29.119 \| Q \| \| 3 \| 2 \| Deanna Lockett \| Australia \| 1:29.256 \| \| \| 4 \| 2 \| Yui Sakai \| Japan \| 1:29.328 \| \| \| 5 \| 2 \| Veronika Windisch \| Austria \| 1:30.017 \| \| \| 1 \| 3 \| Shim Suk-hee \| South Korea \| 1:29.356 \| Q \| \| 2 \| 3 \| Fan Kexin \| China \| 1:29.380 \| Q \| \| 3 \| 3 \| Emily Scott \| United States \| 1:30.324 \| \| \| – \| 3 \| Arianna Fontana \| Italy \| \| PEN \| \| 1 \| 4 \| Jessica Smith \| United States \| 1:32.088 \| Q \| \| 2 \| 4 \| Li Jianrou \| China \| 1:32.129 \| Q \| \| 3 \| 4 \| Kim A-lang \| South Korea \| 1:32.154 \| \| \| 4 \| 4 \| Patrycja Maliszewska \| Poland \| 1:32.376 \| \| #### Semifinals \| Rank \| Semifinal \| Name \| Country \| Time \| Notes \| \| ---- \| --------- \| --------------- \| ------------- \| -------- \| ----- \| \| 1 \| 1 \| Park Seung-hi \| South Korea \| 1:30:202 \| QA \| \| 2 \| 1 \| Jessica Smith \| United States \| 1:30:409 \| QA \| \| 3 \| 1 \| Jorien ter Mors \| Netherlands \| 1:30:481 \| QB \| \| 4 \| 1 \| Valérie Maltais \| Canada \| 1:56:511 \| QB \| \| 1 \| 2 \| Shim Suk-hee \| South Korea \| 1:31.237 \| QA \| \| 2 \| 2 \| Fan Kexin \| China \| 1:32.618 \| QA \| \| – \| 2 \| Li Jianrou \| China \| \| PEN \| \| – \| 2 \| Elise Christie \| Great Britain \| \| PEN \| ### Finals #### Final B (classification round) \| Rank \| Name \| Country \| Time \| Notes \| \| ---- \| --------------- \| ----------- \| -------- \| ----- \| \| 5 \| Jorien ter Mors \| Netherlands \| 1:36.835 \| \| \| 6 \| Valérie Maltais \| Canada \| 1:36.863 \| \| #### Final A (medal round) \| Rank \| Name \| Country \| Time \| Notes \| \| ----------------------------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| -------- \| ----- \| \| 1st place, gold medalist(s) \| Park Seung-hi \| South Korea \| 1:30.761 \| \| \| 2nd place, silver medalist(s) \| Fan Kexin \| China \| 1:30.811 \| \| \| 3rd place, bronze medalist(s) \| Shim Suk-hee \| South Korea \| 1:31.027 \| \| \| 4 \| Jessica Smith \| United States \| 1:31.301 \| \|	enwiki/41436587	enwiki	41,436,587	Short-track speed skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Women's 1000 metres	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-track_speed_skating_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_1000_metres	2025-01-02T15:34:07Z	en	Q15506494	141,392	{{Short description\|none}} {{Infobox Olympic event \| event = Women's 1000 metres \| games = 2014 Winter \| image = Korea Park Seunghi Gold Sochi ShortTrack 1000m 08.jpg \| image_size = 200px \| caption = Podium \| venue = [[Iceberg Skating Palace]] <br> [[Sochi]], [[Russia]] \| dates = 18 February 2014 ([[Single-elimination tournament\|qualifying heats]]) <br> 21 February 2014 ([[Single-elimination tournament\|quarterfinal]], [[Single-elimination tournament\|semifinal]], and [[Final (competition)\|final]]) \| competitors = 32 \| nations = 18 \| gold = [[Park Seung-hi]] \| goldNOC = KOR \| win_value = 1:30.761 \| silver = [[Fan Kexin]] \| silverNOC = CHN \| bronze = [[Shim Suk-hee]] \| bronzeNOC = KOR \| prev = [[Short track speed skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's 1000 metres\|2010]] \| next = [[Short track speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Women's 1000 metres\|2018]] }} {{Short track speed skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics}} The '''women's 1000 metres''' in '''[[Short track speed skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics\|short track speed skating]]''' at the '''[[2014 Winter Olympics]]''' was held between 18 and 21 February 2014 at the [[Iceberg Skating Palace]] in [[Sochi]], [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.sochi2014.com/en/short-track-schedule-and-results\|title=Short Track Speed Skating Schedule and Results\|publisher=[[SOOC]]\|accessdate=12 January 2014\|archive-date=20 March 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320055452/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/short-track-schedule-and-results\|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Single-elimination tournament\|qualifying heats]] was held on 18 February with the [[Single-elimination tournament\|quarterfinal]], the [[Single-elimination tournament\|semifinal]] and the [[Final (competition)\|final]] on 21 February. The defending [[Short track speed skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's 1000 metres\|Olympic Champion]] and [[2013 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships\|World Champion]] is [[Wang Meng (speed skater)\|Wang Meng]] of [[China]]. Meng qualified to compete at the Games but broke her ankle in a collision with a teammate while practicing for the games in January 2014.<ref>{{cite news \|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> \|title=China's Olympic champion Wang Meng likely to miss Sochi due to ankle fracture \|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/sports/2014-01/16/c_133051135.htm \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116172610/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/sports/2014-01/16/c_133051135.htm \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=January 16, 2014 \|newspaper=[[Xinhua]] \|location=[[Shanghai]], [[China]] \|date=16 January 2014\|accessdate=31 January 2014}}</ref> ==Qualification== Countries were assigned quotas using a combination of the four special Olympic Qualification classifications that were held at two world cups in November 2013. A nation may enter a maximum of three athletes per event.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://corporate.olympics.com.au/files/dmfile/ISU_ShortTrack_Sochi2014_Sept2012.pdf \|title=Qualification Systems for XXII Olympic Winter Games, Sochi 2014 \|date=September 2012 \|publisher=[[International Skating Union]] \|accessdate=20 December 2012}}</ref> For this event a total of 32 athletes representing 18 nations qualified to compete.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www2.isu.org/vsite/vnavsite/page/directory/0,10853,4844-205151-222374-nav-list,00.html?id=1469 \|title=XXII Olympic Winter Games 2014 Sochi - Entries Short Track Speed Skating \|publisher=[[International Skating Union]] \|date=22 November 2013 \|accessdate=22 November 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235443/http://www2.isu.org/vsite/vnavsite/page/directory/0,10853,4844-205151-222374-nav-list,00.html?id=1469 \|archive-date=2 December 2013 }}</ref> ==Results== The event was started at 20:44.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://shorttrack.sportresult.com/Results.aspx?evt=11213100000010&gen=w&ref=15459&view=dcl \|title=Final Results \|access-date=2014-02-21 \|archive-date=2014-02-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228010448/http://shorttrack.sportresult.com/Results.aspx?evt=11213100000010&gen=w&ref=15459&view=dcl \|url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Preliminaries=== ====Heats==== : '''Q''' – qualified for Quarterfinals : '''ADV''' – advanced : '''PEN''' – penalty [[File:Women's 1000m short track, 2014 Winter Olympics, heat 8(2).JPG\|thumb\|Crash in heat 8]] {\| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Rank !! Heat !! Name !! Country !! Time !! Notes \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| align=left \| [[Li Jianrou]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|CHN\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:31.187 \|\| Q \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 2 \|\| 1 \|\| align=left \| [[Jessica Smith (speed skater)\|Jessica Smith]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|USA\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:31.359 \|\| Q \|- \| 3 \|\| 1 \|\| align=left \| [[Tatiana Borodulina]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|RUS\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:31.559 \|\| \|- \| 4 \|\| 1 \|\| align=left \| [[Sayuri Shimizu]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|JPN\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:31.879 \|\| \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 1 \|\| 2 \|\| align=left \| [[Park Seung-hi]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|KOR\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:31.883 \|\| Q \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 2 \|\| 2 \|\| align=left \| [[Emily Scott (speed skater)\|Emily Scott]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|USA\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:32.585 \|\| Q \|- \| 3 \|\| 2 \|\| align=left \| [[Inna Simonova]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|KAZ\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:32.599 \|\| \|- \| – \|\| 2 \|\| align=left \| [[Kateřina Novotná]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|CZE\|2014 Winter}} \|\| \|\| PEN \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 1 \|\| 3 \|\| align=left \| [[Valérie Maltais]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|CAN\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:28.771 \|\| Q, '''[[List of Olympic records in short track speed skating\|OR]]''' \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 2 \|\| 3 \|\| align=left \| [[Yui Sakai]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|JPN\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:29.824 \|\| Q \|- \| 3 \|\| 3 \|\| align=left \| [[Yara van Kerkhof]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|NED\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:29.980 \|\| \|- \| 4 \|\| 3 \|\| align=left \| [[Sofiya Vlasova]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|UKR\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:32.495 \|\| \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 1 \|\| 4 \|\| align=left \| [[Shim Suk-hee]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|KOR\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:31.046 \|\| Q \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 2 \|\| 4 \|\| align=left \| [[Marie-Ève Drolet]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|CAN\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:31.273 \|\| Q \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 3 \|\| 4 \|\| align=left \| [[Martina Valcepina]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|ITA\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:34.226 \|\| ADV \|- \| – \|\| 4 \|\| align=left \| [[Liu Qiuhong]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|CHN\|2014 Winter}} \|\| \|\| PEN \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 1 \|\| 5 \|\| align=left \| [[Kim A-lang]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|KOR\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:31.640 \|\| Q \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 2 \|\| 5 \|\| align=left \| [[Fan Kexin]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|CHN\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:31.713 \|\| Q \|- \| 3 \|\| 5 \|\| align=left \| [[Olga Belyakova]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|RUS\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:32.034 \|\| \|- \| – \|\| 5 \|\| align=left \| [[Agnė Sereikaitė]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|LTU\|2014 Winter}} \|\| \|\| PEN \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 1 \|\| 6 \|\| align=left \| [[Arianna Fontana]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|ITA\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:32.983 \|\| Q \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 2 \|\| 6 \|\| align=left \| [[Véronique Pierron]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|FRA\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:33.022 \|\| Q \|- \| 3 \|\| 6 \|\| align=left \| [[Sofia Prosvirnova]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|RUS\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:36.521 \|\| \|- \| – \|\| 6 \|\| align=left \| [[Bernadett Heidum]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|HUN\|2014 Winter}} \|\| \|\| PEN \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 1 \|\| 7 \|\| align=left \| [[Elise Christie]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|GBR\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:30.588 \|\| Q \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 2 \|\| 7 \|\| align=left \| [[Patrycja Maliszewska]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|POL\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:32.975 \|\| Q \|- \| 3 \|\| 7 \|\| align=left \| [[Ayuko Ito]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|JPN\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:33.188 \|\| \|- \| 4 \|\| 7 \|\| align=left \| [[Elena Viviani]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|ITA\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:33.352 \|\| \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 1 \|\| 8 \|\| align=left \| [[Deanna Lockett]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|AUS\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:34.845 \|\| Q \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 2 \|\| 8 \|\| align=left \| [[Veronika Windisch]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|AUT\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:36.018 \|\| Q \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 3 \|\| 8 \|\| align=left \| [[Jorien ter Mors]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|NED\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:46.661 \|\| ADV \|- \| 4 \|\| 8 \|\| align=left \| [[Marianne St-Gelais]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|CAN\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 2:05.206 \|\| \|} ====Quarterfinal==== : '''Q''' – qualified for Semifinals : '''ADV''' – advanced : '''PEN''' – penalty [[File:2014 WInter Olympics Short track speed skating - Women's 1000 metres Quarterfinals.jpg\|thumb\|Quarterfinal 3]] {\| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Rank !! Quarterfinal !! Name !! Country !! Time !! Notes \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| align=left \| [[Elise Christie]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|GBR\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:30.606 \|\| Q \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 2 \|\| 1 \|\| align=left \| [[Park Seung-hi]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|KOR\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:30.801 \|\| Q \|- \| 3 \|\| 1 \|\| align=left \| [[Marie-Ève Drolet]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|CAN\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:31.668 \|\| \|- \| – \|\| 1 \|\| align=left \| [[Veronique Pierron]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|FRA\|2014 Winter}} \|\| \|\| PEN \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 1 \|\| 2 \|\| align=left \| [[Valérie Maltais]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|CAN\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:29.037 \|\| Q \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 2 \|\| 2 \|\| align=left \| [[Jorien ter Mors]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|NED\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:29.119 \|\| Q \|- \| 3 \|\| 2 \|\| align=left \| [[Deanna Lockett]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|AUS\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:29.256 \|\| \|- \| 4 \|\| 2 \|\| align=left \| [[Yui Sakai]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|JPN\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:29.328 \|\| \|- \| 5 \|\| 2 \|\| align=left \| [[Veronika Windisch]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|AUT\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:30.017 \|\| \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 1 \|\| 3 \|\| align=left \| [[Shim Suk-hee]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|KOR\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:29.356 \|\| Q \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 2 \|\| 3 \|\| align=left \| [[Fan Kexin]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|CHN\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:29.380 \|\| Q \|- \| 3 \|\| 3 \|\| align=left \| [[Emily Scott (speed skater)\|Emily Scott]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|USA\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:30.324 \|\| \|- \| – \|\| 3 \|\| align=left \| [[Arianna Fontana]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|ITA\|2014 Winter}} \|\| \|\| PEN \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 1 \|\| 4 \|\| align=left \| [[Jessica Smith (speed skater)\|Jessica Smith]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|USA\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:32.088 \|\| Q \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 2 \|\| 4 \|\| align=left \| [[Li Jianrou]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|CHN\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:32.129 \|\| Q \|- \| 3 \|\| 4 \|\| align=left \| [[Kim A-lang]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|KOR\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:32.154 \|\| \|- \| 4 \|\| 4 \|\| align=left \| [[Patrycja Maliszewska]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|POL\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:32.376 \|\| \|} ====Semifinals==== {\| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Rank !! Semifinal !! Name !! Country !! Time !! Notes \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| align=left \| [[Park Seung-hi]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|KOR\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:30:202 \|\| QA \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 2 \|\| 1 \|\| align=left \| [[Jessica Smith (speed skater)\|Jessica Smith]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|USA\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:30:409 \|\| QA \|- \| 3 \|\| 1 \|\| align=left \| [[Jorien ter Mors]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|NED\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:30:481 \|\| QB \|- \| 4 \|\| 1 \|\| align=left \| [[Valérie Maltais]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|CAN\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:56:511 \|\| QB \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 1 \|\| 2 \|\| align=left \| [[Shim Suk-hee]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|KOR\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:31.237 \|\| QA \|- bgcolor=ccffcc \| 2 \|\| 2 \|\| align=left \| [[Fan Kexin]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|CHN\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:32.618 \|\| QA \|- \| – \|\| 2 \|\| align=left \| [[Li Jianrou]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|CHN\|2014 Winter}} \|\| \|\| PEN \|- \| – \|\| 2 \|\| align=left \| [[Elise Christie]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|GBR\|2014 Winter}} \|\| \|\| PEN \|} ===Finals=== ====Final B (classification round)==== {\| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Rank !! Name !! Country !! Time !! Notes \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left \| [[Jorien ter Mors]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|NED\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:36.835 \|\| \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left \| [[Valérie Maltais]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|CAN\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:36.863 \|\| \|} ====Final A (medal round)==== [[File:KOCIS Korea Park Seunghi Gold Sochi ShortTrack 1000m 05 (12690396713).jpg\|thumb\|South Korea celebrating their gold and bronze medal]] {\| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Rank !! Name !! Country !! Time !! Notes \|- \| {{gold1}} \|\| align=left \| [[Park Seung-hi]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|KOR\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:30.761 \|\| \|- \| {{silver2}} \|\| align=left \| [[Fan Kexin]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|CHN\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:30.811 \|\| \|- \| {{bronze3}} \|\| align=left \| [[Shim Suk-hee]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|KOR\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:31.027 \|\| \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left \| [[Jessica Smith (speed skater)\|Jessica Smith]] \|\| align=left \| {{flagIOC\|USA\|2014 Winter}} \|\| 1:31.301 \|\| \|} ==References== {{reflist}} {{commons category\|Short track speed skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Women's 1000 metres}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Short track speed skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics - Women's 1000 metres}} [[Category:Women's short-track speed skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics]]	1,266,862,745	[{"title": "Women's 1000 metres \u00b7 at the XXII Olympic Winter Games", "data": {"Venue": "Iceberg Skating Palace \u00b7 Sochi, Russia", "Dates": "18 February 2014 (qualifying heats) \u00b7 21 February 2014 (quarterfinal, semifinal, and final)", "Competitors": "32 from 18 nations", "Winning time": "1:30.761"}}, {"title": "Medalists", "data": {"1st place, gold medalist(s)": "Park Seung-hi \u00b7 South Korea", "2nd place, silver medalist(s)": "Fan Kexin \u00b7 China", "3rd place, bronze medalist(s)": "Shim Suk-hee \u00b7 South Korea"}}]	false
# 2013–14 Welsh Premier Women's League The 2013–14 Welsh Premier League was the fifth season of the Women's Welsh Premier League, the top level women's football league in Wales. Cardiff City were the defending champions having won their first championship last season. The season was won by Cardiff Met. Ladies. During the winter break Northop Hall Girls withdrew from the league. All results including them were then wiped from the table. ## Changes from 2012–13 - PILCS LFC replaced Caerphilly Castle who got relegated last season. - Two instead of one team are relegated after the season. ## Clubs \| Team \| City \| Ground \| \| ------------------------- \| ------------------ \| ---------------------------------- \| \| Aberystwyth Town Ladies \| Aberystwyth \| Park Avenue \| \| Caernarfon Town Ladies \| Caernarfon \| The Oval \| \| Cardiff City \| Cardiff \| Leckwith Stadium \| \| Cardiff Met. Ladies \| Cardiff \| Cardiff University, Cyncoed Campus \| \| Llandudno Junction Ladies \| Llandudno Junction \| The Flyover \| \| Llanidloes Ladies \| Llanidloes \| Victoria Avenue \| \| Newcastle Emlyn Ladies \| Newcastle Emlyn \| Parc Emlyn \| \| Northop Hall Girls \| Rhydymwyn \| Dolfechlas Road, Rhydymwyn F.C. \| \| PILCS LFC \| Pontypool \| \| \| Port Talbot Town Ladies \| Port Talbot \| The Genquip Stadium \| \| Swansea City Ladies \| Port Talbot \| Baglan Playing Fields \| \| Wrexham Ladies \| Wrexham \| Colliers Road \| ## Standings \| Pos \| Team \| Pld \| W \| D \| L \| GF \| GA \| GD \| Pts \| Qualification or relegation \| \| --- \| -------------------------- \| --- \| -- \| - \| -- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --------------------------- \| \| 1 \| Cardiff Met. Ladies \| 20 \| 18 \| 1 \| 1 \| 110 \| 12 \| +98 \| 55 \| 2014–15 Champions League \| \| 2 \| PILCS LFC \| 20 \| 16 \| 2 \| 2 \| 95 \| 25 \| +70 \| 50 \| \| \| 3 \| Cardiff City \| 20 \| 13 \| 4 \| 3 \| 47 \| 29 \| +18 \| 43 \| \| \| 4 \| Swansea City Ladies \| 20 \| 11 \| 4 \| 5 \| 56 \| 21 \| +35 \| 37 \| \| \| 5 \| Port Talbot Town Ladies \| 20 \| 7 \| 4 \| 9 \| 34 \| 49 \| −15 \| 25 \| \| \| 6 \| Wrexham Ladies \| 20 \| 6 \| 6 \| 8 \| 34 \| 35 \| −1 \| 24 \| \| \| 7 \| Llanidloes Ladies \| 20 \| 7 \| 3 \| 10 \| 28 \| 52 \| −24 \| 24 \| \| \| 8 \| Newcastle Emlyn Ladies \| 20 \| 6 \| 3 \| 11 \| 37 \| 65 \| −28 \| 21 \| \| \| 9 \| Llandudno Junction \| 20 \| 3 \| 5 \| 12 \| 32 \| 62 \| −30 \| 14 \| \| \| 10 \| Caernarfon Town Ladies (R) \| 20 \| 4 \| 1 \| 15 \| 31 \| 106 \| −75 \| 10 \| \| \| 11 \| Aberystwyth Town Ladies \| 20 \| 2 \| 1 \| 17 \| 15 \| 63 \| −48 \| 7 \| \| \| 12 \| Northop Hall Girls (R) \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 1. ↑ Caernarfon had three points deducted for unfulfillment of fixture. 2. ↑ Aberystwyth Town ended the season on a relegation place but were spared from relegation after Caernarfon withdraw for the next season.[1] 3. ↑ Northop Hall Girls withdrew in the winter break because of a lack of players.[2] They had lost all of their ten matches. All results were deleted from the table. ## Results grid \| Home \ Away \| ABE \| CAE \| CCI \| CMT \| JUN \| LLL \| NEW \| PIL \| PTT \| SWA \| WRE \| \| ------------------ \| ---- \| ---- \| --- \| ---- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| ---- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Aberystwyth Town \| \| 1–0 \| 0–3 \| 1–2 \| 1–1 \| 0–1 \| 1–4 \| 0–4 \| 1–2 \| 1–5 \| 1–2 \| \| Caernarfon Town \| 3–2 \| \| 1–7 \| 0–5 \| 4–6 \| 3–0 \| 3–2 \| 2–3 \| 5–2 \| 0–5 \| 2–5 \| \| Cardiff City \| 1–0 \| 5–0 \| \| 0–5 \| 1–1 \| 1–3 \| 2–0 \| 2–0 \| 3–1 \| 0–0 \| 2–1 \| \| Cardiff Met. \| 10–0 \| 15–0 \| 7–0 \| \| 4–0 \| 9–0 \| 2–0 \| 1–3 \| 6–0 \| 2–1 \| 4–0 \| \| Llandudno Junction \| 1–3 \| 3–0 \| 2–7 \| 0–3 \| \| 1–3 \| 5–0 \| 0–5 \| 1–3 \| 0–5 \| 0–2 \| \| Llanidloes \| 4–1 \| 6–1 \| 0–1 \| 0–3 \| 2–2 \| \| 3–1 \| 0–2 \| 1–1 \| 0–1 \| 1–1 \| \| Newcastle Emlyn \| 3–1 \| 4–3 \| 2–3 \| 0–13 \| 5–3 \| 5–0 \| \| 0–12 \| 1–2 \| 0–1 \| 2–2 \| \| P.I.L.C.S. \| 4–0 \| 18–0 \| 4–4 \| 2–5 \| 5–1 \| 9–2 \| 3–3 \| \| 4–1 \| 4–1 \| 3–1 \| \| Port Talbot Town \| 7–1 \| 6–3 \| 0–2 \| 1–8 \| 1–1 \| 1–0 \| 2–3 \| 0–4 \| \| 0–3 \| 2–0 \| \| Swansea City \| 2–0 \| 11–0 \| 1–1 \| 1–3 \| 5–1 \| 8–0 \| 1–1 \| 1–4 \| 1–1 \| \| 1–0 \| \| Wrexham \| 4–0 \| 1–1 \| 1–2 \| 3–3 \| 2–2 \| 1–2 \| 3–1 \| 1–2 \| 1–1 \| 3–2 \| \| ## League Cup 2014–15 → For the first time a League Cup was played. The new competition was introduced to further develop women's football. In the first round four teams (Port Talbot Town, Aberystwyth Town, Llanidloes Town and Newcastle Emlyn) were drawn to receive a bye to the second round. The final was played on 30 March 2014 on neutral ground at Port Talbot. Cardiff Met. won the title. \| First round \| \| \| \| \| Cardiff Met \| 4–1 \| PILCS \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Llandudno Junction \| 0–1 \| Caernarfon \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Swansea City \| 6–0 \| Wrexham \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Northop Hall \| 1–8 \| Cardiff City \| \| \| Quarter-finals \| \| \| \| \| Caernarfon Town \| 0–2 \| Llanidloes \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Newcastle Emlyn \| 1–4 \| Cardiff Met \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Cardiff City \| 1–2 \| Swansea City \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Port Talbot \| 3–0 \| Aberystwyth Town \| \| \| Semi-finals \| \| \| \| \| Cardiff Met \| 7–0 \| Swansea City \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Port Talbot Town \| 0–1 \| Llanidloes \| \| \| Final \| \| \| \| \| Cardiff Met \| 1–0 \| Llanidloes \| \|	enwiki/42202232	enwiki	42,202,232	2013–14 Welsh Premier Women's League	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Welsh_Premier_Women%27s_League	2025-04-05T03:24:27Z	en	Q16955770	112,378	{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2021}} {{Infobox football league season \| competition = [[Welsh Premier League (women)]] \| season = 2013–14 \| winners = [[Cardiff Met. Ladies F.C.\|Cardiff Met. Ladies]] \| relegated = \| continentalcup1 = [[UEFA Women's Champions League]] \| continentalcup1 qualifiers = [[Cardiff Met. Ladies F.C.\|Cardiff Met. Ladies]] \| league topscorer = \| biggest home win = \| biggest away win = \| highest scoring = \| total goals = \| matches = \| longest wins = \| longest unbeaten = \| longest losses = \| highest attendance = \| lowest attendance = \| average attendance = \| prevseason = [[2012–13 Welsh Premier League (women)\|2012–13]] \| nextseason = [[2014–15 Welsh Premier League (women)\|2014–15]] }} The '''2013–14 Welsh Premier League''' was the fifth season of the [[Welsh Premier League (women)\|Women's Welsh Premier League]], the top level women's [[association football\|football]] league in Wales. [[Cardiff City FC (women)\|Cardiff City]] were the defending champions having won their first championship last season. The season was won by [[Cardiff Met. Ladies F.C.\|Cardiff Met. Ladies]]. During the winter break Northop Hall Girls withdrew from the league. All results including them were then wiped from the table. ==Changes from 2012–13== PILCS LFC replaced Caerphilly Castle who got relegated last season. Two instead of one team are relegated after the season. ==Clubs== {{Location map+\|Wales\|width=300\|float=right\|caption=Locations of teams in the '''2012–13 Premier League'''\|places= {{Location map~\|Wales\|lat=53.03\|long=-2.98\|label=[[Wrexham Ladies F.C.\|Wrexham]]}} {{Location map~\|Wales\|lat=52.4487\|long=-3.54021\|label=[[Llanidloes Ladies F.C.\|Llanidloes]]}} {{Location map~\|Wales\|lat=53.18\|long=-3.19\|label=[[Northop Hall Girls F.C.\|Northop Hall Girls]]}} {{Location map~\|Wales\|lat=53.14\|long=-4.27\|label=Caernarfon Town}} {{Location map~\|Wales\|lat=52.414\|long=-4.081\|position=left\|label=[[Aberystwyth Town Ladies F.C.\|Aberystwyth Town]]}} {{Location map~\|Wales\|lat=51.616667\|long=-3.95\|position=left\|label=[[Swansea City Ladies F.C.\|Swansea City]]}} {{Location map~\|Wales\|lat=51.703\|long=-3.041\|label=[[PILCS LFC]]\|position=right}} {{Location map~\|Wales\|lat=52.04\|long=-4.47\|label=Newcastle Emlyn}} {{Location map~\|Wales\|lat=51.485278\|long=-3.186667\|label=Cardiff Met. & Cardiff City}} {{Location map~\|Wales\|lat=51.62\|long=-3.77\|label=Port Talbot Town}} {{Location map~\|Wales\|lat=53.32\|long=-3.82\|label=Llandudno Junction}} }} {\| class="sortable wikitable" \|- align=center !Team !City !Ground \|- \| [[Aberystwyth Town Ladies F.C.\|Aberystwyth Town Ladies]]\|\| [[Aberystwyth]] \|\| [[Park Avenue (Aberystwyth)\|Park Avenue]] \|- \| Caernarfon Town Ladies \|\| [[Caernarfon]] \|\| [[The Oval (Caernarfon)\|The Oval]] \|- \| [[Cardiff City FC (women)\|Cardiff City]] \|\| Cardiff \|\| [[Cardiff International Sports Stadium\|Leckwith Stadium]] \|- \| [[Cardiff Met. Ladies F.C.\|Cardiff Met. Ladies]] \|\| [[Cardiff]] \|\| Cardiff University, Cyncoed Campus \|- \| [[Llandudno Junction F.C.\|Llandudno Junction Ladies]] \|\| [[Llandudno Junction]] \|\| The Flyover \|- \| [[Llanidloes Ladies F.C.\|Llanidloes Ladies]] \|\| [[Llanidloes]] \|\| Victoria Avenue \|- \| Newcastle Emlyn Ladies \|\| [[Newcastle Emlyn]] \|\| Parc Emlyn \|- \| [[Northop Hall Girls F.C.\|Northop Hall Girls]] \|\| [[Rhydymwyn]] \|\|Dolfechlas Road, [[Rhydymwyn F.C.]] \|- \| PILCS LFC \|\| [[Pontypool]] \|\| \|- \| [[Port Talbot Town Ladies]] \|\| [[Port Talbot]] \|\| [[Victoria Road (Port Talbot)\|The Genquip Stadium]] \|- \| [[Swansea City Ladies F.C.\|Swansea City Ladies]] \|\| [[Port Talbot]] \|\| Baglan Playing Fields \|- \| [[Wrexham Ladies F.C.\|Wrexham Ladies]] \|\| [[Wrexham]] \|\| Colliers Road \|} ==Standings== <onlyinclude>{{#invoke:sports table\|main\|style=WDL \|show_limit=5 \|res_col_header=QR \|team1=CMT\|name_CMT=[[Cardiff Met. Ladies F.C.\|Cardiff Met. Ladies]] \|team2=PIL\|name_PIL=[[PILCS LFC]] \|team3=CCI\|name_CCI=[[Cardiff City FC (women)\|Cardiff City]] \|team4=SWA\|name_SWA=[[Swansea City Ladies F.C.\|Swansea City Ladies]] \|team5=PTT\|name_PTT=[[Port Talbot Town Ladies]] \|team6=WRE\|name_WRE=[[Wrexham Ladies F.C.\|Wrexham Ladies]] \|team7=LLL\|name_LLL=[[Llanidloes Ladies F.C.\|Llanidloes Ladies]] \|team8=NEW\|name_NEW=[[Newcastle Emlyn Ladies F.C.\|Newcastle Emlyn Ladies]] \|team9=JUN\|name_JUN=[[Llandudno Junction F.C.\|Llandudno Junction]] \|team10=CAE\|name_CAE=[[Caernarfon Town Ladies F.C.\|Caernarfon Town Ladies]] \|team11=ABE\|name_ABE=[[Aberystwyth Town Ladies F.C.\|Aberystwyth Town Ladies]] \|team12=NHG\|name_NHG=[[Northop Hall Girls F.C.\|Northop Hall Girls]] \|win_CMT=18\|draw_CMT=1\|loss_CMT=1\|gf_CMT=110\|ga_CMT=12 \|win_PIL=16\|draw_PIL=2\|loss_PIL=2\|gf_PIL=95\|ga_PIL=25 \|win_CCI=13\|draw_CCI=4\|loss_CCI=3\|gf_CCI=47\|ga_CCI=29 \|win_SWA=11\|draw_SWA=4\|loss_SWA=5\|gf_SWA=56\|ga_SWA=21 \|win_PTT=7\|draw_PTT=4\|loss_PTT=9\|gf_PTT=34\|ga_PTT=49 \|win_WRE=6\|draw_WRE=6\|loss_WRE=8\|gf_WRE=34\|ga_WRE=35 \|win_LLL=7\|draw_LLL=3\|loss_LLL=10\|gf_LLL=28\|ga_LLL=52 \|win_NEW=6\|draw_NEW=3\|loss_NEW=11\|gf_NEW=37\|ga_NEW=65 \|win_JUN=3\|draw_JUN=5\|loss_JUN=12\|gf_JUN=32\|ga_JUN=62 \|win_CAE=4\|draw_CAE=1\|loss_CAE=15\|gf_CAE=31\|ga_CAE=106\|adjust_points_CAE=-3\|status_CAE=R \|win_ABE=2\|draw_ABE=1\|loss_ABE=17\|gf_ABE=15\|ga_ABE=63 \|win_NHG=0\|draw_NHG=0\|loss_NHG=0\|gf_NHG=0\|ga_NHG=0\|status_NHG=R \|note_ABE=Aberystwyth Town ended the season on a relegation place but were spared from relegation after Caernarfon withdraw for the next season.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Aberystwyth Replace Caernarfon in WPWL\|url=http://www.welshpremier.co.uk/news/WPL97487.ink?newstype=N\|publisher=welshpremier.co.uk\|accessdate=8 September 2014\|date=19 August 2014}}</ref> \|hth_NHG=Northop Hall Girls withdrew in the winter break because of a lack of players.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Northop Hall Withdraw from Shared Access WPWL \|url=http://www.welshpremier.co.uk/news/WPL95730.ink \|website=welshpremier.co.uk \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129062325/http://www.welshpremier.co.uk/news/WPL95730.ink \|archive-date=2014-11-29 \|date=5 February 2014 \|url-status=dead}}</ref> They had lost all of their ten matches. All results were deleted from the table. \|hth_CAE=Caernarfon had three points deducted for unfulfillment of fixture. \|col_CL=#D0F0C0\|text_CL=[[2014–15 UEFA Women's Champions League\|2014–15 Champions League]] \|result1=CL \|col_R=#FFCCCC\|text_R= \|result10=R\|result12=R \|update=complete\|source=[http://www.shekicks.net/fixtures-and-results/league/863 shekicks.net] }}</onlyinclude> ==Results grid== {{#invoke:sports results\|main \|matches_style=FBR\|solid_cell=grey \|team1=ABE\|team2=CAE\|team3=CCI\|team4=CMT\|team5=JUN \|team6=LLL\|team7=NEW\|team8=PIL\|team9=PTT\|team10=SWA \|team11=WRE \|name_ABE=[[Aberystwyth Town Ladies F.C.\|Aberystwyth Town]] \|match_ABE_CAE=1–0 \|match_ABE_CCI=0–3 \|match_ABE_CMT=1–2 \|match_ABE_JUN=1–1 \|match_ABE_LLL=0–1 \|match_ABE_NEW=1–4 \|match_ABE_PIL=0–4 \|match_ABE_PTT=1–2 \|match_ABE_SWA=1–5 \|match_ABE_WRE=1–2 \|name_CAE=[[Caernarfon Town Ladies F.C.\|Caernarfon Town]] \|match_CAE_ABE=3–2 \|match_CAE_CCI=1–7 \|match_CAE_CMT=0–5 \|match_CAE_JUN=4–6 \|match_CAE_LLL=3–0 \|match_CAE_NEW=3–2 \|match_CAE_PIL=2–3 \|match_CAE_PTT=5–2 \|match_CAE_SWA=0–5 \|match_CAE_WRE=2–5 \|name_CCI=[[Cardiff City FC (women)\|Cardiff City]] \|match_CCI_ABE=1–0 \|match_CCI_CAE=5–0 \|match_CCI_CMT=0–5 \|match_CCI_JUN=1–1 \|match_CCI_LLL=1–3 \|match_CCI_NEW=2–0 \|match_CCI_PIL=2–0 \|match_CCI_PTT=3–1 \|match_CCI_SWA=0–0 \|match_CCI_WRE=2–1 \|name_CMT=[[Cardiff Met. Ladies F.C.\|Cardiff Met.]] \|match_CMT_ABE=10–0 \|match_CMT_CAE=15–0 \|match_CMT_CCI=7–0 \|match_CMT_JUN=4–0 \|match_CMT_LLL=9–0 \|match_CMT_NEW=2–0 \|match_CMT_PIL=1–3 \|match_CMT_PTT=6–0 \|match_CMT_SWA=2–1 \|match_CMT_WRE=4–0 \|name_JUN=[[Llandudno Junction F.C.\|Llandudno Junction]] \|match_JUN_ABE=1–3 \|match_JUN_CAE=3–0 \|match_JUN_CCI=2–7 \|match_JUN_CMT=0–3 \|match_JUN_LLL=1–3 \|match_JUN_NEW=5–0 \|match_JUN_PIL=0–5 \|match_JUN_PTT=1–3 \|match_JUN_SWA=0–5 \|match_JUN_WRE=0–2 \|name_LLL=[[Llanidloes Ladies F.C.\|Llanidloes]] \|match_LLL_ABE=4–1 \|match_LLL_CAE=6–1 \|match_LLL_CCI=0–1 \|match_LLL_CMT=0–3 \|match_LLL_JUN=2–2 \|match_LLL_NEW=3–1 \|match_LLL_PIL=0–2 \|match_LLL_PTT=1–1 \|match_LLL_SWA=0–1 \|match_LLL_WRE=1–1 \|name_NEW=[[Newcastle Emlyn Ladies F.C.\|Newcastle Emlyn]] \|match_NEW_ABE=3–1 \|match_NEW_CAE=4–3 \|match_NEW_CCI=2–3 \|match_NEW_CMT=0–13 \|match_NEW_JUN=5–3 \|match_NEW_LLL=5–0 \|match_NEW_PIL=0–12 \|match_NEW_PTT=1–2 \|match_NEW_SWA=0–1 \|match_NEW_WRE=2–2 \|name_PIL=[[PILCS LFC\|P.I.L.C.S.]] \|match_PIL_ABE=4–0 \|match_PIL_CAE=18–0 \|match_PIL_CCI=4–4 \|match_PIL_CMT=2–5 \|match_PIL_JUN=5–1 \|match_PIL_LLL=9–2 \|match_PIL_NEW=3–3 \|match_PIL_PTT=4–1 \|match_PIL_SWA=4–1 \|match_PIL_WRE=3–1 \|name_PTT=[[Port Talbot Town Ladies\|Port Talbot Town]] \|match_PTT_ABE=7–1 \|match_PTT_CAE=6–3 \|match_PTT_CCI=0–2 \|match_PTT_CMT=1–8 \|match_PTT_JUN=1–1 \|match_PTT_LLL=1–0 \|match_PTT_NEW=2–3 \|match_PTT_PIL=0–4 \|match_PTT_SWA=0–3 \|match_PTT_WRE=2–0 \|name_SWA=[[Swansea City Ladies F.C.\|Swansea City]] \|match_SWA_ABE=2–0 \|match_SWA_CAE=11–0 \|match_SWA_CCI=1–1 \|match_SWA_CMT=1–3 \|match_SWA_JUN=5–1 \|match_SWA_LLL=8–0 \|match_SWA_NEW=1–1 \|match_SWA_PIL=1–4 \|match_SWA_PTT=1–1 \|match_SWA_WRE=1–0 \|name_WRE=[[Wrexham Ladies F.C.\|Wrexham]] \|match_WRE_ABE=4–0 \|match_WRE_CAE=1–1 \|match_WRE_CCI=1–2 \|match_WRE_CMT=3–3 \|match_WRE_JUN=2–2 \|match_WRE_LLL=1–2 \|match_WRE_NEW=3–1 \|match_WRE_PIL=1–2 \|match_WRE_PTT=1–1 \|match_WRE_SWA=3–2 \|update=complete \|source=<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.pilcsfc.co.uk/club/218982/ResultsGrid \|title=Results Grid \|access-date=14 March 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827021326/http://www.pilcsfc.co.uk/club/218982/ResultsGrid \|archive-date=27 August 2013 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> }} ==League Cup== : ''[[2014–15 Welsh Premier Women's League#League_Cup\|2014–15]] →'' For the first time a League Cup was played. The new competition was introduced to further develop women's football.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=27 September 2013\|title=Welsh Premier League: Historic WPWL League Cup Starts this Weekend Womens Football\|url=http://www.welshpremier.co.uk/news/WPL94435.ink\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315125923/http://www.welshpremier.co.uk/news/WPL94435.ink\|archive-date=2014-03-15\|website=welshpremier.co.uk}}</ref> In the first round four teams (Port Talbot Town, Aberystwyth Town, Llanidloes Town and Newcastle Emlyn) were drawn to receive a bye to the second round.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.dailypost.co.uk/sport/football/?service=responsive\|title=Football - Latest news, pictures, video - North Wales Live\|website=dailypost.co.uk}}</ref> The final was played on 30 March 2014 on neutral ground at Port Talbot. Cardiff Met. won the title.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Cardiff Met win Welsh Premier Cup\|url=http://www.shekicks.net/news/view/9651\|publisher=shekicks.net\|accessdate=8 April 2014\|date=31 March 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408212153/http://www.shekicks.net/news/view/9651\|archive-date=8 April 2014\|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{OneLegStart-plain}} {{OneLegResult-plain\|First round\|'''Cardiff Met'''\|\|4–1\|PILCS\|\|}} {{OneLegResult-plain\|\|Llandudno Junction\|\|0–1\|'''Caernarfon'''\|\|}} {{OneLegResult-plain\|\|'''Swansea City'''\|\|6–0\|Wrexham\|\|}} {{OneLegResult-plain\|\|Northop Hall\|\|1–8\|'''Cardiff City'''\|\|}} {{OneLegResult-plain\|Quarter-finals\|Caernarfon Town\|\|0–2\|'''Llanidloes'''\|\|}} {{OneLegResult-plain\|\|Newcastle Emlyn\|\|1–4\|'''Cardiff Met'''\|\|}} {{OneLegResult-plain\|\|Cardiff City\|\|1–2\|'''Swansea City'''\|\|}} {{OneLegResult-plain\|\|'''Port Talbot'''\|\|3–0\|Aberystwyth Town \|\|}} {{OneLegResult-plain\|Semi-finals\|'''Cardiff Met'''\|\|7–0\|Swansea City\|\|}} {{OneLegResult-plain\|\|Port Talbot Town\|\|0–1\|'''Llanidloes'''\|\|}} {{OneLegResult-plain\|Final\|'''Cardiff Met'''\|\|1–0\|Llanidloes\|\|}} {{end}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{usurped\|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121108033422/http://welshpremier.com/Womens.ink welshpremier.com]}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20140401121200/http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/match/fixtures-results/women-s-league welsh-premier.com] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110413230300/http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=wal/women/index.html League at uefa.com] {{Adran Premier seasons}} {{2013–14 in Welsh football}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Welsh Premier League (Women)}} [[Category:Welsh Premier Women's Football League seasons\|2013-14]] [[Category:2013–14 in European women's association football leagues\|Wales Women]] [[Category:2013–14 in Welsh football leagues]] [[Category:2013–14 in Welsh women's football\|1]]	1,284,022,464	[{"title": "Welsh Premier League (women)", "data": {"Season": "2013\u201314", "Champions": "Cardiff Met. Ladies", "UEFA Women's Champions League": "Cardiff Met. Ladies"}}]	false
# Line 1 (Changzhou Metro) Line 1 of Changzhou Metro (Chinese: 常州地铁1号线; pinyin: Chángzhōu Dìtiě Yī Hào Xiàn) is a rapid transit line in Changzhou. It connects the two railway stations Changzhou and Changzhou North. Construction for Line 1 began on 28 October 2014. The first phase runs from Forest Park (森林公园) in the north to Nanxiashu (南夏墅) in the south. Line 1 opened on 21 September 2019. ## Opening timeline \| Segment \| Commencement \| Length \| Station(s) \| Name \| \| ----------------------- \| ----------------- \| ------------------- \| ---------- \| ------- \| \| Forest Park — Nanxiashu \| 21 September 2019 \| 34.24 km (21.28 mi) \| 29 \| Phase 1 \| ## Stations \| Station name \| Station name \| Connections \| Distance km \| Distance km \| Location \| \| \| English \| Chinese \| Connections \| Distance km \| Distance km \| Location \| \| \| ------------------------------- \| ------------ \| ----------------- \| ----------- \| ----------- \| ----------------- \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Forest Park \| 森林公园 \| \| \| \| Xinbei \| \| \| Xinlong \| 新龙 \| \| \| \| Xinbei \| \| \| Tourism and Commerce Institute \| 旅游学校 \| \| \| \| Xinbei \| \| \| Xinqiao \| 新桥 \| \| \| \| Xinbei \| \| \| Changzhou North Railway Station \| 常州北站 \| ESH Changzhou BRT \| \| \| Xinbei \| \| \| Beijiao High School \| 北郊中学 \| Changzhou BRT \| \| \| Xinbei \| \| \| Foreign Language School \| 外国语学校 \| Changzhou BRT \| \| \| Xinbei \| \| \| Global Harbor \| 环球港 \| \| \| \| Xinbei \| \| \| Xinqu Park \| 新区公园 \| \| \| \| Xinbei \| \| \| Hehai \| 河海 \| \| \| \| Xinbei \| \| \| Olympic Sports Center \| 奥体中心 \| \| \| \| Xinbei \| \| \| Citizens' Square \| 市民广场 \| \| \| \| Tianning / Xinbei \| \| \| Cuizhu \| 翠竹 \| \| \| \| Tianning \| \| \| Changzhou Railway Station \| 常州火车站 \| CZH \| \| \| Tianning \| \| \| Boai Lu \| 博爱路 \| \| \| \| Tianning \| \| \| Cultural Palace \| 文化宫 \| 2 Changzhou BRT \| \| \| Tianning \| \| \| Tongjiqiao \| 同济桥 \| \| \| \| Tianning \| \| \| Qingliang Temple \| 清凉寺 \| \| \| \| Tianning \| \| \| Chashan \| 茶山 \| \| \| \| Tianning \| \| \| Juhu Lu \| 聚湖路 \| \| \| \| Wujin \| \| \| Hutang \| 湖塘 \| \| \| \| Wujin \| \| \| Xintiandi Park \| 新天地公园 \| \| \| \| Wujin \| \| \| Changhong Lu \| 长虹路 \| \| \| \| Wujin \| \| \| Yanzheng Dadao \| 延政大道 \| \| \| \| Wujin \| \| \| Kejiaocheng Bei \| 科教城北 \| \| \| \| Wujin \| \| \| Kejiaocheng Nan \| 科教城南 \| Changzhou BRT \| \| \| Wujin \| \| \| Wujin Yanjiang Railway Station \| 武进沿江城际 \| \| \| \| Wujin \| \| \| Yanghu Lu \| 阳湖路 \| \| \| \| Wujin \| \| \| Nanxiashu \| 南夏墅 \| \| \| \| Wujin \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|	enwiki/61551733	enwiki	61,551,733	Line 1 (Changzhou Metro)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_1_(Changzhou_Metro)	2025-04-23T08:16:00Z	en	Q66660306	134,069	{{Short description\|Metro line in Changzhou, China}} {{Infobox rail line \| name = \| other_name = \| logo = {{ Huge\|{{RouteBox\|1\|Line 1 (Changzhou Metro)\|#{{rcr\|Changzhou Metro\|1}}}}}} \| logo_width = \| color = {{rcr\|Changzhou Metro\|1}} \| image = Line 1, Changzhou Metro.jpg \| image_width = 300px \| image_alt = Rolling stock \| caption = Line 1 train \| type = [[Rapid transit]] \| system = [[Changzhou Metro]] \| status = In operation \| locale = [[Changzhou]] \| start = {{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Forest Park}} \| end = {{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Nanxiashu}} \| stations = 29<ref name=js20190904>{{cite web\|url=http://www.js.xinhuanet.com/2019-09/04/c_1124960654.htm\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023150455/http://www.js.xinhuanet.com/2019-09/04/c_1124960654.htm\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=October 23, 2019\|title=揭开神秘面纱常州地铁1号线向媒体开放}}</ref> \| routes = \| daily_ridership = \| open = {{Start date and age\|2019\|9\|21\|df=yes}}<ref name=cz0921>{{cite web\|url=http://zt3.cz001.com.cn/2019-09/21/content_3671618.htm\|title=常州地铁1号线今日正式开通初期运营\|date=2019-09-21}}</ref> \| close = \| owner = \| operator = \| character = Underground and Elevated \| depot = \| stock = \| linelength = {{convert\|34.24\|km\|mi\|2\|abbr=on}}<ref name=cz001>{{cite web\|url=http://zt3.cz001.com.cn/2019-09/18/content_3670479.htm\|title=定了！常州市轨道交通1号线本周六上午9：30开通\|date=2019-09-18}}</ref> \| tracklength = \| tracks = \| gauge = {{track gauge\|sg}} \| electrification = \| speed = \| elevation = \| website = \| map = [[File:Route map of Changzhou Metro Line 1-en.svg\|250px]] \| map_state = collapsed }} '''Line 1''' of [[Changzhou Metro]] ({{zh\|s=常州地铁1号线\|p=Chángzhōu Dìtiě Yī Hào Xiàn}}) is a [[rapid transit]] line in [[Changzhou]]. It connects the two railway stations [[Changzhou railway station\|Changzhou]] and [[Changzhou North railway station\|Changzhou North]]. Construction for Line 1 began on 28 October 2014. The first phase runs from {{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Forest Park}} ({{lang\|zh\|森林公园}}) in the north to {{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Nanxiashu}} ({{lang\|zh\|南夏墅}}) in the south. Line 1 opened on 21 September 2019.<ref name=cz0921 /> ==Opening timeline== {\| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: right;" !Segment!!Commencement!!Length!!Station(s)!!Name \|- \|style="text-align: left;"\| Forest Park — Nanxiashu \| 21 September 2019<ref name=cz0921 /> \| {{convert\|34.24\|km\|mi\|2\|abbr=on}}<ref name=cz001 /> \| 29 \|style="text-align: left;"\| Phase 1 \|} ==Stations== [[File:Route_map_of_Changzhou_Metro_Line_1-en.svg\|center\|613x613px]] {\| class="wikitable" ! colspan=2 \| Station name ! rowspan=2 \| Connections ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" \| Distance<br>{{small\|km}} ! rowspan=2 \| Location \|- ! <small>English</small> ! <small>Chinese</small> \|- style = "background:#{{rcr\|Changzhou Metro\|1}}; height: 2pt" \| colspan = "7" \| \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Forest Park}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|森林公园}} \| \| \| \| rowspan="11" \|[[Xinbei, Changzhou\|Xinbei]] \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Xinlong}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|新龙}} \| \| \| \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Tourism and Commerce Institute}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|旅游学校}} \| \| \| \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Xinqiao}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|新桥}} \| \| \| \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Changzhou North Railway Station}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|常州北站}} \|{{nowrap\|{{rint\|cn\|rail}} {{rint\|cn\|crh\|link=Changzhou North railway station}} [[Changzhou North railway station\|ESH]]}}<br>{{rint\|bus\|rapid}} Changzhou BRT \| \| \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Beijiao High School}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|北郊中学}} \|{{rint\|bus\|rapid}} Changzhou BRT \| \| \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Foreign Language School}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|外国语学校}} \|{{rint\|bus\|rapid}} Changzhou BRT \| \| \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Global Harbor}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|环球港}} \| \| \| \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Xinqu Park}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|新区公园}} \| \| \| \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Hehai}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|河海}} \| \| \| \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Olympic Sports Center}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|奥体中心}} \| \| \| \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Citizens' Square}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|市民广场}} \| \| \| \|[[Tianning, Changzhou\|Tianning]] / Xinbei \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Cuizhu}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|翠竹}} \| \| \| \| rowspan="7" \|Tianning \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Changzhou Railway Station}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|常州火车站}} \|{{nowrap\|{{rint\|cn\|rail}} {{rint\|cn\|crh\|link=Changzhou railway station}} [[Changzhou railway station\|CZH]]}} \| \| \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Boai Lu}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|博爱路}} \| \| \| \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Cultural Palace}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|文化宫}} \|{{RouteBox\|2\|Line 2 (Changzhou Metro)\|#{{rcr\|Changzhou Metro\|2}}}}<br>{{rint\|bus\|rapid}} Changzhou BRT \| \| \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Tongjiqiao}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|同济桥}} \| \| \| \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Qingliang Temple}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|清凉寺}} \| \| \| \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Chashan}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|茶山}} \| \| \| \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Juhu Lu}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|聚湖路}} \| \| \| \| rowspan="10" \|[[Wujin, Changzhou\|Wujin]] \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Hutang}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|湖塘}} \| \| \| \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Xintiandi Park}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|新天地公园}} \| \| \| \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Changhong Lu}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|长虹路}} \| \| \| \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Yanzheng Dadao}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|延政大道}} \| \| \| \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Kejiaocheng Bei}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|科教城北}} \| \| \| \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Kejiaocheng Nan}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|科教城南}} \|{{rint\|bus\|rapid}} Changzhou BRT \| \| \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Wujin Yanjiang Railway Station}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|武进沿江城际}} \| \| \| \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Yanghu Lu}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|阳湖路}} \| \| \| \|- \|{{stl\|Changzhou Metro\|Nanxiashu}} \|{{lang\|zh-cn\|南夏墅}} \| \| \| \|- style = "background:#{{rcr\|Changzhou Metro\|1}}; height: 2pt" \| colspan = "7" \| \|} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Southern Jiangsu transit}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Changzhou Metro, Line 1}} [[Category:Rail transport in Jiangsu]] [[Category:Railway lines opened in 2019]] [[Category:2019 establishments in China]] [[Category:Changzhou Metro lines\|1]] [[Category:2019 in Changzhou]]	1,286,988,233	[{"title": "Overview", "data": {"Status": "In operation", "Locale": "Changzhou", "Termini": "- Forest Park - Nanxiashu", "Stations": "29"}}, {"title": "Service", "data": {"Type": "Rapid transit", "System": "Changzhou Metro"}}, {"title": "History", "data": {"Opened": "21 September 2019"}}, {"title": "Technical", "data": {"Line length": "34.24 km (21.28 mi)", "Character": "Underground and Elevated", "Track gauge": "1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1\u20442 in)"}}]	false
# Jazz (word) The origin of the word jazz is one of the most sought-after etymologies in modern American English. Interest in the word – named the Word of the Twentieth Century by the American Dialect Society – has resulted in considerable research and the linguistic history is well documented. "Jazz" originated in slang around 1912 on the West Coast. The meaning varied, but the word did not initially refer to music. "Jazz" came to mean jazz music in Chicago around 1915. ## Etymology The similarity of "jazz" to "jasm", an obsolete slang term meaning spirit, energy, and vigor, and dated to 1860 in the Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang (1979), suggests that "jasm" should be considered the leading candidate for the source of "jazz". The word "jasm" appeared in Josiah Gilbert Holland’s second novel, Miss Gilbert's Career (1860), and meant “lively," and was used to describe the "inexpressible personal force of the Yankee". A link between the two words is supported by a February 18, 1916 article in the Daily Californian which used the spelling "jaz-m", although the context and other articles in the same newspaper from this period show that "jazz" was intended. "Jasm" derives from or is a variant of the slang term "jism" or "gism", which the Historical Dictionary of American Slang dates to 1842 and defines as "spirit; energy; spunk." "Jism" also means semen or sperm, the meaning that predominates today, making "jism" a taboo word. Consistent with that etymology, the jazz composer Eubie Blake (1887-1983), when interviewed by a woman for Yale's Oral History of American Music project, refused to use the word "jazz" because he thought it was uncouth. Deepening the nexus among these words is the fact that "spunk" is also a slang term for semen and that "spunk"—like jism/jasm—also means spirit, energy, or courage (for example: "She showed a lot of spunk"). In the 19th and early 20th centuries, however, "jism" was still used in polite contexts. "Jism" or its variant "jizz" (which is not attested in the Historical Dictionary of American Slang until 1941) has also been suggested as a direct source for "jazz". A direct derivation from "jism" is phonologically unlikely. "Jasm" itself would be, according to this assumption, the intermediary form. Compare the analogous relationship between the slang terms "spasm" 'a sudden burst of energy', as in spasm band, and "spaz(z)". Herbert Asbury names the "Razzy Dazzy Spasm Band", which appeared about 1895, as the first jazz band; he relates that a band of professional musicians who imitated their style and originally appeared, about 1900, under the same name, was, after the original Spasm Band turned up, billed as "Razzy Dazzy Jazzy Band". One source draws from the 1936 book The French Quarter by Herbert Asbury for the claim that there was a band in New Orleans in 1895 named the "Razzy Dazzy Spasm Band". This source also claims a connection to the French verb jaser, meaning to chatter, and that "to jass" was heard in New Orleans to mean 'to excite' or 'to pep up'. ## Baseball use Baseball references were used by E.T. "Scoop" Gleeson in the San Francisco Bulletin. Dick Holbrook and Peter Tamony found articles written in Boyes Springs, California, where the San Francisco Seals baseball team was in training. In an article from March 3, 1913, "jazz" is synonymous with nonsense. George Clifford McCarl had been called a "busher", as in "bush league", meaning minor league or second rate. But Gleeson writes, on the contrary, "this dope is very much to the 'jazz'." Other uses occurred in "Everybody has come back to the old town full of the old 'jazz' and they promise to knock the fans off their feet with their playing." "What is the 'jazz'? Why, it's a little of that 'old life', the 'gin-i-ker', the 'pep', otherwise known as the enthusiasm". The article says that "members have trained on ragtime and 'jazz' and manager Del Howard says there's no stopping them." The context of the article shows that a musical meaning of "jazz" is not intended; rather, ragtime and "jazz" were both used as markers of ebullient spirit. On April 5, 1913, the Bulletin published an article by Ernest J. Hopkins entitled "In Praise of 'Jazz,' a Futurist Word Which Has Just Joined the Language." The article, which used the spellings "jaz" and "jazz" interchangeably, discussed the term at length and included a positive definition. "Jazz" (We change the spelling each time so as not to offend either faction) can be defined, but it cannot be synonymized. If there were another word that exactly expressed the meaning of "jaz," "jazz" would never have been born. A new word, like a new muscle, only comes into being when it has long been needed...This remarkable and satisfactory-sounding word, however, means something like life, vigor, energy, effervescence of spirit, joy, pep, magnetism, verve, virility ebulliency, courage, happiness – oh, what's the use? – Jazz. In 2003, The Los Angeles Times reported on a librarian at New York University who said he found the word "jazz" used in a sports article from The New York Times of April 2, 1912. Under the headline "Ben's Jazz Curve" the article quotes baseball player Ben Henderson telling a reporter that he called his curve ball "the Jazz ball because it wobbles and you simply can't do anything with it." "Jazz" in the sense of pep and enthusiasm continued in use in California for several years before being submerged by its musical meaning. Barry Popik found examples from the Daily Californian and the Daily Palo Alto showing that "jazz" was a slang term at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1915 to 1917 and Stanford University from 1916 to 1918. ## Application to music Dick Holbrook published his findings in Storyville magazine. These included William Demarest, an actor, saying he heard the word in 1908 as a young musician in San Francisco when the band was encouraged to play more energetically. Clarinetist Bud Jacobson said the word was used in Chicago to promote the Art Arseth band at the Arsonia Cafe in 1914. Fred R. Shapiro, editor of the Yale Book of Quotations, found it applied to music in the Chicago Daily Tribune of July 11, 1915. Blues Is Jazz and Jazz Is Blues...The Worm had turned – turned to fox trotting. And the "blues" had done it. The "jazz" had put pep into the legs that had scrambled too long for the 5:15....At the next place a young woman was keeping "Der Wacht Am Rhein" and "Tipperary Mary" apart when the interrogator entered. "What are the blues?" he asked gently. "Jazz!" The young woman's voice rose high to drown the piano....The blues are never written into music, but are interpolated by the piano player or other players. They aren't new. They are just reborn into popularity. They started in the south half a century ago and are the interpolations of darkies originally. The trade name for them is "jazz"....Thereupon "Jazz" Marion sat down and showed the bluest streak of blues ever heard beneath the blue. Or, if you like this better: "Blue" Marion sat down and jazzed the jazziest streak of jazz ever. Saxophone players since the advent of the "jazz blues" have taken to wearing "jazz collars," neat decollate things that give the throat and windpipe full play, so that the notes that issue from the tubes may not suffer for want of blues – those wonderful blues. Examples in Chicago sources continued with the term reaching other cities by the end of 1916. By 1917 the term was in widespread use. The first known use in New Orleans, discovered by lexicographer Benjamin Zimmer in 2009, appeared in the New Orleans Times-Picayune on November 14, 1916: Theatrical journals have taken cognizance of the "jas bands" and at first these organizations of syncopation were credited with having originated in Chicago, but any one ever having frequented the "tango belt" of New Orleans knows that the real home of the "jas bands" is right here. However, it remains for the artisans of the stage to give formal recognition to the "jas bands" of New Orleans. The day of the "Stage Workers" annual masquerade ball, which is November 23, the stage employes of the city are going to traverse the city led by a genuine and typical "jas band." Just where and when these bands, until this winter known only to New Orleans, originated, is a disputed question. It is claimed they are the outgrowth of the so-called "fish bands" of the lake front camps, Saturday and Sunday night affairs...However, the fact remains that their popularity has already reached Chicago, and that New York probably will be invaded next. But, be that as it may, the fact remains the only and original are to be found here and here alone. The "boys behind the scenes" have named their parade the "Jas parade." It's going to be an automobile affair with the actors and actresses of the various theaters right behind the band. The ball is to be at the Washington Artillery. It is not clear who first applied "jazz" to music. A leading contender is Bert Kelly, a musician and bandleader who was familiar with the California slang term from being a banjoist with Art Hickman's orchestra. Kelly formed Bert Kelly's Jazz Band and claimed in a letter published in Variety on October 2, 1957, that he had begun using "the Far West slang word 'jazz,' as a name for an original dance band" in 1914. Kelly's claim is considered plausible but lacks contemporary verification, although Literary Digest wrote on April 26, 1919 "[t]he phrase 'jazz band' was first used by Bert Kelly in Chicago in the fall of 1915, and was unknown in New Orleans." Trombonist Tom Brown led a New Orleans band in Chicago in 1915 and claimed his group was the first billed as a "jass" band. Slightly later was the Original Dixieland Jass Band or, in some accounts, a predecessor named Stein's Dixie Jass Band, allegedly so named by Chicago cafe manager Harry James. According to a November 1937 article in Song Lyrics, "A dance-crazed couple shouted at the end of a dance, 'Jass it up boy, give us some more jass.' Promoter Harry James immediately grasped this word as the perfect monicker for popularizing the new craze." If the chronology of the Original Dixieland Jass Band is correct, it did not receive the "jass" name until March 3, 1916, which would be too late for it to be the originator. In a 1917 court case concerning song copyright, members of what became the O.D.J.B. testified under oath that the band played in Chicago under the name Stein's Dixie Jass Band. In Volume II of its Supplement (1976) and hence in the 1989 Second Edition, the Oxford English Dictionary provided a 1909 citation for the use of "jazz" on a gramophone record of "Uncle Josh in Society." Researcher David Shulman demonstrated in 1989 that this attestation was an error based on a later version of the recording; the 1909 recording does not use the word "jazz". Editors acknowledged the error, and the revised entry of "jazz" in OED Online changed the date of this quotation with a note about the mistake. But many secondary sources continue to show 1909 as the earliest known example of the word based on the OED's original entry. The Grand Larousse Dictionnaire de la Langue Française and the Über englisches Sprachgut im Französischen cite a 1908 use of jazband, a jazz orchestra, in the Paris newspaper Le Matin. This is a typographical error for 1918. ## Other meanings In an 1831 letter, Lord Palmerston wrote in reference to Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, of "old Talley jazzing and telling stories to Lieven and Esterhazy and Wessenberg." Scholars believe that Palmerston was not using "jazz" in any modern sense but was simply anglicizing French jaser in its standard meaning of chattering or chatting. No other examples of Palmerston's usage exists, thus ruling it out as an origin. ## Other etymological proposals In an August 5, 1917 article from the New York Sun, Walter J. Kingsley claimed that "jaz" has an African origin. "In his studies of the Creole patois and idiom in New Orleans Lafcadio Hearn reported that the word ‘jaz’, meaning to speed things up, to make excitement, was common among the blacks of the South, and had been adopted by the Creoles as a term to be applied to music of a rudimentary syncopated type." But recent searches of the works of Lafcadio Hearn failed to find any mention of the word. Lawrence Gushee argues that Kingsley's quote from Hearn is most likely fraudulent. Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns in Jazz: A History of America's Music (2000) and Hilton Als in the New York Review of Books on March 27, 2003, suggest "jazz" comes from the jasmine perfume that prostitutes wore in the red-light district of New Orleans. This theory derives from the recollections of jazz musician Garvin Bushell as told to Mark Tucker in Jazz from the Beginning (1988). Bushell said that he heard this derivation in the circus where he began working in 1916. It appears to be a false etymology unsupported by evidence. The French brought the perfume industry with them to New Orleans, and the oil of jasmine was a popular ingredient. To add it to a perfume was called "jassing it up." The strong scent was popular in the red-light district where a working girl might approach a prospective customer and say, "Is jazz on your mind tonight, young fellow?" Ward and Burns also suggested "jazz" derives from "jezebel", a nineteenth-century term for prostitute. S. Frederick Starr states the same use of jezebel, rooted in the Old Testament. In New Orleans, the term was changed to "jazzbelle", with pimps or other males called "jazzbeau". DuBose Heyward, author of "Porgy", in his book Jasbo Brown and Selected Poems (1924), states jazz may have taken its name from Jazbo Brown. Kingsley claimed the phrase "jaz her up" was used by plantation slaves and that in common vaudeville usage "jaz her up" or "put in jaz" meant to accelerate or add low comedy, while "jazbo" meant "hokum". Bandleader Art Hickman said "jazz" was named for the effervescent springs at Boyes Springs. He made the claim in the San Francisco Examiner of October 12, 1919 and San Francisco Chronicle of November 9, 1919. ## Word game value Outside of its etymological history, the word jazz is also notable for reportedly being the hardest word to guess in a game of hangman. This is due to the short length of the word, the fact that it only has one vowel, and the fact that the letters J and Z that make up the remaining three-quarters are two of the least used letters in the Latin alphabet.	enwiki/9047195	enwiki	9,047,195	Jazz (word)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_(word)	2025-05-12T18:41:52Z	en	Q17152274	108,148	{{Short description\|Etymology of the term "jazz"}} {{refimprove\|date=November 2018}} [[File:ThatFunnyJasBandFromDixielandCover1916.jpeg \|right\|thumb\|Sheet music cover from 1916; spellings such as "jas", "jass" and "jasz" were seen until 1918.]] The origin of the word '''''jazz''''' is one of the most sought-after [[etymologies]] in modern [[American English]]. Interest in the word – named the [[word of the year\|Word of the Twentieth Century]] by the [[American Dialect Society]] – has resulted in considerable research and the linguistic history is well documented. "Jazz" originated in [[slang]] around 1912 on the [[West Coast of the United States\|West Coast]]. The meaning varied, but the word did not initially refer to music. "Jazz" came to mean [[jazz music]] in [[Chicago]] around 1915. ==Etymology== The similarity of "jazz" to "jasm", an obsolete slang term meaning spirit, energy, and vigor, and dated to 1860 in the Random House ''[[Historical Dictionary of American Slang]]'' (1979), suggests that "jasm" should be considered the leading candidate for the source of "jazz". The word "[[wikt:jasm\|jasm]]" appeared in [[Josiah Gilbert Holland]]’s second novel, ''Miss Gilbert's Career'' (1860), and meant “lively," and was used to describe the "inexpressible personal force of the [[Yankee]]".<ref>The earliest tracing in the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] finds that "jasm" comes from Josiah Gilbert Holland’s 1860 novel, [[iarchive:missgilbertscar02hollgoog\|Miss Gilbert's Career]]: “‘She's just like her mother... Oh! she’s just as full of jasm!’.. ‘Now tell me what jasm is.’.. ‘If you'll take thunder and lightening [sic], and a steamboat and a buzz-saw, and mix 'em up, and put 'em into a woman, that's jasm.’”</ref> A link between the two words is supported by a February 18, 1916 article in the ''[[Daily Californian]]'' which used the spelling "jaz-m", although the context and other articles in the same newspaper from this period show that "jazz" was intended. "Jasm" derives from or is a variant of the slang term "jism" or "gism", which the ''Historical Dictionary of American Slang'' dates to 1842 and defines as "spirit; energy; spunk." "Jism" also means semen or sperm, the meaning that predominates today, making "jism" a [[taboo word]]. Consistent with that etymology, the jazz composer [[Eubie Blake]] (1887-1983), when interviewed by a woman for Yale's [[Oral History of American Music]] project, refused to use the word "jazz" because he thought it was uncouth.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.npr.org/2016/03/19/470879654/the-musical-that-ushered-in-the-jazz-age-gets-its-own-musical \| title=The Musical That Ushered in the Jazz Age Gets Its Own Musical \| website=NPR.org }}</ref> Deepening the nexus among these words is the fact that "spunk" is also a slang term for semen and that "spunk"—like jism/jasm—also means spirit, energy, or courage (for example: "She showed a lot of spunk"). In the 19th and early 20th centuries, however, "jism" was still used in polite contexts. "Jism" or its variant "jizz" (which is not attested in the ''Historical Dictionary of American Slang'' until 1941) has also been suggested as a direct source for "jazz". A direct derivation from "jism" is phonologically unlikely. "Jasm" itself would be, according to this assumption, the intermediary form. Compare the analogous relationship between the slang terms "spasm" 'a sudden burst of energy', as in ''[[spasm band]]'', and "spaz(z)". Herbert Asbury names the "[[Razzy Dazzy Spasm Band (jazz)\|Razzy Dazzy Spasm Band]]", which appeared about 1895, as the first jazz band; he relates that a band of professional musicians who imitated their style and originally appeared, about 1900, under the same name, was, after the original Spasm Band turned up, billed as "Razzy Dazzy Jazzy Band".<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Gold \|first1=David L. \|editor1-last=Rodríguez González\|editor1-first=Félix\|editor2-last=Lillo Buades\|editor2-first=Antonio\|title=Studies in Etymology and Etiology: With Emphasis on Germanic, Jewish, Romance and Slavic Languages \|date=2009\|publisher=Universidad de Alicante\|location=Alicante, Spain\|isbn=9788479085179\|page=155\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l015C5vm1XkC&pg=PA155 }}</ref> One source draws from the 1936 book ''The French Quarter'' by Herbert Asbury for the claim that there was a band in New Orleans in 1895 named the "Razzy Dazzy Spasm Band". This source also claims a connection to the French verb ''jaser'', meaning to chatter, and that "to jass" was heard in New Orleans to mean 'to excite' or 'to pep up'.<ref name="Gold2009">{{cite book \|last=Gold \|first=David L. \|title=Studies in Etymology and Etiology: With Emphasis on Germanic, Jewish, Romance and Slavic Languages \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l015C5vm1XkC&pg=PA155 \|access-date=23 November 2018 \|year=2009 \|publisher=Universidad de Alicante \|isbn=978-84-7908-517-9\|pages=155–}}</ref> ==Baseball use== Baseball references were used by E.T. "Scoop" Gleeson in the ''San Francisco Bulletin''.<ref name="Nicholson" /> Dick Holbrook and [[Peter Tamony]] found articles written in [[Boyes Hot Springs, California\|Boyes Springs]], California, where the [[San Francisco Seals (baseball)\|San Francisco Seals]] baseball team was in training. In an article from March 3, 1913, "jazz" is synonymous with nonsense. George Clifford McCarl had been called a "busher", as in "bush league", meaning minor league or second rate. But Gleeson writes, on the contrary, "this dope is very much to the 'jazz'." Other uses occurred in "Everybody has come back to the old town full of the old 'jazz' and they promise to knock the fans off their feet with their playing." "What is the 'jazz'? Why, it's a little of that 'old life', the 'gin-i-ker', the 'pep', otherwise known as the enthusiasm". The article says that "members have trained on ragtime and 'jazz' and manager Del Howard says there's no stopping them." The context of the article shows that a musical meaning of "jazz" is not intended; rather, ragtime and "jazz" were both used as markers of ebullient spirit. On April 5, 1913, the ''Bulletin'' published an article by Ernest J. Hopkins entitled "In Praise of 'Jazz,' a Futurist Word Which Has Just Joined the Language."<ref name="Nicholson" /><ref name="Sudhalter" /> The article, which used the spellings "jaz" and "jazz" interchangeably, discussed the term at length and included a positive definition. <blockquote> "Jazz" (We change the spelling each time so as not to offend either faction) can be defined, but it cannot be synonymized. If there were another word that exactly expressed the meaning of "jaz," "jazz" would never have been born. A new word, like a new muscle, only comes into being when it has long been needed...This remarkable and satisfactory-sounding word, however, means something like life, vigor, energy, effervescence of spirit, joy, pep, magnetism, verve, virility ebulliency, courage, happiness – oh, what's the use? – Jazz. </blockquote> In 2003, ''The Los Angeles Times'' reported on a librarian at New York University who said he found the word "jazz" used in a sports article from ''The New York Times'' of April 2, 1912. Under the headline "Ben's Jazz Curve" the article quotes baseball player Ben Henderson telling a reporter that he called his curve ball "the Jazz ball because it wobbles and you simply can't do anything with it."<ref name="George">{{cite web \|last1=George \|first1=Lynell \|title=Origins of 'jazz' thrown a curve ball \|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-aug-24-ca-brag24-story.html \|website=Los Angeles Times \|access-date=24 November 2018 \|date=24 August 2003}}</ref><ref name="Nicholson">{{cite book\|last=Nicholson\|first=Stuart \|title=Jazz and Culture in a Global Age\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGC0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163\|access-date=23 November 2018\|date=3 June 2014\|publisher=Northeastern University Press\|isbn=978-1-55553-844-6\|pages=163–}}</ref> "Jazz" in the sense of pep and enthusiasm continued in use in California for several years before being submerged by its musical meaning. [[Barry Popik]] found examples from the ''[[Daily Californian]]'' and the ''Daily Palo Alto'' showing that "jazz" was a slang term at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1915 to 1917 and Stanford University from 1916 to 1918. ==Application to music== Dick Holbrook published his findings in ''Storyville'' magazine. These included [[William Demarest]], an actor, saying he heard the word in 1908 as a young musician in San Francisco when the band was encouraged to play more energetically.<ref name="Sudhalter">{{cite book \|last1=Sudhalter \|first1=Richard M. \|title=Lost Chords \|year=2001 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=0-19-514838-X \|pages=8–9}}</ref> Clarinetist Bud Jacobson said the word was used in Chicago to promote the Art Arseth band at the Arsonia Cafe in 1914.<ref name="Sudhalter" /> [[Fred R. Shapiro]], editor of the ''[[Yale Book of Quotations]]'', found it applied to music in the ''[[Chicago Tribune\|Chicago Daily Tribune]]'' of July 11, 1915. <blockquote> Blues Is Jazz and Jazz Is Blues...The Worm had turned – turned to fox trotting. And the "blues" had done it. The "jazz" had put pep into the legs that had scrambled too long for the 5:15....At the next place a young woman was keeping "Der Wacht Am Rhein" and "Tipperary Mary" apart when the interrogator entered. "What are the blues?" he asked gently. "Jazz!" The young woman's voice rose high to drown the piano....The blues are never written into music, but are interpolated by the piano player or other players. They aren't new. They are just reborn into popularity. They started in the south half a century ago and are the interpolations of darkies originally. The trade name for them is "jazz"....Thereupon "Jazz" Marion sat down and showed the bluest streak of blues ever heard beneath the blue. Or, if you like this better: "Blue" Marion sat down and jazzed the jazziest streak of jazz ever. Saxophone players since the advent of the "jazz blues" have taken to wearing "jazz collars," neat decollate things that give the throat and windpipe full play, so that the notes that issue from the tubes may not suffer for want of blues – those wonderful blues. </blockquote> Examples in Chicago sources continued with the term reaching other cities by the end of 1916. By 1917 the term was in widespread use. The first known use in New Orleans, discovered by lexicographer [[Benjamin Zimmer]] in 2009, appeared in the New Orleans ''[[Times-Picayune]]'' on November 14, 1916:<ref>{{cite web \| author=Benjamin Zimmer \| author-link=Benjamin Zimmer \| title="Jazz": A Tale of Three Cities \| url=http://www.visualthesaurus.com/cm/wordroutes/1876/ \| work=Word Routes \| publisher=The Visual Thesaurus \| date=2009-06-08 \| access-date=2009-06-08}}</ref> <blockquote> Theatrical journals have taken cognizance of the "jas bands" and at first these organizations of syncopation were credited with having originated in Chicago, but any one ever having frequented the "tango belt" of New Orleans knows that the real home of the "jas bands" is right here. However, it remains for the artisans of the stage to give formal recognition to the "jas bands" of New Orleans. The day of the "Stage Workers" annual masquerade ball, which is November 23, the stage employes of the city are going to traverse the city led by a genuine and typical "jas band." Just where and when these bands, until this winter known only to New Orleans, originated, is a disputed question. It is claimed they are the outgrowth of the so-called "fish bands" of the lake front camps, Saturday and Sunday night affairs...However, the fact remains that their popularity has already reached Chicago, and that New York probably will be invaded next. But, be that as it may, the fact remains the only and original are to be found here and here alone. The "boys behind the scenes" have named their parade the "Jas parade." It's going to be an automobile affair with the actors and actresses of the various theaters right behind the band. The ball is to be at the Washington Artillery. </blockquote> It is not clear who first applied "jazz" to music. A leading contender is [[Bert Kelly (jazz musician)\|Bert Kelly]], a musician and bandleader who was familiar with the California slang term from being a banjoist with [[Art Hickman]]'s orchestra. Kelly formed Bert Kelly's Jazz Band and claimed in a letter published in ''[[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]'' on October 2, 1957, that he had begun using "the Far West slang word 'jazz,' as a name for an original dance band" in 1914. Kelly's claim is considered plausible but lacks contemporary verification, although ''[[Literary Digest]]'' wrote on April 26, 1919 "[t]he phrase 'jazz band' was first used by Bert Kelly in Chicago in the fall of 1915, and was unknown in New Orleans." Trombonist [[Tom Brown (trombonist)\|Tom Brown]] led a New Orleans band in Chicago in 1915 and claimed his group was the first billed as a "jass" band. Slightly later was the [[Original Dixieland Jass Band]] or, in some accounts, a predecessor named Stein's Dixie Jass Band, allegedly so named by Chicago cafe manager Harry James. According to a November 1937 article in ''[[Song Lyrics]]'', "A dance-crazed couple shouted at the end of a dance, 'Jass it up boy, give us some more jass.' Promoter Harry James immediately grasped this word as the perfect [[monicker]] for popularizing the new craze." If the chronology of the Original Dixieland Jass Band is correct, it did not receive the "jass" name until March 3, 1916, which would be too late for it to be the originator. In a 1917 court case concerning song copyright, members of what became the O.D.J.B. testified under oath that the band played in Chicago under the name Stein's Dixie Jass Band. In Volume II of its ''Supplement'' (1976) and hence in the 1989 Second Edition, the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' provided a 1909 citation for the use of "jazz" on a gramophone record of "Uncle Josh in Society." Researcher [[David Shulman]] demonstrated in 1989 that this attestation was an error based on a later version of the recording; the 1909 recording does not use the word "jazz". Editors acknowledged the error, and the revised entry of "jazz" in OED Online changed the date of this quotation with a note about the mistake. But many secondary sources continue to show 1909 as the earliest known example of the word based on the OED's original entry. The ''[[Grand Larousse Dictionnaire de la Langue Française]]'' and the ''Über englisches Sprachgut im Französischen'' cite a 1908 use of ''jazband'', a jazz orchestra, in the Paris newspaper ''[[Le Matin (France)\|Le Matin]]''. This is a typographical error for 1918. ==Other meanings== In an 1831 letter, [[Lord Palmerston]] wrote in reference to [[Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord]], of "old Talley jazzing and telling stories to Lieven and Esterhazy and Wessenberg." Scholars believe that Palmerston was not using "jazz" in any modern sense but was simply anglicizing French ''jaser'' in its standard meaning of chattering or chatting. No other examples of Palmerston's usage exists, thus ruling it out as an origin. ==Other etymological proposals== In an August 5, 1917 article from the ''[[New York Sun]]'', Walter J. Kingsley claimed that "jaz" has an African origin. "In his studies of the Creole patois and idiom in New Orleans Lafcadio Hearn reported that the word ‘jaz’, meaning to speed things up, to make excitement, was common among the blacks of the South, and had been adopted by the Creoles as a term to be applied to music of a rudimentary syncopated type." But recent searches of the works of [[Lafcadio Hearn]] failed to find any mention of the word. [[Lawrence Gushee]] argues that Kingsley's quote from Hearn is most likely fraudulent.<ref name="Gushee">{{cite journal \|last1=Gushee \|first1=Lawrence \|title=The Nineteenth-Century Origins of Jazz \|journal=Black Music Research Journal \|date=Spring 1994 \|volume=14 \|issue=1 \|pages=1–24 \|series=Selected Papers from the 1993 National Conference on Black Music Research\|doi=10.2307/779456 \|jstor=779456 }}</ref> [[Geoffrey C. Ward]] and [[Ken Burns]] in ''Jazz: A History of America's Music'' (2000) and [[Hilton Als]] in the ''[[New York Review of Books]]'' on March 27, 2003, suggest "jazz" comes from the jasmine perfume that prostitutes wore in the red-light district of New Orleans. This theory derives from the recollections of jazz musician [[Garvin Bushell]] as told to Mark Tucker in ''Jazz from the Beginning'' (1988). Bushell said that he heard this derivation in the circus where he began working in 1916. It appears to be a [[false etymology]] unsupported by evidence.{{citation needed\|date=January 2019}} The French brought the perfume industry with them to New Orleans, and the oil of jasmine was a popular ingredient. To add it to a perfume was called "jassing it up." The strong scent was popular in the red-light district where a working girl might approach a prospective customer and say, "Is jazz on your mind tonight, young fellow?"<ref name="north">{{cite web \|title=The Word "Jazz": Excerpted from Jazz Anecdotes by Bill Crow, Oxford University Press, 1990 \|url=http://40north.org/jazzthreads/jazzyarns/thewordjazz.html \|website=40north.org \|access-date=24 November 2018 \|archive-date=5 April 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405024759/http://40north.org/jazzthreads/jazzyarns/thewordjazz.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref> Ward and Burns also suggested "jazz" derives from "jezebel", a nineteenth-century term for{{Citation needed\|date=December 2023}} prostitute. S. Frederick Starr states the same use of jezebel, rooted in the Old Testament. In New Orleans, the term was changed{{when?\|date=December 2023}} to "jazzbelle", with pimps or other males called "jazzbeau".<ref name="Sudhalter" /> [[DuBose Heyward]], author of "[[Porgy (novel)\|Porgy]]", in his book ''Jasbo Brown and Selected Poems'' (1924), states jazz may have taken its name from [[Jazbo Brown]]. Kingsley claimed the phrase "jaz her up" was used by plantation slaves and that in common vaudeville usage "jaz her up" or "put in jaz" meant to accelerate or add low comedy, while "jazbo" meant "hokum".<ref name="O'Meally">{{cite book \|last1=O'Meally \|first1=Robert G. \|title=The Jazz Cadence of American Culture \|date=1998 \|publisher=Columbia University Press \|location=New York \|isbn=0-231-10449-9 \|url-access=registration \|url=https://archive.org/details/jazzcadenceofame0000unse }}</ref> Bandleader [[Art Hickman]] said "jazz" was named for the effervescent springs at [[Boyes Hot Springs, California\|Boyes Springs]]. He made the claim in the ''[[San Francisco Examiner]]'' of October 12, 1919 and ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' of November 9, 1919. ==Word game value== Outside of its etymological history, the word ''jazz'' is also notable for reportedly being the hardest word to guess in a game of [[Hangman (game)\|hangman]].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2010-09-02 \|title=The Hardest Word to Guess in Hangman \|url=https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/25660/hardest-word-guess-hangman \|access-date=2023-06-20 \|website=Mental Floss \|language=en-US}}</ref> This is due to the short length of the word, the fact that it only has one [[vowel]], and the fact that the letters ''[[J]]'' and ''[[Z]]'' that make up the remaining three-quarters are [[Letter frequency\|two of the least used letters in the Latin alphabet]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Specktor \|first=Brandon \|date=2019-04-25 \|title=Here Is the Hardest Word to Guess in Hangman, According to Science \|url=https://www.rd.com/article/hardest-word-guess-hangman/ \|access-date=2023-06-20 \|website=Reader's Digest \|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==Sources== Gerald Cohen, "''Jazz'' Revisited: On the Origin of the Term – Draft #3," ''Comments on Etymology'', Vol. 35, Nos. 1–2 (Oct.–Nov. 2005). J.E. Lighter, ed., ''[[Historical Dictionary of American Slang]]'', Vol. 2, H–O (1997), New York: Random House. {{jazzfooter\|state=collapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jazz (Word)}} [[Category:Jazz culture]] [[Category:Slang]] [[Category:Etymologies]] [[Category:1920s slang]] [[Category:English words]]	1,290,084,488	[]	false
# Temptation Island India Temptation Island India: Pyaar Ki Pariksha (transl. Temptation Island India: Test of Love) is an Indian reality dating game show based on Temptation Island premiered on JioCinema. Produced by Deepak Dhar under Banijay Asia, the series is filmed in Alibaug, Maharashtra and is hosted by Karan Kundrra and Mouni Roy. In the show, several couples agree to live with a group of singles of the opposite sex, in order to test the strength of their relationships. ## Series overview \| Series \| Episodes \| Episodes \| Originally released \| Originally released \| \| Series \| Episodes \| Episodes \| First released \| Last released \| \| ------ \| -------- \| -------- \| ------------------- \| ------------------- \| \| 1 \| 42 \| 42 \| 3 November 2023 \| 14 December 2023 \| ## Contestants ### Season 1 \| # \| Couple \| Age \| Occupation \| Hometown \| Dating \| Status \| Notes \| \| - \| ------------------ \| --- \| ------------------- \| ------------ \| -------- \| ---------------------------- \| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| 1 \| Chetna Pande \| 33 \| Actress \| Nainital \| 3 years \| In a relationship after show \| Left the island alone. \| \| 1 \| Nishank Swami \| 37 \| Director \| Mumbai \| 3 years \| In a relationship after show \| Chetna declined; Left the island alone. \| \| 2 \| Nidhi Kumar \| 28 \| Dancer \| Dubai \| 2 years \| In a Relationship \| Left the island together. \| \| 2 \| Mohak Malhotra \| 34 \| Businessman \| London \| 2 years \| In a Relationship \| Left the island together. \| \| 3 \| Nikita Bhamidipati \| 22 \| Reality Show Alumni \| Mumbai \| 4 months \| Split \| They ended their relationship mid-journey. Hence, In episode 25, during special bonefire they had to leave the island. \| \| 3 \| Tayne Devilliers \| 22 \| Boxer \| South Africa \| 4 months \| Split \| They ended their relationship mid-journey. Hence, In episode 25, during special bonefire they had to leave the island. \| \| 4 \| Cheshta Bhagat \| 33 \| Actress \| Delhi \| 11 years \| Split \| Left the island with Nikhil. \| \| 4 \| Arjun Aneja \| 36 \| Actor \| Gurgaon \| 11 years \| Split \| Cheshta declined; Left the island alone. \| \| * \| Gargee Nandy \| 26 \| Model \| Shillong \| 11 years \| Split \| Left the island alone. \| \| * \| Ronak Gupta \| 29 \| Businessman \| Shillong \| 11 years \| Split \| Gargee declined; Left the island alone. \| \| # \| Tempter \| Tempter \| Age \| Occupation \| Hometown \| Status \| \| - \| ------- \| ---------------------- \| --- \| ----------------------- \| ---------- \| --------------------------------- \| \| 1 \| \| Satyam Tyagi \| 26 \| Lawyer \| Delhi \| Eliminated (Episode 14) \| \| 2 \| \| Aryan Arora \| 25 \| Actor \| Mumbai \| Eliminated (Episode 39) \| \| 3 \| \| Faiz Baloch \| 25 \| Social Media Influencer \| Mumbai \| Eliminated (Episode 39) \| \| 4 \| \| Samadh Choudhary \| 30 \| Sales Professional \| Jammu \| Eliminated In Finale (Episode 41) \| \| 5 \| \| Zen Sajnani \| 22 \| Software Engineer \| Mumbai \| Eliminated (Episode 39) \| \| 6 \| \| Vaibhav "Jimmy" Gandhi \| 23 \| Content Creator \| Gurgaon \| Eliminated (Episode 39) \| \| 7 \| \| Nikhil Mehta \| 32 \| Music Producer / DJ \| Chandigarh \| Left the island with Cheshta. \| \| 8 \| \| Jad Hadid \| 37 \| Model \| Dubai \| Eliminated (Episode 39) \| \| * \| \| Akshay Bindra \| 35 \| Fitness Trainer \| Delhi \| Eliminated In Finale (Episode 42) \| \| # \| Temptress \| Temptress \| Age \| Occupation \| Hometown \| Status \| \| - \| --------- \| ------------------- \| --- \| ----------------------- \| -------- \| --------------------------------- \| \| 1 \| \| Rajvi Brahmbhatt \| 21 \| Model \| Surat \| Eliminated (Episode 40) \| \| 2 \| \| Shraddha Tiwari \| 24 \| Flight Attendant \| Bilaspur \| Eliminated In Finale (Episode 42) \| \| 3 \| \| Navisha Raj Kashyap \| 25 \| Model \| Kolhapur \| Eliminated In Finale (Episode 41) \| \| 4 \| \| Urvi Shetty \| 28 \| Model \| Mumbai \| Eliminated In Finale (Episode 41) \| \| 5 \| \| Shagun Daggar \| 21 \| Beauty Pageant \| Indore \| Eliminated (Episode 21) \| \| 6 \| \| Mahima Seth \| 23 \| Content Creator \| Delhi \| Eliminated (Episode 40) \| \| 7 \| \| Neha Anand \| 32 \| Commercial Pilot \| Mumbai \| Eliminated (Episode 40) \| \| 8 \| \| Ruma Sharma \| 28 \| Social Media Influencer \| Delhi \| Eliminated (Episode 40) \| ## Production ### Broadcast Viewers had access to 24×7 live footage at The Temptation Channel & to chats of some contestants at Temptation Island India: Leaked Chats on JioCinema along with daily episodes. ### Casting In July 2021, Kangana Ranaut was in talks to host the series. In September 2023, Akash Choudhary was approached to participate in the series, but he declined. In October 2023, Mouni Roy and Karan Kundrra joined as host. In few episodes, Abhishek Malhan entered the villa to interact with contestants. Elvish Yadav also entered the villa to interact with contestants. ### Development In December 2022, it was reported that Banijay Asia was planning to launch the Indian adaption. In March 2023, Deepak Dhar stated that the development of the series was in its early stages. In July 2023, Banijay Asia confirmed production of the series. The series was announced by JioCinema on 6 October 2023. ## Reception Satish Sundaresan of OTT Play called the first episode "not at all worth the hype which had been built about the show since many days." He also wrote that the show "seems to be heavily inspired by MTV Splitsvilla."	enwiki/75001258	enwiki	75,001,258	Temptation Island India	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temptation_Island_India	2025-06-03T05:11:26Z	en	Q122968222	85,177	{{short description\|Indian dating reality television series}} {{Use Indian English\|date=October 2023}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=November 2023}} {{Infobox television \| image = Temptation Island India.jpg \| caption = \| alt_name = \| genre = {{ubl\|[[Reality television\|Reality]]\|[[Dating game show]]}} \| creator = \| developer = \| writer = \| director = \| creative_director = \| presenter = {{ubl\|[[Karan Kundrra]]\|[[Mouni Roy]]}} \| starring = \| judges = \| voices = \| narrated = \| theme_music_composer = \| opentheme = \| endtheme = \| composer = \| country = India \| language = Hindi \| num_seasons = 1 \| num_episodes = 42 \| list_episodes = \| executive_producer = \| producer = Deepak Dhar \| editor = \| location = Alibaug \| cinematography = \| camera = \| runtime = 60 minutes \| company = [[Banijay\|Banijay Asia]] \| channel = [[JioCinema]] \| first_aired = {{Start date\|df=yes\|2023\|11\|03}} \| last_aired = {{End date\|df=yes\|2023\|12\|14}} \| related = }} '''''Temptation Island India: Pyaar Ki Pariksha''''' ({{Translation\|Temptation Island India: Test of Love}}) is an Indian [[Reality television\|reality]] [[dating game show]] based on ''[[Temptation Island (TV series)\|Temptation Island]]'' premiered on [[JioCinema]].<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/temptation-island-india-release-date-when-where-to-watch-mouni-roys-reality-show/cb30d574dd812 \| title=Temptation Island India release date: When, where to watch Mouni Roy's reality show \| archive-date=5 November 2023 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105193556/https://www.ottplay.com/news/temptation-island-india-release-date-when-where-to-watch-mouni-roys-reality-show/cb30d574dd812 \| url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/dating-reality-show-temptation-island-to-get-an-indian-adaptation-details-2445535-2023-10-06 \| title=Dating reality show 'Temptation Island' to get an Indian adaptation. Details \| archive-date=7 October 2023 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007000729/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/dating-reality-show-temptation-island-to-get-an-indian-adaptation-details-2445535-2023-10-06 \| url-status=live }}</ref> Produced by Deepak Dhar under [[Banijay\|Banijay Asia]], the series is filmed in [[Alibag\|Alibaug]], [[Maharashtra]] and is hosted by [[Karan Kundrra]] and [[Mouni Roy]].<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/karan-kundrra-to-host-indian-adaptation-of-temptation-island-calls-it-a-thrilling-journey-8633258.html \| title=Karan Kundrra to Host Indian Adaptation of Temptation Island, Calls It a 'Thrilling Journey' \| date=25 October 2023 \| archive-date=25 October 2023 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025121251/https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/karan-kundrra-to-host-indian-adaptation-of-temptation-island-calls-it-a-thrilling-journey-8633258.html \| url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/mouni-roy-roped-in-to-host-indian-adaptation-of-temptation-island-report-2450112-2023-10-17 \| title=Mouni Roy roped in to host Indian adaptation of 'Temptation Island'. Report \| archive-date=23 October 2023 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023172046/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/mouni-roy-roped-in-to-host-indian-adaptation-of-temptation-island-report-2450112-2023-10-17 \| url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/indian-adaptation-of-global-reality-series-temptation-island-in-the-making-8970926/ \| title=Indian adaptation of global reality series Temptation Island in the making \| date=6 October 2023 \| archive-date=7 October 2023 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007211015/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/indian-adaptation-of-global-reality-series-temptation-island-in-the-making-8970926/ \| url-status=live }}</ref> In the show, several couples agree to live with a group of singles of the opposite sex, in order to test the strength of their relationships. == Series overview == {{Series overview \| color1 = #87CEFA \| link1 = Temptation Island India (season 1) \| episodes1 = 42 \| start1 = {{Start date\|df=yes\|2023\|11\|03}} \| end1 = {{Start date\|df=yes\|2023\|12\|14}} }} == Contestants == ===Season 1=== {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; font-size: 90%; width:100%;" \|- ! scope="col" \| # ! scope="col" \|Couple ! scope="col" \| Age ! scope="col" \| Occupation ! scope="col" \| Hometown ! scope="col" \| Dating ! scope="col" \| Status ! scope="col" \| Notes \|- \|- ! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2"\| 1 \|[[Chetna Pande]] \|33 \| Actress \| [[Nainital]] \| rowspan="2" \| 3 years \| rowspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" \| ''In a relationship after show'' \| Left the island alone. \|- \|Nishank Swami \|37 \| Director \| [[Mumbai]] \| Chetna declined; Left the island alone. \|- ! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2"\| 2 \|Nidhi Kumar \|28 \| Dancer \| [[Dubai]] \| rowspan="2" \| 2 years \| rowspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" \| ''In a Relationship'' \| rowspan="2" style="background:gold;" \| Left the island together. \|- \| Mohak Malhotra \|34 \| Businessman \| [[London]] \|- ! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2"\| 3 \| Nikita Bhamidipati \|22 \| Reality Show Alumni \| [[Mumbai]] \| rowspan="2" \| {{nowrap\|4 months}} \| rowspan="2" style="background:lightpink;"\| ''Split'' \| rowspan="2" \| {{nowrap\|They ended their relationship mid-journey.}} Hence, In episode 25, during special bonefire they had to leave the island. \|- \|Tayne Devilliers \|22 \| Boxer \| [[South Africa]] \|- ! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2"\| 4 \| Cheshta Bhagat \|33 \| Actress \| [[Delhi]] \| rowspan="2" \| 11 years \| rowspan="2" style="background:lightpink;" \|''Split'' \| Left the island with Nikhil. \|- \|Arjun Aneja \|36 \| Actor \| [[Gurgaon ]] \| Cheshta declined; Left the island alone. \|- ! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2"\| * \|Gargee Nandy \|26 \|Model \|[[Shillong]] \| rowspan="2" \|11 years \| rowspan="2" style="background:lightpink;" \|''Split'' \| Left the island alone. \|- \|Ronak Gupta \|29 \|Businessman \|[[Shillong]] \| Gargee declined; Left the island alone. \|- \|} {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; font-size: 90%; width:100%;" \|- ! scope="col" \| # ! colspan="2" \|Tempter ! scope="col" \| Age ! scope="col" \| Occupation ! scope="col" \| Hometown ! scope="col" \| Status \|- \|- ! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"\| 1 \| bgcolor="cyan" \| \|Satyam Tyagi \| 26 \| Lawyer \| [[Delhi]] \| style="background:salmon;" \| Eliminated <br>''{{nowrap\|(Episode 14)}}'' \|- ! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"\| 2 \| bgcolor="cyan" \| \|Aryan Arora \| 25 \| Actor \| [[Mumbai]] \| style="background:salmon;" \| Eliminated <br>''{{nowrap\|(Episode 39)}}'' \|- ! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"\| 3 \| bgcolor="cyan" \| \|Faiz Baloch \| 25 \| Social Media Influencer \| [[Mumbai]] \| style="background:salmon;" \| Eliminated <br>''{{nowrap\|(Episode 39)}}'' \|- ! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"\| 4 \| bgcolor="cyan" \| \|Samadh Choudhary \| 30 \| Sales Professional \| [[Jammu]] \| style="background:salmon;" \| Eliminated In Finale <br>''{{nowrap\|(Episode 41)}}'' \|- ! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"\| 5 \| bgcolor="cyan" \| \|Zen Sajnani \| 22 \| Software Engineer \| [[Mumbai]] \| style="background:salmon;" \| Eliminated <br>''{{nowrap\|(Episode 39)}}'' \|- ! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"\| 6 \| bgcolor="cyan" \| \|Vaibhav "Jimmy" Gandhi \| 23 \| Content Creator \| [[Gurgaon]] \| style="background:salmon;" \| Eliminated <br>''{{nowrap\|(Episode 39)}}'' \|- ! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"\| 7 \| bgcolor="cyan" \| \|Nikhil Mehta \| 32 \| Music Producer / DJ \| [[Chandigarh]] \| style="background:gold;" \| {{Nowrap\|Left the island with Cheshta.}} \|- ! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"\| 8 \| bgcolor="cyan" \| \|Jad Hadid \|37 \| Model \| [[Dubai]] \| style="background:salmon;" \| Eliminated <br>''{{nowrap\|(Episode 39)}}'' \|- ! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"\| * \|Bgcolor=cyan\| \|Akshay Bindra \|35 \|Fitness Trainer \|[[Delhi]] \| style="background:salmon;" \| Eliminated In Finale <br>''{{nowrap\|(Episode 42)}}'' \|- \|} {\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; font-size: 90%; width:100%;" \|- ! scope="col" \| # ! colspan="2" \|Temptress ! scope="col" \| Age ! scope="col" \| Occupation ! scope="col" \| Hometown ! scope="col" \| Status \|- \|- ! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"\| 1 \| bgcolor="#FFC0CB" \| \|Rajvi Brahmbhatt \| 21 \| Model \| [[Surat]] \| style="background:salmon;" \| Eliminated <br>''{{nowrap\|(Episode 40)}}'' \|- ! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"\| 2 \| bgcolor="#FFC0CB" \| \|Shraddha Tiwari \| 24 \| Flight Attendant \| [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh\|Bilaspur]] \| style="background:salmon;" \| {{Nowrap\|Eliminated In Finale}} <br>''{{nowrap\|(Episode 42)}}'' \|- ! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"\| 3 \| bgcolor="#FFC0CB" \| \|Navisha Raj Kashyap \| 25 \| Model \| [[Kolhapur]] \| style="background:salmon;" \| Eliminated In Finale <br>''{{nowrap\|(Episode 41)}}'' \|- ! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"\| 4 \| bgcolor="#FFC0CB" \| \|Urvi Shetty \| 28 \| Model \| [[Mumbai]] \| style="background:salmon;" \| Eliminated In Finale <br>''{{nowrap\|(Episode 41)}}'' \|- ! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"\| 5 \| bgcolor="#FFC0CB" \| \|Shagun Daggar \| 21 \| Beauty Pageant \| [[Indore]] \| style="background:salmon;" \| Eliminated <br>''{{nowrap\|(Episode 21)}}'' \|- ! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"\| 6 \| bgcolor="#FFC0CB" \| \|Mahima Seth \| 23 \| Content Creator \| [[Delhi]] \| style="background:salmon;" \| Eliminated <br>''{{nowrap\|(Episode 40)}}'' \|- ! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"\| 7 \| bgcolor="#FFC0CB" \| \|Neha Anand \| 32 \| Commercial Pilot \| [[Mumbai]] \| style="background:salmon;" \| Eliminated <br>''{{nowrap\|(Episode 40)}}'' \|- ! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"\| 8 \| bgcolor="#FFC0CB" \| \|Ruma Sharma \| 28 \| Social Media Influencer \| [[Delhi]] \| style="background:salmon;" \| Eliminated <br>''{{nowrap\|(Episode 40)}}'' \|- \|} == Production == ===Broadcast=== Viewers had access to 24×7 live footage at ''The Temptation Channel'' & to chats of some contestants at ''Temptation Island India: Leaked Chats'' on [[JioCinema]] along with daily episodes. === Casting === In July 2021, [[Kangana Ranaut]] was in talks to host the series.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/kangana-ranaut-to-make-ott-debut-indian-adaptation-of-temptation-island-7404124/ \| title=Kangana Ranaut to make OTT debut with the Indian adaptation of Temptation Island \| date=14 July 2021 \| archive-date=8 October 2023 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008155944/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/kangana-ranaut-to-make-ott-debut-indian-adaptation-of-temptation-island-7404124/ \| url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2023, Akash Choudhary was approached to participate in the series, but he declined.<ref>{{cite news \| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/akash-choudhary-declines-temptation-island-offer-im-seeing-someone-and-it-would-be-very-disrespectful-exclusive/articleshow/103305377.cms \| title=Akash Choudhary declines Temptation Island offer: I'm seeing someone and it would be very disrespectful (Exclusive) \| newspaper=The Times of India \| date=2 September 2023 \| archive-date=8 October 2023 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008154319/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/akash-choudhary-declines-temptation-island-offer-im-seeing-someone-and-it-would-be-very-disrespectful-exclusive/articleshow/103305377.cms \| url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2023, [[Mouni Roy]] and [[Karan Kundrra]] joined as host.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/jiocinema-confirms-mouni-roy-as-host-of-indian-adaptation-of-temptation-island/cid/1974746 \| title=JioCinema confirms Mouni Roy as host of Indian adaptation of Temptation Island \| archive-date=22 October 2023 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022164714/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/jiocinema-confirms-mouni-roy-as-host-of-indian-adaptation-of-temptation-island/cid/1974746 \| url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/temptation-island-india-karan-kundrra-joins-mouni-roy-as-the-host-of-the-jiocinema-reality-show/34e969f744642 \| title=Temptation Island India: Karan Kundrra joins Mouni Roy as the host of the JioCinema reality show \| archive-date=25 October 2023 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025104148/https://www.ottplay.com/news/temptation-island-india-karan-kundrra-joins-mouni-roy-as-the-host-of-the-jiocinema-reality-show/34e969f744642 \| url-status=live }}</ref> In few episodes, Abhishek Malhan entered the villa to interact with contestants.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web \|date=2023-11-02 \|title='Bigg Boss OTT 2' fame Abhishek Malhan to enter 'Temptation Island India' \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-ott-2-fame-abhishek-malhan-to-enter-temptation-island-india-101698911490897.html \|website=Hindustan Times \|language=en \|archive-date=8 November 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108124144/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-ott-2-fame-abhishek-malhan-to-enter-temptation-island-india-101698911490897.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> [[Elvish Yadav]] also entered the villa to interact with contestants.{{fact\|date=December 2023}} === Development === In December 2022, it was reported that [[Banijay\|Banijay Asia]] was planning to launch the Indian adaption.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://variety.com/2022/global/asia/banijay-asia-indian-adaptation-house-suits-1235453828/ \| title=Banijay Asia Sets Indian Adaptations of 'House,' 'Suits,' India to be Hub for Pan-Asian Content \| date=8 December 2022 \| archive-date=3 February 2023 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203111808/https://variety.com/2022/global/asia/banijay-asia-indian-adaptation-house-suits-1235453828/ \| url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2023, Deepak Dhar stated that the development of the series was in its early stages.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://deadline.com/2023/03/banijay-asia-deepak-dhar-the-night-manager-suits-the-good-wife-1235270065/ \| title=Banijay Asia CEO Deepak Dhar on 'The Night Manager', Remaking 'Suits' and 'The Good Wife', and Making India a Regional Production Hub \| date=March 2023 \| archive-date=8 October 2023 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008154318/https://deadline.com/2023/03/banijay-asia-deepak-dhar-the-night-manager-suits-the-good-wife-1235270065/ \| url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2023, [[Banijay\|Banijay Asia]] confirmed production of the series.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/asia/survivor-temptation-island-india-production-hub-banijay-asia-1235670300/ \| title='Survivor,' 'Temptation Island' Set India as International Production Hub as Banijay Takes Full Ownership of Endemol Shine India (EXCLUSIVE) \| date=17 July 2023 \| archive-date=8 October 2023 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008154318/https://variety.com/2023/tv/asia/survivor-temptation-island-india-production-hub-banijay-asia-1235670300/ \| url-status=live }}</ref> The series was announced by [[JioCinema]] on 6 October 2023.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/temptation-island-jiocinema-india-reality-dating-format-1235564703/ \| title='Temptation Island': JioCinema Emerges as Indian Buyer of Reality Dating Format \| date=5 October 2023 \| archive-date=8 October 2023 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008154319/https://deadline.com/2023/10/temptation-island-jiocinema-india-reality-dating-format-1235564703/ \| url-status=live }}</ref> ==Reception== Satish Sundaresan of [[OTT Play]] called the first episode "not at all worth the hype which had been built about the show since many days." He also wrote that the show "seems to be heavily inspired by [[MTV Splitsvilla]]."<ref>{{cite web \|last=Sundaresan \|first=Satish \|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/temptation-island-india-review-karan-kundrra-mouni-roy-hosted-show-seems-inspired-by-mtv-splitsvilla/6776dd5de9489 \|title=Temptation Island India review: Karan Kundrra, Mouni Roy hosted show seems inspired by MTV Splitsvilla \|date=4 November 2023 \|website=OTT Play \|archive-date=16 November 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116072146/https://www.ottplay.com/news/temptation-island-india-review-karan-kundrra-mouni-roy-hosted-show-seems-inspired-by-mtv-splitsvilla/6776dd5de9489 \|url-status=live }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == * [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/temptation-island-india/3841464 ''Temptation Island India''] on [[JioCinema]] * [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt29418391/?ref_=ra_sb_ln Temptation Island India] on [[IMDb]] {{Portal bar\|India\|Television}} [[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]] [[Category:Indian reality television series]]	1,293,692,717	[{"title": "Temptation Island India", "data": {"Genre": "- Reality - Dating game show", "Presented by": "- Karan Kundrra - Mouni Roy", "Country of origin": "India", "Original language": "Hindi", "No. of seasons": "1", "No. of episodes": "42"}}, {"title": "Production", "data": {"Producer": "Deepak Dhar", "Production location": "Alibaug", "Running time": "60 minutes", "Production company": "Banijay Asia"}}, {"title": "Original release", "data": {"Network": "JioCinema", "Release": "3 November \u2013 \u00b7 14 December 2023"}}]	false
# 2022–23 Senior Women's Inter Zonal T20 The 2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20 was the inaugural edition of the Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20, a domestic women's T20 competition in India. The tournament took place from 8 to 16 November 2022, with six zonal teams taking part. It was the first women's inter zonal competition to take place since the 2017–18 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game. The tournament was won by Central Zone, who beat West Zone by 9 wickets in the final. ## Competition format Six teams competed in the tournament, representing regions of India. Each team played each other once in a round-robin format. The top two teams in the group progressed to the final. Matches were played using a Twenty20 format. All matches were played at the BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium, Lucknow. The group worked on a points system with positions within the group being based on the total points. Points were awarded as follows: Win: 4 points. Tie: 2 points. Loss: 0 points. No Result/Abandoned: 2 points. If points in the final table were equal, teams were separated by most wins, then head-to-head record, then Net Run Rate. ## Group stage ### Points table \| Team \| P \| W \| L \| T \| NR \| Pts \| NRR \| \| ---------------- \| - \| - \| - \| - \| -- \| --- \| ------ \| \| Central Zone (Q) \| 5 \| 5 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 20 \| +2.472 \| \| West Zone (Q) \| 5 \| 4 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 16 \| +0.370 \| \| South Zone \| 5 \| 3 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 12 \| +1.421 \| \| North Zone \| 5 \| 2 \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 8 \| +0.630 \| \| East Zone \| 5 \| 1 \| 4 \| 0 \| 0 \| 4 \| +0.257 \| \| North East Zone \| 5 \| 0 \| 5 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| –5.250 \| Source: BCCI ### Fixtures \| 8 November 2022 Scorecard \| \| North Zone 131/5 (20 overs) \| v \| South Zone 132/7 (17.2 overs) \| \| Amanjot Kaur 66 (56) Shikha Pandey 2/18 (3 overs) \| \| Sneha Deepthi 54 (30) Harleen Deol 4/21 (4 overs) \| - South Zone won the toss and elected to field. \| 8 November 2022 Scorecard \| \| East Zone 97/3 (20 overs) \| v \| West Zone 100/5 (19.4 overs) \| \| Madhuri Mehta 37 (40) Devika Vaidya 2/20 (4 overs) \| \| Tarannum Pathan 40* (22) Priyanka Priyadarshini 2/15 (4 overs) \| - East Zone won the toss and elected to bat. \| 8 November 2022 Scorecard \| \| Central Zone 149/5 (20 overs) \| v \| North East Zone 51 (18.1 overs) \| \| Nuzhat Parween 57 (49) Debasmita Dutta 3/27 (4 overs) \| \| Debasmita Dutta 23 (35) Rashi Kanojiya 1/2 (2 overs) \| - Central Zone won the toss and elected to bat. \| 9 November 2022 Scorecard \| \| East Zone 106/2 (20 overs) \| v \| North Zone 107/2 (18.4 overs) \| \| Madhuri Mehta 47* (53) Anisha Ansari 1/13 (3 overs) \| \| Harleen Deol 53* (48) DK Ashwani 1/15 (2 overs) \| - North Zone won the toss and elected to field. \| 9 November 2022 Scorecard \| \| Central Zone 146/5 (20 overs) \| v \| South Zone 116 (19.5 overs) \| \| Nuzhat Parween 33 (32) Sajeevan Sajana 1/21 (3 overs) \| \| Sajeevan Sajana 60 (52) Anjali Sarvani 3/12 (4 overs) \| - Central Zone won the toss and elected to bat. \| 9 November 2022 Scorecard \| \| West Zone 125/2 (20 overs) \| v \| North East Zone 50/9 (20 overs) \| \| Yastika Bhatia 59* (61) Limatola Ao 1/13 (2 overs) \| \| Mai Mekh 14 (35) Devika Vaidya 4/6 (4 overs) \| - North East Zone won the toss and elected to field. \| 11 November 2022 Scorecard \| \| West Zone 144/6 (20 overs) \| v \| North Zone 142/6 (20 overs) \| \| Humaira Kazi 54 (45) Harleen Deol 2/18 (4 overs) \| \| Priya Punia 36 (36) Shradda Pokharkar 2/27 (3 overs) \| - North Zone won the toss and elected to field. \| 11 November 2022 Scorecard \| \| South Zone 165/9 (20 overs) \| v \| North East Zone 35 (14.1 overs) \| \| Lakhmi Nethra 46 (38) Ajima Sangma 4/41 (4 overs) \| \| Debasmita Dutta 9 (17) Shreyanka Patil 4/7 (4 overs) \| - South Zone won the toss and elected to bat. \| 11 November 2022 Scorecard \| \| East Zone 144/5 (20 overs) \| v \| Central Zone 146/3 (16.4 overs) \| \| Ashwani Kumari 65 (49) Poonam Yadav 1/22 (3 overs) \| \| Jasia Akhtar 56 (32) Devyani Prasad 2/22 (4 overs) \| - East Zone won the toss and elected to bat. \| 12 November 2022 Scorecard \| \| North Zone 169/4 (20 overs) \| v \| North East Zone 54/7 (20 overs) \| \| Sushma Verma 87 (57) Limatola Ao 2/28 (4 overs) \| \| Gangadevi Waikhom 24 (30) Amanjot Kaur 5/9 (4 overs) \| - North East Zone won the toss and elected to field. \| 12 November 2022 Scorecard \| \| South Zone 126/9 (20 overs) \| v \| East Zone 99 (18 overs) \| \| Sneha Deepthi 43 (26) Saiqa Ishaque 2/9 (4 overs) \| \| Jhumki Debnath 24 (25) Shikha Pandey 3/12 (3 overs) \| - East Zone won the toss and elected to field. \| 12 November 2022 Scorecard \| \| Central Zone 154/3 (20 overs) \| v \| West Zone 105/9 (20 overs) \| \| Nuzhat Parween 60 (52) Shraddha Pokharkar 1/19 (3 overs) \| \| Yastika Bhatia 24 (20) Tanuja Kanwer 4/25 (4 overs) \| - West Zone won the toss and elected to field. \| 14 November 2022 Scorecard \| \| Central Zone 136/6 (20 overs) \| v \| North Zone 93/9 (20 overs) \| \| Nuzhat Parween 57 (59) Amanjot Kaur 2/17 (3 overs) \| \| Sushma Verma 46 (51) Anjali Sarvani 3/27 (4 overs) \| - Central Zone won the toss and elected to bat. \| 14 November 2022 Scorecard \| \| South Zone 123/7 (20 overs) \| v \| West Zone 127/8 (20 overs) \| \| Ellutla Padmaja 24* (22) Devika Vaidya 2/17 (4 overs) \| \| Yastika Bhatia 64 (55) Shreyanka Patil 3/25 (4 overs) \| - South Zone won the toss and elected to bat. \| 14 November 2022 Scorecard \| \| East Zone 148/5 (20 overs) \| v \| North East Zone 37/8 (16 overs) \| \| Madhuri Mehta 58 (51) Debasmita Dutta 2/25 (4 overs) \| \| Debasmita Dutta 10 (23) Devyani Prasad 3/7 (3 overs) \| - East Zone won the toss and elected to bat. - North East Zone innings reduced to 16 overs due to rain; revised target was 124. ## Final \| 16 November 2022 Scorecard \| \| West Zone 67 (18 overs) \| v \| Central Zone 70/1 (13.4 overs) \| \| Shivali Shinde 17 (20) Poonam Yadav 3/11 (3 overs) \| \| Nuzhat Parween 32* (44) Shraddha Pokharkar 1/11 (4 overs) \| - West Zone won the toss and elected to bat. ## Statistics ### Most runs \| Player \| Team \| Matches \| Innings \| Runs \| Average \| HS \| 100s \| 50s \| \| -------------- \| ------------ \| ------- \| ------- \| ---- \| ------- \| -- \| ---- \| --- \| \| Nuzhat Parween \| Central Zone \| 6 \| 6 \| 271 \| 54.20 \| 60 \| 0 \| 3 \| \| Yastika Bhatia \| West Zone \| 6 \| 6 \| 212 \| 42.40 \| 64 \| 0 \| 2 \| \| Jasia Akhtar \| Central Zone \| 6 \| 6 \| 202 \| 33.37 \| 56 \| 0 \| 1 \| \| Sushma Verma \| North Zone \| 5 \| 5 \| 186 \| 46.50 \| 87 \| 0 \| 1 \| \| Madhuri Mehta \| East Zone \| 5 \| 4 \| 152 \| 50.67 \| 58 \| 0 \| 1 \| Source: BCCI ### Most wickets \| Player \| Team \| Overs \| Wickets \| Average \| 5w \| \| -------------- \| ------------ \| ----- \| ------- \| ------- \| -- \| \| Rashi Kanojiya \| Central Zone \| 21.0 \| 10 \| 9.50 \| 0 \| \| Anjali Sarvani \| Central Zone \| 24.0 \| 10 \| 10.80 \| 0 \| \| Harleen Deol \| North Zone \| 16.0 \| 9 \| 8.77 \| 0 \| \| Devika Vaidya \| West Zone \| 22.4 \| 9 \| 12.22 \| 0 \| \| Amanjot Kaur \| North Zone \| 12.0 \| 8 \| 8.37 \| 1 \| Source: BCCI	enwiki/72204893	enwiki	72,204,893	2022–23 Senior Women's Inter Zonal T20	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Senior_Women%27s_Inter_Zonal_T20	2024-12-17T04:23:08Z	en	Q115823600	107,255	{{Short description\|Domestic cricket competition}} {{use dmy dates\|date=November 2022}} {{Infobox cricket tournament \|name = 2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20 \|fromdate = 8 \|todate = 16 November 2022 \|administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India\|BCCI]] \|cricket format = [[Women's Twenty20\|Twenty20]] \|tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament]] and final \|host = {{flag\|India}} \|champions = [[Central Zone women's cricket team\|Central Zone]] \|count = 1 \|runner up = [[West Zone women's cricket team\|West Zone]] \|participants = 6 \|matches = 16 \|most runs = [[Nuzhat Parween]] (271) \|most wickets = [[Rashi Kanojiya]] (10) <br> [[Anjali Sarvani]] (10) \|website = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/243/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20 bcci.tv] \|previous_year = \|previous_tournament = \|next_year = 2023–24 \|next_tournament = 2023–24 Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20 }} The '''2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20''' was the inaugural edition of the Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20, a domestic [[Women's Twenty20\|women's T20 competition]] in [[Cricket in India\|India]]. The tournament took place from 8 to 16 November 2022, with six zonal teams taking part. It was the first women's inter zonal competition to take place since the [[2017–18 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game]].<ref name="home">{{Cite web \|title=Senior Women's Inter Zonal T20 \|url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/243/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20 \|access-date=7 November 2022 \|website=BCCI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Indian women’s domestic cricket schedule: Women's IPL in March 2023, other tournaments to finish by February 21 \|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/ipl-women-in-march-2023-t20-challenger-in-november-indian-womens-cricket-domestic-calendar/article65856726.ece \|access-date=7 November 2022\|website=Sportstar}}</ref><ref name="squads">{{Cite web \|title=BCCI announces squad for senior Women's Inter Zonal T20 Tournament: 4 from Bengal \|url=https://sportzpoint.com/cricket/bcci-announces-squad-for-senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-tournament-4-from-bengal/ \|date=7 November 2022 \|access-date=7 November 2022\|website=Sportzpoint}}</ref> The tournament was won by [[Central Zone women's cricket team\|Central Zone]], who beat [[West Zone women's cricket team\|West Zone]] by 9 wickets in the final. ==Competition format== Six teams competed in the tournament, representing regions of India. Each team played each other once in a [[Round-robin tournament\|round-robin]] format. The top two teams in the group progressed to the final. Matches were played using a [[Women's Twenty20\|Twenty20]] format. All matches were played at the [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]].<ref name="home"/> The group worked on a points system with positions within the group being based on the '''total points'''. Points were awarded as follows: '''Win''': 4 points.<br /> '''[[Result (cricket)#Tie\|Tie]]''': 2 points.<br /> '''Loss''': 0 points.<br /> '''No Result/Abandoned''': 2 points. If points in the final table were equal, teams were separated by most wins, then head-to-head record, then [[Net Run Rate]]. ==Group stage== ===Points table=== {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|- ! style="width:140px;"\|Team ! style="width:25px;"\|{{Abbr\|P\|Played}} ! style="width:25px;"\|{{Abbr\|W\|Won}} ! style="width:25px;"\|{{Abbr\|L\|Lost}} ! style="width:25px;"\|{{Abbr\|T\|Tied}} ! style="width:25px;"\|{{Abbr\|NR\|No result}} ! style="width:25px;"\|{{Abbr\|Pts\|Points}} ! style="width:40px;"\|{{Abbr\|[[Net run rate\|NRR]]\|Net run rate}} \|-style="background:#cfc;" \|style="text-align:left" \|[[Central Zone women's cricket team\|Central Zone]] '''(Q)''' \|5 \|\|5 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|'''20'''\|\| +2.472 \|-style="background:#cfc;" \|style="text-align:left" \|[[West Zone women's cricket team\|West Zone]] '''(Q)''' \|5 \|\|4 \|\|1 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|'''16'''\|\| +0.370 \|- \|style="text-align:left" \|[[South Zone women's cricket team\|South Zone]] \|5 \|\|3 \|\|2 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|'''12'''\|\| +1.421 \|- \|style="text-align:left" \|[[North Zone women's cricket team\|North Zone]] \|5 \|\|2 \|\|3 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|'''8'''\|\| +0.630 \|- \|style="text-align:left" \|[[East Zone women's cricket team\|East Zone]] \|5 \|\|1 \|\|4 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|'''4'''\|\| +0.257 \|- \|style="text-align:left" \|[[North East Zone women's cricket team\|North East Zone]] \|5 \|\|0 \|\|5 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|'''0'''\|\| –5.250 \|} :Source: BCCI<ref name="bccitable">{{Cite web \|title=Senior Women's Inter Zonal T20/Points Table \|url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/243/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20 \|access-date=8 November 2022 \|website=BCCI}}</ref> ===Fixtures=== {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 8 November 2022 \| time = \| daynight = \| team1 = [[North Zone women's cricket team\|North Zone]] \| team2 = [[South Zone women's cricket team\|South Zone]] \| score1 = 131/5 (20 overs) \| runs1 = [[Amanjot Kaur]] 66 (56) \| wickets1 = [[Shikha Pandey]] 2/18 (3 overs) \| score2 = 132/7 (17.2 overs) \| runs2 = [[Sneha Deepthi]] 54 (30) \| wickets2 = [[Harleen Deol]] 4/21 (4 overs) \| result = South Zone won by 3 wickets \| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/1 Scorecard] \| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]] \| umpires = Vikas Lund and Akshay Marathe \| motm = \| toss = South Zone won the toss and elected to field. \| rain = \| notes = }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 8 November 2022 \| time = \| daynight = \| team1 = [[East Zone women's cricket team\|East Zone]] \| team2 = [[West Zone women's cricket team\|West Zone]] \| score1 = 97/3 (20 overs) \| runs1 = [[Madhuri Mehta]] 37 (40) \| wickets1 = [[Devika Vaidya]] 2/20 (4 overs) \| score2 = 100/5 (19.4 overs) \| runs2 = Tarannum Pathan 40[[not out\|]] (22) \| wickets2 = Priyanka Priyadarshini 2/15 (4 overs) \| result = West Zone won by 5 wickets \| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/2 Scorecard] \| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]] \| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]] \| motm = \| toss = East Zone won the toss and elected to bat. \| rain = \| notes = }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 8 November 2022 \| time = \| daynight = \| team1 = [[Central Zone women's cricket team\|Central Zone]] \| team2 = [[North East Zone women's cricket team\|North East Zone]] \| score1 = 149/5 (20 overs) \| runs1 = [[Nuzhat Parween]] 57 (49) \| wickets1 = Debasmita Dutta 3/27 (4 overs) \| score2 = 51 (18.1 overs) \| runs2 = Debasmita Dutta 23 (35) \| wickets2 = [[Rashi Kanojiya]] 1/2 (2 overs) \| result = Central Zone won by 98 runs \| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/3 Scorecard] \| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]] \| umpires = Vikas Lund and Akshay Marathe \| motm = \| toss = Central Zone won the toss and elected to bat. \| rain = \| notes = }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 9 November 2022 \| time = \| daynight = \| team1 = [[East Zone women's cricket team\|East Zone]] \| team2 = [[North Zone women's cricket team\|North Zone]] \| score1 = 106/2 (20 overs) \| runs1 = [[Madhuri Mehta]] 47[[not out\|]] (53) \| wickets1 = Anisha Ansari 1/13 (3 overs) \| score2 = 107/2 (18.4 overs) \| runs2 = [[Harleen Deol]] 53[[not out\|]] (48) \| wickets2 = DK Ashwani 1/15 (2 overs) \| result = North Zone won by 8 wickets \| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/4 Scorecard] \| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]] \| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]] \| motm = \| toss = North Zone won the toss and elected to field. \| rain = \| notes = }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 9 November 2022 \| time = \| daynight = \| team1 = [[Central Zone women's cricket team\|Central Zone]] \| team2 = [[South Zone women's cricket team\|South Zone]] \| score1 = 146/5 (20 overs) \| runs1 = [[Nuzhat Parween]] 33 (32) \| wickets1 = Sajeevan Sajana 1/21 (3 overs) \| score2 = 116 (19.5 overs) \| runs2 = Sajeevan Sajana 60 (52) \| wickets2 = [[Anjali Sarvani]] 3/12 (4 overs) \| result = Central Zone won by 30 runs \| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/5 Scorecard] \| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]] \| umpires = Vikas Lund and Akshay Marathe \| motm = \| toss = Central Zone won the toss and elected to bat. \| rain = \| notes = }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 9 November 2022 \| time = \| daynight = \| team1 = [[West Zone women's cricket team\|West Zone]] \| team2 = [[North East Zone women's cricket team\|North East Zone]] \| score1 = 125/2 (20 overs) \| runs1 = [[Yastika Bhatia]] 59[[not out\|]] (61) \| wickets1 = Limatola Ao 1/13 (2 overs) \| score2 = 50/9 (20 overs) \| runs2 = Mai Mekh 14 (35) \| wickets2 = [[Devika Vaidya]] 4/6 (4 overs) \| result = West Zone won by 75 runs \| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/6 Scorecard] \| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]] \| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]] \| motm = \| toss = North East Zone won the toss and elected to field. \| rain = \| notes = }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 11 November 2022 \| time = \| daynight = \| team1 = [[West Zone women's cricket team\|West Zone]] \| team2 = [[North Zone women's cricket team\|North Zone]] \| score1 = 144/6 (20 overs) \| runs1 = [[Humaira Kazi]] 54 (45) \| wickets1 = [[Harleen Deol]] 2/18 (4 overs) \| score2 = 142/6 (20 overs) \| runs2 = [[Priya Punia]] 36 (36) \| wickets2 = Shradda Pokharkar 2/27 (3 overs) \| result = West Zone won by 2 runs \| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/7 Scorecard] \| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]] \| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]] \| motm = \| toss = North Zone won the toss and elected to field. \| rain = \| notes = }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 11 November 2022 \| time = \| daynight = \| team1 = [[South Zone women's cricket team\|South Zone]] \| team2 = [[North East Zone women's cricket team\|North East Zone]] \| score1 = 165/9 (20 overs) \| runs1 = Lakhmi Nethra 46 (38) \| wickets1 = Ajima Sangma 4/41 (4 overs) \| score2 = 35 (14.1 overs) \| runs2 = Debasmita Dutta 9 (17) \| wickets2 = [[Shreyanka Patil]] 4/7 (4 overs) \| result = South Zone won by 130 runs \| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/8 Scorecard] \| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]] \| umpires = Vikas Lund and Akshay Marathe \| motm = \| toss = South Zone won the toss and elected to bat. \| rain = \| notes = }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 11 November 2022 \| time = \| daynight = \| team1 = [[East Zone women's cricket team\|East Zone]] \| team2 = [[Central Zone women's cricket team\|Central Zone]] \| score1 = 144/5 (20 overs) \| runs1 = Ashwani Kumari 65 (49) \| wickets1 = [[Poonam Yadav]] 1/22 (3 overs) \| score2 = 146/3 (16.4 overs) \| runs2 = Jasia Akhtar 56 (32) \| wickets2 = Devyani Prasad 2/22 (4 overs) \| result = Central Zone won by 7 wickets \| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/9 Scorecard] \| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]] \| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]] \| motm = \| toss = East Zone won the toss and elected to bat. \| rain = \| notes = }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 12 November 2022 \| time = \| daynight = \| team1 = [[North Zone women's cricket team\|North Zone]] \| team2 = [[North East Zone women's cricket team\|North East Zone]] \| score1 = 169/4 (20 overs) \| runs1 = [[Sushma Verma]] 87 (57) \| wickets1 = Limatola Ao 2/28 (4 overs) \| score2 = 54/7 (20 overs) \| runs2 = Gangadevi Waikhom 24 (30) \| wickets2 = [[Amanjot Kaur]] 5/9 (4 overs) \| result = North Zone won by 115 runs \| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/10 Scorecard] \| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]] \| umpires = Vikas Lund and Akshay Marathe \| motm = \| toss = North East Zone won the toss and elected to field. \| rain = \| notes = }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 12 November 2022 \| time = \| daynight = \| team1 = [[South Zone women's cricket team\|South Zone]] \| team2 = [[East Zone women's cricket team\|East Zone]] \| score1 = 126/9 (20 overs) \| runs1 = [[Sneha Deepthi]] 43 (26) \| wickets1 = Saiqa Ishaque 2/9 (4 overs) \| score2 = 99 (18 overs) \| runs2 = Jhumki Debnath 24 (25) \| wickets2 = [[Shikha Pandey]] 3/12 (3 overs) \| result = South Zone won by 27 runs \| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/11 Scorecard] \| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]] \| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]] \| motm = \| toss = East Zone won the toss and elected to field. \| rain = \| notes = }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 12 November 2022 \| time = \| daynight = \| team1 = [[Central Zone women's cricket team\|Central Zone]] \| team2 = [[West Zone women's cricket team\|West Zone]] \| score1 = 154/3 (20 overs) \| runs1 = [[Nuzhat Parween]] 60 (52) \| wickets1 = Shraddha Pokharkar 1/19 (3 overs) \| score2 = 105/9 (20 overs) \| runs2 = [[Yastika Bhatia]] 24 (20) \| wickets2 = Tanuja Kanwer 4/25 (4 overs) \| result = Central Zone won by 49 runs \| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/12 Scorecard] \| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]] \| umpires = Vikas Lund and Akshay Marathe \| motm = \| toss = West Zone won the toss and elected to field. \| rain = \| notes = }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 14 November 2022 \| time = \| daynight = \| team1 = [[Central Zone women's cricket team\|Central Zone]] \| team2 = [[North Zone women's cricket team\|North Zone]] \| score1 = 136/6 (20 overs) \| runs1 = [[Nuzhat Parween]] 57 (59) \| wickets1 = [[Amanjot Kaur]] 2/17 (3 overs) \| score2 = 93/9 (20 overs) \| runs2 = [[Sushma Verma]] 46 (51) \| wickets2 = [[Anjali Sarvani]] 3/27 (4 overs) \| result = Central Zone won by 43 runs \| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/13 Scorecard] \| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]] \| umpires = Vikas Lund and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]] \| motm = \| toss = Central Zone won the toss and elected to bat. \| rain = \| notes = }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 14 November 2022 \| time = \| daynight = \| team1 = [[South Zone women's cricket team\|South Zone]] \| team2 = [[West Zone women's cricket team\|West Zone]] \| score1 = 123/7 (20 overs) \| runs1 = Ellutla Padmaja 24[[not out\|]] (22) \| wickets1 = Devika Vaidya 2/17 (4 overs) \| score2 = 127/8 (20 overs) \| runs2 = [[Yastika Bhatia]] 64 (55) \| wickets2 = [[Shreyanka Patil]] 3/25 (4 overs) \| result = West Zone won by 2 wickets \| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/14 Scorecard] \| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]] \| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] and Akshay Marathe \| motm = \| toss = South Zone won the toss and elected to bat. \| rain = \| notes = }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 14 November 2022 \| time = \| daynight = \| team1 = [[East Zone women's cricket team\|East Zone]] \| team2 = [[North East Zone women's cricket team\|North East Zone]] \| score1 = 148/5 (20 overs) \| runs1 = [[Madhuri Mehta]] 58 (51) \| wickets1 = Debasmita Dutta 2/25 (4 overs) \| score2 = 37/8 (16 overs) \| runs2 = Debasmita Dutta 10 (23) \| wickets2 = Devyani Prasad 3/7 (3 overs) \| result = East Zone won by 86 runs ([[Jayadevan's system\|VJD method]]) \| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/15 Scorecard] \| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]] \| umpires = Vikas Lund and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]] \| motm = \| toss = East Zone won the toss and elected to bat. \| rain = North East Zone innings reduced to 16 overs due to rain; revised target was 124. \| notes = }} ---- ==Final== {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 16 November 2022 \| time = \| daynight = \| team1 = [[West Zone women's cricket team\|West Zone]] \| team2 = [[Central Zone women's cricket team\|Central Zone]] \| score1 = 67 (18 overs) \| runs1 = Shivali Shinde 17 (20) \| wickets1 = [[Poonam Yadav]] 3/11 (3 overs) \| score2 = 70/1 (13.4 overs) \| runs2 = [[Nuzhat Parween]] 32[[not out\|]] (44) \| wickets2 = Shraddha Pokharkar 1/11 (4 overs) \| result = Central Zone won by 9 wickets \| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-2022-23/match/16 Scorecard] \| venue = [[BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]] \| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]] \| motm = \| toss = West Zone won the toss and elected to bat. \| rain = \| notes = }} ---- ==Statistics== ===Most runs=== {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|- !width=150\| Player !width=125\| Team !width=60 \| Matches !width=60 \| Innings !width=60 \| Runs !width=60 \| Average !width=60 \| {{Tooltip\|HS\|Highest score}} !width=60 \| 100s !width=60 \| 50s \|- \|[[Nuzhat Parween]] \|[[Central Zone women's cricket team\|Central Zone]] \|6 \|6 \|'''271''' \|54.20 \|60 \|0 \|3 \|- \|[[Yastika Bhatia]] \|[[West Zone women's cricket team\|West Zone]] \|6 \|6 \|'''212''' \|42.40 \|64 \|0 \|2 \|- \|Jasia Akhtar \|[[Central Zone women's cricket team\|Central Zone]] \|6 \|6 \|'''202''' \|33.37 \|56 \|0 \|1 \|- \|[[Sushma Verma]] \|[[North Zone women's cricket team\|North Zone]] \|5 \|5 \|'''186''' \|46.50 \|87 \|0 \|1 \|- \|[[Madhuri Mehta]] \|[[East Zone women's cricket team\|East Zone]] \|5 \|4 \|'''152''' \|50.67 \|58 \|0 \|1 \|- \|} <small>Source: BCCI</small><ref name="stats">{{cite web\|url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/243/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20 \|title=Senior Women's Inter Zonal T20/Stats \|publisher=BCCI \|access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref> ===Most wickets=== {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|- !width=150\| Player !width=150\| Team !width=60 \| Overs !width=60 \| Wickets !width=60 \| Average !width=60 \| 5w \|- \|[[Rashi Kanojiya]] \|[[Central Zone women's cricket team\|Central Zone]] \|21.0 \|'''10''' \|9.50 \|0 \|- \|[[Anjali Sarvani]] \|[[Central Zone women's cricket team\|Central Zone]] \|24.0 \|'''10''' \|10.80 \|0 \|- \|[[Harleen Deol]] \|[[North Zone women's cricket team\|North Zone]] \|16.0 \|'''9''' \|8.77 \|0 \|- \|Devika Vaidya \|[[West Zone women's cricket team\|West Zone]] \|22.4 \|'''9''' \|12.22 \|0 \|- \|[[Amanjot Kaur]] \|[[North Zone women's cricket team\|North Zone]] \|12.0 \|'''8''' \|8.37 \|1 \|} <small>Source: BCCI</small><ref name="stats"/> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Women's Inter Zonal Cricket in India}} {{DEFAULTSORT:2022-23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20}} [[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2022–23\|Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20]] [[Category:2022 in Indian cricket]]	1,263,527,254	[{"title": "2022\u201323 Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20", "data": {"Dates": "8 \u2013 16 November 2022", "Administrator(s)": "BCCI", "Cricket format": "Twenty20", "Tournament format(s)": "Round-robin tournament and final", "Host(s)": "India", "Champions": "Central Zone (1st title)", "Runners-up": "West Zone", "Participants": "6", "Matches": "16", "Most runs": "Nuzhat Parween (271)", "Most wickets": "Rashi Kanojiya (10) \u00b7 Anjali Sarvani (10)", "Official website": "bcci.tv"}}]	false
# 2022–23 Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy The 2022–23 Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy was the fourth edition of India's Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy. Four teams, India A, India B, India C and India D, competed in the tournament. The tournament took place between 20 and 26 November 2022. It was the first T20 Challenger Trophy to take place since 2019–20. The tournament was won by India D, who beat India A by 7 wickets in the final. ## Competition format The four teams played in a round-robin group, playing each other team once, with the top two advancing to the final. Matches were played using a Twenty20 format. All matches were played at the Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium, Naya Raipur. The group worked on a points system with positions with the group being based on the total points. Points were awarded as follows: Win: 4 points. Tie: 2 points. Loss: 0 points. No Result/Abandoned: 2 points. If points in the final table were equal, teams were separated by most wins, then head-to-head record, then Net Run Rate. ## Squads \| India A \| India B \| India C \| India D \| \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \| \| - Poonam Yadav (c) - Sundaresan Anusha - Harleen Deol - Saika Ishaque - Disha Kasat - Amanjot Kaur - Muskan Malik - Nuzhat Parween (wk) - Shreyanka Patil - Sahana Pawar - Sajeevan Sajana - Anjali Sarvani - Shivali Shinde (wk) - Meghna Singh \| - Deepti Sharma (c) - Simran Bahadur - Taniya Bhatia (wk) - Nishu Chaudhary - Dhara Gujjar - Solal Kalal - Yuvashri Karthikeyan - Humaira Kazi - Suman Meena - Monica Patel - Arundhati Reddy - Devika Vaidya - Shafali Verma - Laxmi Yadav (wk) \| - Pooja Vastrakar (c) - Saranya Gadwal - Richa Ghosh (wk) - Keerthy James - Rashi Kanojiya - Madiwala Mamatha (wk) - Sabbhineni Meghana - Kiran Navgire - Tarannum Pathan - Priya Punia - Ajima Sangma - Simran Shaikh - Anjali Singh - Komal Zanzad \| - Sneh Rana (c) - Kanika Ahuja - Jasia Akhtar - Yastika Bhatia (wk) - Rajeshwari Gayakwad - Dayalan Hemalatha - Ashwani Kumari - Aparna Mondal (wk) - Shikha Pandey - Shraddha Pokharkar - Priyanka Priyadarshini - Jemimah Rodrigues - Renuka Singh - Sushma Verma (wk) \| Source: BCCI ## Group stage ### Points table \| Team \| Pld \| W \| L \| T \| NR \| Pts \| NRR \| \| ----------- \| --- \| - \| - \| - \| -- \| --- \| ------ \| \| India D (Q) \| 3 \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 8 \| +1.678 \| \| India A (Q) \| 3 \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 8 \| +0.146 \| \| India B \| 3 \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 8 \| –0.372 \| \| India C \| 3 \| 0 \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| –1.388 \| Source: BCCI ### Fixtures \| 20 November 2022 Scorecard \| \| India A 160/2 (20 overs) \| v \| India C 126/8 (20 overs) \| \| Nuzhat Parween 55 (54) Rashi Kanojiya 1/25 (3 overs) \| \| Pooja Vastrakar 61 (38) Sahana Pawar 3/14 (4 overs) \| - India A won the toss and elected to bat. \| 20 November 2022 Scorecard \| \| India B 80 (18.2 overs) \| v \| India D 81/0 (10.2 overs) \| \| Deepti Sharma 21 (20) Rajeshwari Gayakwad 3/11 (3.2 overs) \| \| Jasia Akhtar 56* (36) \| - India D won the toss and elected to field. \| 22 November 2022 Scorecard \| \| India A 110 (20 overs) \| v \| India B 114/1 (14.1 overs) \| \| Amanjot Kaur 49 (49) Deepti Sharma 4/15 (4 overs) \| \| Shafali Verma 91* (52) Shreyanka Patil 1/22 (3 overs) \| - India A won the toss and elected to bat. \| 22 November 2022 Scorecard \| \| India D 165/5 (20 overs) \| v \| India C 118/7 (20 overs) \| \| Yastika Bhatia 99* (61) Pooja Vastrakar 1/19 (2 overs) \| \| Richa Ghosh 36 (30) Renuka Singh 3/27 (4 overs) \| - India D won the toss and elected to bat. \| 24 November 2022 Scorecard \| \| India D 92 (19.4 overs) \| v \| India A 95/3 (18.1 overs) \| \| Ashwani Kumari 31 (27) Amanjot Kaur 2/7 (2 overs) \| \| Shivali Shinde 27 (30) Rajeshwari Gayakwad 1/13 (4 overs) \| - India A won the toss and elected to field. \| 24 November 2022 Scorecard \| \| India C 140/6 (20 overs) \| v \| India B 141/6 (19.5 overs) \| \| Simran Shaikh 32 (24) Arundhati Reddy 3/28 (4 overs) \| \| Devika Vaidya 41* (27) Komal Zanzad 2/17 (4 overs) \| - India C won the toss and elected to bat. ### Final \| 26 November 2022 Scorecard \| \| India A 144/5 (20 overs) \| v \| India D 148/3 (19 overs) \| \| Harleen Deol 61 (48) Renuka Singh 3/24 (4 overs) \| \| Yastika Bhatia 80* (56) Poonam Yadav 1/25 (4 overs) \| - India D won the toss and elected to field. ## Statistics ### Most runs \| Player \| Team \| Matches \| Innings \| Runs \| Average \| HS \| 100s \| 50s \| \| -------------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ---- \| ------- \| --- \| ---- \| --- \| \| Yastika Bhatia \| India D \| 4 \| 4 \| 203 \| 203.00 \| 99* \| 0 \| 2 \| \| Nuzhat Parween \| India A \| 4 \| 4 \| 130 \| 32.50 \| 55 \| 0 \| 2 \| \| Harleen Deol \| India A \| 4 \| 4 \| 124 \| 41.33 \| 61 \| 0 \| 2 \| \| Jasia Akhtar \| India D \| 4 \| 4 \| 114 \| 38.00 \| 56* \| 0 \| 1 \| \| Shafali Verma \| India B \| 3 \| 3 \| 103 \| 51.50 \| 91* \| 0 \| 1 \| Source: BCCI ### Most wickets \| Player \| Team \| Overs \| Wickets \| Average \| 5w \| \| ------------------- \| ------- \| ----- \| ------- \| ------- \| -- \| \| Renuka Singh \| India D \| 12.0 \| 8 \| 9.37 \| 0 \| \| Deepti Sharma \| India B \| 10.0 \| 7 \| 9.57 \| 0 \| \| Rajeshwari Gayakwad \| India D \| 14.2 \| 6 \| 10.16 \| 0 \| \| Sahana Pawar \| India A \| 14.0 \| 5 \| 15.40 \| 0 \| \| Arundhati Reddy \| India B \| 6.0 \| 3 \| 12.33 \| 0 \| Source: BCCI	enwiki/72275675	enwiki	72,275,675	2022–23 Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Senior_Women%27s_T20_Challenger_Trophy	2024-09-06T20:23:46Z	en	Q115821047	81,525	{{Use dmy dates\|date=November 2022}} {{Use Indian English\|date=November 2022}} {{Infobox cricket tournament \| name = 2022–23 Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy \| image = \| imagesize = \| caption = \| fromdate = 20 \| todate = 26 November 2022 \| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India\|BCCI]] \| cricket format = [[Women's Twenty20\|Twenty20]] \| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament\|Round-robin]] and final \| host = \| champions = India D \| count = 1 \| runner up = India A \| participants = 4 \| matches = 7 \| attendance = \| player of the series = \| most runs = [[Yastika Bhatia]] (203) \| most wickets = [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)\|Renuka Singh]] (8) \| website = \| previous_year = 2019–20 \| previous_tournament = 2019–20 Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy \| next_year = \| next_tournament = }} The '''2022–23 Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy''' was the fourth edition of [[India]]'s [[Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy]]. Four teams, India A, India B, India C and India D, competed in the tournament. The tournament took place between 20 and 26 November 2022. It was the first T20 Challenger Trophy to take place since [[2019–20 Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy\|2019–20]].<ref name="BCCI">{{cite web \|title=Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy 2022/23 \|url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/246/senior-womens-t20-challenger-trophy \|work=BCCI \|access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref><ref name="firstpost">{{cite web \|url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/senior-womens-t20-challenger-trophy-2022-teams-squads-fixtures-and-match-timings-11646391.html \|title=Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy 2022: Teams, squads, fixtures and match timings \|work=First Post \|date=17 November 2022 \|access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref> The tournament was won by India D, who beat India A by 7 wickets in the final. ==Competition format== The four teams played in a [[Round-robin tournament\|round-robin]] group, playing each other team once, with the top two advancing to the final. Matches were played using a [[Women's Twenty20\|Twenty20]] format. All matches were played at the [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Naya Raipur]].<ref name="criczone">{{cite web \|url=https://www.womenscriczone.com/india-squads-in-challenger-will-be-led-by-poonam-deepti-vastrkar-rana \|title=Poonam, Deepti, Vastrakar, Rana to lead in T20 Challenger Trophy; Kaur, Mandhana rested \|work=Women's CricZone \|date=15 November 2022 \|access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref> The group worked on a points system with positions with the group being based on the '''total points'''. Points were awarded as follows:<ref name="BCCI"/> '''Win''': 4 points.<br /> '''[[Result (cricket)#Tie\|Tie]]''': 2 points.<br /> '''Loss''': 0 points.<br /> '''No Result/Abandoned''': 2 points. <br /> If points in the final table were equal, teams were separated by most wins, then head-to-head record, then [[Net Run Rate]]. ==Squads== {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! style="width:25%;"\| India A ! style="width:25%;"\| India B ! style="width:25%;"\| India C ! style="width:25%;"\| India D \|- style="vertical-align:top" \| * [[Poonam Yadav]] ([[Captain (cricket)\|c]]) * Sundaresan Anusha * [[Harleen Deol]] * [[Saika Ishaque]] * Disha Kasat * [[Amanjot Kaur]] * [[Muskan Malik (cricketer)\|Muskan Malik]] * [[Nuzhat Parween]] ([[wicket-keeper\|wk]]) * [[Shreyanka Patil]] * Sahana Pawar * Sajeevan Sajana * [[Anjali Sarvani]] * Shivali Shinde ([[wicket-keeper\|wk]]) * [[Meghna Singh]] \| * [[Deepti Sharma]] ([[Captain (cricket)\|c]]) * [[Simran Bahadur]] * [[Taniya Bhatia]] ([[wicket-keeper\|wk]]) * Nishu Chaudhary * Dhara Gujjar * Solal Kalal * Yuvashri Karthikeyan * [[Humaira Kazi]] * Suman Meena * Monica Patel * [[Arundhati Reddy]] * Devika Vaidya * [[Shafali Verma]] * Laxmi Yadav ([[wicket-keeper\|wk]]) \| * [[Pooja Vastrakar]] ([[Captain (cricket)\|c]]) * Saranya Gadwal * [[Richa Ghosh]] ([[wicket-keeper\|wk]]) * Keerthy James * [[Rashi Kanojiya]] * Madiwala Mamatha ([[wicket-keeper\|wk]]) * [[Sabbhineni Meghana]] * [[Kiran Navgire]] * Tarannum Pathan * [[Priya Punia]] * Ajima Sangma * Simran Shaikh * Anjali Singh * [[Komal Zanzad]] \| * [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)\|Sneh Rana]] ([[Captain (cricket)\|c]]) * [[Kanika Ahuja]] * [[Jasia Akhtar]] * [[Yastika Bhatia]] ([[wicket-keeper\|wk]]) * [[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]] * [[Dayalan Hemalatha]] * Ashwani Kumari * Aparna Mondal ([[wicket-keeper\|wk]]) * [[Shikha Pandey]] * Shraddha Pokharkar * Priyanka Priyadarshini * [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] * [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)\|Renuka Singh]] * [[Sushma Verma]] ([[wicket-keeper\|wk]]) \|} :Source: BCCI<ref name="Squads">{{cite news\|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555944/squads-for-mastercard-senior-women-s-t20-challenger-trophy-announced?type=Latest \|title=Squads for Mastercard Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy announced \|date=17 November 2022 \|website=BCCI \|access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref> ==Group stage== ===Points table=== {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! width="150" \|Team ! width="25" \|{{Abbr\|Pld\|Played}} ! width="25" \|{{Abbr\|W\|Won}} ! width="25" \|{{Abbr\|L\|Lost}} ! width="25" \|{{Abbr\|T\|Tied}} ! width="25" \|{{Abbr\|NR\|No Result}} ! width="40" \|{{Abbr\|Pts\|Points}} ! width="40" \|{{Abbr\|NRR\|Net Run Rate}} \|- style="background:#cfc;" \|style="text-align:left" \|India D '''(Q)''' \|3 \|\|2 \|\|1 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|'''8'''\|\| +1.678 \|- style="background:#cfc;" \|style="text-align:left" \|India A '''(Q)''' \|3 \|\|2 \|\|1 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|'''8'''\|\| +0.146 \|- \|style="text-align:left" \|India B \|3 \|\|2 \|\|1 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|'''8'''\|\| –0.372 \|- \|style="text-align:left" \|India C \|3 \|\|0 \|\|3 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|'''0'''\|\| –1.388 \|} :Source: BCCI<ref name="BCCI"/> ===Fixtures=== {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 20 November 2022 \| time = \| daynight = \| team1 = India A \| team2 = India C \| score1 = 160/2 (20 overs) \| runs1 = [[Nuzhat Parween]] 55 (54) \| wickets1 = [[Rashi Kanojiya]] 1/25 (3 overs) \| score2 = 126/8 (20 overs) \| runs2 = [[Pooja Vastrakar]] 61 (38) \| wickets2 = Sahana Pawar 3/14 (4 overs) \| result = India A won by 34 runs \| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-challenger-trophy-2022-23/match/1 Scorecard] \| venue = [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Naya Raipur]] \| umpires = Soshan Soma and K Nidhin \| motm = \| toss = India A won the toss and elected to bat. \| rain = \| notes = }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 20 November 2022 \| time = \| daynight = \| team1 = India B \| team2 = India D \| score1 = 80 (18.2 overs) \| runs1 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 21 (20) \| wickets1 = [[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]] 3/11 (3.2 overs) \| score2 = 81/0 (10.2 overs) \| runs2 = [[Jasia Akhtar]] 56[[not out\|]] (36) \| wickets2 = \| result = India D won by 10 wickets \| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-challenger-trophy-2022-23/match/2 Scorecard] \| venue = [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Naya Raipur]] \| umpires = Soshan Soma and K Nidhin \| motm = \| toss = India D won the toss and elected to field. \| rain = \| notes = }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 22 November 2022 \| time = \| daynight = \| team1 = India A \| team2 = India B \| score1 = 110 (20 overs) \| runs1 = [[Amanjot Kaur]] 49 (49) \| wickets1 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 4/15 (4 overs) \| score2 = 114/1 (14.1 overs) \| runs2 = [[Shafali Verma]] 91[[not out\|]] (52) \| wickets2 = [[Shreyanka Patil]] 1/22 (3 overs) \| result = India B won by 9 wickets \| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-challenger-trophy-2022-23/match/3 Scorecard] \| venue = [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Naya Raipur]] \| umpires = Soshan Soma and K Nidhin \| motm = \| toss = India A won the toss and elected to bat. \| rain = \| notes = }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 22 November 2022 \| time = \| daynight = \| team1 = India D \| team2 = India C \| score1 = 165/5 (20 overs) \| runs1 = [[Yastika Bhatia]] 99[[not out\|]] (61) \| wickets1 = [[Pooja Vastrakar]] 1/19 (2 overs) \| score2 = 118/7 (20 overs) \| runs2 = [[Richa Ghosh]] 36 (30) \| wickets2 = [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)\|Renuka Singh]] 3/27 (4 overs) \| result = India D won by 47 runs \| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-challenger-trophy-2022-23/match/4 Scorecard] \| venue = [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Naya Raipur]] \| umpires = Soshan Soma and K Nidhin \| motm = \| toss = India D won the toss and elected to bat. \| rain = \| notes = }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 24 November 2022 \| time = \| daynight = \| team1 = India D \| team2 = India A \| score1 = 92 (19.4 overs) \| runs1 = Ashwani Kumari 31 (27) \| wickets1 = [[Amanjot Kaur]] 2/7 (2 overs) \| score2 = 95/3 (18.1 overs) \| runs2 = Shivali Shinde 27 (30) \| wickets2 = [[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]] 1/13 (4 overs) \| result = India A won by 7 wickets \| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-challenger-trophy-2022-23/match/5 Scorecard] \| venue = [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Naya Raipur]] \| umpires = Soshan Soma and K Nidhin \| motm = \| toss = India A won the toss and elected to field. \| rain = \| notes = }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 24 November 2022 \| time = \| daynight = \| team1 = India C \| team2 = India B \| score1 = 140/6 (20 overs) \| runs1 = Simran Shaikh 32 (24) \| wickets1 = [[Arundhati Reddy]] 3/28 (4 overs) \| score2 = 141/6 (19.5 overs) \| runs2 = Devika Vaidya 41[[not out\|]] (27) \| wickets2 = [[Komal Zanzad]] 2/17 (4 overs) \| result = India B won by 4 wickets \| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-challenger-trophy-2022-23/match/6 Scorecard] \| venue = [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Naya Raipur]] \| umpires = Soshan Soma and K Nidhin \| motm = \| toss = India C won the toss and elected to bat. \| rain = \| notes = }} ---- ===Final=== {{Single-innings cricket match \| date = 26 November 2022 \| time = \| daynight = \| team1 = India A \| team2 = India D \| score1 = 144/5 (20 overs) \| runs1 = [[Harleen Deol]] 61 (48) \| wickets1 = [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)\|Renuka Singh]] 3/24 (4 overs) \| score2 = 148/3 (19 overs) \| runs2 = [[Yastika Bhatia]] 80[[not out\|]] (56) \| wickets2 = [[Poonam Yadav]] 1/25 (4 overs) \| result = India D won by 7 wickets \| report = [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/senior-womens-t20-challenger-trophy-2022-23/match/7 Scorecard] \| venue = [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Naya Raipur]] \| umpires = Soshan Soma and K Nidhin \| motm = \| toss = India D won the toss and elected to field. \| rain = \| notes = }} ---- ==Statistics== ===Most runs=== {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|- !width=150\| Player !width=125\| Team !width=60 \| Matches !width=60 \| Innings !width=60 \| Runs !width=60 \| Average !width=60 \| {{Tooltip\|HS\|Highest score}} !width=60 \| 100s !width=60 \| 50s \|- \|[[Yastika Bhatia]] \|India D \|4 \|4 \|'''203''' \|203.00 \|99[[not out\|]] \|0 \|2 \|- \|[[Nuzhat Parween]] \|India A \|4 \|4 \|'''130''' \|32.50 \|55 \|0 \|2 \|- \|[[Harleen Deol]] \|India A \|4 \|4 \|'''124''' \|41.33 \|61 \|0 \|2 \|- \|[[Jasia Akhtar]] \|India D \|4 \|4 \|'''114''' \|38.00 \|56[[not out\|]] \|0 \|1 \|- \|[[Shafali Verma]] \|India B \|3 \|3 \|'''103''' \|51.50 \|91[[not out\|]] \|0 \|1 \|- \|} <small>Source: BCCI</small><ref name="BCCI"/> ===Most wickets=== {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|- !width=150\| Player !width=150\| Team !width=60 \| Overs !width=60 \| Wickets !width=60 \| Average !width=60 \| 5w \|- \|[[Renuka Singh (cricketer)\|Renuka Singh]] \|India D \|12.0 \|'''8''' \|9.37 \|0 \|- \|[[Deepti Sharma]] \|India B \|10.0 \|'''7''' \|9.57 \|0 \|- \|[[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]] \|India D \|14.2 \|'''6''' \|10.16 \|0 \|- \|Sahana Pawar \|India A \|14.0 \|'''5''' \|15.40 \|0 \|- \|[[Arundhati Reddy]] \|India B \|6.0 \|'''3''' \|12.33 \|0 \|} <small>Source: BCCI</small><ref name="BCCI"/> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Senior Women's Challenger Trophy}} {{DEFAULTSORT:2022-23 Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy}} [[Category:Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy]] [[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2022–23]] [[Category:2022 in Indian cricket]] {{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}	1,244,391,139	[{"title": "2022\u201323 Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy", "data": {"Dates": "20 \u2013 26 November 2022", "Administrator(s)": "BCCI", "Cricket format": "Twenty20", "Tournament format(s)": "Round-robin and final", "Champions": "India D (1st title)", "Runners-up": "India A", "Participants": "4", "Matches": "7", "Most runs": "Yastika Bhatia (203)", "Most wickets": "Renuka Singh (8)"}}]	false
# Santi Aldama Santiago Aldama Toledo (born January 10th 2001) is a Spanish professional basketball player for the Memphis Grizzlies of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Nicknamed ”The Trolley Problem”, he was named most valuable player (MVP) of the 2019 FIBA U18 European Championship. Aldama played college basketball for the Loyola Greyhounds. He is the son of Spanish basketball player Santiago Aldama, an Olympian at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. ## Early life and career Aldama was brought up in Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, Spain. He started playing basketball at age three because his father, Santiago Aldama, and uncle, Santi Toledo, played the sport professionally. Aldama grew up idolizing basketball players Pau Gasol, Juan Carlos Navarro and Kobe Bryant. Since his introduction to basketball, Aldama played for Canterbury Basketball Academy in Las Palmas and later chose to remain there, despite receiving offers from bigger clubs like FC Barcelona, Real Madrid and Gran Canaria. At the 2017 Spanish Under-16 Championship, he averaged 18.9 points, 5.1 rebounds and 3.6 assists per game, playing for Canterbury alongside Oumar Ballo. He helped his team to a surprising third-place finish behind FC Barcelona and Real Madrid. In 2018, Aldama played on loan for the FC Barcelona under-18 team at Ciutat de L'Hospitalet qualifiers in the Adidas Next Generation tournament. ### Recruiting On 5 August 2019, Aldama announced his commitment to play college basketball in the United States for Loyola Maryland. He was drawn to the school because his father knew assistant coach Ivo Simović and due to Aldama's hopes of an eventual business career, and he felt comfortable when he visited the school in June. Considered a four-star recruit and a high-major talent, Aldama's decision to play for a mid-major program took many analysts by surprise. Evan Daniels of 247Sports.com called him "one of the biggest college-bound international steals in quite a while." \| Name \| Hometown \| School \| Height \| Weight \| Commit date \| \| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| --------------------------- \| ------------------ \| ------------------- \| -------------- \| ----------- \| \| Santiago Aldama PF \| Las Palmas, Spain \| Canterbury Academy \| 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) \| 205 lb (93 kg) \| Aug 5, 2019 \| \| Santiago Aldama PF \| Recruit ratings: 247Sports: \| \| \| \| \| \| Overall recruit ranking: 247Sports: 61 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| - Note: In many cases, Scout, Rivals, 247Sports, On3, and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight. - In these cases, the average was taken. ESPN grades are on a 100-point scale. Sources: - "2019 Team Ranking". Rivals. Retrieved 8 October 2019. \| \| \| \| \| \| ## College career Aldama missed the first three months of his freshman season with a knee injury that required surgery. He made his collegiate debut for Loyola Maryland on 1 February 2020, scoring 11 points in 17 minutes in a 79–73 win over Navy. Aldama was named Patriot League Rookie of the Week three times in the span of four weeks. At the end of the regular season, he was named to the Patriot League All-Rookie Team. On 3 March, he scored a season-high 23 points in a 78–75 loss to Lehigh in the first round of the Patriot League tournament. Aldama averaged 15.2 points, 7.6 rebounds, 2.1 assists and 1.7 blocks in 10 games as a freshman. On 13 February 2021, Aldama posted 30 points and 22 rebounds in a 97–94 triple overtime loss to Lafayette. He set the program record and matched Adonal Foyle's Patriot League record for rebounds in a game. On 10 March 2021, Aldama scored a career-high 33 points and 12 rebounds, shooting 13-of-15 from the field, in a 67–63 win against Army at the Patriot League tournament semifinals. He helped Loyola advance to its first-ever Patriot League final. As a sophomore, he averaged 21.2 points, 10.1 rebounds, 2.3 assists and 1.7 blocks per game, earning First Team All-Patriot League honors. On 14 April 2021, Aldama declared for the 2021 NBA draft while maintaining his college eligibility. He later decided to remain in the draft. ## Professional career ### Memphis Grizzlies (2021–present) Aldama was drafted with the 30th overall pick of the 2021 NBA draft by the Utah Jazz. His rights were later traded to the Memphis Grizzlies. On 8 August 2021, the Grizzlies announced that they had signed Aldama. On 2 December 2021, Aldama scored a season-high 18 points with ten rebounds, three assists, a steal and a block in a 152–79 blowout win over the Oklahoma City Thunder. Aldama joined the Grizzlies' 2022 NBA Summer League roster. On 18 July 2022, he was named to the All-NBA Summer League Second Team. With Jaren Jackson Jr. sidelined, Aldama was named the Grizzlies' starting power forward to open the 2022–23 season. He made his first career start in the team's season opener on 19 October, recording a double-double of 18 points and eleven rebounds in a 115–112 overtime win over the New York Knicks. On 2 February 2023, Aldama scored a career-high 21 points, alongside ten rebounds, in a 128–113 loss to the Cleveland Cavaliers. On 26 April 2025, during the first round of the playoffs, Aldama recorded 23 points, nine rebounds and three assists in a 117–115 Game 4 loss to the Oklahoma City Thunder, eliminating the Grizzlies from the playoffs. ## National team career Aldama made his national team debut for Spain at the 2017 FIBA U16 European Championship in Podgorica, Montenegro, averaging nine points and 5.4 rebounds per game. He led his team to a gold medal at the 2019 FIBA U18 European Championship in Volos, Greece, averaging 18 points, 7.6 rebounds, 2.6 assists, 2.3 blocks and 1.9 steals per game. Aldama was named tournament most valuable player (MVP) and joined his teammate Usman Garuba on the All-Star Five. ## Career statistics ### NBA #### Regular season \| Year \| Team \| GP \| GS \| MPG \| FG% \| 3P% \| FT% \| RPG \| APG \| SPG \| BPG \| PPG \| \| ------- \| ------- \| --- \| -- \| ---- \| ---- \| ---- \| ---- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| ---- \| \| 2021–22 \| Memphis \| 32 \| 0 \| 11.2 \| .402 \| .125 \| .625 \| 2.7 \| .7 \| .2 \| .3 \| 4.1 \| \| 2022–23 \| Memphis \| 77 \| 20 \| 21.8 \| .470 \| .353 \| .750 \| 4.8 \| 1.3 \| .6 \| .6 \| 9.0 \| \| 2023–24 \| Memphis \| 61 \| 35 \| 26.5 \| .435 \| .349 \| .621 \| 5.8 \| 2.3 \| .7 \| .9 \| 10.7 \| \| 2024–25 \| Memphis \| 65 \| 16 \| 25.5 \| .483 \| .368 \| .691 \| 6.4 \| 2.9 \| .8 \| .4 \| 12.5 \| \| Career \| Career \| 235 \| 71 \| 22.6 \| .459 \| .345 \| .692 \| 5.2 \| 1.9 \| .6 \| .6 \| 9.8 \| #### Playoffs \| Year \| Team \| GP \| GS \| MPG \| FG% \| 3P% \| FT% \| RPG \| APG \| SPG \| BPG \| PPG \| \| ------ \| ------- \| -- \| -- \| ---- \| ---- \| ---- \| ----- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| ---- \| \| 2023 \| Memphis \| 6 \| 0 \| 16.8 \| .455 \| .467 \| 1.000 \| 4.3 \| 1.2 \| .5 \| .0 \| 6.5 \| \| 2025 \| Memphis \| 4 \| 1 \| 30.5 \| .477 \| .417 \| – \| 6.0 \| 1.8 \| .0 \| .3 \| 13.0 \| \| Career \| Career \| 10 \| 1 \| 22.3 \| .468 \| .436 \| 1.000 \| 5.0 \| 1.4 \| .3 \| .1 \| 9.1 \| ### College \| Year \| Team \| GP \| GS \| MPG \| FG% \| 3P% \| FT% \| RPG \| APG \| SPG \| BPG \| PPG \| \| ------- \| ------ \| -- \| -- \| ---- \| ---- \| ---- \| ---- \| ---- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| ---- \| \| 2019–20 \| Loyola \| 10 \| 9 \| 30.4 \| .459 \| .217 \| .515 \| 7.6 \| 2.1 \| .9 \| 1.7 \| 15.2 \| \| 2020–21 \| Loyola \| 17 \| 17 \| 35.0 \| .513 \| .368 \| .686 \| 10.1 \| 2.3 \| 1.0 \| 1.7 \| 21.2 \| \| Career \| Career \| 27 \| 26 \| 33.3 \| .495 \| .306 \| .639 \| 9.2 \| 2.2 \| 1.0 \| 1.7 \| 19.0 \| ## Personal life Aldama's father, Santiago Aldama, played professional basketball in Spain and Portugal and joined the Spanish national team at the 1992 Summer Olympics. His uncle, Santi Toledo, also played professional basketball in Spain, Italy and Portugal.	enwiki/62042376	enwiki	62,042,376	Santi Aldama	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santi_Aldama	2025-07-03T06:33:49Z	en	Q69308603	166,874	{{Short description\|Spanish basketball player (born 2001)}} {{About\|Santi Aldama\|his father\|Santiago Aldama}} {{family name hatnote\|Aldama\|Toledo\|lang=Spanish\|dill}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2022}} {{Infobox basketball biography \| name = Santi Aldama \| image = Santi Aldama (51812767732) (cropped).jpg \| image_size = \| caption = Aldama with the [[Memphis Grizzlies]] in 2022 \| position = [[Power forward]] / [[Center (basketball)\|center]] \| height_ft = 7 \| height_in = 0 \| weight_lb = 215 \| league = [[NBA]] \| team = Memphis Grizzlies \| number = 7 \| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|df=yes\|2001\|1\|10}} \| birth_place = [[Las Palmas]], Spain \| high_school = Canterbury Academy<br/>(Las Palmas, Spain) \| college = [[Loyola Greyhounds men's basketball\|Loyola (Maryland)]] (2019–2021) \| draft_year = 2021 \| draft_round = 1 \| draft_pick = 30 \| draft_team = [[Utah Jazz]] \| career_start = 2021 \| years1 = {{nbay\|2021\|start}}–present \| team1 = [[Memphis Grizzlies]] \| years2 = \| team2 = \| highlights = * First-team All-[[Patriot League]] (2021) * Patriot League All-Rookie Team (2020) * [[FIBA U18 European Championship]] MVP ([[2019 FIBA U18 European Championship\|2019]]) \| medal_templates = {{MedalSport\|Men's [[basketball]]}} {{MedalCountry\|{{bk\|ESP}}}} {{MedalCompetition\|[[FIBA U18 European Championship]]}} {{MedalGold\|[[2019 FIBA U18 European Championship\|2019 Greece]]\|[[Spain men's national under-18 basketball team\|Team]]}} }} '''Santiago Aldama Toledo''' (born January 10th 2001) is a Spanish professional [[basketball]] player for the [[Memphis Grizzlies]] of the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA). Nicknamed '''”The Trolley Problem”''', he was named [[most valuable player]] (MVP) of the [[2019 FIBA U18 European Championship]]. Aldama played [[college basketball]] for the [[Loyola Greyhounds men's basketball\|Loyola Greyhounds]]. He is the son of Spanish basketball player [[Santiago Aldama]], an Olympian at the [[1992 Summer Olympics]] in [[Barcelona]]. ==Early life and career== Aldama was brought up in [[Las Palmas]], [[Gran Canaria]], Spain. He started playing basketball at age three because his father, [[Santiago Aldama]], and uncle, {{ill\|Santi Toledo\|es}}, played the sport professionally.<ref name="eurohopes">{{cite web \|title=Eurohopes interviews Santi Aldama \|url=http://www.eurohopes.com/news/6279/eurohopes_interviews_santi_aldama \|publisher=Eurohopes \|accessdate=1 October 2019 \|date=24 May 2019}}</ref> Aldama grew up idolizing basketball players [[Pau Gasol]], [[Juan Carlos Navarro (basketball)\|Juan Carlos Navarro]] and [[Kobe Bryant]].<ref name=eurohopes/><ref name="saez">{{cite news \|last=Sáez \|first=Faustino \|title=Santi Aldama, el extraño portento \|url=https://elpais.com/deportes/2019/08/05/actualidad/1565035884_938732.html \|website=[[El País]] \|accessdate=1 October 2019 \|language=es \|date=6 August 2019}}</ref> Since his introduction to basketball, Aldama played for Canterbury Basketball Academy in Las Palmas and later chose to remain there, despite receiving offers from bigger clubs like [[FC Barcelona Bàsquet\|FC Barcelona]], [[Real Madrid Baloncesto\|Real Madrid]] and [[CB Gran Canaria\|Gran Canaria]].<ref name="kia">{{cite web \|date=30 December 2017 \|title=Sobran los genes: Uno de los grandes proyectos nacionales jugará con el Barça en la Euroliga Junior \|url=https://kiaenzona.com/mas-basket/campeonato-de-espana-cadete/santialdamabarcelona-71383/ \|accessdate=8 October 2019 \|publisher=KIA en Zona \|language=es}}</ref> At the 2017 Spanish Under-16 Championship, he averaged 18.9 points, 5.1 rebounds and 3.6 assists per game, playing for Canterbury alongside [[Oumar Ballo (basketball)\|Oumar Ballo]]. He helped his team to a surprising third-place finish behind FC Barcelona and Real Madrid.<ref name=kia/> In 2018, Aldama played on [[loan (sports)\|loan]] for the FC Barcelona under-18 team at Ciutat de L'Hospitalet qualifiers in the [[2017–18 Euroleague Basketball Next Generation Tournament\|Adidas Next Generation tournament]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Aldama, Santiago \|url=https://www.euroleague.net/competition/players/showplayer?pcode=008118&seasoncode=JTH17#!currentstats \|publisher=[[EuroLeague]] \|accessdate=9 October 2019}}</ref> ===Recruiting=== On 5 August 2019, Aldama announced his commitment to play [[college basketball]] in the United States for [[Loyola Greyhounds men's basketball\|Loyola Maryland]]. He was drawn to the school because his father knew assistant coach [[Ivo Simović]] and due to Aldama's hopes of an eventual business career, and he felt comfortable when he visited the school in June.<ref name="lee">{{cite web \|last=Lee \|first=Edward \|title=Freshman Santi Aldama one of nation's 'biggest recruiting steals' for Loyola Maryland men's basketball \|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/college/basketball/bs-sp-spanish-freshman-forward-santi-aldama-loyola-maryland-basketball-20190822-bquxywqavvfuvmglbvjokkks4m-story.html \|website=[[The Baltimore Sun]] \|accessdate=30 September 2019 \|date=22 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="fiba">{{cite web \|title=Spain's Aldama wants a business career to match his highlight-producing basketball potential \|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/europe/u18/2019/news/spain-s-aldama-wants-a-business-career-to-match-his-highlight-producing-basketball-potential \|publisher=[[FIBA]] \|accessdate=8 October 2019 \|date=31 July 2019}}</ref> Considered a four-star [[college recruiting\|recruit]] and a high-major talent, Aldama's decision to play for a [[mid-major]] program took many analysts by surprise. Evan Daniels of [[247Sports.com]] called him "one of the biggest college-bound international steals in quite a while."<ref name="daniels">{{cite web \|last=Daniels \|first=Evan \|last2=Gershon \|first2=Josh \|name-list-style=and \|date=5 August 2019 \|title=Notable college prospects at the FIBA u18 European Championships \|url=https://247sports.com/college/basketball/recruiting/Article/FIBA-u18-European-Championships-Santiago-Aldama-Loyola-Michigan-Kansas-134194147/ \|accessdate=8 October 2019 \|publisher=[[247Sports]]}}</ref> {{College Athlete Recruit Start\|40=no\|collapse=no\|year=2019}} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry \| recruit = Santiago Aldama \| position = [[Power forward\|PF]] \| hometown = [[Las Palmas]], Spain \| highschool = Canterbury Academy \| feet = 6 \| inches = 10 \| weight = 205 \| 40 = \| commitdate = 5 August 2019 \|scout stars = \|rivals stars = \|247 stars = 4 \|espn stars = \|espn grade = }} {{College Athlete Recruit End \| 40 = \| year = 2019 \| rivals ref title = \| scout ref title = \| espn ref title = \| rivals school = \| scout s = \| espn schoolid = \| 247 overall = 61 \| rivals overall = \| espn overall = \| accessdate = 8 October 2019 \| bball = yes }} ==College career== Aldama missed the first three months of his freshman season with a knee injury that required surgery.<ref>{{cite web \|last=Lee \|first=Edward \|title=Prized recruit Santi Aldama out indefinitely for Loyola Maryland men's basketball after knee surgery \|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/college/basketball/bs-sp-santi-aldama-loyola-maryland-surgery-20191106-rajmpdwfkfgltitud7o6zmq3du-story.html \|website=[[The Baltimore Sun]] \|accessdate=6 March 2020 \|date=5 November 2019}}</ref> He made his collegiate debut for Loyola Maryland on 1 February 2020, scoring 11 points in 17 minutes in a 79–73 win over [[Navy Midshipmen men's basketball\|Navy]].<ref name="lorensen">{{cite web \|last=Lorensen \|first=Nick \|title=Spanish phenom Santi Aldama is leading a turn around at Loyola (MD) \|url=https://www.midmajormadness.com/2020/2/19/21141037/santi-aldama-spain-basketball-ncaa-tournament-tavaras-hardy-kostecka-patriot-league-bid \|publisher=Mid Major Madness \|accessdate=6 March 2020 \|date=19 February 2020}}</ref> Aldama was named [[Patriot League]] Rookie of the Week three times in the span of four weeks.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Aldama Earns Second-Straight Patriot League Weekly Award \|url=https://loyolagreyhounds.com/news/2020/3/2/mens-basketball-aldama-earns-second-straight-patriot-league-weekly-award.aspx \|publisher=Loyola University Maryland Athletics \|accessdate=6 March 2020 \|date=2 March 2020}}</ref> At the end of the regular season, he was named to the Patriot League All-Rookie Team.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Loyola's Andrew Kostecka Earns All-Patriot League First Team, Three Tabbed To Rookie Team \|url=https://pressboxonline.com/2020/03/02/loyolas-andrew-kostecka-earns-all-patriot-league-first-team-three-tabbed-to-rookie-team/ \|website=Press Box Online \|publisher=Loyola University Maryland Athletics \|accessdate=6 March 2020 \|date=2 March 2020}}</ref> On 3 March, he scored a season-high 23 points in a 78–75 loss to [[Lehigh Mountain Hawks men's basketball\|Lehigh]] in the first round of the [[2020 Patriot League men's basketball tournament\|Patriot League tournament]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Lehigh tops Loyola (Md.) 78-75 in Patriot first round \|url=https://collegebasketball.ap.org/article/lehigh-tops-loyola-md-78-75-patriot-first-round \|publisher=[[Associated Press]] \|accessdate=6 March 2020 \|date=3 March 2020}}</ref> Aldama averaged 15.2 points, 7.6 rebounds, 2.1 assists and 1.7 blocks in 10 games as a freshman.<ref>{{cite web \|last=Ashley \|first=Mike \|title=Loyola Men's Basketball Aiming To Take Next Step Behind Sophomore Class \|url=https://pressboxonline.com/2020/11/30/loyola-mens-basketball-aiming-to-take-next-step-behind-sophomore-class/ \|website=Press Box Online \|accessdate=1 December 2020 \|date=30 November 2020}}</ref> On 13 February 2021, Aldama posted 30 points and 22 rebounds in a 97–94 triple overtime loss to [[Lafayette Leopards men's basketball\|Lafayette]]. He set the program record and matched [[Adonal Foyle]]'s Patriot League record for rebounds in a game.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Aldama Breaks School Rebound Record, But Lafayette Wins In Triple Overtime \|url=https://loyolagreyhounds.com/news/2021/2/13/mens-basketball-aldama-breaks-school-rebound-record-but-lafayette-wins-in-triple-overtime.aspx \|website=Loyola University Maryland Athletics \|access-date=17 February 2021 \|date=13 February 2021}}</ref> On 10 March 2021, Aldama scored a career-high 33 points and 12 rebounds, shooting 13-of-15 from the field, in a 67–63 win against [[Army Black Knights men's basketball\|Army]] at the [[2021 Patriot League men's basketball tournament\|Patriot League tournament]] semifinals. He helped Loyola advance to its first-ever Patriot League final.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Aldama scores 33 to carry Loyola (Md.) into Patriot final \|url=https://apnews.com/article/santi-aldama-jalen-rucker-josh-caldwell-cam-spencer-mens-college-basketball-9aa81ffab4fa7679cd77680794dc2a5c \|publisher=[[Associated Press]] \|access-date=28 July 2021 \|date=10 March 2021}}</ref> As a sophomore, he averaged 21.2 points, 10.1 rebounds, 2.3 assists and 1.7 blocks per game, earning First Team All-Patriot League honors. On 14 April 2021, Aldama declared for the [[2021 NBA draft]] while maintaining his college eligibility. He later decided to remain in the draft.<ref>{{cite web \|last=Lee \|first=Edward \|title=Loyola Maryland's Santi Aldama to enter NBA draft without giving up college eligibility \|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/college/basketball/bs-sp-bkm-santi-aldama-loyola-maryland-nba-draft-20210414-7iz7cxujyng4vf7xnenuegfh2i-story.html \|website=[[The Baltimore Sun]] \|access-date=28 July 2021 \|date=14 April 2021}}</ref> ==Professional career== ===Memphis Grizzlies (2021–present)=== Aldama was drafted with the 30th overall pick of the [[2021 NBA draft]] by the [[Utah Jazz]]. His rights were later traded to the [[Memphis Grizzlies]].<ref>{{cite web \|date=7 August 2021 \|title=Grizzlies acquire draft rights to Santi Aldama from Jazz \|url=https://www.nba.com/grizzlies/news/grizzlies-acquire-draft-rights-santi-aldama-jazz \|access-date=20 November 2024 \|work=NBA.com}}</ref> On 8 August 2021, the Grizzlies announced that they had signed Aldama.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Grizzlies sign 2021 first round draft picks Ziaire Williams and Santi Aldama \|url=https://www.nba.com/grizzlies/news/grizzlies-sign-2021-first-round-draft-picks-ziaire-williams-and-santi-aldama-210808 \|date=8 August 2021 \|website=NBA.com \|accessdate=8 August 2021}}</ref> On 2 December 2021, Aldama scored a season-high 18 points with ten rebounds, three assists, a steal and a block in a 152–79 blowout win over the [[Oklahoma City Thunder]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Grizzlies throttle Thunder by NBA-record 73-point margin \|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/recap?gameId=401360154 \|date=2 December 2021 \|website=ESPN.com \|accessdate=2 December 2021}}</ref> Aldama joined the Grizzlies' [[2022 NBA Summer League]] roster.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Memphis Grizzlies 2022 NBA2K23 Summer League Roster {{!}} NBA.com \|url=https://www.nba.com/summer-league/2022/vegas/team/1610612763/grizzlies \|access-date=2022-07-21 \|website=NBA.com}}</ref> On 18 July 2022, he was named to the All-NBA Summer League Second Team.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Rudder \|first=Paul \|date=2022-07-19 \|title=Who made the 2022 NBA All-Summer League teams? Full player list \|url=https://en.as.com/nba/who-made-the-2022-nba-all-summer-leage-teams-full-player-list-n/ \|access-date=2022-07-21 \|website=Diario AS \|language=en}}</ref> With [[Jaren Jackson Jr.]] sidelined, Aldama was named the Grizzlies' starting power forward to open the 2022–23 season.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Cole \|first=Damichael \|date=October 20, 2022 \|title=With support from Spain, Santi Aldama flourishes in the absence of Jaren Jackson Jr. \|url=https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/sports/nba/grizzlies/2022/10/20/santi-aldama-shines-for-memphis-grizzlies-against-new-york-knicks/69564539007/ \|access-date=March 16, 2023 \|website=[[The Commercial Appeal]]}}</ref> He made his first career start in the team's season opener on 19 October, recording a double-double of 18 points and eleven rebounds in a 115–112 overtime win over the [[New York Knicks]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Bailey \|first=Clay \|date=October 19, 2022 \|title=MORANT'S 34 POINTS LEAD GRIZZLIES TO OT WIN OVER KNICKS \|url=https://www.nba.com/game/0022200009 \|access-date=March 16, 2023 \|website=NBA.com}}</ref> On 2 February 2023, Aldama scored a career-high 21 points, alongside ten rebounds, in a 128–113 loss to the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Withers \|first=Tom \|date=February 3, 2023 \|title=CAVS ALL-STAR MITCHELL CALLS GRIZZLIES' BROOKS DIRTY PLAYER \|url=https://www.nba.com/game/0022200779 \|access-date=March 16, 2023 \|website=NBA.com}}</ref> On 26 April 2025, during the first round of the playoffs, Aldama recorded 23 points, nine rebounds and three assists in a 117–115 Game 4 loss to the [[Oklahoma City Thunder]], eliminating the Grizzlies from the playoffs.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Thunder complete sweep of Grizzlies, reach Western Conference semifinals with 117-115 victory \|url=https://www.nba.com/game/okc-vs-mem-0042400144 \|access-date=April 28, 2025 \|website=NBA}}</ref> ==National team career== Aldama made his national team debut for [[Spain national under-16 basketball team\|Spain]] at the [[2017 FIBA U16 European Championship]] in [[Podgorica]], [[Montenegro]], averaging nine points and 5.4 rebounds per game.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Santiago Aldama's profile: 2017 FIBA U16 European Championship \|url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/100238026/sid/13087/tid/362/_/2017_FIBA_U16_European_Championship/index.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012152529/https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/100238026/sid/13087/tid/362/_/2017_FIBA_U16_European_Championship/index.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=12 October 2019 \|publisher=[[FIBA]] \|accessdate=9 October 2019}}</ref> He led his team to a gold medal at the [[2019 FIBA U18 European Championship]] in [[Volos]], Greece, averaging 18 points, 7.6 rebounds, 2.6 assists, 2.3 blocks and 1.9 steals per game. Aldama was named tournament [[most valuable player]] (MVP) and joined his teammate [[Usman Garuba]] on the All-Star Five.<ref name="mvp">{{cite web \|title=Unstoppable Aldama headlines the All-Star Five of the FIBA U18 European Championship \|url=http://www.fiba.basketball/europe/u18/2019/news/unstoppable-aldama-headlines-the-all-star-five-of-the-fiba-u18-european-championship \|publisher=[[FIBA]] \|accessdate=9 October 2019 \|date=4 August 2019}}</ref> ==Career statistics== {{NBA player statistics legend}} ===NBA=== ====Regular season==== {{NBA player statistics start}} \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| {{nbay\|2021}} \| style="text-align:left;"\| [[2021–22 Memphis Grizzlies season\|Memphis]] \| 32 \|\| 0 \|\| 11.2 \|\| .402 \|\| .125 \|\| .625 \|\| 2.7 \|\| .7 \|\| .2 \|\| .3 \|\| 4.1 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| {{nbay\|2022}} \| style="text-align:left;"\| [[2022–23 Memphis Grizzlies season\|Memphis]] \| '''77''' \|\| 20 \|\| 21.8 \|\| .470 \|\| .353 \|\| '''.750''' \|\| 4.8 \|\| 1.3 \|\| .6 \|\| .6 \|\| 9.0 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| {{nbay\|2023}} \| style="text-align:left;"\| [[2023–24 Memphis Grizzlies season\|Memphis]] \| 61 \|\| '''35''' \|\| '''26.5''' \|\| .435 \|\| .349 \|\| .621 \|\| 5.8 \|\| 2.3 \|\| .7 \|\| '''.9''' \|\| 10.7 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| {{nbay\|2024}} \| style="text-align:left;"\| [[2024–25 Memphis Grizzlies season\|Memphis]] \| 65 \|\| 16 \|\| 25.5 \|\| '''.483''' \|\| '''.368''' \|\| .691 \|\| '''6.4''' \|\| '''2.9''' \|\| '''.8''' \|\| .4 \|\| '''12.5''' \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\| Career \| 235 \|\| 71 \|\| 22.6 \|\| .459 \|\| .345 \|\| .692 \|\| 5.2 \|\| 1.9 \|\| .6 \|\| .6 \|\| 9.8 {{S-end}} ====Playoffs==== {{NBA player statistics start}} \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| [[2023 NBA playoffs\|2023]] \| style="text-align:left;"\| [[2022–23 Memphis Grizzlies season\|Memphis]] \| '''6''' \|\| 0 \|\| 16.8 \|\| .455 \|\| '''.467''' \|\| '''1.000''' \|\| 4.3 \|\| 1.2 \|\| '''.5''' \|\| .0 \|\| 6.5 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| [[2025 NBA playoffs\|2025]] \| style="text-align:left;"\| [[2024–25 Memphis Grizzlies season\|Memphis]] \| 4 \|\| '''1''' \|\| '''30.5''' \|\| '''.477''' \|\| .417 \|\| {{sort\|-\|–}} \|\| '''6.0''' \|\| '''1.8''' \|\| .0 \|\| '''.3''' \|\| '''13.0''' \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\| Career \| 10 \|\| 1 \|\| 22.3 \|\| .468 \|\| .436 \|\| 1.000 \|\| 5.0 \|\| 1.4 \|\| .3 \|\| .1 \|\| 9.1 {{S-end}} ===College=== {{NBA player statistics start}} \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| [[2019–20 NCAA Division I men's basketball season\|2019–20]] \| style="text-align:left;"\| [[2019–20 Loyola Greyhounds men's basketball team\|Loyola]] \| 10 \|\| 9 \|\| 30.4 \|\| .459 \|\| .217 \|\| .515 \|\| 7.6 \|\| 2.1 \|\| .9 \|\| '''1.7''' \|\| 15.2 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| [[2020–21 NCAA Division I men's basketball season\|2020–21]] \| style="text-align:left;"\| [[2020–21 Loyola Greyhounds men's basketball team\|Loyola]] \| '''17''' \|\| '''17''' \|\| '''35.0''' \|\| '''.513''' \|\| '''.368''' \|\| '''.686''' \|\| '''10.1''' \|\| '''2.3''' \|\| '''1.0''' \|\| '''1.7''' \|\| '''21.2''' \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\| Career \| 27 \|\| 26 \|\| 33.3 \|\| .495 \|\| .306 \|\| .639 \|\| 9.2 \|\| 2.2 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 1.7 \|\| 19.0 {{S-end}} ==Personal life== Aldama's father, [[Santiago Aldama]], played professional basketball in Spain and Portugal and joined the [[Spain men's national basketball team\|Spanish national team]] at the [[Basketball at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\|1992 Summer Olympics]].<ref name=lee/> His uncle, {{ill\|Santi Toledo\|es}}, also played professional basketball in Spain, Italy and Portugal.<ref name="nli">{{cite web \|title=Two Sign National Letters Of Intent With Loyola Men's Basketball \|url=https://loyolagreyhounds.com/news/2018/11/15/two-sign-national-letters-of-intent-with-loyola-mens-basketball.aspx \|publisher=Loyola University Maryland \|accessdate=30 September 2019 \|date=15 November 2018}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * {{basketball stats}} * [https://loyolagreyhounds.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=8378 Loyola Greyhounds bio] * [https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/santi-aldama-1.html Santi Aldama] – college basketball player statistics at [[Sports Reference]] * [https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/santi-aldama_1958458 Santi Aldama] at the [[Paris 2024 Summer Olympics]] * {{Olympics.com profile\|santiago-aldama\|Santiago Aldama}} * [https://esp.coe.es/atleta/santiago-aldama/410494/ Santiago Aldama – COE – Paris 2024] {{in lang\|es}} * [https://www.seleccionbaloncesto.es/Componente.aspx?c=1695808 Santiago Aldama Toledo] at [[Federación Española de Baloncesto\|FEB]] {{in lang\|es}} {{Memphis Grizzlies current roster}} {{navboxes\|list= {{2021 NBA draft}} {{FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship MVP Award}} }} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aldama, Santi}} [[Category:2001 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup players]] [[Category:21st-century Spanish sportsmen]] [[Category:Basketball players at the 2024 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Centers (basketball)]] [[Category:Loyola Greyhounds men's basketball players]] [[Category:Memphis Grizzlies players]] [[Category:Memphis Hustle players]] [[Category:NBA players from Spain]] [[Category:Olympic basketball players for Spain]] [[Category:Power forwards]] [[Category:Spanish expatriate basketball people in the United States]] [[Category:Spanish men's basketball players]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Las Palmas]] [[Category:Utah Jazz draft picks]]	1,298,554,299	[{"title": "No. 7 \u2013 Memphis Grizzlies", "data": {"Position": "Power forward / center", "League": "NBA"}}, {"title": "Personal information", "data": {"Born": "10 January 2001 \u00b7 Las Palmas, Spain", "Listed height": "7 ft 0 in (2.13 m)", "Listed weight": "215 lb (98 kg)"}}, {"title": "Career information", "data": {"High school": "Canterbury Academy \u00b7 (Las Palmas, Spain)", "College": "Loyola (Maryland) (2019\u20132021)", "NBA draft": "2021: 1st round, 30th overall pick", "Drafted by": "Utah Jazz", "Playing career": "2021\u2013present"}}, {"title": "Career history", "data": {"2021\u2013present": "Memphis Grizzlies"}}, {"title": "Career highlights", "data": {"Career highlights": "- First-team All-Patriot League (2021) - Patriot League All-Rookie Team (2020) - FIBA U18 European Championship MVP (2019)"}}, {"title": "FIBA U18 European Championship", "data": {"Gold medal \u2013 first place": "2019 Greece \u00b7 Team"}}]	false
# Alicia D'Amico Alicia D'Amico (October 6, 1933 – August 30, 2001) was an Argentine photographer. She was born in Buenos Aires, where her family had a photographic business. She ran a very productive studio with Sara Facio for twenty years. She published photography books and for the last twenty years of her life she focused on feminist issues and personal projects about the role of women in photography. She dedicated her entire life to photography, and she became a leading figure in Argentine photography. ## Early life Alicia D'Amico was born on October 6, 1933, in Buenos Aires. Her father, Luis D’Amico, was a local photographer and managed the family business, a store named “Foto-Arte D’Amico” in Buenos Aires. In this establishment there were two parts, a counter for the general public and a workshop, darkroom and gallery which was attached to the family house. There, D’Amico grew up between photography equipment, while she attended school and took painting and music lessons. When she was thirteen years old, she was accepted into the Escuela de Bellas Artes “Manuel Belgrano". There she was trained artistically and started to discover Argentine cultural life in addition to more international views. These new ideas were far from the creative process that her father used in his photography, which was purely commercial and with bureaucratic purposes. This was not the way of expression that Alicia D’Amico was searching for. Her father had worked for the improvement of the labour union of photographers. He was one of the founders of the Sociedad de Fotógrafos Profesionales Establecidos, and he had participated in the first cooperative group of professional photographers. Alicia D’Amico admired him for that, but it wasn't enough to link her to the family business of photography. ## Career ### Beginnings In 1953 D’Amico graduated from the Escuela Nacional as a Profesora Nacional de Dibujo y Pintura. She met Sara Facio when both of them were studying and became very close friends. In 1955, the two of them took a trip to Europe which lasted a year and a half. They were able to afford it because the French government granted them a scholarship to study in Paris. From Paris, they traveled to Germany, Spain and England. In Paris, the project which they had to develop for the scholarship was to make an art history book. This motivated the two friends to visit every museum, gallery, art centre, and theatre that they could. During their stay in Paris, one day they met a man who, at the moment realised that they were Argentine and proposed them to participate in El Hogar, which was a very relevant magazine of the moment. They worked in a few articles which were published in the 1955 issue. In Germany D’Amico discovered a new approach to photography, different from the one developed by her father. There she bought her first camera, an Agfa Super Silette 35 mm. Back in her home, she and Facio started to study photography with her father, but a short while after, he died. Alicia D’Amico took charge of the family business the two next years, but then she decided to close the studio. ### Collaboration with Sara Facio: 1960–1983 In March 1960, D’Amico travelled to the United States, where she attended a course of colour photography held by Kodak in Rochester, New York. Because of it, she was offered to open a studio of colour photography in Buenos Aires, but she declined the offer. Back in Buenos Aires, during this same year, she opened along with Facio a photography studio, “Sara Facio Alicia D’Amico Fotografías”. From the beginning, they were very selective with the works they chose, the projects had to be stimulating for the two of them. In New York, D’Amico had learned the US method of work, which consisted of working non-stop from 11 am to 7 pm. As Sara Facio wrote “No madrugar y no almorzar, dos principios para mantenerse “en forma”” (Not getting up early and not stopping for lunch, two principles to “stay in shape”). In a short space of time, the studio started to receive its first clients among which there were intellectuals and artists. Thanks to that, the two young photographers discovered the journalism and advertising world of the time. D’Amico also joined the Foto Club Buenos Aires in 1960. At the Foto Club, the photographers took part of competitions which allowed them to climb positions inside the hierarchy of the club. She won the second place in her first competition, and from then on, she rose up until she reached the upper category. At that point, she didn't participate in more competitions, because they didn't mean nothing new or stimulating to her. She was designated as the Secretary of the Executive Commission and Secretary of the monthly competitions, and she founded the photography library of the club. "From my beginnings I remember with gratitude the advices from two colleagues: Annemarie Heinrich and Boleslao Senderowicz. (...) I owe to Senderowicz invaluable advices. Because of his huge professional experience in publicity he taught me to never understimate my work, to never sell it to the best -or the worst- bidder; to accept only the works which provide me personal satisfaction. I have followed his instructions since the very first day and I am not sorry for that, although I spent weeks with my arms crossed. Maybe this is the basis to organize this profession hierarchically and not feel like a slave of money. In one word: be free."— Alicia D’Amico The D’Amico and Facio studio worked for twenty-three years, until 1983. They took portraits, but in an artistic way and also worked for the advertising world, and their shots (took without any previous sketch) were for national and international newspapers. They made audiovisual aids for television or private companies and still photographs from movies. A cultural atmosphere was created in the studio, they made intellectual meetings where the most important figures of the Argentine culture were gathered. D’Amico and Facio made up a very important photographic library. Every shot they took in the studio was signed by the two of them, without distinguish who really shot each photography. In Facio's words: “When it was time to choose, we always selected the best photo. It would be mine or hers. One day she was inspired, and the next one, I was. And we signed with both our names.” In 1982 they were awarded with the Premio Konex jointly. ### The 1970s In 1973, both photographers along to María Cristina Orive founded La Azotea, the first photographic editorial in Latin America. Since then, they started to publish works made by Latin-American authors, to increase their distribution and recognition among society. The Consejo Argentino de Fotografía (CAF) was created in 1979 and Alicia D’Amico was part of the founding members. The CAF had the purpose of spreading Argentine photography and provided photographers with different types of training. Alicia D’Amico's photographs were shown at the first exhibition made by the CAF, at Gallery Praxis in 1980. Inside the council, D’Amico along to Sara Facio were responsible for the circulation and distribution of the Works among press and society. Inside the CAF, they had some objectives such as focus on the distribution of Argentine photographers' works and in the historical research. They were not interested in made one image more superior than the others, like in the competitions organised by the Foto Clubs and other institutions. They wanted to uplift the importance of the authors, and in their works as a whole, because showing only one photograph was not representative. ### The 1980s–1990s In 1969 Alicia D’Amico had participated in the foundation of the Unión Feminista Argentina (UFA) accompanied by other intellectual women like María Luisa Bemberg, Leonor Calvera, Marta Migueles or Hilda Rais. Together with other feminist groups like Movimiento de Liberación Femenina (MLF), they started to create feminist debates, study groups where they read feminist texts and many awareness work to the general public. This organisations developed during the 1970 decade, until the coup d’état of 1976. Some years later, in October 1982, Derechos Iguales para la Mujer Argentina (DIMA) held the First Argentine Congress La mujer en el Mundo de Hoy, and in 1983 the Jornadas de la Creatividad Femenina and a Second Argentine Congress La mujer en el Mundo de Hoy, among others. This series of activities made easier the gathering of the previous feminist groups and they were able to continue their work. Coinciding with the celebration of this feminist activities, Alicia D’Amico started a project that lasted until the date of her death in 2001, her series of works Creación de la propia imagen. This concept started in the First Argentine Congress La mujer en el Mundo de Hoy, where the Argentine photographer took photos of the women that attended the congress, and she let them pose however they wanted to, the importance of the photo was to capture the essence, the sensibility of each person. In August 1983, Lugar de Mujer was created and among its founders were Alicia D’Amico. In this place they held different cultural activities, study groups, information chats and awareness sessions. It was a very stimulating place for feminist art, because a lot of its participants were artists, like Alicia D’Amico herself. In Lugar de Mujer, continuing with the idea of Creación de la propia imagen, D’Amico made with the psychologist Graciela Sykos a workshop called Autorretrato, where the participants were able to transform the imagen of women, a new image of women by women, through photography. Part of this works were published in the third issue of the Argentine newspaper, Alfonsina, in 1984. This workshops were repeated in time and them allowed Alicia D’Amico to portrayed a lot of different women. Later, she worked with another psychologist, Liliana Mizrahi, in a project which was between photography and performance, called Pies desnudos (1985). The main objective of it was different from the one in Autorretrato workshops. In this series of photographs, Alicia D’Amico was searching for a legitimate representation of the desire between women. She worked on make lesbianism visible by using visual representation. By making a visual imaginary of desire between women she was contributing to give visibility to it. She continued with her main genre, the portrait, to represent women couples. This couples were real couples, and D’Amico only capture the photos without them posing, because the artist didn't want to lose the authenticity or the tenderness. In the 1990 decade, she developed this topic with a personal and inevitably political vision, by making another workshops, as the one made in Las lunas y las otras in 1994, called Dar el cuerpo o dar la cara, which one was repeated one years later in IV Encuentro de Lesbianas Feministas de América Latina y el Caribe, in Mar de Plata. ## Style Due to her training in the Escuela de Bellas Artes, D’Amico always create very clear and equilibrated compositions. She had a predilection for the black and white, which provided her photographs with a special expression. The portrait was her main genre, because portraying people was always her passion. In spite of the fact that some of her first photographs, which were taken for the Foto Club competitions, consisted on very academic compositions, Alicia D’Amico always broke the rules and used her own vision. Despite that, her success was inevitable because professionalism and her excellent technique. "If I had to name my influences I have to refer myself to another countries. [...] Since the first moment, I felt influenced and attracted to the regular photography (not the "artistic" one) but elaborated. Elaborated in the decision of reality, elaborated in that "second gaze" which the photographer makes before the shot. The elaboration still invisible which we see before shooting. When we make the framing and we feel that the photo is the one and not another. [...] I saw "the photo" for the first time in the works of Edward Stieglitz, in the Spanish Village of Eugene Smith, and in every shot of Cartier-Bresson. I know that, since the start, my photographs had a rigour of composition that could remember to other masters, but i formed my competitive basis in my time in the National Academy of Fine Arts. Photographically talking, I feel the daughter of the ones I mentioned and not of others."— Alicia D'Amico ## Publications Between 1965 and 1967 she worked on a shot series which unified in her first book, Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, published in 1968 which was a huge success. It didn't consist of a book with panoramic views of the city and beautiful landscapes, with no subjects in them. The importance wasn't the architecture nor the urbanism. The real protagonist of the photographs were the people of Buenos Aires, and how they moved through the streets. Julio Cortázar wrote the introduction. Her portrait passion was crystallised in the book Retratos y Autorretratos, published in 1973. It contains numerous portraits of intellectuals, writers, people of the Latin American cultural life. The portraits which were presented in that book were simply expressive, D’Amico and Facio looked for the form of capture the pathology of the characters by using cut shots and very strong close-ups. Every photo was captured naturally, the person who was being portrayed was never posing. Apart from this two examples, Alicia D'Amico had other photographic books published, such as: - Geografía de Pablo Neruda (1973) - Humanario (1976) - Cómo tomar fotografías (1977). ## Exhibitions - 1963: Riobóo Gallery, Buenos Aires - 1964: Lirolay Gallery - 1964: National Library of México - 1980: Museo Histórico Nacional (Buenos Aires); CAF Exhibition, Galería Praxis, Buenos Aires - 1981: Agathe Gaillard Gallery, París; Museo de Arte Moderno de São Paulo; Kuntshaus Zürich; Tuskada Gallery, Tokyo; Museo de Arte Moderno de Buenos Aires; Museo de Arte Contemporáneo, Mar del Plata - 1982: Reggia di Casserta; Galleria San Fedele, Milan - 1983: IIº Encuentro Feminista Latinoamericano y del Caribe, Lima. - 1984: Universitá degli Studi di Genova; Museo de Arte Moderno de Bogotá/ Galerie Municipale du Château d’Eau, Toulouse - 1985: El Barberillo. Madrid - 1986: Casa Argentina in Rome - 1987: Kunsthalle Hamburg - 1989: Wellesley College, Boston - 1992: FotoFest, Houston / Centre Pompidou, París - 2002: Museo Sivori; Prilidiano Pueyrredón Art Gallery, Buenos Aires ## Bibliography - VV.AA., Fotógrafos argentinos del siglo XX, Centro Editor de América Latina, Buenos Aires, 1982. - D'AMICO, A., FACIO, S., Fotografía Argentina Actual=Photographie Argentine Actuelle=Argentine Photography Today, La Azotea; Editorial Fotográfica de América Latina, Buenos Aires, 1981.	enwiki/59381474	enwiki	59,381,474	Alicia D'Amico	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_D%27Amico	2025-07-11T16:24:05Z	en	Q2366940	72,474	{{Infobox person \| name = Alicia D'Amico \| birth_date = {{birth date\|1933\|10\|6}} \|birth_place = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] \| death_date = {{death_date_and_age\|2001\|8\|30\|1933\|10\|6}} \| death_place = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] \| occupation = Photographer }} '''Alicia D'Amico''' (October 6, 1933 – August 30, 2001) was an [[Argentines\|Argentine]] photographer. She was born in [[Buenos Aires]], where her family had a photographic business. She ran a very productive studio with [[Sara Facio]] for twenty years. She published photography books and for the last twenty years of her life she focused on feminist issues and personal projects about the role of women in photography.<ref>SANGUINETTI, A. "Alicia D'Amico. Biografía", ''Multimagen'', March 8, 2003. Available in: http://www.multimagen.com/notas/detalle.php?id=192 {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707095946/http://www.multimagen.com/notas/detalle.php?id=192 \|date=2018-07-07 }}</ref> She dedicated her entire life to photography, and she became a leading figure in Argentine photography. == Early life == Alicia D'Amico was born on October 6, 1933, in [[Buenos Aires]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.artehispano.com.ar/Alicia_D-Amico_Fotografias.html\|title=Alicia D´Amico, Fotografías\|website=ArteHispano\|language=Spanish\|access-date=2018-12-18}}</ref> Her father, Luis D’Amico, was a local photographer and managed the family business, a store named “Foto-Arte D’Amico” in Buenos Aires. In this establishment there were two parts, a counter for the general public and a workshop, darkroom and gallery which was attached to the family house. There, D’Amico grew up between photography equipment, while she attended school and took painting and music lessons. When she was thirteen years old, she was accepted into the [[Escuela de Bellas Artes “Manuel Belgrano"]]. There she was trained artistically and started to discover Argentine cultural life in addition to more international views. These new ideas were far from the creative process that her father used in his photography, which was purely commercial and with bureaucratic purposes. This was not the way of expression that Alicia D’Amico was searching for. Her father had worked for the improvement of the labour union of photographers. He was one of the founders of the Sociedad de Fotógrafos Profesionales Establecidos, and he had participated in the first cooperative group of professional photographers. Alicia D’Amico admired him for that, but it wasn't enough to link her to the family business of photography. == Career == === Beginnings === In 1953 D’Amico graduated from the Escuela Nacional as a ''Profesora Nacional de Dibujo y Pintura''. She met [[Sara Facio]] when both of them were studying and became very close friends. In 1955, the two of them took a trip to Europe which lasted a year and a half. They were able to afford it because the French government granted them a scholarship to study in Paris.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|url=https://iffcordoba.com/2017/02/16/alicia-damico/\|title=ALICIA D'AMICO\|date=2017-02-16\|website=Instituto de Formación Fotográfica\|language=Spanish\|access-date=2018-12-18\|archive-date=2019-04-04\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404003925/https://iffcordoba.com/2017/02/16/alicia-damico/\|url-status=dead}}</ref> From Paris, they traveled to Germany, Spain and England. In Paris, the project which they had to develop for the scholarship was to make an art history book. This motivated the two friends to visit every museum, gallery, art centre, and theatre that they could. During their stay in Paris, one day they met a man who, at the moment realised that they were Argentine and proposed them to participate in ''[[El Hogar]]'', which was a very relevant magazine of the moment. They worked in a few articles which were published in the 1955 issue.<ref>FACIO, S. "[https://www.clarin.com/rn/arte/fotografia/Entrevista_Sara_Facio_0_HJnQEZNawQe.html Autorretrato de una artista]", ''Clarín'', March 8, 2011.</ref> In Germany D’Amico discovered a new approach to photography, different from the one developed by her father. There she bought her first camera, an [[Agfa Silette\|Agfa Super Silette]] 35 mm.<ref name=":1" /> Back in her home, she and Facio started to study photography with her father, but a short while after, he died. Alicia D’Amico took charge of the family business the two next years, but then she decided to close the studio. === Collaboration with Sara Facio: 1960–1983 === In March 1960, D’Amico travelled to the United States, where she attended a course of colour photography held by [[Kodak]] in Rochester, New York. Because of it, she was offered to open a studio of colour photography in Buenos Aires, but she declined the offer. Back in Buenos Aires, during this same year, she opened along with Facio a photography studio, “Sara Facio Alicia D’Amico Fotografías”. From the beginning, they were very selective with the works they chose, the projects had to be stimulating for the two of them. In New York, D’Amico had learned the US method of work, which consisted of working non-stop from 11 am to 7 pm. As Sara Facio wrote “No madrugar y no almorzar, dos principios para mantenerse “en forma”” (Not getting up early and not stopping for lunch, two principles to “stay in shape”).<ref>FACIO, S., "Alicia D'Amico", p.4 En VV.AA., ''Fotógrafos argentinos del siglo XX'', Centro Editor de América Latina, Buenos Aires, 1982.</ref> In a short space of time, the studio started to receive its first clients among which there were intellectuals and artists. Thanks to that, the two young photographers discovered the journalism and advertising world of the time. D’Amico also joined the [[Foto Club Buenos Aires]] in 1960. At the Foto Club, the photographers took part of competitions which allowed them to climb positions inside the hierarchy of the club. She won the second place in her first competition, and from then on, she rose up until she reached the upper category. At that point, she didn't participate in more competitions, because they didn't mean nothing new or stimulating to her. She was designated as the Secretary of the Executive Commission and Secretary of the monthly competitions, and she founded the photography library of the club. {{Quote\|"From my beginnings I remember with gratitude the advices from two colleagues: [[Annemarie Heinrich]] and [[Boleslao Senderowicz]]. (...) I owe to Senderowicz invaluable advices. Because of his huge professional experience in publicity he taught me to never understimate my work, to never sell it to the best -or the worst- bidder; to accept only the works which provide me personal satisfaction. I have followed his instructions since the very first day and I am not sorry for that, although I spent weeks with my arms crossed. Maybe this is the basis to organize this profession hierarchically and not feel like a slave of money. In one word: be free."\|'''Alicia D’Amico'''<ref>Original text: “De mis comienzos recuerdo con gratitud los consejos de dos colegas: Annemarie Heinrich y Boleslao Senderowicz. (…) A Senderowicz le debo consejos prácticos invalorables. Con su enorme experiencia profesional publicitaria me enseñó a no desestimar mi trabajo, a no venderlo al mejor - o peor - postor; a aceptar sólo los trabajos que me dieran satisfacción personal. Seguí sus indicaciones desde el primer día y no me arrepiento, aunque pasé semanas con los brazos cruzados. Quizá sea la base para jerarquizar la profesión y no sentirse esclavo del dinero. En una palabra: ser libre." ''Ibidem'' p.4</ref>}} The D’Amico and Facio studio worked for twenty-three years, until 1983. They took portraits, but in an artistic way and also worked for the advertising world, and their shots (took without any previous sketch) were for national and international newspapers. They made audiovisual aids for television or private companies and still photographs from movies. A cultural atmosphere was created in the studio, they made intellectual meetings where the most important figures of the Argentine culture were gathered. D’Amico and Facio made up a very important photographic library. Every shot they took in the studio was signed by the two of them, without distinguish who really shot each photography. In Facio's words: “When it was time to choose, we always selected the best photo. It would be mine or hers. One day she was inspired, and the next one, I was. And we signed with both our names.”<ref>Original text: “A la hora de elegir, seleccionábamos siempre la mejor foto. Podía ser de una u otra. Un día una estaba inspirada y otro, la otra. Y las firmábamos con los nombres de las dos.” FACIO, S., "Autorretrato de una artista", ''Clarín'', March 8, 2011.</ref> In 1982 they were awarded with the [[Premio Konex]] jointly. === The 1970s === In 1973, both photographers along to [[María Cristina Orive]] founded La Azotea, the first photographic editorial in Latin America.<ref name=":1" /> Since then, they started to publish works made by Latin-American authors, to increase their distribution and recognition among society. The ''[[Consejo Argentino de Fotografía]]'' (CAF) was created in 1979 and Alicia D’Amico was part of the founding members.<ref name=":0" /> The CAF had the purpose of spreading Argentine photography and provided photographers with different types of training. Alicia D’Amico's photographs were shown at the first exhibition made by the CAF, at Gallery Praxis in 1980. Inside the council, D’Amico along to Sara Facio were responsible for the circulation and distribution of the Works among press and society. Inside the CAF, they had some objectives such as focus on the distribution of Argentine photographers' works and in the historical research. They were not interested in made one image more superior than the others, like in the competitions organised by the Foto Clubs and other institutions. They wanted to uplift the importance of the authors, and in their works as a whole, because showing only one photograph was not representative.<ref>ALBERTO FERNANDEZ, C. “Desarrollo de la fotografía artística en la Argentina entre 1980 y 1990” p. 42. https://fido.palermo.edu/servicios_dyc/proyectograduacion/archivos/3204_pg.pdf</ref> === The 1980s–1990s === In 1969 Alicia D’Amico had participated in the foundation of the [[Unión Feminista Argentina]] (UFA) accompanied by other intellectual women like [[María Luisa Bemberg]], [[Leonor Calvera]], [[Marta Migueles]] or [[Hilda Rais]]. Together with other feminist groups like [[Movimiento de Liberación Femenina]] (MLF), they started to create feminist debates, study groups where they read feminist texts and many awareness work to the general public. This organisations developed during the 1970 decade, until the coup d’état of 1976. Some years later, in October 1982, [[Derechos Iguales para la Mujer Argentina]] (DIMA) held the First Argentine Congress ''La mujer en el Mundo de Hoy'', and in 1983 the ''Jornadas de la Creatividad Femenina'' and a Second Argentine Congress ''La mujer en el Mundo de Hoy'', among others. This series of activities made easier the gathering of the previous feminist groups and they were able to continue their work. Coinciding with the celebration of this feminist activities, Alicia D’Amico started a project that lasted until the date of her death in 2001, her series of works ''Creación de la propia imagen''. This concept started in the First Argentine Congress ''La mujer en el Mundo de Hoy'', where the Argentine photographer took photos of the women that attended the congress, and she let them pose however they wanted to, the importance of the photo was to capture the essence, the sensibility of each person.<ref>D’Amico, A. (1984). "Salud, identidad y socialización. Relaciones con la imagen fotográfica". En V.V.A.A. (1984) ''¡Es preciso volar! Primer encuentro regional sobre la salud de la mujer''. Bogotá: Edición de la Mujer, 55. Extracted form the article: LAURA ROSA, M. “Exploraciones sobre el deseo lésbico a través de la fotografía”, ''Anales de Historia del Arte'', Ediciones Complutense, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 2018.</ref> In August 1983, ''[[Lugar de Mujer]]'' was created and among its founders were Alicia D’Amico. In this place they held different cultural activities, study groups, information chats and awareness sessions. It was a very stimulating place for feminist art, because a lot of its participants were artists, like Alicia D’Amico herself. In ''Lugar de Mujer'', continuing with the idea of ''Creación de la propia imagen'', D’Amico made with the psychologist Graciela Sykos a workshop called ''Autorretrato'', where the participants were able to transform the imagen of women, a new image of women by women, through photography.<ref>D’Amico, A. “Cómo Somos”, ''alfonsina'', nº3, p. 8, Buenos Aires, 1984.</ref> Part of this works were published in the third issue of the Argentine newspaper, ''Alfonsina'', in 1984. This workshops were repeated in time and them allowed Alicia D’Amico to portrayed a lot of different women. Later, she worked with another psychologist, [[Liliana Mizrahi]], in a project which was between photography and performance, called ''Pies desnudos'' (1985). The main objective of it was different from the one in Autorretrato workshops. In this series of photographs, Alicia D’Amico was searching for a legitimate representation of the desire between women.<ref>LAURA ROSA, M. “Exploraciones sobre el deseo lésbico a través de la fotografía”, ''Anales de Historia del Arte'', p. 306, Ediciones Complutense, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 2018.</ref> She worked on make lesbianism visible by using visual representation. By making a visual imaginary of desire between women she was contributing to give visibility to it.<ref>''Ibidem'' p. 308</ref> She continued with her main genre, the portrait, to represent women couples. This couples were real couples, and D’Amico only capture the photos without them posing, because the artist didn't want to lose the authenticity or the tenderness.<ref>Extracted reference of: Laura Rosa, M. “Exploraciones sobre el deseo lésbico a través de la fotografía”, ''Anales de Historia del Arte'', Ediciones Complutense, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 2018. a su vez citando Alicia D’Amico (1986). Wrote for ''Women of Power'' (unpublished manuscript oh the Archivo Alicia D’Amico).</ref> In the 1990 decade, she developed this topic with a personal and inevitably political vision, by making another workshops, as the one made in ''Las lunas y las otras'' in 1994, called ''Dar el cuerpo o dar la cara'', which one was repeated one years later in IV Encuentro de Lesbianas Feministas de América Latina y el Caribe, in Mar de Plata.<ref>LAURA ROSA, M. ''Op. Cit.'' p. 312</ref> == Style == Due to her training in the Escuela de Bellas Artes, D’Amico always create very clear and equilibrated compositions. She had a predilection for the black and white, which provided her photographs with a special expression. The portrait was her main genre, because portraying people was always her passion. In spite of the fact that some of her first photographs, which were taken for the Foto Club competitions, consisted on very academic compositions, Alicia D’Amico always broke the rules and used her own vision. Despite that, her success was inevitable because professionalism and her excellent technique. {{Quote\|"If I had to name my influences I have to refer myself to another countries. [...] Since the first moment, I felt influenced and attracted to the regular photography (not the "artistic" one) but elaborated. Elaborated in the decision of reality, elaborated in that "second gaze" which the photographer makes before the shot. The elaboration still invisible which we see before shooting. When we make the framing and we feel that the photo is the one and not another. [...] I saw "the photo" for the first time in the works of [[Edward Stieglitz]], in the Spanish Village of [[W. Eugene Smith\|Eugene Smith]], and in every shot of [[Cartier-Bresson]]. I know that, since the start, my photographs had a rigour of composition that could remember to other masters, but i formed my competitive basis in my time in the National Academy of Fine Arts. Photographically talking, I feel the daughter of the ones I mentioned and not of others."\| '''Alicia D'Amico'''<ref>Original text: "Si tuviera que señalar influencias debo remitirme a otros países. […] Me sentí influido y atraída desde el primer momento por la foto normal (lease no “artística”) pero elaborada. Elaborada en la elección de la realidad, elaborada en esa “segunda mirada” que hace el fotógrafo antes de la toma. La elaboración aun invisible que vemos antes de disparar. Cuando hacemos el encuadre y sentimos que esa es la foto y no otra. […] Yo vi por primera vez “la foto” en las obras de [[Edward Stieglitz]], en el pueblo español de [[W. Eugene Smith\|Eugene Smith]], en todas las de [[Cartier-Bresson]]. Soy consciente de que mis fotos tuvieron desde el principio un rigor de composición que puede recordar a otros maestros, pero mi base competitiva la traigo de mi paso por Bellas Artes. Fotográficamente me siento hija de los mencionados y no de otros.” FACIO, S. ''Op. Cit.'' p.6</ref>}} == Publications == Between 1965 and 1967 she worked on a shot series which unified in her first book, ''Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires'', published in 1968<ref name=":1" /> which was a huge success. It didn't consist of a book with panoramic views of the city and beautiful landscapes, with no subjects in them. The importance wasn't the architecture nor the urbanism. The real protagonist of the photographs were the people of Buenos Aires, and how they moved through the streets. [[Julio Cortázar]] wrote the introduction. Her portrait passion was crystallised in the book ''Retratos y Autorretratos'', published in 1973. It contains numerous portraits of intellectuals, writers, people of the Latin American cultural life. The portraits which were presented in that book were simply expressive, D’Amico and Facio looked for the form of capture the pathology of the characters by using cut shots and very strong close-ups. Every photo was captured naturally, the person who was being portrayed was never posing. Apart from this two examples, Alicia D'Amico had other photographic books published, such as: ''Geografía de [[Pablo Neruda]]'' (1973) ''Humanario'' (1976) ''Cómo tomar fotografías'' (1977). == Exhibitions == 1963: [[Riobóo Gallery]], [[Buenos Aires]] 1964: [[Lirolay Gallery]] 1964: [[National Library of México]] 1980: [[Museo Histórico Nacional]] ([[Buenos Aires]]); CAF Exhibition, [[Galería Praxis]], [[Buenos Aires]] 1981: [[Agathe Gaillard Gallery]], [[París]]; [[Museo de Arte Moderno de São Paulo]]; [[Kuntshaus Zürich]]; [[Tuskada Gallery]], [[Tokyo]]; [[Museo de Arte Moderno de Buenos Aires]]; [[Museo de Arte Contemporáneo (Mar del Plata)\|Museo de Arte Contemporáneo]], [[Mar del Plata]] 1982: [[Reggia di Casserta]]; [[Galleria San Fedele]], [[Milan]] 1983: IIº Encuentro Feminista Latinoamericano y del Caribe, Lima. 1984: [[Universitá degli Studi di Genova]]; [[Museo de Arte Moderno de Bogotá]]/ [[Galerie Municipale du Château d’Eau]], [[Toulouse]] 1985: El Barberillo. [[Madrid]] 1986: Casa Argentina in [[Rome]] 1987: [[Kunsthalle Hamburg]] 1989: [[Wellesley College]], [[Boston]] 1992: FotoFest, [[Houston]] / [[Centre Pompidou]], [[París]] 2002: [[Museo Sivori]]; [[Prilidiano Pueyrredón Art Gallery]], [[Buenos Aires]] == References == <references /> == Bibliography == VV.AA., ''Fotógrafos argentinos del siglo XX'', Centro Editor de América Latina, Buenos Aires, 1982. * D'AMICO, A., FACIO, S., ''Fotografía Argentina Actual=Photographie Argentine Actuelle=Argentine Photography Today'', La Azotea; Editorial Fotográfica de América Latina, Buenos Aires, 1981. == External links == [http://lugardemujer.org.ar/documento.html Lugar de Mujer] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180707095946/http://www.multimagen.com/notas/detalle.php?id=192 Biography by Alicia Sanguinetti] [https://www.fundacionkonex.org/b2113-alicia-damico Alicia D'Amico in Konex Foundation] [http://laazoteaeditorial.blogspot.com/p/historia.html La Azotea Editorial] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:D'Amico, Alicia}} [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:2001 deaths]] [[Category:Artists from Buenos Aires]] [[Category:Argentine publishers (people)]] [[Category:Portrait photographers]] [[Category:20th-century Argentine photographers]] [[Category:20th-century Argentine women photographers]]	1,299,988,414	[{"title": "Alicia D'Amico", "data": {"Born": "October 6, 1933 \u00b7 Buenos Aires, Argentina", "Died": "August 30, 2001 (aged 67) \u00b7 Buenos Aires, Argentina", "Occupation": "Photographer"}}]	false
# Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile, or State Center of the Ukrainian People's Republic (SC of UPR) was a government in exile formed following the collapse of the Ukrainian People's Republic in 1920. It was initially located in Poland before relocating to France and later Germany during the Second World War. It finally relocated to Philadelphia in 1976, where it would remain until its dissolution. In 1992, the government recognized the newly independent Ukrainian government as the successor to the Ukrainian People's Republic, and formally relinquished its powers to the new Ukrainian authorities. After the May Coup (Poland) in 1926 in the Second Polish Republic, Józef Piłsudski recognized the UNR government in exile, in a covert attempt to destabilize the Soviet Union, and in retaliation for Soviet support of the Communist Party of Western Ukraine. ## Legal basis The legal basis of the UPR government was set in the laws "On the temporary Supreme Administration and Legislation in the UPR" and "On the State People's Council", approved on November 12, 1920 by the Directorate of Ukraine. These acts, based on the laws of the Labor Congress of Ukraine, transferred legislative functions and control over the government of the Ukrainian People's Republic to the State People's Council. However, prior to the convening of this council, its functions were assigned to the Council of People's Ministers, and the head of the Directorate acted as the head of state, approving laws, treaties, appointments, representation before foreign states. The head of the Directorate, in case of impossibility to perform duties, was represented by the board, and in case of impossibility to convene it – by the chairman of the Council of People's Ministers. ## Structure - Executive bodies – President (in 1921–1944, Chief Otaman), the Council of Ministers (1921–1992) - Legislative bodies – Republic's Council, Ukrainian National Council ## Leaders ### Presidents 1. Symon Vasyliovych Petliura — 1921–1926 (Chief Otaman) 2. Andrii Mykolaiovych Livytskyi — 1926–1954 (until 1944, chief otaman) 3. Stepan Porfyrovych Vytvytskyi — 1954–1965 4. Spyrydon Mykytovych Dovhal — 1966–1967 в.о. 5. Mykola Andriiovych Livytskyi — 1967–1989 6. Mykola Vasyliovych Plaviuk — 1989–1992 ### Chairmen of the Council of People's Ministers of UPR 1. Andrii Mykolaiovych Livytskyi — 1920–1921 2. Pylyp Kalenkovych Pylypchuk — 1921–1922 3. Andrii Mykolaiovych Livytskyi — 1922–1926 4. Viacheslav Kostiantynovych Prokopovych — 1926–1939 5. Oleksandr Yakovych Shulhyn — 1939–1940 6. Viacheslav Kostiantynovych Prokopovych — 1940–1942 7. Andrii Ivanovych Yakovliv — 1944–1945 8. Kostiantyn Kostiantynovych Pankivskyi — 1945–1948 9. Isaak Prokhorovych Mazepa — 1948–1952 10. Stepan Ivanovych Baran — 1952–1953 11. Spyrydon Mykytovych Dovhal — 1954 12. Symon Vasyliovych Sozontiv — 1954–1957 13. Mykola Andriiovych Livytskyi — 1957–1966 14. Spyrydon Mykytovych Dovhal — 1966–1967 15. Atanas Ivanovych Figol — 1967–1969 16. Spyrydon Mykytovych Dovhal — 1969–1972 17. Vasyl Lukynovych Fedoronchuk — 1972–1974 18. Teofil Leontii — 1974–1976 19. Ivan Ivanovych Kedryn-Rudnytskyi — 1976–1978 20. Teofil Leontii — 1978–1980 21. Yaroslav-Bohdan Antonovych Rudnytskyi — 1980–1989 22. Ivan Matviiovych Samiilenko — 1989–1992 During World War II, the UPR government was not active, but Andrii Livytsky was signing documents as the head of the Directorate. After the war, the government was reformed, and included activists from various parties in Western Ukraine and the organized public from sub-Soviet Ukraine. ### Chairmen of the Ukrainian National Council 1. Ivan Bahrianyi — 1948–1952 (chairman) 2. Ivan Bahrianyi — 1952–1954 (acting chairman) 3. Osyp Boidunyk — 1954–1955 (acting chairman) 4. Yevhen Oleksiiovych Glovinskyi — 1955–1957 (acting chairman) 5. Ivan Bahrianyi — 1957–1961 (chairman) 6. Osyp Boidunyk — 1961–1965 (chairman) 7. Spyrydon Mykytovych Dovhal — 1966–1967 (acting chairman) 8. Yakiv Makovetskyi — 1967–1971 9. Petro Belei — 1971–1972 (acting chairman)[4][5] 10. Spyrydon Mykytovych Dovhal — 1972–1975 (chairman) 11. Ivan Ivanovych Kedryn-Rudnytskyi — 1976–1978 (acting chairman) 12. Volodymyr Ivanovych Biliaiv — 1979–1984 13. Pavlo Danylovych Lymarenko — 1984–1989 14. Mykhailo Hryhorovych Voskobiinyk — 1989–1992 Locations of the governing bodies of the State Center of the Ukrainian People's Republic: Tarnow (Poland) – 1921–23; Paris (France) – 1924–26; Warsaw (Poland) – 1926–39; France – 1940–44; Weimar (Nazi Germany), Bad Kissingen (American occupation zone in Germany) – 1944–46; Munich (West Germany) – 1946–76; Philadelphia (USA) – 1976–92. ## Activity ### Restoration of the UPR structures during World War II After the beginning of the World War II Taras Bulba-Borovets, with the support of the President of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile Andrii Livytskyi, crossed the German-Soviet border and started organizing UPA military units subordinate to the UPR Government. After the Reich's attack on the USSR, together with Belarusian partisans, he captured Olevsk and proclaimed the Olevsk Republic. Due to the demands of the Germans to obey their orders, the civil administration in Olevsk was disbanded, and guerrilla warfare activated. Bulba-Borovets strongly opposed Bandera's attempts to proclaim a Ukrainian state in 1941, as he believed that "starting from January 22, 1918, it's not needed to proclaim a Ukrainian sovereign state, as it has already been proclaimed once and its legitimate government has not stopped its political activities as an exile government of an occupied country. The statehood could only be restored". ### Domestic policy The UPR government in exile acted through various ministries and institutions. On the domestic side, due to the opposition of some parties, it failed to create a coordinating political center, and the state center was often treated as a separate party ("uenerivtsi"). The difficulties in the UPR environment arose with the signing of the Treaty of Warsaw (the case of Galicia), and orientation towards the Republic of Poland (members of the government considered it "orientation towards Western Europe"). The UPR government was also criticized for its attitude towards the struggle of Ukrainians under the Polish Republic, Kingdom of Romania and the Czechoslovak Republic as it, to use the opponents' term tolerated the "occupation" and limited itself to meeting the "needs of the Ukrainian minority." The domestic department was led by Oleksandr Salikovskyi and Oleksandr Lototskyi, and after the Second World War – by Mykhailo Vetukhiv (1945–1948). The exile government of the UPR was supported by the Ukrainian Revolutionary Democratic Party (former "esefy" – members of the Socialists-Federalists Party), which formed the majority of the government. The Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party was not a member of the UPR government, but was loyal to it. On the other hand, the Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party under the leadership of Mykyta Shapoval was strongly against the exile government – together with the members of the Farmers-Statesmen Union and Ukrainian nationalists (OUN). The position of the political groups in Galicia, primarily the UNDO (Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance), has evolved from objection (because of the Treaty of Warsaw) to a kind of tolerance and even cooperation in specific political and civic actions. The existence of the State Center of the Ukrainian People's Republic was a symbol of the continuation of the struggle of Ukrainian people for their national independence. Everywhere and under any circumstances, the Center defended the interests of the Ukrainian people, conducted active political and diplomatic work aimed at streamlining the life of Ukrainians abroad, contributed to the formation of the national consciousness of Ukrainians in Ukraine and abroad, coordinated the national, political, scientific, educational and cultural activity of Ukrainian centers around the world. The work of the center embodied a constant fight of Ukrainian emigrants, who drew attention of the whole civilized world to the enslaved state of Ukrainian people in the USSR and supported the determination of Ukrainians and their unquenchable faith in victory. DC of UPR fulfilled its purpose, writing bright pages in the history of the Ukrainian people. ### Foreign policy On 20 November 1929 US government issued a bill providing for appointment of a diplomatic representative to the Ukrainian People's Republic (S. 2177). A. Nikovskyi and later O. Shulhyn (till 1946) carried out the foreign activities. Initially, there were Ukrainian diplomatic missions in certain countries: K. Matsievych – in Romania, A. Livytskyi – in Poland, M. Slovinskyi – in Czechoslovakia, R. Smal-Stotskyi – in Germany, M. Vasylko – in Switzerland, V. Murskyi – in Turkey, O. Shulhyn – in France, and so on. The latter lasted the longest, others were eliminated in the early 1920s. O. Shulhyn, as the head of the UPR mission in Paris, and later as the Minister of Foreign Affairs, kept in touch with the League of Nations, protesting against the Bolshevik occupation of Ukraine, the actions of Soviet diplomacy, terror and famine in Ukraine. The State Center of the Ukrainian People's Republic prepared a draft of the recognition of the UPR government in exile, this project was proposed to the highest legislative body of the United States by several senators led by D. Kopelyan. He maintained close contacts with the pan-European movement, advocating for the idea of Ukraine's belonging to the European community. He condemned the policy of Germany, France, Italy and Great Britain in dealing with the Carpathian Ukraine's issue. In September 1939 in Paris, the UPR government led by V. Prokopovych declared its solidarity with Western democracies, condemning the totalitarian regimes in Nazi Germany and the USSR. Some international activities were carried out by the UPR government through the Ukrainian Society for the League of Nations. A separate area of work of the UPR government was the organization of cooperation between the "sub-Soviet" peoples – Prometheism, in which not only Ukrainians, but also representatives of the Caucasus, Don, Kuban, Crimea, Turkestan regions participated. On September 1, 1939, the UPR government in exile, led by V. Prokopovych, declared war on Nazi Germany. ### Army The UPR government paid special attention to the military department (headed by Generals M. Bezruchko, V. Petriv, V. Salskyi, M. Omelyanovych-Pavlenko), managing the training of military personnel and the organization of former combatants. A number of UPR sergeants were working as contract officers in the Polish army. To popularize the military affairs, the UPR government organized the Ukrainian Historical Military Society, was publishing the "Tabor", "For Statehood" magazines, and other literature.In 1941-1944 the Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army (Polissian Sich) was officially a subject to the Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile. ### Culture The public and cultural activities of the UPR's exile government were organized through consonant civic formations that existed in different countries: the Union of Ukrainian Emigration Organizations in France, the Ukrainian Central Committee in Poland, the Public Assistance Committee of Ukrainian Emigrants in Romania, the Ukrainian Association in Czechoslovakia and others, whose work was coordinated by the General Emigration Council (headed by O. Shulhyn). In Paris in 1926, the S. Petliura Library was founded, where the archival materials of the Ukrainian People's Republic were stored. In 1938, the UPR government founded the Ukrainian Mohyla-Mazepa Academy of Sciences. Through the activities of the UPR government, the Polish government established the Ukrainian Scientific Institute in Warsaw. The unofficial body of the UPR government was the weekly magazine "Trident" published in Paris (1925–1940), revived in 1959. After each session of the UPR Council, the Ukrainian Information Bureau published materials and documents. ## Members of the government Government of the UPR in exile, elected at the tenth session of the Ukrainian People's Republic in 1989: - Head of the Government— Ivan Samiylenko. - Deputy Head of the Government — Mykhailo Pap. - Deputy Head of the Government and Head of the Legal Affairs Department— Mykola Sukhoverskyi. - State Secretary — Nataliia Pazunyak, co-opted, sworn in later. - Head of Finance Department — Kost Lutsenko. - Head of the Regional Affairs Department — Mykhailo Herets. - Head of the Foreign Affairs Department — Volodymyr Zhyla. - Head of the Press and Information Department — Volodymyr Marko. - Head of the Internal Affairs Department — Yurii Ikhtiarov. - Head of the Special Assignments Department — Mykola Lypovetskyi, Stepan Vorokh, Vsevolod Salenko. - Archive Director — Yurii Salskyi. - Head of the State Tribunal — Yaroslav Rudnytskyi. ## Reformation and disbandment In exile, the State Center existed without a legislative body – only for a short period of time in 1921 the Republic's Council, a representative body of the UPR consisting of party delegates, professional and cultural organizations, was established in Tarnów. After the World War II, the head of the Directorate A. Livytskyi decided to reorganize the government of the UPR. For this purpose, the Ukrainian National Council was established in 1947 as a pre-parliament of the State Center of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile, which was to continue the ideological and legal traditions of the UPR since the interwar period. On August 22, 1992, Mykola Plavyuk, President of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile, presented the diploma of the State Center of the UPR to Leonid Kravchuk, the President of Ukraine during a parliamentary session. This act was meant to portray that the Ukrainian independent state, proclaimed on August 24, 1991, was the successor to the Ukrainian People's Republic. According to Ukrainian law, Ukraine is the successor state of the Ukrainian SSR that was part of the Soviet Union. ## Documentary heritage The documentary heritage of the Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile is preserved in the funds of the Central State Archive of Foreign Ukrainika and the Central State Archive of Higher Authorities and Administration of Ukraine.	enwiki/70564764	enwiki	70,564,764	Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_in_exile	2025-07-17T22:51:08Z	en	Q9325466	101,190	{{Short description\|Government in existence 1921–1992}} {{Multiple issues\| {{POV\|date=April 2022}} {{Cleanup rewrite\|date=October 2022}} {{More citations needed\|date=October 2022}} }} {{Infobox government agency \| name = Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile \| seal_width = \| logo_width = \| image = Coat of Arms of UNR.svg \| image_caption = [[Coat of arms of Ukraine\|Coat of arms]] of [[Ukrainian People's Republic\|the UPR]] \| formed = March 18, 1921 \| dissolved = August 22, 1992 \| preceding1 = [[Council of People's Ministers]] of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic\|UPR]] \| superseding2 = [[Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine]] \| superseding1 = [[President of Ukraine]] \| jurisdiction = Government of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] \| headquarters = \| region_code = \| budget = \| chief1_name = \| chief1_position = \| map = \| map_width = \| prime_minister_name = \| image_width = }} '''Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile''', or '''State Center of the Ukrainian People's Republic''' ('''SC of UPR''')<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/314-19 \|title=Закон України "Про правовий статус та вшанування пам'яті борців за незалежність України у XX столітті" \|trans-title=Law of Ukraine "On the legal status and commemoration of the fighters for the independence of Ukraine in the 20th century" \|access-date=25 July 2016\|archive-date=21 September 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921100540/http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/314-19}}</ref> was a government in exile formed following the collapse of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] in 1920. It was initially located in Poland before relocating to France and later Germany during the Second World War. It finally relocated to Philadelphia in 1976, where it would remain until its dissolution. In 1992, the government recognized the newly independent Ukrainian government as the successor to the Ukrainian People's Republic, and formally relinquished its powers to the new Ukrainian authorities.<ref name="МП3">{{Cite web \|author=Плав'юк М. \|url=http://history.org.ua/?termin=DC_UNR \|title=Державний центр УНР на еміграції (ДЦ УНР) \|trans-title=UKR State Center for Emigration (UKR State Center)}}{{Cite web \|url=http://history.org.ua/?termin=DC_UNR \|title=Інститут історії України НАН України \|access-date=2022-04-18 \|archive-date=2016-08-17 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817145856/http://history.org.ua/?termin=DC_UNR \|url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> After the [[May Coup (Poland)]] in 1926 in the [[Second Polish Republic]], [[Józef Piłsudski]] recognized the UNR government in exile, in a covert attempt to destabilize the Soviet Union, and in retaliation for Soviet support of the [[Communist Party of Western Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Velychenko \|first=Stephen \|title=Shaping Identity in Eastern Europe and Russia : Soviet-Russian and Polish Accounts of Ukrainian History, 1914?1991 \|date=1993 \|isbn=978-1-137-05825-6 \|page=12\|location=New York \|oclc=1004379833}}</ref> == Legal basis == The legal basis of the UPR government was set in the laws "On the temporary Supreme Administration and Legislation in the UPR" and "On the State People's Council", approved on November 12, [[1920]] by the [[Directorate of Ukraine]]. These acts, based on the laws of the Labor Congress of Ukraine, transferred legislative functions and control over the government of the Ukrainian People's Republic to the State People's Council. However, prior to the convening of this council, its functions were assigned to the [[Council of People's Ministers]], and the head of the Directorate acted as the head of state, approving laws, treaties, appointments, representation before foreign states. The head of the Directorate, in case of impossibility to perform duties, was represented by the board, and in case of impossibility to convene it – by the chairman of the Council of People's Ministers. == Structure == * Executive bodies – President (in 1921–1944, Chief [[Ataman\|Otaman]]), the Council of Ministers (1921–1992) * Legislative bodies – Republic's Council, Ukrainian National Council == Leaders == === Presidents === {{main\|President of Ukraine (in exile)}} # [[Symon Petliura\|Symon Vasyliovych Petliura]] — 1921–1926 (Chief Otaman) # [[Andriy Livytskyi\|Andrii Mykolaiovych Livytskyi]] — 1926–1954 (until 1944, chief otaman) # [[Stepan Vytvytskyi\|Stepan Porfyrovych Vytvytskyi]] — 1954–1965 # Spyrydon Mykytovych Dovhal — 1966–1967 в.о. # [[Mykola Livytskyi\|Mykola Andriiovych Livytskyi]] — 1967–1989 # [[Mykola Plaviuk\|Mykola Vasyliovych Plaviuk]] — 1989–1992 === Chairmen of the Council of People's Ministers of UPR === # [[Andriy Livytskyi\|Andrii Mykolaiovych Livytskyi]] — 1920–1921 # Pylyp Kalenkovych Pylypchuk — 1921–1922 # [[Andriy Livytskyi\|Andrii Mykolaiovych Livytskyi]] — 1922–1926 # [[Vyacheslav Prokopovych\|Viacheslav Kostiantynovych Prokopovych]] — 1926–1939 # [[Oleksander Shulhyn\|Oleksandr Yakovych Shulhyn]] — 1939–1940 # [[Vyacheslav Prokopovych\|Viacheslav Kostiantynovych Prokopovych]] — 1940–1942 # Andrii Ivanovych Yakovliv — 1944–1945 # Kostiantyn Kostiantynovych Pankivskyi — 1945–1948 # [[Isaak Mazepa\|Isaak Prokhorovych Mazepa]] — 1948–1952 # Stepan Ivanovych Baran — 1952–1953 # Spyrydon Mykytovych Dovhal — 1954 # Symon Vasyliovych Sozontiv — 1954–1957 # [[Mykola Livytskyi\|Mykola Andriiovych Livytskyi]] — 1957–1966 # Spyrydon Mykytovych Dovhal — 1966–1967 # Atanas Ivanovych Figol — 1967–1969 # Spyrydon Mykytovych Dovhal — 1969–1972 # Vasyl Lukynovych Fedoronchuk — 1972–1974 # Teofil Leontii — 1974–1976 # Ivan Ivanovych Kedryn-Rudnytskyi — 1976–1978 # Teofil Leontii — 1978–1980 # [[Jaroslav Bohdan Rudnyckyj\|Yaroslav-Bohdan Antonovych Rudnytskyi]] — 1980–1989 # Ivan Matviiovych Samiilenko — 1989–1992 During [[World War II]], the UPR government was not active, but Andrii Livytsky was signing documents as the head of the Directorate. After the war, the government was reformed, and included activists from various parties in Western Ukraine and the organized public from sub-Soviet Ukraine. === Chairmen of the Ukrainian National Council === # [[Ivan Bahrianyi]] — 1948–1952 (chairman) # [[Ivan Bahrianyi]] — 1952–1954 (acting chairman) # Osyp Boidunyk — 1954–1955 (acting chairman) # Yevhen Oleksiiovych Glovinskyi — 1955–1957 (acting chairman) # [[Ivan Bahrianyi]] — 1957–1961 (chairman) # Osyp Boidunyk — 1961–1965 (chairman) # Spyrydon Mykytovych Dovhal — 1966–1967 (acting chairman) # Yakiv Makovetskyi — 1967–1971 # Petro Belei — 1971–1972 (acting chairman)<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Свобода 1971, No.103 \|trans-title=Svoboda 1971, No. 103 \|url=http://www.svoboda-news.com/arxiv/pdf/1971/Svoboda-1971-103.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718104016/http://www.svoboda-news.com/arxiv/pdf/1971/Svoboda-1971-103.pdf \|archive-date=18 July 2019 \|access-date=18 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=ІСТОРІЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ ГІМНАЗІЇ В СТАНІСЛАВОВІ \|trans-title=HISTORY OF THE UKRAINIAN STATE HIGH SCHOOL IN STANISLAVOV \|url=http://gimnazia1.if.ua/uk/istoriia-ta-suchasnist/1-istoriia-himnazii.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109054758/http://gimnazia1.if.ua/uk/istoriia-ta-suchasnist/1-istoriia-himnazii.html \|archive-date=9 November 2016 \|access-date=18 July 2019}}</ref> # Spyrydon Mykytovych Dovhal — 1972–1975 (chairman) # Ivan Ivanovych Kedryn-Rudnytskyi — 1976–1978 (acting chairman) # Volodymyr Ivanovych Biliaiv — 1979–1984 # Pavlo Danylovych Lymarenko — 1984–1989 # Mykhailo Hryhorovych Voskobiinyk — 1989–1992 Locations of the governing bodies of the State Center of the Ukrainian People's Republic: [[Tarnów\|Tarnow]] ([[Poland]]) – 1921–23; [[Paris]] ([[France]]) – 1924–26; [[Warsaw]] (Poland) – 1926–39; France – 1940–44; [[Weimar]] ([[Nazi Germany]]), [[Bad Kissingen]] ([[American occupation zone in Germany]]) – 1944–46; [[Munich]] ([[West Germany]]) – 1946–76; [[Philadelphia]] ([[United States\|USA]]) – 1976–92. == Activity == === Restoration of the UPR structures during World War II === [[File:Отаман_Тарас_Бульба-Боровець.jpg\|left\|thumb\|300x300px\|[[Taras Bulba-Borovets]]]] After the beginning of the World War II [[Taras Bulba-Borovets]], with the support of the President of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile [[Andriy Livytskyi\|Andrii Livytskyi]], crossed the German-Soviet border and started organizing [[Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army#Ukrainian Insurgent Army\|UPA]] military units subordinate to the [[Ukrainian People's Republic\|UPR]] Government. After the Reich's attack on the USSR, together with Belarusian partisans, he captured [[Olevsk]] and proclaimed the Olevsk Republic. Due to the demands of the Germans to obey their orders, the civil administration in Olevsk was disbanded, and guerrilla warfare activated. Bulba-Borovets strongly opposed Bandera's attempts to proclaim a Ukrainian state in 1941, as he believed that "starting from January 22, 1918, it's not needed to proclaim a Ukrainian sovereign state, as it has already been proclaimed once and its legitimate government has not stopped its political activities as an exile government of an occupied country. The statehood could only be restored".<ref>{{Cite book \|title=Бульба-Боровець Т. Армія без держави: слава і трагедія українського повстанського руху. Спогади.— Вінніпег: Накладом Товариства «Волинь», 1981.— С. 113—115. \|trans-title=Bulba-Borovets T. Army without a state: the glory and tragedy of the Ukrainian insurgent movement. Memories.— Winnipeg: Published by the "Volyn" Society, 1981.— P. 113—115.}}</ref> === Domestic policy === The UPR government in exile acted through various ministries and institutions. On the domestic side, due to the opposition of some parties, it failed to create a coordinating political center, and the state center was often treated as a separate party ("uenerivtsi"). The difficulties in the UPR environment arose with the signing of the [[Treaty of Warsaw (1920)\|Treaty of Warsaw]] (the case of [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)\|Galicia]]), and orientation towards the Republic of Poland (members of the government considered it "orientation towards Western Europe"). The UPR government was also criticized for its attitude towards the struggle of Ukrainians under the [[Second Polish Republic\|Polish Republic]], [[Kingdom of Romania]] and the [[First Czechoslovak Republic\|Czechoslovak Republic]] as it, to use the opponents' term tolerated the "occupation" and limited itself to meeting the "needs of the Ukrainian minority." The domestic department was led by Oleksandr Salikovskyi and [[Oleksander Lototsky\|Oleksandr Lototskyi]], and after the Second World War – by Mykhailo Vetukhiv (1945–1948). The exile government of the UPR was supported by the [[Ukrainian Revolutionary Democratic Party]] (former "esefy" – members of the Socialists-Federalists Party), which formed the majority of the government. The Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party was not a member of the UPR government, but was loyal to it. On the other hand, the Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party under the leadership of Mykyta Shapoval was strongly against the exile government – together with the members of the Farmers-Statesmen Union and Ukrainian nationalists ([[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists\|OUN]]). The position of the political groups in Galicia, primarily the [[Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance\|UNDO (Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance)]], has evolved from objection (because of the Treaty of Warsaw) to a kind of tolerance and even cooperation in specific political and civic actions. The existence of the State Center of the Ukrainian People's Republic was a symbol of the continuation of the struggle of Ukrainian people for their national independence. Everywhere and under any circumstances, the Center defended the interests of the Ukrainian people, conducted active political and diplomatic work aimed at streamlining the life of Ukrainians abroad, contributed to the formation of the [[national consciousness]] of Ukrainians in Ukraine and abroad, coordinated the national, political, scientific, educational and cultural activity of Ukrainian centers around the world. The work of the center embodied a constant fight of Ukrainian emigrants, who drew attention of the whole civilized world to the enslaved state of Ukrainian people in the USSR and supported the determination of Ukrainians and their unquenchable faith in victory. DC of UPR fulfilled its purpose, writing bright pages in the history of the Ukrainian people. === Foreign policy === On 20 November 1929 US government issued a bill providing for appointment of a diplomatic representative to the Ukrainian People's Republic (S. 2177).<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.congress.gov/bound-congressional-record/1929/11/20/senate-section \|title=November 20, 1929 Vol. 71, Part 5 \|work=Congressional Record \|edition=Bound \|publisher=United States Congress}}</ref> A. Nikovskyi and later [[Oleksander Shulhyn\|O. Shulhyn]] (till 1946) carried out the foreign activities. Initially, there were Ukrainian diplomatic missions in certain countries: [[Kostiantyn Matsiyevych\|K. Matsievych]] – in [[Kingdom of Romania\|Romania]], [[Andriy Livytskyi\|A. Livytskyi]] – in [[Second Polish Republic\|Poland]], M. Slovinskyi – in [[Czechoslovakia]], R. Smal-Stotskyi – in [[Weimar Republic\|Germany]], M. Vasylko – in [[Switzerland]], V. Murskyi – in [[Turkey]], O. Shulhyn – in [[France]], and so on. The latter lasted the longest, others were eliminated in the early 1920s. O. Shulhyn, as the head of the UPR mission in Paris, and later as the Minister of Foreign Affairs, kept in touch with the [[League of Nations]], protesting against the [[Bolsheviks\|Bolshevik]] occupation of Ukraine, the actions of Soviet diplomacy, terror and [[Holodomor\|famine in Ukraine]]. The State Center of the Ukrainian People's Republic prepared a draft of the recognition of the UPR government in exile, this project was proposed to the highest legislative body of the [[United States]] by several senators led by D. Kopelyan. He maintained close contacts with the pan-European movement, advocating for the idea of Ukraine's belonging to the European community. He condemned the policy of Germany, France, Italy and Great Britain in dealing with the [[Carpatho-Ukraine\|Carpathian Ukraine]]'s issue. In September 1939 in Paris, the UPR government led by V. Prokopovych declared its solidarity with Western democracies, condemning the [[Totalitarianism\|totalitarian regimes]] in [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[Soviet Union\|USSR]]. Some international activities were carried out by the UPR government through the Ukrainian Society for the League of Nations. A separate area of work of the UPR government was the organization of cooperation between the "sub-Soviet" peoples – [[Prometheism]], in which not only Ukrainians, but also representatives of the [[Caucasus]], Don, [[Kuban]], [[Crimea]], [[Turkestan]] regions participated. On September 1, 1939, the UPR government in exile, led by V. Prokopovych, declared war on Nazi Germany.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=80 років тому УНР оголосила війну нацистській Німеччині - Всеукраїнський незалежний медійний простір "Сіверщина" \|trans-title=80 years ago UNR declared war on Nazi Germany - All-Ukrainian independent media space "Sivershchyna" \|url=https://siver.com.ua/news/80_rokiv_tomu_unr_ogolosila_vijnu_nacistskij_nimechchini/2019-09-01-24372 \|website=siver.com.ua \|access-date=2021-02-20 \|archive-date=9 February 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209235405/https://siver.com.ua/news/80_rokiv_tomu_unr_ogolosila_vijnu_nacistskij_nimechchini/2019-09-01-24372}}</ref> === Army === [[File:Pic D I Directory of the UNR 1919.jpg\|thumb\|Members of the Directory of the Ukrainian National Republic and the UNR Army]] The UPR government paid special attention to the military department (headed by Generals [[Marko Bezruchko\|M. Bezruchko]], [[Vsevolod Petriv\|V. Petriv]], [[Volodymyr Salsky\|V. Salskyi]], [[Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko\|M. Omelyanovych-Pavlenko]]), managing the training of military personnel and the organization of former combatants. A number of UPR sergeants were working as contract officers in the Polish army. To popularize the military affairs, the UPR government organized the Ukrainian Historical Military Society, was publishing the "Tabor", "For Statehood" magazines, and other literature.In 1941-1944 the [[Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army]] (Polissian Sich) was officially a subject to the Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile. === Culture === [[File:П'ЯТА_СЕСІЯ_УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ_НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ_РАДИ._1962._На_чужині.jpg\|thumb\|Fifth session, cover]] The public and cultural activities of the UPR's exile government were organized through consonant civic formations that existed in different countries: the Union of Ukrainian Emigration Organizations in France, the Ukrainian Central Committee in Poland, the Public Assistance Committee of Ukrainian Emigrants in Romania, the Ukrainian Association in Czechoslovakia and others, whose work was coordinated by the General Emigration Council (headed by O. Shulhyn).<ref>{{cite book \|author=Прилуцький В. І. \|url=http://history.org.ua/?termin=Golovna_UER \|title=Головна українська еміграційна рада \| date=2003 \| publisher=Наукова думка \|trans-title=Main Ukrainian Emigration Council \|quote=[[:uk:Енциклопедія історії України\|Енциклопедія історії України]] : у 10 т. / редкол.: [[:uk:Смолій Валерій Андрійович\|В. А. Смолій]] (голова) та ін. ; [[:uk:Інститут історії України НАН України\|Інститут історії України НАН України]]. — Київ. : [[:uk:Наукова думка\|Наукова думка]], 2004. — Т. 2 : Г — Д. — 518 с. : іл. — \|trans-quote=Encyclopedia of the history of Ukraine in 10 vol. editor: V. A. Smolii ( head) etc. ;Institute of the History of Ukraine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine— Kyiv: Scientific opinion 2004. — T.2 : G — D. — 518p. \|isbn=966-00-0405-2}} {{Cite web \|url=http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Golovna_UER \|title=Інститут історії України НАН України \|access-date=18 April 2022 \|archive-date=13 April 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413195942/http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Golovna_UER \|url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> In Paris in 1926, the [[Symon Petliura\|S. Petliura]] Library was founded, where the archival materials of the Ukrainian People's Republic were stored. In 1938, the UPR government founded the Ukrainian Mohyla-Mazepa Academy of Sciences. Through the activities of the UPR government, the Polish government established the Ukrainian Scientific Institute in [[Warsaw]]. The unofficial body of the UPR government was the weekly magazine "Trident" published in Paris (1925–1940), revived in 1959. After each session of the UPR Council, the Ukrainian Information Bureau published materials and documents. == Members of the government == Government of the UPR in exile, elected at the tenth session of the Ukrainian People's Republic in 1989:<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://ukrlife.org/main/evshan/plaviuk12.htm\|title=Микола Плав'юк. Україна— життя моє. Віктор Терен, Юрій Хорунжий. Від селянського сина— до державника \|trans-title=Mykola Plavyuk. Ukraine is my life. Victor Teren, Yuriy Horunzhy. From a peasant son to a statesman \|access-date=14 April 2012\|archive-date=12 April 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412121744/http://ukrlife.org/main/evshan/plaviuk12.htm}}</ref> * Head of the Government— Ivan Samiylenko. * Deputy Head of the Government — Mykhailo Pap. * Deputy Head of the Government and Head of the Legal Affairs Department— Mykola Sukhoverskyi. * State Secretary — Nataliia Pazunyak, co-opted, sworn in later. * Head of Finance Department — Kost Lutsenko. * Head of the Regional Affairs Department — Mykhailo Herets. * Head of the Foreign Affairs Department — Volodymyr Zhyla. * Head of the Press and Information Department — Volodymyr Marko. * Head of the Internal Affairs Department — Yurii Ikhtiarov. * Head of the Special Assignments Department — Mykola Lypovetskyi, Stepan Vorokh, Vsevolod Salenko. * Archive Director — Yurii Salskyi. * Head of the State Tribunal — Yaroslav Rudnytskyi. == Reformation and disbandment == {{External media\|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I99X3lo4UQ8 The UPR government is resigning - 22.08.1992]}}In exile, the State Center existed without a legislative body – only for a short period of time in 1921 the Republic's Council, a representative body of the UPR consisting of party delegates, professional and cultural organizations, was established in [[Tarnów]]. After the World War II, the head of the [[Directorate of Ukraine\|Directorate]] [[Andriy Livytskyi\|A. Livytskyi]] decided to reorganize the government of the UPR. For this purpose, the Ukrainian National Council was established in 1947 as a pre-parliament of the State Center of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile, which was to continue the ideological and legal traditions of the UPR since the interwar period. On August 22, 1992, [[Mykola Plavyuk]], President of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile, presented the diploma of the State Center of the UPR to [[Leonid Kravchuk]], the [[President of Ukraine]] during a [[Verkhovna Rada\|parliamentary]] session.<ref name="163058UPR"/> This act was meant to portray that the Ukrainian independent state, proclaimed on August 24, 1991, was the successor to the Ukrainian People's Republic.<ref name="163058UPR">{{Cite web\|date=22 August 2023\|title=Ukraine is the legal successor of the Ukrainian People's Republic\|url=https://www.istpravda.com.ua/columns/2023/08/22/163058/\|access-date=22 August 2023\|website=[[Istorychna Pravda]] \|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> According to [[Ukrainian law]], Ukraine is the [[successor state]] of the [[Ukrainian SSR]] that was part of the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="163058UPR"/> == Documentary heritage == The documentary heritage of the Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile is preserved in the funds of the Central State Archive of Foreign Ukrainika and the Central State Archive of Higher Authorities and Administration of Ukraine. == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Bad Kissingen]] [[Category:Weimar]] [[Category:Ukrainian governments]] [[Category:Former governments in exile\|Ukrainian People's Republic]] [[Category:Tarnów]] [[Category:Ukrainian diaspora]] [[Category:Ukrainian People's Republic]]	1,301,067,679	[{"title": "Agency overview", "data": {"Formed": "March 18, 1921", "Preceding agency": "- Council of People's Ministers of the UPR", "Dissolved": "August 22, 1992", "Superseding agencies": "- President of Ukraine - Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine", "Jurisdiction": "Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic"}}]	false
# Valerie Landsburg Valerie Landsburg (born August 12, 1958) is an American actress, television and film director, screenwriter, and singer-songwriter. She is best known for her portrayal of Doris Schwartz in the 1982 series Fame, interpreting, for television, the role that Maureen Teefy had originated in the film. She was also the lead singer on the UK top five hit "Hi Fidelity". Producer Alan Landsburg was her father, and she appeared in at least one installment of True Confessions, an anthology series program he produced. ## Biography Born in New York City to Sally Landsburg, a psychologist and author, and Alan Landsburg. Landsburg made her acting debut in the 1978 movie Thank God It's Friday. In 1980, she took over the role of Libby in Neil Simon's I Ought to Be in Pictures. In 1982, she appeared in the television series Fame. During the series run, Landsburg wrote and directed one episode of the series. Shortly after Landsburg left the show in 1985, she co-starred in two different comedy TV series, which practically ran at the same time. The first, You Again?, starred Jack Klugman, and lasted for one season. From the creators of Cheers, next came the Bess Armstrong series All Is Forgiven, which NBC cancelled after nine episodes. Despite its limited engagement, the series was rebroadcast on the A&E network through 1989, where it gained a broader audience. Outside of recurring roles in Hotel and Dream On, she appeared in about a dozen TV movies and guest appearances on TV series, including Murder, She Wrote, Beverly Hills, 90210, Empty Nest, Nip/Tuck and The Unit. In between TV and film projects, she has appeared in stage plays. In addition to acting, Landsburg has directed several feature films and episodic television shows. In 2001, she released an album of mostly her own compositions, titled Grownup. Among the tracks was a re-recording of "Hi Fidelity". She is a life member of the Asian Academy of Film & Television. Landsburg has been candid about her struggle with alcoholism. She began drinking as a teenager and her problem worsened while she was appearing on Fame although she managed to keep her habits from affecting her work. She got sober the year she left the series and has been sober ever since. ## Filmography \| Film \| Film \| Film \| Film \| \| Year \| Film \| Role \| Notes \| \| ---------- \| ------------------------------------ \| ------------------------- \| ----------------------------- \| \| 1978 \| Thank God It's Friday \| Frannie \| \| \| 1990 \| Welcome Home, Roxy Carmichael \| Miss Day Ashburn \| Credited as Valerie Landsberg \| \| 1997 \| Drawn to the Flame \| - \| Director \| \| 1997 \| Borrowed Life Stolen Love \| - \| Director \| \| 1997 \| Too Good to Be True \| - \| Producer \| \| 2001 \| Rock Star \| Concert After-Party Guest \| Uncredited \| \| 2005 \| Bound by Lies \| - \| Director \| \| Television \| \| \| \| \| Year \| Title \| Role \| Notes \| \| 1976 \| The Kids From C.A.P.E.R. \| Dunga Ginny \| 1 episode \| \| 1979 \| The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal \| Loretta \| Television movie \| \| 1980 \| Marathon \| Annie \| Television movie \| \| 1982–1987 \| Fame \| Doris Rene Schwartz \| 84 episodes \| \| 1986 \| You Again? \| Pam \| 8 episodes \| \| 1986 \| All is Forgiven \| Lorraine Elder \| 9 episodes \| \| 1987 \| 1st & Ten \| Anna \| 5 episodes \| \| 1987–1988 \| Hotel \| Cheryl Dolan \| 17 episodes \| \| 1988 \| Murder, She Wrote \| Alice Brooke \| 1 episode \| \| 1989 \| The Ryan White Story \| Loretta \| Television movie \| \| 1990 \| Unspeakable Acts \| Maggie Rivera \| Television movie \| \| 1990 \| Babies \| Andrea \| Television movie \| \| 1990 \| Beverly Hills, 90210 \| Cathy Gerson \| 1 episode \| \| 1993 \| Not in My Family \| \| Television movie \| \| 1993–1994 \| Dream On \| Gina Pedalbee \| 3 episodes \| \| 1994 \| Terror in the Night \| Tina \| Television movie \| \| 1994 \| One of Her Own \| Stacy Schoep \| Television movie \| \| 1995 \| Empty Nest \| Valerie \| 1 episode Director \| \| 1997 \| Women: Stories of Passion \| - \| 4 episodes Director \| \| 2000 \| Bar Hopping \| Agent No. 4 \| Television movie \| \| 2002 \| The Best Sex Ever \| - \| 7 episodes Director \| \| 2003 \| Columbo: Columbo Likes the Nightlife \| \| Television movie \| \| 2005 \| American Dreams \| \| 1 episode \| \| 2005 \| Nip/Tuck \| Marian Berg \| 1 episode \| \| 2006 \| The Unit \| Marge \| 1 episode \| \| 2006 \| Windfall \| \| 1 episode \| \| 2009 \| Mrs. Washington Goes to Smith \| Noreen \| Television movie \|	enwiki/7118884	enwiki	7,118,884	Valerie Landsburg	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Landsburg	2025-07-22T03:41:14Z	en	Q589306	50,403	{{short description\|American singer-songwriter (b. 1958)}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=November 2013}} {{BLP sources\|date=March 2013}} {{Infobox person \| name = Valerie Landsburg \| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|1958\|8\|12}} \| birth_place = New York City \| known_for = Doris Schwartz in [[Fame (1982 TV series)\|Fame]] \| othername = Valerie Landsberg \| occupation = Actress, director, screenwriter, singer-songwriter \| years_active = 1976–present \| spouse = {{marriage\|James McVay\|December 1, 1984\|December 24, 2018}} \| father = [[Alan Landsburg]] }} '''Valerie Landsburg''' (born August 12, 1958) is an American actress, television and film director, screenwriter, and singer-songwriter.<ref name=Hoey>Hoey, Michael A. ''Inside Fame on Television: A Behind-The-Scenes History''. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2010. 39. Print.</ref> She is best known for her portrayal of Doris Schwartz in the 1982 series ''[[Fame (1982 TV series)\|Fame]],'' interpreting, for television, the role that [[Maureen Teefy]] had originated in the film. She was also the lead singer on the UK top five hit "Hi Fidelity".<ref>[https://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/Buffalo%20Gals Official Charts Company – "Hi Fidelity" UK chart details]</ref> Producer [[Alan Landsburg]] was her father, and she appeared in at least one installment of ''True Confessions,'' an anthology series program he produced. ==Biography== Born in New York City to Sally Landsburg, a psychologist and author, and Alan Landsburg. Landsburg made her acting debut in the 1978 movie ''[[Thank God It's Friday (film)\|Thank God It's Friday]]''. In 1980, she took over the role of Libby in Neil Simon's ''[[I Ought to Be in Pictures]]''.<ref name=Hoey/> In 1982, she appeared in the television series [[Fame (1982 TV series)\|''Fame'']].<ref name=Hoey/> During the series run, Landsburg wrote and directed one episode of the series. Shortly after Landsburg left the show in 1985, she co-starred in two different comedy TV series, which practically ran at the same time. The first, ''[[You Again?]]'', starred [[Jack Klugman]], and lasted for one season. From the creators of ''[[Cheers]]'', next came the [[Bess Armstrong]] series ''[[All Is Forgiven (TV series)\|All Is Forgiven]]'', which NBC cancelled after nine episodes. Despite its limited engagement, the series was rebroadcast on the [[Arts and Entertainment Network\|A&E network]] through 1989, where it gained a broader audience. Outside of recurring roles in ''[[Hotel (American TV series)\|Hotel]]'' and [[Dream On (TV series)\|''Dream On'']], she appeared in about a dozen TV movies and guest appearances on TV series, including ''[[Murder, She Wrote]]'', ''[[Beverly Hills, 90210]]'', ''[[Empty Nest]]'', ''[[Nip/Tuck]]'' and ''[[The Unit]]''. In between TV and film projects, she has appeared in stage plays. In addition to acting, Landsburg has directed several feature films and episodic television shows. In 2001, she released an album of mostly her own compositions, titled ''Grownup''. Among the tracks was a re-recording of "Hi Fidelity".<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.valerielandsburg.com/music.html \|title=Official site – music \|access-date=November 27, 2006 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061127183353/http://www.valerielandsburg.com/music.html \|archive-date=November 27, 2006 \|url-status=dead \|df=mdy-all }}</ref> She is a life member of the Asian Academy of Film & Television. Landsburg has been candid about her struggle with alcoholism. She began drinking as a teenager and her problem worsened while she was appearing on ''Fame'' although she managed to keep her habits from affecting her work. She got sober the year she left the series and has been sober ever since.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/fame-series-cast-now-celebrate-27924995?int_source=amp_continue_reading&int_medium=amp&int_campaign=continue_reading_button#amp-readmore-target \| title=Where the stars from Fame are now as they reunite for 40th anniversary \| website=[[Daily Mirror]] \| date=September 6, 2022 }}</ref> ==Filmography== {\| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" ! colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" \| Film \|- ! Year ! Film ! Role ! Notes \|- \| 1978 \| ''[[Thank God It's Friday (film)\|Thank God It's Friday]]'' \| Frannie \|- \| 1990 \| ''[[Welcome Home, Roxy Carmichael]]'' \| Miss Day Ashburn \| Credited as Valerie Landsberg \|- \| rowspan=3\|1997 \| ''Drawn to the Flame'' \| {{center\|-}} \| Director \|- \| ''Borrowed Life Stolen Love'' \| {{center\|-}} \| Director \|- \| ''Too Good to Be True'' \| {{center\|-}} \| Producer \|- \| 2001 \| ''[[Rock Star (2001 film)\|Rock Star]]'' \| Concert After-Party Guest \| Uncredited \|- \| 2005 \| ''Bound by Lies'' \| {{center\|-}} \| Director \|- \|- ! colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" \| Television \|- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes \|- \| 1976 \| ''[[The Kids From C.A.P.E.R.]]'' \| Dunga Ginny \| 1 episode \|- \| 1979 \| ''[[The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal]]'' \| Loretta \| Television movie \|- \| 1980 \| ''Marathon'' \| Annie \| Television movie \|- \| 1982–1987 \| ''[[Fame (1982 TV series)\|Fame]]'' \| Doris Rene Schwartz \| 84 episodes \|- \| rowspan=2\|1986 \| ''[[You Again?]]'' \| Pam \| 8 episodes \|- \| ''[[All Is Forgiven (TV series)\|All is Forgiven]]'' \| Lorraine Elder \| 9 episodes \|- \| 1987 \| ''[[1st & Ten (1984 TV series)\|1st & Ten]]'' \| Anna \| 5 episodes \|- \| 1987–1988 \| ''[[Hotel (American TV series)\|Hotel]]'' \| Cheryl Dolan \| 17 episodes \|- \| 1988 \| ''[[Murder, She Wrote]]'' \| Alice Brooke \| 1 episode \|- \| 1989 \| ''[[The Ryan White Story]]'' \| Loretta \| Television movie \|- \| rowspan=3\|1990 \| ''[[Unspeakable Acts]]'' \| Maggie Rivera \| Television movie \|- \| ''Babies'' \| Andrea \| Television movie \|- \| ''[[Beverly Hills, 90210]]'' \| Cathy Gerson \| 1 episode \|- \| 1993 \| ''Not in My Family'' \| \| Television movie \|- \| 1993–1994 \| ''[[Dream On (TV series)\|Dream On]]'' \| Gina Pedalbee \| 3 episodes \|- \| rowspan=2\|1994 \| ''[[Terror in the Night]]'' \| Tina \| Television movie \|- \| ''[[One of Her Own]]'' \| Stacy Schoep \| Television movie \|- \| 1995 \| ''[[Empty Nest]]'' \| Valerie \| 1 episode<br>Director \|- \| 1997 \| ''[[Women: Stories of Passion]]'' \| {{center\|-}} \| 4 episodes<br>Director \|- \| 2000 \| ''[[Bar Hopping]]'' \| Agent No. 4 \| Television movie \|- \| 2002 \| ''The Best Sex Ever'' \| {{center\|-}} \| 7 episodes<br>Director \|- \| 2003 \| ''[[Columbo]]: [[List of Columbo episodes\|Columbo Likes the Nightlife]]'' \| \| Television movie \|- \| rowspan=2\|2005 \| ''[[American Dreams]]'' \| \| 1 episode \|- \| ''[[Nip/Tuck]]'' \| Marian Berg \| 1 episode \|- \| rowspan=2\|2006 \| ''[[The Unit]]'' \| Marge \| 1 episode \|- \| ''[[Windfall (TV series)\|Windfall]]'' \| \| 1 episode \|- \| 2009 \| ''Mrs. Washington Goes to Smith'' \| Noreen \| Television movie \|} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *{{IMDb name\|0485142\|Valerie Landsburg}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Landsburg, Valerie}} [[Category:1958 births]] [[Category:American women singer-songwriters]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:Film directors from New York City]] [[Category:American women pop singers]] [[Category:American television actresses]] [[Category:American television directors]] [[Category:American women film directors]] [[Category:American women television directors]] [[Category:Jewish American musicians]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American women television writers]] [[Category:American women screenwriters]] [[Category:American television writers]] [[Category:21st-century American Jews]] [[Category:21st-century American women]]	1,301,860,405	[{"title": "Valerie Landsburg", "data": {"Born": "August 12, 1958 \u00b7 New York City", "Other names": "Valerie Landsberg", "Occupation(s)": "Actress, director, screenwriter, singer-songwriter", "Years active": "1976\u2013present", "Known for": "Doris Schwartz in Fame", "Spouse": "James McVay \u200b(m. 1984\u2060\u2013\u20602018)\u200b", "Father": "Alan Landsburg"}}]	false
# SM UC-47 SM UC-47 was a German Type UC II minelaying submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy (German: Kaiserliche Marine) during World War I. The U-boat was ordered on 20 November 1915, laid down on 1 February 1916, and was launched on 30 August 1916. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 13 October 1916 as SM UC-47. In 13 patrols UC-47 was credited with sinking 58 ships, either by torpedo or by mines laid. UC-47 was rammed and depth charged by British patrol boat P-57, under the command of H.C. Birnie, off Flamborough Head on 18 November 1917. UC-47 went down with all hands. ## Design A Type UC II submarine, UC-47 had a displacement of 420 tonnes (410 long tons) when at the surface and 502 tonnes (494 long tons) while submerged. She had a length overall of 51.85 m (170 ft 1 in), a beam of 5.22 m (17 ft 2 in), and a draught of 3.68 m (12 ft 1 in). The submarine was powered by two six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines each producing 300 metric horsepower (220 kW; 300 shp) (a total of 600 metric horsepower (440 kW; 590 shp)), two electric motors producing 460 metric horsepower (340 kW; 450 shp), and two propeller shafts. She had a dive time of 48 seconds and was capable of operating at a depth of 50 metres (160 ft). The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 11.7 knots (21.7 km/h; 13.5 mph) and a submerged speed of 6.7 knots (12.4 km/h; 7.7 mph). When submerged, she could operate for 54 nautical miles (100 km; 62 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 7,280 nautical miles (13,480 km; 8,380 mi) at 7 knots (13 km/h; 8.1 mph). UC-47 was fitted with six 100 centimetres (39 in) mine tubes, eighteen UC 200 mines, three 50 centimetres (20 in) torpedo tubes (one on the stern and two on the bow), seven torpedoes, and one 8.8 cm (3.5 in) Uk L/30 deck gun. Her complement was twenty-six crew members. ## Summary of raiding history \| Date \| Name \| Nationality \| Tonnage \| Fate \| \| ----------------- \| ------------------- \| ---------------- \| ------- \| ------- \| \| 31 January 1917 \| Modiva \| Norway \| 1,276 \| Sunk \| \| 1 February 1917 \| Portia \| Norway \| 1,127 \| Sunk \| \| 8 February 1917 \| HMS Ghurka \| Royal Navy \| 880 \| Sunk \| \| 8 February 1917 \| Lullington \| United Kingdom \| 2,816 \| Sunk \| \| 10 February 1917 \| Japanese Prince \| United Kingdom \| 4,876 \| Sunk \| \| 12 February 1917 \| Aghios Spyridon \| Greece \| 1,618 \| Sunk \| \| 12 February 1917 \| Brissons \| United Kingdom \| 60 \| Sunk \| \| 13 February 1917 \| Sequoya \| United Kingdom \| 5,263 \| Damaged \| \| 13 February 1917 \| F. D. Lambert \| United Kingdom \| 2,195 \| Sunk \| \| 13 February 1917 \| Fleurette \| United Kingdom \| 60 \| Sunk \| \| 11 March 1917 \| Charles Le Cour \| France \| 2,352 \| Sunk \| \| 11 March 1917 \| G. A. Savage \| United Kingdom \| 357 \| Sunk \| \| 12 March 1917 \| C.A.S. \| United Kingdom \| 60 \| Sunk \| \| 12 March 1917 \| Ena \| United Kingdom \| 56 \| Sunk \| \| 12 March 1917 \| Gratia \| United Kingdom \| 37 \| Sunk \| \| 12 March 1917 \| Hyacinth \| United Kingdom \| 56 \| Sunk \| \| 12 March 1917 \| Inter-nos \| United Kingdom \| 59 \| Sunk \| \| 12 March 1917 \| Jessamine \| United Kingdom \| 56 \| Sunk \| \| 12 March 1917 \| Lent Lily \| United Kingdom \| 23 \| Sunk \| \| 12 March 1917 \| Nellie \| United Kingdom \| 61 \| Sunk \| \| 12 March 1917 \| Proverb \| United Kingdom \| 37 \| Sunk \| \| 12 March 1917 \| Rivina \| United Kingdom \| 22 \| Sunk \| \| 14 March 1917 \| Brika \| United Kingdom \| 3,549 \| Sunk \| \| 15 March 1917 \| Solferino \| Norway \| 1,155 \| Sunk \| \| 15 March 1917 \| Wilfred \| Norway \| 1,121 \| Sunk \| \| 16 March 1917 \| Medusa \| Kingdom of Italy \| 1,274 \| Sunk \| \| 16 March 1917 \| Sully \| France \| 2,649 \| Sunk \| \| 17 April 1917 \| Dantzic \| United Kingdom \| 108 \| Sunk \| \| 17 April 1917 \| William Shephard \| United Kingdom \| 143 \| Sunk \| \| 19 April 1917 \| Old Head \| United Kingdom \| 105 \| Damaged \| \| 19 April 1917 \| Gold Coast \| United Kingdom \| 4,255 \| Sunk \| \| 19 April 1917 \| Jewel \| United Kingdom \| 195 \| Sunk \| \| 19 April 1917 \| HMT Star of Freedom \| Royal Navy \| 258 \| Sunk \| \| 22 April 1917 \| HMS Gaelic \| Royal Navy \| 224 \| Damaged \| \| 23 April 1917 \| Tommi \| United Kingdom \| 138 \| Damaged \| \| 23 April 1917 \| Imataka \| United Kingdom \| 1,776 \| Sunk \| \| 24 April 1917 \| Heather \| United Kingdom \| 58 \| Sunk \| \| 24 April 1917 \| Plutus \| United Kingdom \| 1,189 \| Sunk \| \| 26 April 1917 \| Aigle \| France \| 172 \| Sunk \| \| 26 April 1917 \| John Lockett \| Norway \| 842 \| Sunk \| \| 18 May 1917 \| Mary Baird \| United Kingdom \| 1,830 \| Sunk \| \| 3 June 1917 \| Portofino \| Kingdom of Italy \| 1,754 \| Sunk \| \| 12 June 1917 \| HMT Carew Castle \| Royal Navy \| 256 \| Sunk \| \| 14 June 1917 \| Dart \| United Kingdom \| 3,207 \| Sunk \| \| 19 June 1917 \| Great City \| United Kingdom \| 5,525 \| Damaged \| \| 18 July 1917 \| Ruth \| Norway \| 549 \| Damaged \| \| 20 July 1917 \| Beatrice \| United Kingdom \| 712 \| Sunk \| \| 20 July 1917 \| Bramham \| United Kingdom \| 1,978 \| Sunk \| \| 31 July 1917 \| Fremona \| United Kingdom \| 3,028 \| Sunk \| \| 31 July 1917 \| Motano \| United States \| 2,730 \| Sunk \| \| 22 August 1917 \| Gro \| Norway \| 2,667 \| Sunk \| \| 23 August 1917 \| Peer Gynt \| Norway \| 1,144 \| Sunk \| \| 23 August 1917 \| Veghtstroom \| United Kingdom \| 1,353 \| Sunk \| \| 26 August 1917 \| Eirini \| Greece \| 2,452 \| Sunk \| \| 26 August 1917 \| Seresia \| Belgium \| 2,342 \| Damaged \| \| 23 September 1917 \| Perseverance \| United Kingdom \| 118 \| Sunk \| \| 24 September 1917 \| Mimosa \| France \| 296 \| Damaged \| \| 25 September 1917 \| Boynton \| United Kingdom \| 2,578 \| Sunk \| \| 3 October 1917 \| Annie F. Conlon \| United States \| 591 \| Sunk \| \| 18 October 1917 \| Cadmus \| United Kingdom \| 1,879 \| Sunk \| \| 18 October 1917 \| Togston \| United Kingdom \| 1,057 \| Sunk \| \| 9 November 1917 \| Ballogie \| United Kingdom \| 1,207 \| Sunk \| \| 9 November 1917 \| Isabelle \| France \| 2,466 \| Sunk \| \| 11 November 1917 \| Dana \| Sweden \| 1,620 \| Sunk \| \| 12 November 1917 \| Huibertje \| Netherlands \| 68 \| Sunk \| \| 14 March 1918 \| Jeanne Marie \| France \| 2,971 \| Sunk \|	enwiki/21674753	enwiki	21,674,753	SM UC-47	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_UC-47	2025-07-31T13:00:22Z	en	Q7391719	170,316	{{other ships\|German submarine U-47}} {\|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship image \|Ship image= \|Ship caption= }} {{Infobox ship career \|Ship country=[[German Empire]] \|Ship flag={{Shipboxflag\|German Empire\|naval}} \|Ship class= \|Ship name=''UC-47'' \|Ship ordered=20 November 1915<ref name=UC-47>{{cite Uboat.net \|name=UC 47 \|id=UC+47 \|type=1sub \|accessdate=23 February 2009 }}</ref> \|Ship builder=[[AG Weser]], [[Bremen]]<ref name=Tarrant-173>Tarrant, p. 173.</ref> \|Ship yard number=257<ref name=UC-47 /> \|Ship laid down=1 February 1916<ref name=UC-47 /> \|Ship launched=30 August 1916<ref name=UC-47 /> \|Ship commissioned=13 October 1916<ref name=UC-47 /> \|Ship decommissioned= \|Ship struck= \|Ship fate=Sunk, 18 November 1917<ref name=UC-47 /> \|Ship notes= }} {{Infobox ship characteristics \|Header caption={{sfn\|Gröner\|1991\|pp=31-32}} \|Ship class=[[Type UC II submarine]] \|Ship displacement= {{convert\|420\|t\|LT\|abbr=on\|lk=on}}, surfaced {{convert\|502\|t\|LT\|abbr=on}}, submerged \|Ship length= {{convert\|51.85\|m\|ftin\|abbr=on}} [[o/a]] {{convert\|39.70\|m\|ftin\|abbr=on}} [[pressure hull]] \|Ship beam= {{convert\|5.22\|m\|ftin\|abbr=on}} o/a {{convert\|3.65\|m\|ft\|0\|abbr=on}} pressure hull \|Ship draught={{convert\|3.67\|m\|ftin\|abbr=on}} \|Ship propulsion= 2 × [[propeller shaft (ship)\|propeller shafts]] 2 × 6-cylinder, 4-stroke [[diesel engine]]s, {{convert\|600\|PS\|kW shp\|abbr=on}} 2 × [[electric motor]]s, {{convert\|460\|PS\|kW shp\|abbr=on}} \|Ship speed= {{convert\|11.7\|kn}}, surfaced {{convert\|6.7\|kn}}, submerged \|Ship range= {{convert\|7,280\|nmi\|abbr=on\|lk=in}} at {{convert\|7\|kn}} surfaced {{convert\|54\|nmi\|abbr=on}} at {{convert\|4\|kn}} submerged \|Ship test depth={{convert\|50\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}} \|Ship complement=26 \|Ship armament= 6 × {{convert\|100\|cm\|in\|1\|abbr=on}} mine tubes 18 × UC 200 [[naval mine\|mines]] 3 × {{convert\|50\|cm\|in\|1\|abbr=on}} [[torpedo tube]]s (2 bow/external; one stern) 7 × [[torpedo]]es 1 × [[8.8 cm SK L/30 naval gun\|{{convert\|8.8\|cm\|in\|sp=us\|abbr=on}} Uk L/30]] [[deck gun]] \|Ship notes=30-second diving time }} {{Infobox service record \|is_ship=yes \|is_multi=yes \|partof=Flandern / Flandern II Flotilla 23 January – 18 November 1917 \|commanders=''Oblt.z.S.'' / ''Kptlt.'' Paul Hundius<ref>{{cite Uboat.net \|id=132 \|name=Paul Hundius (Pour le Mérite) \|type=1comm \|accessdate=25 February 2015 }}</ref> 13 October 1916 – 8 October 1917 ''Oblt.z.S.'' Günther Wigankow<ref>{{cite Uboat.net \|id=406 \|name=Günther Wigankow \|type=1comm \|accessdate=25 February 2015 }}</ref> 9 October – 18 November 1917 \|operations=13 patrols \|victories= 55 merchant ships sunk <br>({{GRT\|73,100}}) 1 warship sunk <br>(880 tons) 2 auxiliary warships sunk <br>({{GRT\|514}}) 7 merchant ships damaged <br>({{GRT\|14,218}}) 1 auxiliary warship damaged <br>({{GRT\|224}}) }} \|} '''SM ''UC-47''''' was a German [[Type UC II submarine\|Type UC II]] [[minelayer\|minelaying]] [[submarine]] or [[U-boat]] in the [[German Imperial Navy]] ({{langx\|de\|Kaiserliche Marine}}) during [[World War I]]. The U-boat was ordered on 20 November 1915, [[keel laying\|laid down]] on 1 February 1916, and was [[Ceremonial ship launching\|launch]]ed on 30 August 1916. She was [[Ship commissioning\|commission]]ed into the German Imperial Navy on 13 October 1916 as SM ''UC-47''.<ref group=Note>"SM" stands for "Seiner Majestät" ({{langx\|en\|His Majesty's}}) and combined with the ''U'' for ''Unterseeboot'' would be translated as ''His Majesty's Submarine''.</ref> In 13 patrols ''UC-47'' was credited with sinking 58 ships, either by torpedo or by [[naval mines\|mines]] laid. ''UC-47'' was rammed and [[depth charge]]d by British patrol boat ''P-57'', under the command of [[Harry Charles Birnie\|H.C. Birnie]], off [[Flamborough Head]] on 18 November 1917. ''UC-47'' went down with all hands.<ref name=UC-47 /><ref>{{cite web\|website=MSN News\|url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/spotlight/revealing-a-wwi-drama-how-modern-technology-is-shedding-new-light-on-the-horrors-of-submarine-warfare/ar-BB17BhH6?ocid=msedgdhp\|title=Revealing a WWI drama: How modern technology is shedding new light on the horrors of submarine warfare\|access-date=5 Aug 2020}}</ref> ==Design== A [[Type UC II submarine]], ''UC-47'' had a displacement of {{convert\|420\|t\|LT}} when at the surface and {{convert\|502\|t\|LT}} while submerged. She had a [[length overall]] of {{convert\|51.85\|m\|ftin\|abbr=on}}, a [[beam (ship)\|beam]] of {{convert\|5.22\|m\|ftin\|abbr=on}}, and a [[draught (ship)\|draught]] of {{convert\|3.68\|m\|ftin\|abbr=on}}. The submarine was powered by two six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines each producing {{convert\|300\|PS\|kW shp}} (a total of {{convert\|600\|PS\|kW shp}}), two [[electric motor]]s producing {{convert\|460\|PS\|kW shp}}, and two [[propeller shaft]]s. She had a dive time of 48 seconds and was capable of operating at a depth of {{convert\|50\|m}}.{{sfn\|Gröner\|1991\|pp=31-32}} The submarine had a maximum surface speed of {{convert\|11.7\|kn}} and a submerged speed of {{convert\|6.7\|kn}}. When submerged, she could operate for {{convert\|54\|nmi}} at {{convert\|4\|kn}}; when surfaced, she could travel {{convert\|7280\|nmi}} at {{convert\|7\|kn}}. ''UC-47'' was fitted with six {{convert\|100\|cm}} mine tubes, eighteen UC 200 mines, three {{convert\|50\|cm}} [[torpedo tube]]s (one on the stern and two on the bow), seven torpedoes, and one [[8.8 cm SK L/30 naval gun\|{{convert\|8.8\|cm\|in\|sp=us\|abbr=on}} Uk L/30]] [[deck gun]]. Her [[Ship's company\|complement]] was twenty-six crew members.{{sfn\|Gröner\|1991\|pp=31-32}} ==Summary of raiding history== {\| class="wikitable sortable" \|- ! width="140px"\|Date ! width="140px"\|Name ! width="160px"\|Nationality ! width="25px" \|Tonnage<ref group=Note name=tonnage>Merchant ship tonnages are in [[gross register tons]]. Military vessels are listed by tons [[displacement (ship)\|displacement]].</ref> ! width="120px"\|Fate<ref>{{cite Uboat.net \|id=uc47 \|name=UC 47 \|type=1boat \|accessdate=25 February 2015 }}</ref> \|- \|align="right"\|31 January 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in January 1917#31 January\|''Modiva'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|Norway}} \|align="right"\|1,276 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|1 February 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in February 1917#1 February\|''Portia'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|Norway}} \|align="right"\|1,127 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|8 February 1917 \|align="left" \|{{HMS\|Ghurka\|1907\|6}} \|align="left" \|{{navy\|United Kingdom}} \|align="right"\|880 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|8 February 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in February 1917#8 February\|''Lullington'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|2,816 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|10 February 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in February 1917#10 February\|''Japanese Prince'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|4,876 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|12 February 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in February 1917#12 February\|''Aghios Spyridon'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|Greece\|old}} \|align="right"\|1,618 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|12 February 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in February 1917#12 February\|''Brissons'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|60 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|13 February 1917 \|align="left" \|''Sequoya'' \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|5,263 \|align="left" \|Damaged \|- \|align="right"\|13 February 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in February 1917#13 February\|''F. D. Lambert'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|2,195 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|13 February 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in February 1917#13 February\|''Fleurette'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|60 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|11 March 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in March 1917#11 March\|''Charles Le Cour'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|France}} \|align="right"\|2,352 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|11 March 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in March 1917#11 March\|''G. A. Savage'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|357 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|12 March 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in March 1917#12 March\|''C.A.S.'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|60 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|12 March 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in March 1917#12 March\|''Ena'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|56 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|12 March 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in March 1917#12 March\|''Gratia'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|37 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|12 March 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in March 1917#12 March\|''Hyacinth'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|56 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|12 March 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in March 1917#12 March\|''Inter-nos'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|59 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|12 March 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in March 1917#12 March\|''Jessamine'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|56 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|12 March 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in March 1917#12 March\|''Lent Lily'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|23 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|12 March 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in March 1917#12 March\|''Nellie'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|61 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|12 March 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in March 1917#12 March\|''Proverb'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|37 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|12 March 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in March 1917#12 March\|''Rivina'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|22 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|14 March 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in March 1917#14 March\|''Brika'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|3,549 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|15 March 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in March 1917#15 March\|''Solferino'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|Norway}} \|align="right"\|1,155 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|15 March 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in March 1917#15 March\|''Wilfred'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|Norway}} \|align="right"\|1,121 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|16 March 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in March 1917#16 March\|''Medusa'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|Kingdom of Italy}} \|align="right"\|1,274 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|16 March 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in March 1917#16 March\|''Sully'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|France}} \|align="right"\|2,649 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|17 April 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in April 1917#17 April\|''Dantzic'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|108 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|17 April 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in April 1917#17 April\|''William Shephard'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|143 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|19 April 1917 \|align="left" \|''Old Head'' \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|105 \|align="left" \|Damaged \|- \|align="right"\|19 April 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in April 1917#19 April\|''Gold Coast'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|4,255 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|19 April 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in April 1917#19 April\|''Jewel'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|195 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|19 April 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in April 1917#19 April\|HMT ''Star of Freedom'']] \|align="left" \|{{navy\|United Kingdom}} \|align="right"\|258 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|22 April 1917 \|align="left" \|HMS ''Gaelic'' \|align="left" \|{{navy\|United Kingdom}} \|align="right"\|224 \|align="left" \|Damaged \|- \|align="right"\|23 April 1917 \|align="left" \|''Tommi'' \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|government}} \|align="right"\|138 \|align="left" \|Damaged \|- \|align="right"\|23 April 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in April 1917#23 April\|''Imataka'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|1,776 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|24 April 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in April 1917#24 April\|''Heather'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|58 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|24 April 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in April 1917#24 April\|''Plutus'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|1,189 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|26 April 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in April 1917#26 April\|''Aigle'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|France}} \|align="right"\|172 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|26 April 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in April 1917#26 April\|''John Lockett'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|Norway}} \|align="right"\|842 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|18 May 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in May 1917#18 May\|''Mary Baird'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|1,830 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|3 June 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in June 1917#3 June\|''Portofino'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|Kingdom of Italy}} \|align="right"\|1,754 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|12 June 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in June 1917#12 June\|HMT ''Carew Castle'']] \|align="left" \|{{navy\|United Kingdom}} \|align="right"\|256 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|14 June 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in June 1917#14 June\|''Dart'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|3,207 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|19 June 1917 \|align="left" \|''Great City'' \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|5,525 \|align="left" \|Damaged \|- \|align="right"\|18 July 1917 \|align="left" \|''Ruth'' \|align="left" \|{{flag\|Norway}} \|align="right"\|549 \|align="left" \|Damaged \|- \|align="right"\|20 July 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in July 1917#20 July\|''Beatrice'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|712 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|20 July 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in July 1917#20 July\|''Bramham'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|1,978 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|31 July 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in July 1917#31 July\|''Fremona'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|3,028 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|31 July 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in July 1917#31 July\|''Motano'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United States\|1912}} \|align="right"\|2,730 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|22 August 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in August 1917#22 August\|''Gro'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|Norway}} \|align="right"\|2,667 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|23 August 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in August 1917#23 August\|''Peer Gynt'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|Norway}} \|align="right"\|1,144 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|23 August 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in August 1917#23 August\|''Veghtstroom'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|1,353 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|26 August 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in August 1917#26 August\|''Eirini'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|Greece\|old}} \|align="right"\|2,452 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|26 August 1917 \|align="left" \|''Seresia'' \|align="left" \|{{flag\|Belgium}} \|align="right"\|2,342 \|align="left" \|Damaged \|- \|align="right"\|23 September 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in September 1917#23 September\|''Perseverance'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|118 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|24 September 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in September 1917#24 September\|''Mimosa'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|France}} \|align="right"\|296 \|align="left" \|Damaged \|- \|align="right"\|25 September 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in September 1917#25 September\|''Boynton'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|2,578 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|3 October 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in October 1917#3 October\|''Annie F. Conlon'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United States\|1912}} \|align="right"\|591 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|18 October 1917 \|align="left" \|[[Cadmus (ship)#SS Cadmus (1911)\|''Cadmus'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|1,879 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|18 October 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in October 1917#18 October\|''Togston'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|1,057 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|9 November 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in November 1917#9 November\|''Ballogie'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|United Kingdom\|civil}} \|align="right"\|1,207 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|9 November 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in November 1917#9 November\|''Isabelle'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|France}} \|align="right"\|2,466 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|11 November 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in November 1917#11 November\|''Dana'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|Sweden}} \|align="right"\|1,620 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|12 November 1917 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in November 1917#12 November\|''Huibertje'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|Netherlands}} \|align="right"\|68 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|- \|align="right"\|14 March 1918 \|align="left" \|[[List of shipwrecks in March 1918#14 March\|''Jeanne Marie'']] \|align="left" \|{{flag\|France}} \|align="right"\|2,971 \|align="left" \|Sunk \|} ==References== ===Notes=== {{Reflist\|group=Note}} ===Citations=== {{Reflist\|colwidth=30em}} ===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} {{cite book \|first=Harald \|last=Bendert \|title=Die UC-Boote der Kaiserlichen Marine 1914-1918. Minenkrieg mit U-Booten \|publisher=Mittler \|year=2001 \|location=Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn \|isbn=3-8132-0758-7 \|language=German }} {{cite book \|last1=Gröner \|first1=Erich \|last2=Jung \|first2=Dieter \|last3=Maass \|first3=Martin \|translator-last1=Thomas \|translator-first1=Keith \|translator-last2=Magowan \|translator-first2=Rachel \|year=1991 \|title=U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels \|volume=2 \|series=German Warships 1815–1945 \|location=London \|publisher=Conway Maritime Press \|isbn=0-85177-593-4 \|ref=CITEREFGröner1991 }} {{cite book \| editor1-last=Gardiner \| editor1-first=Robert \| editor2-last=Gray \| editor2-first=Randal \| title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 \| location = [[Annapolis, Maryland]] \| publisher = [[Naval Institute Press]] \| year = 1985 \| isbn = 978-0-87021-907-8 \| oclc = 12119866 }} * {{cite book \| last = Tarrant \| first = V. E. \| title = The U-Boat Offensive: 1914–1945 \| location = Annapolis, Maryland \| publisher = Naval Institute Press \| year = 1989 \| isbn = 978-0-87021-764-7 \| oclc = 20338385 }} {{Refend}} {{German Type UC II submarines}} {{November 1917 shipwrecks}} {{coord\|54\|3\|N\|0\|23\|E\|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Uc047}} [[Category:Ships built in Bremen (state)]] [[Category:German Type UC II submarines]] [[Category:U-boats commissioned in 1916]] [[Category:U-boats sunk by depth charges]] [[Category:U-boats sunk by British warships]] [[Category:U-boats sunk in 1917]] [[Category:Maritime incidents in 1917]] [[Category:World War I minelayers of Germany]] [[Category:World War I shipwrecks in the North Sea]] [[Category:World War I submarines of Germany]] [[Category:1916 ships]] [[Category:Submarines lost with all hands]] [[Category:U-boats sunk in collisions]]	1,303,517,660	[{"title": "German Empire", "data": {"Name": "UC-47", "Ordered": "20 November 1915", "Builder": "AG Weser, Bremen", "Yard number": "257", "Laid down": "1 February 1916", "Launched": "30 August 1916", "Commissioned": "13 October 1916", "Fate": "Sunk, 18 November 1917"}}, {"title": "General characteristics", "data": {"Class & type": "Type UC II submarine", "Displacement": "- 420 t (410 long tons), surfaced - 502 t (494 long tons), submerged", "Length": "- 51.85 m (170 ft 1 in) o/a - 39.70 m (130 ft 3 in) pressure hull", "Beam": "- 5.22 m (17 ft 2 in) o/a - 3.65 m (12 ft) pressure hull", "Draught": "3.67 m (12 ft 0 in)", "Propulsion": "- 2 \u00d7 propeller shafts - 2 \u00d7 6-cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engines, 600 PS (440 kW; 590 shp) - 2 \u00d7 electric motors, 460 PS (340 kW; 450 shp)", "Speed": "- 11.7 knots (21.7 km/h; 13.5 mph), surfaced - 6.7 knots (12.4 km/h; 7.7 mph), submerged", "Range": "- 7,280 nmi (13,480 km; 8,380 mi) at 7 knots (13 km/h; 8.1 mph) surfaced - 54 nmi (100 km; 62 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged", "Test depth": "50 m (160 ft)", "Complement": "26", "Armament": "- 6 \u00d7 100 cm (39.4 in) mine tubes - 18 \u00d7 UC 200 mines - 3 \u00d7 50 cm (19.7 in) torpedo tubes (2 bow/external; one stern) - 7 \u00d7 torpedoes - 1 \u00d7 8.8 cm (3.5 in) Uk L/30 deck gun", "Notes": "30-second diving time"}}, {"title": "Service record", "data": {"Part of": "- Flandern / Flandern II Flotilla - 23 January \u2013 18 November 1917", "Commanders": "- Oblt.z.S. / Kptlt. Paul Hundius - 13 October 1916 \u2013 8 October 1917 - Oblt.z.S. G\u00fcnther Wigankow - 9 October \u2013 18 November 1917", "Operations": "13 patrols", "Victories": "- 55 merchant ships sunk \u00b7 (73,100 GRT) - 1 warship sunk \u00b7 (880 tons) - 2 auxiliary warships sunk \u00b7 (514 GRT) - 7 merchant ships damaged \u00b7 (14,218 GRT) - 1 auxiliary warship damaged \u00b7 (224 GRT)"}}]	false
# Harbin Y-12 The Harbin Y-12 (Chinese: 运-12; pinyin: Yùn-12) is a high wing twin-engine turboprop utility aircraft built by Harbin Aircraft Industry Group (HAIG). It is the first Chinese-designed and produced aircraft to receive type certificate from the FAA in March 1995. ## Design and development The Y-12 started as a development of the Harbin Y-11 airframe called Y-11T in 1980. The design featured numerous improvements including a redesigned wing with a new low drag section, a larger fuselage and bonded rather than riveted construction. It also replaced the radial piston engines with turboprops. The prototype first flew in 1982, followed by about 30 production Y-12 (I) aircraft before a revised version was produced. This was designated the Y-12 (II), which featured more powerful engines and removal of leading edge slats, first flying on 16 August 1984 and receiving Chinese certification in December of the following year. China and the US signed a bilateral airworthiness agreement to allow the FAA and General Administration of Civil Aviation of China overseeing the manufacture of US aircraft in China in 1991. Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation (HAMC) and the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) applied for Part 23 certification of the Y-12 in September 1992. Modifications are made to the Y-12 (II) to meet US requirements, including a larger, reshaped, wing with wing-lets and landing gear reinforced with stronger struts. The power plants are two locally made Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-27 turboprops with Hartzell propellers. The Y-12 has a maximum takeoff weight of 5,700 kg (12,600 lb) with seating for 17 passengers and two crew. The aircraft is operated as a light commuter and transport aircraft. The Y-12 (IV) received its type certificate from the FAA in March 1995, a first for an aircraft designed and produced in China. According to an FAA official: the Y-12 programme was a vehicle to demonstrate the CAAC's compatibility with FAR Part 23 and most Chinese CCAR-23 certification procedures for small-category aircraft are recognised by the FAA. In early 1995, it is reported overseas sales totaled 61 aircraft to 13 countries including Fiji, Malaysia, Nepal and Peru. In 1999, HAMC was reorganised into Hafei Aviation Industry (HAI). The latest development is the Y-12F, which is almost a new design with many improvements: new wings, landing gear, fuselage, more powerful engines, and extended payload and range. The Y-12F made its maiden flight on December 29, 2010, received CAAC type certification on December 10, 2015, FAA type certification on February 22, 2016, and EASA type certification on July 13, 2023. In 2015, Kenmore Air announced that they would begin development of floats for the Y-12 for FAA certification. The Y-12 completed the FAA evaluation flight tests for its automatic flight control system on June 30, 2018, with its performance meeting the requirements, said AVIC Harbin Aircraft Industry Company Ltd (AVIC HAFEI). ## Variants - Y-12 (I): Twin-engined STOL utility transport aircraft, powered by two 500-shp (373-kW) Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-11 turboprop engines. Seating for 17 passengers and a MTOW of 5,000 kg.[2] - Y-12 (II): Fitted with more powerful 600-hp PT6A-27 engines, received type certificate from UK CAA in 1990, with aircraft operate in Malaysia and Fiji.[2] - Y-12 (III): Planned version to be fitted with WJ-9 turboprop. Evolved to Y-12C because of IV's success when WJ-9 development was completed. - Y-12 (IV): Improved version. Revised wingtips (span increased to 19.2 m (63 ft)) and increased max. takeoff weight to 5,700 kg. 18-19 passengers.[2] This version is the first aircraft in the series certified by the FAA in 1995.[10] - Y-12C: Basically a (IV) version with WJ-9 turboprop, used by PLAAF for aerial survey. - Y-12D: Domestically deployed military version with upgraded engines driving four-bladed propellers, used by PLA Airborne Corps for parachute training. - Y-12E: Variant with 18 passenger seats. PT6A-135A engines of equal horsepower but increased torque driving four-bladed propellers. This version was certified by the FAA in 2006.[11] - Y-12F: The latest development with almost everything redesigned: wider fuselage, new wings, retractable landing gear and more powerful PT6A-65B engines.[12] The Y-12F has higher cruise speed, longer range and can accommodate 19 passengers or 3x LD3 containers.[13] Design started in April 2005 and the maiden flight was on 29 December 2010.[14] CAAC type certification was received on 10 December 2015 and FAA certification on 22 February 2016.[6] The Y-12F passed flight tests for its automatic flight control system by the FAA on 30 June 2018.[9] It was demonstrated during the 2012 Zhuhai Airshow. - Y-12G: Proposed cargo version of Y-12F. - Turbo Panda: Export name for (II) version, marketed by England and Japanese companies. No real order due to airworthiness certification. - Twin Panda: Originally (II) version for export. Later a modified Y-12 (IV) powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-34 turboprop engines and fitted with uprated undercarriage, upgraded avionics and interior. Thirty-five orders reportedly received by 2000 but production not proceeded with. ## Operators ### Military operators Afghanistan - Afghan Air Force[15] Cambodia - Royal Cambodian Air Force[16] China - People's Liberation Army Air Force - 12 Y-12D operated by the Airborne Corps[17] Djibouti - Djibouti Air Force - 2 as of December 2016.[18] Eritrea - Eritrean Air Force[19] Ghana - Ghana Air Force[20] Guyana - Guyana Air Force[20] Iran - Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Air Force[21] Kenya - Kenya Air Force[22] To be replaced by the C-145 Skytruck.[23] Mali - Mali Air Force – 2[24] Mauritania - Mauritanian Air Force[25] Myanmar - Myanmar Air Force - 20 as of 2020.[26] Namibia - Namibian Air Force[26] Pakistan - Pakistan Air Force[27] - Pakistan Army[28] Peru - Policía Nacional del Perú[29] - Peruvian Air Force[30] Sri Lanka - Sri Lanka Air Force[31] Tanzania - Tanzanian Air Force[32] Zambia - Zambian Air Force[33] ### Government operators Costa Rica - Air Vigilance Service (2) China - China Marine Surveillance (3) (Former) Republic of the Congo - Ministry of Transport (2) Federated States of Micronesia - Federated States of Micronesia (1) Seychelles - Republic of Seychelles (2) ### Civil operators China - China Flying Dragon Aviation - China Heilongjiang Longken General Aviation - Donghua General Aviation - Jiangnan General Aviation - Ordos General Aviation Co. Ltd. - Shuangyang General Aviation - Xinjiang General Aviation[34] - Ying'an Airlines[34] - Zhong Fei General Aviation Company Colombia - SATENA (2, 1 on order)[34] Republic of the Congo - Trans Air Congo (10 on order) Democratic Republic of the Congo - LAC - Congo Airways - 2 on order as of July 2016.[34] Federated States of Micronesia - Caroline Islands Air Fiji - Air Fiji[35] Indonesia - Sabang Merauke Raya Air Charter (SMAC) - Dirgantara Air Service (DAS) Iran - Pouya Air Kiribati - Air Kiribati Malaysia - Berjaya Air Mongolia - MIAT Mongolian Airlines- After 2 planes crashed, the remaining 3 planes were returned to the manufacturer. Nepal - Nepal Airlines - 4 Delivered in 2012.[36] All 4 grounded in 2020 due to sub-standard performance and high operating costs.[37] Pakistan - Air Eagle[38] Sri Lanka - Helitours[39] Tonga - Lulutai Airlines (1) [40] Uganda - Uganda Air Cargo (2) ## Accidents and incidents - On 13 December 1993, a Lao Aviation (now Lao Airlines) Y-12-II, registration RDPL-34117, clipped trees in fog and crashed at Phonsavan, Laos, killing all 18 on board.[41] - On 4 April 1995, a TANS Y-12-II, registration 333/OB-1498, crashed shortly after takeoff from Iquitos Airport, Peru, killing all three on board. - On 21 June 1996, a China Flying Dragon Aviation Y-12-II, registration B-3822, crashed into a 100 m (330 ft) mountain near Changhai Airport after the crew began the final approach too early and deviated from the intended course, killing two of 12 on board.[42] - On 20 January 1997, a Sri Lanka Air Force Y-12-II, CR851, crashed off Palali Air Base while on a surveillance mission, killing all four on board.[43] - On 10 June 1997, a MIAT Mongolian Airlines Y-12-II, registration JU-1020, crashed at Mandalgobi Airport due to windshear, killing seven of 12 on board.[44] - On 26 May 1998, a MIAT Mongolian Airlines Y-12-II, registration JU-1017, crashed into a 10,800 ft (3,300 m) mountain near Galt, Mongolia, en route to Tosontsengel due to heavy icing, wing de-ice system fault and overloading, killing all 28 on board; this crash is the worst ever accident involving the Y-12. - On 19 October 2000, Lao Aviation Flight 703 crashed in a mountainous area in bad weather while on approach to Sam Neua, killing eight of 15 passengers; both pilots survived.[45] - On 18 May 2005, a Zambia Air Force Y-12-II, AF-216, crashed shortly after takeoff from Mongu Airport, killing all 13 on board.[46] - On 10 April 2006, a Kenya Air Force (KAF) Y-12-II, 132, struck the side of Mount Marsabit, killing 14 of 17 on board.[47] - On 15 June 2008, a China Flying Dragon Aviation Y-12-II, registration B-3841, struck a small hill during a survey flight for a new aluminum mine, killing three of four on board.[48] - On 12 July 2012, a Y-12-II of the Mauritanian Air Force crashed while transporting gold, killing all 7 occupants.[49] - On 12 May 2014, a Y-12-II of the Kenyan Air Force crashed in El Wak, Kenya. The airplane operated on a flight from Mandera to Nairobi with stops at El Wak and Garissa. Preliminary information suggests that one pilot was killed and the remaining eleven occupants were injured.[50] - On 26 August 2018, a Y-12e of the Colombian Air Force was damaged in flight as it encountered severe turbulence. The pilot made an emergency landing at Florencia. The aircraft was not repaired, and was scrapped in situ.[51] - On 3 January 2020, a Y-12-II of the Sri Lankan Air Force crashed to Haputale, Sri Lanka, while on aerial observations, killing all 4 airmen.[52] - On 4 August 2020, a Y-12-II of the Kenyan Air Force resupplying AMISOM crashed after taking off from Dhobley Airstrip in Somalia. All 10 occupants survived. The aircraft was seriously damaged.[53] ## Specifications (Y-12 (II)) Data from Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000, Jane's all the World's Aircraft 2000–01 General characteristics - Crew: 2 - Capacity: 17 max / 1,700 kg (3,748 lb) max payload - Length: 14.86 m (48 ft 9 in) - Wingspan: 17.235 m (56 ft 7 in) - Height: 5.575 m (18 ft 3 in) - Wing area: 34.27 m2 (368.9 sq ft) - Airfoil: LS(1)-0417 - Empty weight: 2,840 kg (6,261 lb) - Max takeoff weight: 5,300 kg (11,684 lb) - Fuel capacity: 1,616 L (427 US gal; 355 imp gal) / 1,230 kg (2,712 lb) max usable fuel weight - Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-27 turboprop engines, 462 kW (620 hp) each - Propellers: 3-bladed Hartzell HC-B3TN-3B/T10173B-3, 2.49 m (8 ft 2 in) diameter constant-speed fully-feathering reversible-pitch propellers (4 and 5 bladed propellers used on some models) Performance - Maximum speed: 328 km/h (204 mph, 177 kn) VMO (maximum operating speed) at 3,000 m (9,800 ft) - Cruise speed: 292 km/h (181 mph, 158 kn) (max) at 3,000 m (9,800 ft) 250 km/h (160 mph; 130 kn) (economical) at 3,000 m (9,800 ft) - Range: 1,340 km (830 mi, 720 nmi) at econ cruise, 45 min reserves at 3,000 m (9,800 ft) - Endurance: 5 hours 12 minutes at econ cruise - Service ceiling: 7,000 m (23,000 ft) 3,000 m (9,800 ft) on one engine - Rate of climb: 8.1 m/s (1,590 ft/min) 1.4 m/s (4.6 ft/s) on one engine - Wing loading: 145.9 kg/m2 (29.9 lb/sq ft) - Power/mass: 0.106 kW/kg (0.064 hp/lb) - Take-off run: 370 m (1,210 ft) - Take-off run to 15 m (49 ft): 490 m (1,610 ft) - Landing run: 340 m (1,120 ft) - Landing run from 15 m (49 ft): 630 m (2,070 ft)	enwiki/838316	enwiki	838,316	Harbin Y-12	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin_Y-12	2025-08-09T08:43:42Z	en	Q1584925	278,353	{{Short description\|Utility transport aircraft}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2025}} {{Infobox aircraft \| name = Y-12 \| image = Iran - Revolutionary Guard Air Force Harbin Y12-II.jpg \| caption = Harbin Y-12 II of the Iranian [[Aerospace Force of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps\|IRGC]] \| type = Twin-engine turboprop [[utility aircraft]] \| manufacturer = [[Harbin Aircraft Industry Group]] \| national_origin = China \| designer = \| first_flight = 14 July 1982 \| introduction = \| retired = \| status = Active, In production \| primary_user = [[People's Liberation Army Air Force]] \| more_users = \| produced = 1985–present \| number_built = \| unit cost = US$3 million (1998)<ref>{{cite news \|url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/harbin-agrees-north-american-y-12-sales-deal-35276/ \|title= Harbin agrees North American Y-12 sales deal \|date= 8 April 1998 \|website= www.flightglobal.com \|access-date= 16 August 2017 \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170816111638/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/harbin-agrees-north-american-y-12-sales-deal-35276/ \|archive-date= 16 August 2017 \|url-status= live \|df= dmy-all }}</ref> \| developed_from = [[Harbin Y-11]] \| variants = }} The '''Harbin Y-12''' ({{lang-zh\|c=运-12\|p=Yùn-12}}) is a [[high wing]] twin-engine [[turboprop]] [[utility aircraft]] built by [[Harbin Aircraft Industry Group]] (HAIG). It is the first Chinese-designed and produced aircraft to receive type certificate from the FAA in March 1995. ==Design and development== The Y-12 started as a development of the [[Harbin Y-11]] [[airframe]] called Y-11T in 1980.<ref name = "CA">Gordon, Yefim & Komissarov, Dmitry. Chinese Aircraft. Hikoki Publications. Manchester. 2008. {{ISBN\|978-1-902109-04-6}}</ref> The design featured numerous improvements including a redesigned [[wing]] with a new low [[aerodynamic drag\|drag]] section, a larger [[fuselage]] and bonded rather than [[rivet]]ed [[manufacturing\|construction]]. It also replaced the [[radial engine\|radial]] [[reciprocating engine\|piston]] [[engines]] with [[turboprops]].<ref name = "CA"/> The [[prototype]] first flew in 1982,<ref name=CAANZTA>{{cite web \|title=HAI Y12 IV Type Acceptance Report \|url=https://www.aviation.govt.nz/assets/aircraft/type-acceptance-reports/Harbin_Y12_IV.pdf \|website=Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand \|access-date=13 December 2024}}</ref> followed by about 30 production Y-12 (I) [[aircraft]] before a revised version was produced. This was designated the Y-12 (II), which featured more powerful engines and removal of [[leading edge slats]], first flying on 16 August 1984 and receiving Chinese certification in December of the following year.<ref name="Janes 88 p38">JWR Taylor 1988, p.38.</ref> China and the US signed a bilateral airworthiness agreement to allow the FAA and General Administration of Civil Aviation of China overseeing the manufacture of US aircraft in China in 1991. Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation (HAMC) and the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) applied for Part 23 certification of the Y-12 in September 1992. Modifications are made to the Y-12 (II) to meet US requirements, including a larger, reshaped, wing with wing-lets and landing gear reinforced with stronger struts.<ref name="FAAapproval">{{cite news \|title=FAA breaks new ground with Y-12 approval \|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/faa-breaks-new-ground-with-y-12-approval/16646.article \|access-date=13 December 2024 \|work=Flight Global \|date=11 Apr 1995 \|language=en}}</ref> The [[propulsion\|power plants]] are two locally made [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A\|Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-27 turboprops]] with [[Hartzell Propeller\|Hartzell]] [[propellers]]. The Y-12 has a maximum takeoff weight of 5,700 kg (12,600 lb) with seating for 17 [[passengers]] and two crew. The aircraft is operated as a light [[regional airline\|commuter]] and [[transport aircraft]].{{Citation needed\|date=January 2021}} The Y-12 (IV) received its type certificate from the FAA in March 1995, a first for an aircraft designed and produced in China.<ref name="FAAapproval"/><ref name=CAANZTA/> According to an FAA official: the Y-12 programme was a vehicle to demonstrate the CAAC's compatibility with FAR Part 23 and most Chinese CCAR-23 certification procedures for small-category aircraft are recognised by the FAA.<ref name="FAAapproval"/> In early 1995, it is reported overseas sales totaled 61 aircraft to 13 countries including Fiji, Malaysia, Nepal and Peru.<ref name="FAAapproval"/> In 1999, HAMC was reorganised into Hafei Aviation Industry (HAI).<ref name=CAANZTA/> The latest development is the Y-12F, which is almost a new design with many improvements: new wings, landing gear, fuselage, more powerful engines, and extended payload and range. The Y-12F made its maiden flight on December 29, 2010,<ref>{{cite web\|author1=霍尼韦尔航空航天\|title=【纪录】运-12F背后的霍尼韦尔力量\|url=http://news.carnoc.com/list/333/333384.html\|website=CARNOC.com (民航资源网)\|access-date=26 February 2016\|language=zh\|date=8 January 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306052629/http://news.carnoc.com/list/333/333384.html\|archive-date=6 March 2016\|url-status=dead\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> received [[Civil Aviation Administration of China\|CAAC]] type certification on December 10, 2015, [[Federal Aviation Administration\|FAA]] type certification on February 22, 2016,<ref name="Y-12F certification">{{cite web\|last1=Ge\|first1=Lena\|title=China-Made Y12F Turboprop Aircraft Gets FAA Type Certification\|url=http://www.chinaaviationdaily.com/news/51/51061.html\|website=China Aviation Daily\|access-date=26 February 2016\|date=25 February 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306000346/http://www.chinaaviationdaily.com/news/51/51061.html\|archive-date=6 March 2016\|url-status=dead\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and [[EASA]] type certification on July 13, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=EASA.IM.A.679 - Y12F \|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/en/document-library/type-certificates/aircraft-cs-25-cs-22-cs-23-cs-vla-cs-lsa/easaima679-y12f \|access-date=2023-07-14 \|website=EASA \|language=en}}</ref> In 2015, [[Kenmore Air]] announced that they would begin development of floats for the Y-12 for FAA certification.<ref>{{cite web\|author=Stepen Trimble\|title=AVIC launches seaplane conversion for Y-12\|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/avic-launches-seaplane-conversion-for-y-12-417342/\|website=www.flightglobal.com\|publisher=[[Flight International]]\|access-date=12 February 2017\|date=2 October 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213001042/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/avic-launches-seaplane-conversion-for-y-12-417342/\|archive-date=13 February 2017\|url-status=live\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Y-12 completed the [[Federal Aviation Administration\|FAA]] evaluation flight tests for its automatic flight control system on June 30, 2018, with its performance meeting the requirements, said AVIC Harbin Aircraft Industry Company Ltd (AVIC HAFEI).<ref name="China's Y-12 plane passes FAA flight tests for automatic flight control - Chinadaily.com.cn">{{Cite web\|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201806/30/WS5b378bc3a3103349141dff20.html\|title=China's Y-12 plane passes FAA flight tests for automatic flight control - Chinadaily.com.cn\|last=江巍\|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn\|access-date=2018-07-07\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707062450/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201806/30/WS5b378bc3a3103349141dff20.html\|archive-date=2018-07-07\|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Variants== {{More citations needed section\|date=January 2021}} [[File:Harbin Y-12 (II).jpg\|thumb\|Harbin Y-12 (II) at China Aviation Museum, Beijing]] [[File:Y12e.jpg\|thumb\|Harbin Y-12E]] [[File:AVIC Harbin Y12F.jpg\|thumb\|Harbin Y-12F]] * '''Y-12 (I)''': Twin-engined STOL utility transport aircraft, powered by two 500-shp (373-kW) Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-11 turboprop engines. Seating for 17 passengers and a MTOW of 5,000 kg.<ref name=CAANZTA/> * '''Y-12 (II)''': Fitted with more powerful 600-hp PT6A-27 engines, received type certificate from UK CAA in 1990, with aircraft operate in Malaysia and Fiji.<ref name=CAANZTA/> * '''Y-12 (III)''': Planned version to be fitted with [[Turbomeca Arriel\|WJ-9]] turboprop. Evolved to Y-12C because of IV's success when WJ-9 development was completed. * '''Y-12 (IV)''': Improved version. Revised wingtips (span increased to 19.2 m (63 ft)) and increased max. takeoff weight to 5,700 kg. 18-19 passengers.<ref name=CAANZTA/> This version is the first aircraft in the series certified by the FAA in 1995.<ref name="FAATC1">[http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/e1afc31ae2ee8a9986257425005cdfb4/$FILE/A00006WI.pdf FAA Y-12 IV and Y-12E Type Certificate] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322012703/http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/e1afc31ae2ee8a9986257425005cdfb4/$FILE/A00006WI.pdf \|date=2015-03-22 }} retrieved 17 August 2013.</ref> * '''Y-12C''': Basically a (IV) version with WJ-9 turboprop, used by PLAAF for aerial survey. * '''Y-12D''': Domestically deployed military version with upgraded engines driving four-bladed propellers, used by PLA Airborne Corps for parachute training. * '''Y-12E''': Variant with 18 passenger seats. PT6A-135A engines of equal horsepower but increased torque driving four-bladed propellers. This version was certified by the FAA in 2006.<ref name="FAATC">[http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/e1afc31ae2ee8a9986257425005cdfb4/$FILE/A00006WI.pdf FAA Y-12 IV and Y-12E Type Certificate] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322012703/http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/e1afc31ae2ee8a9986257425005cdfb4/$FILE/A00006WI.pdf \|date=2015-03-22 }} retrieved 12 November 2009.</ref> * '''Y-12F''': The latest development with almost everything redesigned: wider fuselage, new wings, retractable landing gear and more powerful PT6A-65B engines.<ref>Francis, Leithen. [http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/09/20/216909/beijing-expo-harbin-y-12-turboprop-to-be-bigger.html "Harbin Y-12 turboprop to be bigger" ''Flight International'' 20 September 2007 (online version)] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031020400/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/09/20/216909/beijing-expo-harbin-y-12-turboprop-to-be-bigger.html \|date=31 October 2007 }} retrieved 12 November 2009</ref> The Y-12F has higher cruise speed, longer range and can accommodate 19 passengers or 3x LD3 containers.<ref name="AVIC Y-12F webpage">{{cite web\|url=http://www.y-12.com.cn/y-12/home/index.do?cmd=goToChannel&language=US&cid=466\|title=ok365.com便民导航－最为便捷的上网导航服务\|work=y-12.com.cn\|access-date=7 March 2016\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110232840/http://www.y-12.com.cn/y-12/home/index.do?cmd=goToChannel&language=US&cid=466\|archive-date=10 January 2014}}</ref> Design started in April 2005 and the maiden flight was on 29 December 2010.<ref name="AVIC website">{{cite web\|url=http://avic-aircar.com/pub-768001-7680010005001.html\|title=Y12F\|date=10 January 2014\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110212307/http://avic-aircar.com/pub-768001-7680010005001.html\|archive-date=10 January 2014}}</ref> [[Civil Aviation Administration of China\|CAAC]] type certification was received on 10 December 2015 and [[Federal Aviation Administration\|FAA]] certification on 22 February 2016.<ref name="Y-12F certification" /> The Y-12F passed flight tests for its automatic flight control system by the [[Federal Aviation Administration\|FAA]] on 30 June 2018.<ref name="China's Y-12 plane passes FAA flight tests for automatic flight control - Chinadaily.com.cn" /> It was demonstrated during the 2012 [[Zhuhai Airshow]]. * '''Y-12G''': Proposed cargo version of Y-12F. * '''Turbo Panda''': Export name for (II) version, marketed by England and Japanese companies. No real order due to airworthiness certification. * '''Twin Panda''': Originally (II) version for export. Later a modified Y-12 (IV) powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-34 turboprop engines and fitted with uprated undercarriage, upgraded avionics and interior. Thirty-five orders reportedly received by 2000 but production not proceeded with. ==Operators== {{More citations needed section\|date=January 2021}} ===Military operators=== [[File:Namibian Air Force - Harbin Y12-II.jpg\|thumb\|right\| Namibian Air Force Harbin Y-12]] ;{{AFG}} * [[Afghan Air Force]]<ref name="World Air Forces 2021">{{cite web \|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345\|title = World Air Forces 2021\|publisher= FlightGlobal \|date= 4 December 2020 \|access-date= 5 January 2021}}</ref> ;{{CAM}} * [[Royal Cambodian Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p32">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 32.</ref> ;{{CHN}} * [[People's Liberation Army Air Force]] - 12 Y-12D operated by the [[People's Liberation Army Air Force Airborne Corps\|Airborne Corps]]{{sfn\|IISS\|2024\|p=260}} ;{{DJI}} * [[Djibouti Air Force]] - 2 as of December 2016.<ref name="fiwaf16 p34">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 34.</ref> ;{{ERI}} * [[Eritrean Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p35">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 35.</ref> ;{{GHA}} * [[Ghana Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p36">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 36.</ref> ;{{GUY}} * [[Guyana Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p36"/> [[File:Sri Lanka 70th Independence - SLAF (cropped).jpg\|thumb\|Harbin Y-12 II of the Sri Lanka Air Force]] ;{{IRN}} * [[Air Force of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution\|Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p37">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 37.</ref> ;{{KEN}} * [[Kenya Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p39">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 39.</ref> To be replaced by the [[PZL M28 Skytruck\|C-145 Skytruck]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://airrecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-aviation-news/2021/april/7231-kenya-air-force-commissioned-newly-acquired-c-145-skytruck-aircraft.html \|title=Kenya Air Force commissioned newly acquired C-145 Skytruck aircraft \|access-date=26 April 2021 \|archive-date=12 May 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512194124/https://airrecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-aviation-news/2021/april/7231-kenya-air-force-commissioned-newly-acquired-c-145-skytruck-aircraft.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref> ; {{MLI}} [[Military of Mali Air Force\|Mali Air Force]] – 2<ref>{{cite web\|last1=de Cherisey\|first1=Erwan\|title=Mali receives new aircraft\|url=http://www.janes.com/article/74541/\|website=IHS Jane's 360\|access-date=3 October 2017\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171003065623/http://www.janes.com/article/74541/mali-receives-new-aircraft\|archive-date=3 October 2017\|date=2 October 2017\|url-status=dead}}</ref> ;{{MRT}} [[Military of Mauritania\|Mauritanian Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p40">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 40.</ref> ;{{MYA}} * [[Myanmar Air Force]] - 20 as of 2020.<ref name="fiwaf16 p41">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 41.</ref> ;{{NAM}} * [[Namibian Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p41"/> ;{{PAK}} * [[Pakistan Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p43">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 43.</ref> * [[Pakistan Army]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p44">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 44.</ref> ;{{PER}} * ''[[National Police of Peru\|Policía Nacional del Perú]]''<ref name="jawa03 p82">Jackson 2003, p. 82.</ref> * [[Peruvian Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf12 p57">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 11–17 December 2012, p. 57.</ref> ;{{SRI}} * [[Sri Lanka Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p47">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 47.</ref> ;{{TAN}} * [[Tanzanian Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p48">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 48.</ref> ;{{ZAM}} * [[Zambian Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf16 p53">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 6–12 December 2016, p. 53.</ref> ===Government operators=== ;{{CRC}} * [[Air Vigilance Service]] (2) ;{{CHN}} * [[China Marine Surveillance]] (3) (Former) ;{{CGO}} * [[Ministry of Transport]] (2) ;{{FSM}} * [[Federated States of Micronesia]] (1) ;{{SEY}} * [[Republic of Seychelles]] (2) ===Civil operators=== [[File:YJAV5.JPG\|thumb\|An [[Air Vanuatu]] Harbin Y-12 with revised wingtips]] ;{{CHN}} * [[China Flying Dragon Aviation]] * China Heilongjiang Longken General Aviation * Donghua General Aviation * Jiangnan General Aviation * Ordos General Aviation Co. Ltd. * Shuangyang General Aviation * Xinjiang General Aviation<ref name="fiwac16 p42"/> * [[Ying'an Airlines]]<ref name="fiwac16 p42"/> * Zhong Fei General Aviation Company ;{{COL}} * [[SATENA]] (2, 1 on order)<ref name="fiwac16 p42"/> ;{{COG}} * [[Trans Air Congo]] (10 on order) ;{{DRC}} * [[Lignes Aériennes Congolaises\|LAC]] * [[Congo Airways]] - 2 on order as of July 2016.<ref name="fiwac16 p42">Thisdell and Fafard ''Flight International'' 9–15 August 2016, p. 42.</ref> ;{{FSM}} [[Caroline Islands Air]] ;{{FIJ}} [[Air Fiji]]<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2022-11-18 \|title=Fiji Aircraft Register {{!}} Civil Aviation Authority of Fiji (CAAF) \|url=https://caaf.org.fj/fiji-aircraft-register \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130165222/https://caaf.org.fj/fiji-aircraft-register \|archive-date=2022-11-30 \|access-date=2023-02-12 \|website=caaf.org.fj \|at=Registrations DQ-FHC, DQ-FHF}}</ref> ;{{IDN}} * [[Sabang Merauke Raya Air Charter]] (SMAC) * [[Dirgantara Air Service]] (DAS) ;{{IRN}} * [[Pouya Air]] ;{{KIR}} * [[Air Kiribati]] ;{{MAS}} * [[Berjaya Air]] ;{{MGL}} * [[MIAT Mongolian Airlines]]- After 2 planes crashed, the remaining 3 planes were returned to the manufacturer. ;{{NEP}} * [[Nepal Airlines]] - 4 Delivered in 2012.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-02/14/c_136973655.htm\|title=Two new Chinese-made planes delivered to Nepal\|author=Xinhua\|date=14 Feb 2018\|access-date=14 February 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213200906/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-02/14/c_136973655.htm\|archive-date=13 February 2018\|url-status=dead\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> All 4 grounded in 2020 due to sub-standard performance and high operating costs.<ref name="Nepal">{{cite news\|date=17 July 2020\|title=Nepal Airlines retires MA-60s, Y12Es\|publisher=Ch-Aviation\|url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/93228-nepal-airlines-retires-ma-60s-y12es}}</ref> ;{{PAK}} * Air Eagle<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.aireagle.pk/fleet.php\|title=Air Eagle\|website=www.aireagle.pk\|access-date=2017-05-22\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517112942/http://www.aireagle.pk/fleet.php\|archive-date=2017-05-17\|url-status=live}}</ref> ;{{SRI}} * [[Helitours]]<ref name="fiwaf12 p60">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 11–17 December 2012, p. 60.</ref> ;{{TON}} * [[Lulutai Airlines]] (1) <ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/travel-troubles/300926766/tongas-only-available-domestic-aircraft-is-flying-again \| title=Stuff }}</ref> ;{{UGA}} * [[Uganda Air Cargo]] (2) ==Accidents and incidents== * On 13 December 1993, a [[Lao Airlines\|Lao Aviation]] (now Lao Airlines) Y-12-II, registration RDPL-34117, clipped trees in fog and crashed at [[Phonsavan]], [[Laos]], killing all 18 on board.<ref>{{ASN accident\|title= RDPL-34117\|id= 19931213-1\|accessdate=20 January 2013}}</ref> * On 4 April 1995, a [[TANS Peru\|TANS]] Y-12-II, registration 333/OB-1498, crashed shortly after [[takeoff]] from [[SPQT\|Iquitos Airport]], [[Peru]], killing all three on board. * On 21 June 1996, a [[China Flying Dragon Aviation]] Y-12-II, registration B-3822, crashed into a {{convert\|100\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}} mountain near [[Changhai Airport]] after the crew began the [[final approach (aeronautics)\|final approach]] too early and deviated from the intended course, killing two of 12 on board.<ref>{{ASN accident\|title= B-3822\|id= 19960621-0\|accessdate=20 January 2013}}</ref> * On 20 January 1997, a [[Sri Lanka Air Force]] Y-12-II, ''CR851'', crashed off [[Jaffna International Airport\|Palali Air Base]] while on a [[surveillance]] mission, killing all four on board.<ref>{{ASN accident\|title= CR851\|id=19970120-0\|accessdate=20 January 2013}}</ref> * On 10 June 1997, a [[MIAT Mongolian Airlines]] Y-12-II, registration JU-1020, crashed at [[Mandalgobi Airport]] due to [[windshear]], killing seven of 12 on board.<ref>{{ASN accident\|title= JU-1020\|id=19970610-0\|accessdate=20 January 2013}}</ref> * On 26 May 1998, a MIAT Mongolian Airlines Y-12-II, registration JU-1017, [[1998 MIAT Mongolian Airlines crash\|crashed]] into a {{convert\|10800\|ft\|m\|abbr=on}} mountain near [[Galt, Khövsgöl\|Galt]], [[Mongolia]], en route to [[Tosontsengel, Zavkhan\|Tosontsengel]] due to heavy icing, wing [[de-icing\|de-ice system]] fault and overloading, killing all 28 on board; this crash is the worst ever accident involving the Y-12. * On 19 October 2000, [[Lao Aviation Flight 703]] crashed in a mountainous area in bad weather while on approach to [[Nathong Airport\|Sam Neua]], killing eight of 15 passengers; both pilots survived.<ref>{{ASN accident\|title= RDPL-34130\|id=20001019-0\|accessdate=20 January 2013}}</ref> * On 18 May 2005, a [[Zambia Air Force]] Y-12-II, ''AF-216'', crashed shortly after takeoff from [[Mongu Airport]], killing all 13 on board.<ref>{{ASN accident\|title= AF-216\|id=20050518-0\|accessdate=20 January 2013}}</ref> * On 10 April 2006, a [[Kenya Air Force]] (KAF) Y-12-II, ''132'', [[2006 Kenyan Air Force Harbin Y-12 crash\|struck the side]] of [[Mount Marsabit]], killing 14 of 17 on board.<ref>{{ASN accident\|title= 132\|id=20060410-0\|accessdate=20 January 2013}}</ref> * On 15 June 2008, a China Flying Dragon Aviation Y-12-II, registration B-3841, struck a small hill during a survey flight for a new aluminum mine, killing three of four on board.<ref>{{ASN accident\|title= B-3841\|id=20080615-0\|accessdate=20 January 2013}}</ref> * On 12 July 2012, a Y-12-II of the [[Mauritanian Air Force]] crashed while transporting gold, killing all 7 occupants.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20120712-0\|title=ASN Aircraft accident Harbin Yunshuji Y-12-II 5T-MAE Nouakchott Airport (NKC)\|author=Harro Ranter\|date=12 July 2012\|work=aviation-safety.net\|access-date=4 August 2012\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723234541/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20120712-0\|archive-date=23 July 2012\|url-status=live\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> * On 12 May 2014, a Y-12-II of the Kenyan Air Force crashed in [[El Wak, Kenya]]. The airplane operated on a flight from [[Mandera]] to [[Nairobi]] with stops at [[El Wak, Kenya\|El Wak]] and [[Garissa]]. Preliminary information suggests that one pilot was killed and the remaining eleven occupants were injured.<ref>{{ASN accident\|title= registration unknown\|id=20140512-0\|accessdate=5 June 2014}}</ref> * On 26 August 2018, a Y-12e of the [[Colombian Air Force]] was damaged in flight as it encountered severe turbulence. The pilot made an emergency landing at [[SKFL\|Florencia]]. The aircraft was not repaired, and was scrapped in situ.<ref>AirForces Monthly, Issue 330</ref> * On 3 January 2020, a Y-12-II of the Sri Lankan Air Force [[2020 SLAF Y-12 Crash\|crashed]] to [[Haputale]], [[Sri Lanka]], while on aerial observations, killing all 4 airmen.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.adaderana.lk/news/59999/four-air-force-personnel-killed-in-aircraft-crash-at-haputale\|work=[[Ada Derana]]\|title=Four air force personnel killed in aircraft crash at Haputale\|date=3 January 2020\|access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref> * On 4 August 2020, a Y-12-II of the Kenyan Air Force resupplying [[African Union Mission to Somalia\|AMISOM]] crashed after taking off from [[Dhobley (Gedo Region)\|Dhobley]] Airstrip in [[Somalia]]. All 10 occupants survived. The aircraft was seriously damaged.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2020-08-04\|title=Kenya Air Force Harbin Y-12-II Aircraft Crash-landed At Somalia Airstrip\|url=https://fighterjetsworld.com/latest-news/aircraft-crash/kenya-air-force-harbin-y-12-ii-aircraft-crash-landed-at-somalia-airstrip/22976/\|access-date=2020-08-05\|website=Fighter Jets World\|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Specifications (Y-12 (II))== {{Aircraft specs \|ref=''Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000,<ref name="Brassey World aircraftp189">Taylor 1999, p.189</ref> Jane's all the World's Aircraft 2000–01<ref name=JAWA00-01>{{cite book \|title=Jane's all the World's Aircraft 2000–01 \|editor1-last=Jackson \|editor1-first=Paul\|year=2000 \|publisher=Jane's Information Group \|location=Coulsdon, Surrey, United Kingdom \|isbn=978-0710620118 \|edition=91st \|pages=71–72}}</ref>'' \|prime units?=met <!-- General characteristics --> \|crew=2 \|capacity=17 max / {{cvt\|1700\|kg\|0}} max payload \|length m=14.86 \|length note= \|span m=17.235 \|span note= \|height m=5.575 \|height note= \|wing area sqm=34.27 \|wing area note= \|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes --> \|airfoil=LS(1)-0417 \|empty weight kg=2840 \|empty weight note= \|gross weight kg= \|gross weight note= \|max takeoff weight kg=5300 \|max takeoff weight note= \|fuel capacity={{cvt\|1616\|L\|USgal impgal}} / {{cvt\|1230\|kg\|0}} max usable fuel weight \|more general= <!-- Powerplant --> \|eng1 number=2 \|eng1 name=[[Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-27]] \|eng1 type=[[turboprop]] engines \|eng1 kw=462 \|eng1 note= \|prop blade number=3 \|prop name=[[Hartzell Propeller\|Hartzell]] HC-B3TN-3B/T10173B-3 \|prop dia m=2.49 \|prop dia note=constant-speed fully-feathering reversible-pitch propellers (4 and 5 bladed propellers used on some models) <!-- Performance --> \|max speed kmh=328 \|max speed note=V<sub>MO</sub> (maximum operating speed) at {{cvt\|3000\|m}} \|cruise speed kmh=292 \|cruise speed note=(max) at {{cvt\|3000\|m}} ::::{{cvt\|250\|km/h\|mph kn}} (economical) at {{cvt\|3000\|m}} \|stall speed kmh= \|stall speed note= \|never exceed speed kmh= \|never exceed speed note= \|minimum control speed kmh= \|minimum control speed note= \|range km=1340 \|range note=at econ cruise, 45 min reserves at {{cvt\|3000\|m}} \|combat range km= \|combat range note= \|ferry range km= \|ferry range note= \|endurance=5 hours 12 minutes at econ cruise \|ceiling m=7000 \|ceiling note=<br/> ::::{{cvt\|3000\|m}} on one engine \|g limits=<!-- aerobatic --> \|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic --> \|climb rate ms=8.1 \|climb rate note=<br/> ::::{{cvt\|1.4\|m/s}} on one engine \|time to altitude= \|wing loading kg/m2=145.9 \|wing loading note= \|fuel consumption kg/km= \|power/mass={{cvt\|0.106\|kW/kg}} \|more performance=<br/> '''Take-off run:''' {{cvt\|370\|m}} '''Take-off run to {{cvt\|15\|m\|0}}:''' {{cvt\|490\|m}} '''Landing run:''' {{cvt\|340\|m}} '''Landing run from {{cvt\|15\|m\|0}}:''' {{cvt\|630\|m}} \|avionics= }} ==See also== {{Portal\|Aviation}} {{aircontent \|see also= \|related=<!-- related developments --> \|similar aircraft= * [[Antonov An-28]] * [[Britten-Norman Trislander\|Britten Norman Trislander]] * [[CASA C-212 Aviocar]] * [[Cessna 408 SkyCourier]] * [[Dornier 228]] * [[De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter]] * [[IAI Arava]] * [[GAF Nomad]] * [[LET L-410]] * [[PZL M28]] * [[Shorts SC.7 Skyvan]] \|lists= * [[List of Chinese aircraft]] * List of light transport aircraft * [[List of civil aircraft]] }} ==References== ===Notes=== {{reflist\|30em}} ===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} * Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". ''Flight International''. Vol. 182, No. 5321, 11–17 December 2012, pp. 40–64. {{ISSN\|0015-3710}}. * Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". ''Flight International''. Vol. 190, No. 5566, 6–12 December 2016, pp. 22–53. {{ISSN\|0015-3710}}. * {{Cite report \|title=The Military Balance 2024 \|author=International Institute for Strategic Studies \|date=2024 \|publisher=[[Routledge]] \|isbn=9781032780047 \|issn=0459-7222 \|author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies \|ref={{SfnRef\|IISS\|2024}} \|editor-last=Wall \|editor-first=Robert}} * Jackson, Paul. ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004''. Coulsdon, Surry, UK: Jane's Information Group, 2003. {{ISBN\|0-7106-2537-5}}. * Taylor, John W R. (ed.). ''Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1988-89''. Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group, 1988. {{ISBN\|0-7106-0867-5}}. * Taylor, Michael J.H. (ed.). ''Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000''. London: Brassey's, 1999. {{ISBN\|1-85753-245-7}}. * Thisdell, Dan and Fafard, Antoine. "World Airliner Census". ''Flight International''. Vol. 190, No. 5550, 9–15 August 2016, pp. 20–43. {{ISSN\|0015-3710}}. {{refend}} ==External links== {{commons category\|Harbin Y-12}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130913020321/http://www.y-12.com.cn/y-12/home/index.do?cmd=goToChannel&language=US Y-12 website] {{AVIC Aero Products}} {{PRC transport aircraft}} {{PLAAF Aircraft}} {{Chinese Military Aircraft}} [[Category:1980s Chinese civil utility aircraft]] [[Category:Harbin aircraft]] [[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1982]] [[Category:High-wing aircraft]] [[Category:STOL aircraft]] [[Category:Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft]]	1,304,976,969	[{"title": "General information", "data": {"Type": "Twin-engine turboprop utility aircraft", "National origin": "China", "Manufacturer": "Harbin Aircraft Industry Group", "Status": "Active, In production", "Primary user": "People's Liberation Army Air Force"}}, {"title": "History", "data": {"Manufactured": "1985\u2013present", "First flight": "14 July 1982", "Developed from": "Harbin Y-11"}}]	false
# 1992 Greek Football Cup final The 1992 Greek Cup final was the 48th final of the Greek Cup. The final, was set for the second and last time to be played over two legs in the home ground of the 2 finalists. The contesting teams were PAOK and Olympiacos. It was PAOK's fourteenth Greek Cup final in their 66 years of existence and Olympiacos' twenty-six Greek Cup final in their 67-year history. The first match took place on 20 May 1992 at Toumba Stadium and the second match took place on 27 May 1992 at Karaiskakis Stadium. It was the first time that a private channel ANT1, was covering a cup final, since all the finals were until then covered by ERT. ## Background PAOK had reached the Greek Cup final thirteen times, winning two of them. The last time that they had won the Cup was in 1974 (4–3 on penalties, which came after a 2–2 draw at the end of the extra time against Olympiacos). The last time that they had played in a final was in 1985, where they had lost to AEL by 4–1. Olympiacos had reached the Greek Cup final twenty-five times, winning nineteen of them. The last time that they played in a final was in 1990, where they had won against OFI by 4–1. The two teams had met each other in a Cup final five times in the 1951, 1971, 1973, 1974 and 1981 finals. ## Route to the final \| Team \| Pts \| \| ------------------- \| --- \| \| Poseidon Michaniona \| 6 \| \| PAOK \| 5 \| \| Olympiacos Volos \| 4 \| \| AE Mesolongi \| 4 \| \| Poseidon Heraklion \| 1 \| \| Team \| Pts \| \| ---------- \| --- \| \| Olympiacos \| 6 \| \| Panionios \| 5 \| \| Ilisiakos \| 4 \| \| Naoussa \| 3 \| \| Preveza \| 2 \| ## Match ### First leg \| PAOK \| 1–1 \| Olympiacos \| \| --------------- \| --------------- \| ------------------ \| \| - Skartados 52' \| Report (page 2) \| - Tsalouchidis 63' \| \| PAOK \| Olympiacos \| \| GK \| \| Tonči Gabrić \| \| \| DF \| \| Nikos Plitsis \| \| \| DF \| \| Michalis Leontiadis \| \| \| DF \| \| Alexandros Alexiou \| \| \| DF \| \| Georgios Mitsibonas \| \| \| MF \| \| Kostas Oikonomidis \| 63' \| \| MF \| \| Kostas Lagonidis \| \| \| MF \| \| Stefanos Borbokis \| \| \| MF \| \| Georgios Skartados (c) \| \| \| MF \| \| Georgios Toursounidis \| \| \| FW \| \| Milan Đurđević \| 59' \| \| Substitutes: \| \| \| \| \| FW \| \| John Anastasiadis \| 59' \| \| FW \| \| Thanasis Basbanas \| 63' \| \| Manager: \| \| \| \| \| Giannis Gounaris \| \| \| \| \| GK \| 1 \| Ilias Talikriadis \| \| \| DF \| 2 \| Theodoros Pachatouridis \| \| \| DF \| 3 \| Kyriakos Karataidis \| \| \| DF \| 4 \| Michalis Vlachos \| \| \| DF \| 5 \| Nikos Nentidis \| 55' \| \| MF \| 6 \| Panagiotis Tsalouchidis (c) \| \| \| MF \| 7 \| Hennadiy Lytovchenko \| \| \| MF \| 8 \| Nikos Tsiantakis \| \| \| FW \| 9 \| Yuri Savichev \| \| \| FW \| 10 \| Oleh Protasov \| \| \| FW \| 11 \| Panagiotis Sofianopoulos \| 77' \| \| Substitutes: \| \| \| \| \| MF \| \| Minas Hantzidis \| 55' \| \| FW \| \| Georgios Vaitsis \| 77' \| \| Manager: \| \| \| \| \| Oleg Blokhin \| \| \| \| \| Assistant referees: Rentzis (Piraeus) Panagiotis Perlorentzos (Piraeus) \| Match rules - 90 minutes - Five named substitutes - Maximum of two substitutions. \| ### Second leg \| Olympiacos \| 2–0 (3–1 agg.) \| PAOK \| \| ------------------------------------ \| --------------- \| ---- \| \| - Lytovchenko 21' - Tsalouchidis 62' \| Report (page 2) \| \| \| Olympiacos \| PAOK \| \| GK \| 1 \| Ilias Talikriadis \| \| \| \| DF \| 2 \| Theodoros Pachatouridis \| \| \| \| DF \| 3 \| Kyriakos Karataidis \| \| \| \| DF \| 4 \| Michalis Vlachos \| \| \| \| DF \| 5 \| Nikos Nentidis \| \| 54' \| \| MF \| 6 \| Panagiotis Tsalouchidis (c) \| \| \| \| MF \| 7 \| Hennadiy Lytovchenko \| \| \| \| MF \| 8 \| Nikos Tsiantakis \| 54' \| \| \| FW \| 9 \| Yuri Savichev \| 69' \| \| \| FW \| 10 \| Oleh Protasov \| \| \| \| FW \| 11 \| Panagiotis Sofianopoulos \| \| 64' \| \| Substitutes: \| \| \| \| \| \| MF \| \| Minas Hantzidis \| \| 54' \| \| MF \| \| Vassilis Karapialis \| \| 64' \| \| Manager: \| \| \| \| \| \| Oleg Blokhin \| \| \| \| \| \| GK \| 1 \| Tonči Gabrić \| \| \| \| DF \| 8 \| Kostas Malioufas \| \| 73' \| \| DF \| 3 \| Alexandros Alexiou \| 52' \| \| \| DF \| 4 \| Georgios Mitsibonas \| \| \| \| MF \| 2 \| Kostas Oikonomidis \| \| \| \| MF \| 6 \| Kostas Lagonidis \| \| \| \| MF \| 7 \| Stefanos Borbokis \| \| \| \| MF \| 5 \| Georgios Skartados (c) \| \| \| \| MF \| 10 \| Georgios Toursounidis \| \| \| \| FW \| 11 \| John Anastasiadis \| \| \| \| FW \| 9 \| Milan Đurđević \| \| 46' \| \| Substitutes: \| \| \| \| \| \| DF \| \| Dimitrios Mitoglou \| 80' \| 73' \| \| MF \| \| Vangelis Kalogeropoulos \| 68' \| 46' \| \| Manager: \| \| \| \| \| \| Giannis Gounaris \| \| \| \| \| \| Assistant referees: Tsinaslanidis (Thessaloniki) Filippos Bakas (Thessaloniki) \| Match rules - 90 minutes - 30 minutes of extra time if necessary - Penalty shootout if scores still level - Five named substitutes - Maximum of two substitutions \|	enwiki/78253182	enwiki	78,253,182	1992 Greek Football Cup final	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Greek_Football_Cup_final	2025-08-13T07:57:43Z	en	Q131191683	198,142	{{Use dmy dates\|date=October 2024}} {{Infobox football match \| title = 1992 Greek Cup final \| image = \| event = [[1991–92 Greek Football Cup]] \| team1 = [[PAOK FC\|PAOK]] \| team1score = 1 \| team2 = [[Olympiacos F.C.\|Olympiacos]] \| team2score = 3 \| details = on aggregate \| firstleg = First leg \| team1score1 = 1 \| team2score1 = 1 \| details1 = \| date1 = 20 May 1992 \| stadium1 = [[Toumba Stadium]] \| city1 = [[Thessaloniki]] \| referee1 = Kostas Dimitriadis ([[Piraeus Football Clubs Association\|Piraeus]]) \| attendance1 = 25,744 \| weather1 = \| secondleg = Second leg \| team1score2 = 0 \| team2score2 = 2 \| details2 = \| date2 = 27 May 1992 \| stadium2 = [[Karaiskakis Stadium]] \| city2 = [[Piraeus]] \| referee2 = Stavros Zakestidis ([[Macedonia Football Clubs Association\|Thessaloniki]]) \| attendance2 = 29,831 \| weather2 = \| previous = [[1991 Greek Football Cup final\|1991]] \| next = [[1993 Greek Football Cup final\|1993]] }} The '''1992 Greek Cup final''' was the 48th final of the [[Greek Football Cup\|Greek Cup]]. The final, was set for the second and last time to be played over two legs in the home ground of the 2 finalists. The contesting teams were [[PAOK FC\|PAOK]] and [[Olympiacos F.C.\|Olympiacos]]. It was PAOK's fourteenth Greek Cup final in their 66 years of existence and Olympiacos' twenty-six Greek Cup final in their 67-year history.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.epo.gr/vodafon/kyppello/Kipello1991-1995.pdf\|title=Kipello1991-1995\|website=epo.gr\|lang=el}}</ref> The first match took place on 20 May 1992 at [[Toumba Stadium]] and the second match took place on 27 May 1992 at [[Karaiskakis Stadium]]. It was the first time that a private channel [[ANT1]], was covering a cup final, since all the finals were until then covered by [[Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation\|ERT]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.contra.gr/podosfairo/ol.7542054.html\|title=Ολυμπιακός-ΠΑΟΚ: Ο διπλός τελικός των τελικών του 1992\|date=1 December 2019\|website=contra.gr\|lang=el}}</ref> ==Background== PAOK had reached the Greek Cup final thirteen times, winning two of them. The last time that they had won the Cup was in [[1973–74 Greek Football Cup#Final\|1974]] (4–3 on [[Penalty shootout (association football)\|penalties]], which came after a 2–2 draw at the end of the extra time against Olympiacos). The last time that they had played in a final was in [[1985 Greek Football Cup final\|1985]], where they had lost to [[Athlitiki Enosi Larissa F.C.\|AEL]] by 4–1. Olympiacos had reached the Greek Cup final twenty-five times, winning nineteen of them. The last time that they played in a final was in [[1990 Greek Football Cup final\|1990]], where they had won against [[OFI Crete F.C.\|OFI]] by 4–1. The two teams had met each other in a Cup final five times in the 1951, 1971, 1973, 1974 and 1981 finals.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesg/grkcuphist.html\|title=Greece - List of Cup Winners\|website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> ==Route to the final== {{further\|1991–92 Greek Football Cup}} {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|- !colspan="4"\|PAOK !Round !colspan="4"\|Olympiacos \|- style="background:#C1E0FF" \|Opponent \|colspan="3"\|Result \|[[1991–92 Greek Football Cup#Group stage\|Group stage]] \|Opponent \|colspan="3"\|Result \|- \|style="text-align:left"\|[[Poseidon Nea Michaniona F.C.\|Poseidon Michaniona]] \|colspan="3"\|2–3 (A) \|style="background:#C1E0FF"\|Matchday 1 \|style="text-align:left"\|[[Panionios F.C.\|Panionios]] \|colspan="3"\|''Unknown'' \|- \|style="text-align:left"\|Poseidon Heraklion \|colspan="3"\|5–0 (H) \|style="background:#C1E0FF"\|Matchday 2 \|style="text-align:left"\|[[Ilisiakos F.C.\|Ilisiakos]] \|colspan="3"\|''Unknown'' \|- \|style="text-align:left"\|[[Olympiakos Volos F.C.\|Olympiacos Volos]] \|colspan="3"\|1–1 (A) \|style="background:#C1E0FF"\|Matchday 3 \|style="text-align:left"\|[[Naoussa F.C.\|Naoussa]] \|colspan="3"\|''Unknown'' \|- \|style="text-align:left"\|[[A.E. Messolonghi F.C.\|AE Mesolongi]] \|colspan="3"\|4–1 (H) \|style="background:#C1E0FF"\|Matchday 4 \|style="text-align:left"\|[[Preveza F.C.\|Preveza]] \|colspan="3"\|''Unknown'' \|- \|colspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"\|'''[[1991–92 Greek Football Cup#Group 4\|Group 4]] runners-up''' <div class="center"> {\|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|- !width=165\|Team !width=20\|Pts \|- bgcolor="#ccffcc" \|align=left\| [[Poseidon Nea Michaniona F.C.\|Poseidon Michaniona]] \|'''6''' \|- bgcolor="#ccffcc" \|align=left\| '''[[PAOK FC\|PAOK]]''' \|'''5''' \|- \|align=left\| [[Olympiakos Volos F.C.\|Olympiacos Volos]] \|'''4''' \|- \|align=left\| [[A.E. Messolonghi F.C.\|AE Mesolongi]] \|'''4''' \|- \|align=left\| Poseidon Heraklion \|'''1''' \|}</div> \|style="background:#C1E0FF"\|Final standings \|colspan="4" style="vertical-align:top"\|'''[[1991–92 Greek Football Cup#Group 5\|Group 5]] winners''' <div class="center"> {\|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|- !width=165\|Team !width=20\|Pts \|- bgcolor="#ccffcc" \|align=left\| '''[[Olympiacos F.C.\|Olympiacos]]''' \|'''6''' \|- bgcolor="#ccffcc" \|align=left\| [[Panionios F.C.\|Panionios]] \|'''5''' \|- \|align=left\| [[Ilisiakos F.C.\|Ilisiakos]] \|'''4''' \|- \|align=left\| [[Naoussa F.C.\|Naoussa]] \|'''3''' \|- \|align=left\| [[Preveza F.C.\|Preveza]] \|'''2''' \|}</div> \|- style="background:#C1E0FF" \|Opponent \|Agg. \|1st leg \|2nd leg \|[[1991–92 Greek Football Cup#Knockout phase\|Knockout phase]] \|Opponent \|Agg. \|1st leg \|2nd leg \|- \|style="text-align:left"\|A.F.C. Patra \|4–1 \|1–0 (A) \|3–1 (H) \|style="background:#C1E0FF"\|[[1991–92 Greek Football Cup#Round of 32\|Round of 32]] \|style="text-align:left"\|[[Kastoria 1980 F.C.\|Kastoria]] \|7–0 \|3–1 (A) \|4–0 (H) \|- \|style="text-align:left"\|[[P.A.S. Korinthos\|Korinthos]] \|4–1 \|4–1 (H) \|0–0 (A) \|style="background:#C1E0FF"\|[[1991–92 Greek Football Cup#Round of 16\|Round of 16]] \|style="text-align:left"\|[[Xanthi F.C.\|Skoda Xanthi]] \|5–4 \|1–2 (A) \|4–2 (H) \|- \|style="text-align:left"\|[[Doxa Drama F.C.\|Doxa Drama]] \|4–2 \|0–2 (A) \|4–0 (H) \|style="background:#C1E0FF"\|[[1991–92 Greek Football Cup#Quarter-finals\|Quarter-finals]] \|style="text-align:left"\|[[Panathinaikos F.C.\|Panathinaikos]] \|1–1 ([[Away goals rule\|a]]) \|0–0 (H) \|1–1 (A) \|- \|style="text-align:left"\|[[AEK Athens F.C.\|AEK Athens]] \|3–2 \|0–2 (A) \|3–0 {{aet}} (H) \|style="background:#C1E0FF"\|[[1991–92 Greek Football Cup#Semi-finals\|Semi-finals]] \|style="text-align:left"\|[[Atromitos F.C.\|Atromitos]] \|8–2 \|4–1 (A) \|4–1 (H) \|} ==Match== ===First leg=== {{football box \|date = 20 May 1992 \|time = \|team1 = [[PAOK FC\|PAOK]] \|score = 1–1 \|report = [https://www.epo.gr/vodafon/kyppello/Kipello1991-1995.pdf Report] (page 2) \|team2 = [[Olympiacos F.C.\|Olympiacos]] \|goals1 = [[Georgios Skartados\|Skartados]] {{goal\|52}} \|goals2 = [[Panagiotis Tsalouchidis\|Tsalouchidis]] {{goal\|63}} \|stadium = [[Toumba Stadium]] \|location = [[Thessaloniki]] \|attendance = 25,744 \|referee = Kostas Dimitriadis ([[Piraeus Football Clubs Association\|Piraeus]]) }} {\| width=92% \|- \|{{Football kit \| pattern_la = _black_stripes_thin1 \| pattern_b = _whitestripes3 \| pattern_ra = _black_stripes_thin1 \| pattern_sh = \| pattern_so = \| leftarm = FFFFFF \| body = 000000 \| rightarm = FFFFFF \| shorts = 000000 \| socks = 000000 \| title = PAOK }} \|{{Football kit \| pattern_la = _red_stripes_thin1 \| pattern_b = _whitestripes3 \| pattern_ra = _red_stripes_thin1 \| pattern_sh = _whitebottom \| pattern_so = \| leftarm = FFFFFF \| body = FF0000 \| rightarm = FFFFFF \| shorts = FF0000 \| socks = FF0000 \| title = Olympiacos }} \|} {\| width="100%" \|valign="top" width="50%"\| {\| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" \|- !width="25"\| !!width="25"\| \|- \|GK \|\| \|\|{{flagicon\|CRO}} [[Tonči Gabrić]] \|- \|DF \|\| \|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} Nikos Plitsis \|- \|DF \|\| \|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} Michalis Leontiadis \|- \|DF \|\| \|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Alexandros Alexiou]] \|- \|DF \|\| \|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Georgios Mitsibonas]] \|- \|MF \|\| \|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} Kostas Oikonomidis \|\|  {{suboff\|63}} \|- \|MF \|\| \|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Kostas Lagonidis]] \|- \|MF \|\| \|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Stefanos Borbokis]] \|- \|MF \|\| \|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Georgios Skartados]] ([[Captain (association football)\|c]]) \|- \|MF \|\| \|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Georgios Toursounidis]] \|- \|FW \|\| \|\|{{flagicon\|FRY}} [[Milan Đurđević]] \|\|  {{suboff\|59}} \|- \|colspan=4\|'''Substitutes:''' \|- \|FW \|\| \|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[John Anastasiadis]] \|\|  {{subon\|59}} \|- \|FW \|\| \|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} Thanasis Basbanas \|\|  {{subon\|63}} \|- \|colspan=4\|'''Manager:''' \|- \|colspan="4"\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Giannis Gounaris]] \|} \|valign="top" width="50%"\| {\| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" \|- !width="25"\| !!width="25"\| \|- \|GK \|\|''' 1'''\|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Ilias Talikriadis]] \|- \|DF \|\|''' 2'''\|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Theodoros Pachatouridis]] \|- \|DF \|\|''' 3'''\|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Kyriakos Karataidis]] \|- \|DF \|\|''' 4'''\|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Michalis Vlachos]] \|- \|DF \|\|''' 5'''\|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Nikos Nentidis]] \|\|  {{suboff\|55}} \|- \|MF \|\|''' 6'''\|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Panagiotis Tsalouchidis]] ([[Captain (association football)\|c]]) \|- \|MF \|\|''' 7'''\|\|{{flagicon\|UKR}} [[Hennadiy Lytovchenko]] \|- \|MF \|\|''' 8'''\|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Nikos Tsiantakis]] \|- \|FW \|\|''' 9'''\|\|{{flagicon\|RUS}} [[Yuri Savichev]] \|- \|FW \|\|'''10''' \|\|{{flagicon\|UKR}} [[Oleh Protasov]] \|- \|FW \|\|'''11''' \|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Panagiotis Sofianopoulos]] \|\|  {{suboff\|77}} \|- \|colspan=4\|'''Substitutes:''' \|- \|MF \|\| \|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Minas Hantzidis]] \|\|  {{subon\|55}} \|- \|FW \|\| \|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Georgios Vaitsis]] \|\|  {{subon\|77}} \|- \|colspan=4\|'''Manager:''' \|- \|colspan="4"\|{{flagicon\|UKR}} [[Oleg Blokhin]] \|} \|} {\| width=100% style="font-size: 90%" \| width=50% valign=top\| '''[[Assistant referee (association football)\|Assistant referees]]:''' <br>Rentzis ([[Piraeus Football Clubs Association\|Piraeus]]) <br>Panagiotis Perlorentzos ([[Piraeus Football Clubs Association\|Piraeus]]) \| width=50% valign=top\| '''Match rules''' 90 minutes Five named substitutes Maximum of two substitutions. \|} ===Second leg=== {{football box \|date = 27 May 1992 \|time = 20:30 [[Eastern European Summer Time\|EEST]] \|team1 = [[Olympiacos F.C.\|Olympiacos]] \|score = 2–0<br><small>(3–1 [[Playoff format#Total points series (aggregate)\|agg.]])</small> \|report = [https://www.epo.gr/vodafon/kyppello/Kipello1991-1995.pdf Report] (page 2) \|team2 = [[PAOK FC\|PAOK]] \|goals1 = [[Hennadiy Lytovchenko\|Lytovchenko]] {{goal\|21}} [[Panagiotis Tsalouchidis\|Tsalouchidis]] {{goal\|62}} \|goals2 = \|stadium = [[Karaiskakis Stadium]] \|location = [[Piraeus]] \|attendance = 29,831 \|referee = Stavros Zakestidis ([[Macedonia Football Clubs Association\|Thessaloniki]]) }} {\| width=92% \|- \|{{Football kit \| pattern_la = _red_stripes_thin1 \| pattern_b = _whitestripes3 \| pattern_ra = _red_stripes_thin1 \| pattern_sh = _whitebottom \| pattern_so = \| leftarm = FFFFFF \| body = FF0000 \| rightarm = FFFFFF \| shorts = FF0000 \| socks = FF0000 \| title = Olympiacos }} \|{{Football kit \| pattern_la = \| pattern_b = \| pattern_ra = \| pattern_sh = _blacksides \| pattern_so = _band_black \| leftarm = FFFFFF \| body = FFFFFF \| rightarm = FFFFFF \| shorts = FFFFFF \| socks = FFFFFF \| title = PAOK }} \|} {\| width="100%" \|valign="top" width="50%"\| {\| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" \|- !width="25"\| !!width="25"\| \|- \|GK \|\|''' 1'''\|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Ilias Talikriadis]] \|- \|DF \|\|''' 2'''\|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Theodoros Pachatouridis]] \|- \|DF \|\|''' 3'''\|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Kyriakos Karataidis]] \|- \|DF \|\|''' 4'''\|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Michalis Vlachos]] \|- \|DF \|\|''' 5'''\|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Nikos Nentidis]] \|\| \|\| {{suboff\|54}} \|- \|MF \|\|''' 6'''\|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Panagiotis Tsalouchidis]] ([[Captain (association football)\|c]]) \|- \|MF \|\|''' 7'''\|\|{{flagicon\|UKR}} [[Hennadiy Lytovchenko]] \|- \|MF \|\|''' 8'''\|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Nikos Tsiantakis]] \|\| {{yel\|54}} \|- \|FW \|\|''' 9'''\|\|{{flagicon\|RUS}} [[Yuri Savichev]] \|\| {{sentoff\|0\|69}} \|- \|FW \|\|'''10''' \|\|{{flagicon\|UKR}} [[Oleh Protasov]] \|- \|FW \|\|'''11''' \|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Panagiotis Sofianopoulos]] \|\| \|\| {{suboff\|64}} \|- \|colspan=4\|'''Substitutes:''' \|- \|MF \|\| \|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Minas Hantzidis]] \|\| \|\| {{subon\|54}} \|- \|MF \|\| \|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Vassilis Karapialis]] \|\| \|\| {{subon\|64}} \|- \|colspan=4\|'''Manager:''' \|- \|colspan="4"\|{{flagicon\|UKR}} [[Oleg Blokhin]] \|} \|valign="top" width="50%"\| {\| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" \|- !width="25"\| !!width="25"\| \|- \|GK \|\|''' 1'''\|\|{{flagicon\|CRO}} [[Tonči Gabrić]] \|- \|DF \|\|''' 8'''\|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Kostas Malioufas]] \|\| \|\|  {{suboff\|73}} \|- \|DF \|\|''' 3'''\|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Alexandros Alexiou]] \|\| {{yel\|52}} \|- \|DF \|\|''' 4'''\|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Georgios Mitsibonas]] \|- \|MF \|\|''' 2'''\|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} Kostas Oikonomidis \|- \|MF \|\|''' 6'''\|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Kostas Lagonidis]] \|- \|MF \|\|''' 7'''\|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Stefanos Borbokis]] \|- \|MF \|\|''' 5'''\|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Georgios Skartados]] ([[Captain (association football)\|c]]) \|- \|MF \|\|'''10''' \|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Georgios Toursounidis]] \|- \|FW \|\|'''11''' \|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[John Anastasiadis]] \|- \|FW \|\|''' 9'''\|\|{{flagicon\|FRY}} [[Milan Đurđević]] \|\| \|\|  {{suboff\|46}} \|- \|colspan=4\|'''Substitutes:''' \|- \|DF \|\| \|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Dimitrios Mitoglou]] \|\| {{yel\|80}} \|\|  {{subon\|73}} \|- \|MF \|\| \|\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} Vangelis Kalogeropoulos \|\| {{yel\|68}} \|\|  {{subon\|46}} \|- \|colspan=4\|'''Manager:''' \|- \|colspan="4"\|{{flagicon\|GRE}} [[Giannis Gounaris]] \|} \|} {\| width=100% style="font-size: 90%" \| width=50% valign=top\| '''[[Assistant referee (association football)\|Assistant referees]]:''' <br>Tsinaslanidis ([[Macedonia Football Clubs Association\|Thessaloniki]]) <br>Filippos Bakas ([[Macedonia Football Clubs Association\|Thessaloniki]]) \| width=50% valign=top\| '''Match rules''' 90 minutes 30 minutes of [[extra time]] if necessary [[Penalty shootout (association football)\|Penalty shootout]] if scores still level Five named substitutes Maximum of two substitutions \|} ==See also== *[[1991–92 Greek Football Cup]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Greek Cup seasons}} {{1991–92 in Greek football}} {{PAOK FC matches}} {{Olympiacos F.C. matches}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1992 Greek Cup Final}} [[Category:Greek Football Cup finals\|1992]] [[Category:1991–92 in Greek football\|Cup Final]] [[Category:PAOK FC matches\|Greek Cup Final 1992]] [[Category:Olympiacos F.C. matches\|Greek Cup Final 1992]] [[Category:Sports competitions in Thessaloniki]] [[Category:Sports competitions in Athens]] [[Category:May 1992 sports events in Europe]]	1,305,645,244	[{"title": "1992 Greek Cup final", "data": {"Event": "1991\u201392 Greek Football Cup", "PAOK": "Olympiacos", "1": "3"}}, {"title": "First leg", "data": {"PAOK": "Olympiacos", "1": "1", "Date": "20 May 1992", "Venue": "Toumba Stadium, Thessaloniki", "Referee": "Kostas Dimitriadis (Piraeus)", "Attendance": "25,744"}}, {"title": "Second leg", "data": {"Olympiacos": "PAOK", "2": "0", "Date": "27 May 1992", "Venue": "Karaiskakis Stadium, Piraeus", "Referee": "Stavros Zakestidis (Thessaloniki)", "Attendance": "29,831"}}]	false
# Courageous (film) Courageous is a 2011 American independent Christian drama film directed and written by Alex Kendrick with his brother Stephen Kendrick. It is the fourth film by Sherwood Pictures, the creators of Flywheel (2003), Facing the Giants (2006), and Fireproof (2008). Alex Kendrick stars in the film, along with Ken Bevel and Kevin Downes. About half of the cast and crew were volunteers from Sherwood Baptist Church, while the remainder were brought on through invitation-only auditions. Filming in Albany, Georgia concluded in June 2010. The film was marketed by Sony's Provident Films, which also marketed their previous films. Courageous was released in the United States by Sony Pictures Releasing on September 30, 2011. The film was produced with a budget of $2 million, but on its opening weekend, it grossed $2 million in pre-sales alone and grossed $9.1 million total for the weekend. It grossed a total of $35.7 million, over 17 times its budget. The film opened to generally negative reviews from film critics but generally positive reviews from Christian critics. An extended, remastered cut of the film titled Courageous Legacy was released on September 24, 2021 with TriStar not being involved and Kendrick Brothers Productions co-producing, marking this the fourth film produced by their company, and the fifth and final film produced by Sherwood Pictures. It features a new ending set ten years after the original movie, 15 minutes of new scenes, new special effects, and is upscaled to 4K resolution. ## Plot When his truck is stolen at a gas station, Nathan Hayes chases it and manages to reclaim the truck but the criminal gets away. Though he is injured, he crawls back to his truck, and sees that his little baby boy in the back is okay. When the police arrive, sheriff's deputies Adam Mitchell and Shane Fuller meet Hayes, discovering he is a new deputy at their station, having recently moved to Albany, Georgia. The personal lives of these officers are observed: Mitchell adores his nine-year-old daughter, Emily, but is distant from his fifteen-year-old son, Dylan, because he doesn't share his son's interest in 5k runs. Hayes never knew his biological father, instead treating a neighbor as his father (even giving him Father's Day cards annually), but would risk his life to save his three children; however, his teenage daughter Jade, resents him because he has a strict policy about dating, and won't let her go out with her love interest Derrick as she's only 15 years old and Derrick is 17. Fuller is divorced, as were his parents, and has joint custody of his son. David Thomson is young and single. Javier Martinez is a Latin American immigrant struggling to provide for his family after being laid off when a construction company went over budget. While job-hunting, he walks down an alley asking God what He wants him to do. Mitchell, thinking he is a different Javier recommended to him by a friend, calls him over to help with backyard projects and construction. After paying him for the job, Mitchell recommends him to a new full-time job, where he is hired. One day, Emily is killed by a drunk driver, devastating Mitchell and his family. Following his daughter's death, Mitchell reads about fatherhood in the Bible. He decides he must be a better father and crafts a detailed "Resolution" to honor God in every aspect of his family. Mitchell, Hayes, Fuller, Thomson, and Martinez join him in his resolution at a formal ceremony conducted by Hayes's neighborhood mentor, the man he thinks of as a father. As a result of the resolution, Mitchell and Fuller mend their relationships with their sons, Hayes with his daughter, and he also visits the grave of his biological father whom he had never met and forgives him. Thomson reveals that he fathered a child in college and deserted the mother after she refused to have an abortion. He writes the mother and seeks to mend their relationship and to see his child, after seeing that abandoning kids contributes to crime on the streets, and does not want that burden on her. Martinez's manager offers him a promotion on the condition that he falsify inventory documents. After being given a day to think about it, Martinez refuses, maintaining that it would be dishonoring to God and to his family. Impressed, his boss promotes him and raises his pay, revealing that the condition had been a test of Javier's integrity, with Javier being the only individual to pass after many others had been tested. Mitchell discovers that Fuller has been stealing drugs from police evidence to resell on the streets for money. Mitchell decides he must honor his Resolution and report the corruption. He sets up a sting leading to Fuller's arrest and imprisonment. Fuller explains his motives that he was doing it for his son, feeling that his yearly pay wasn't enough to provide for him. Mitchell visits Fuller in jail where Fuller admits to his mistakes and asks Mitchell to look after his son. During a minor traffic stop, Hayes and Thomson unknowingly confront the armed leader of a gang they have been repeatedly encountering. One of the gang members is Derrick, who stops the gang leader from shooting Hayes with a shotgun. After an intense firefight, Deputy Hayes asks Derrick what he's doing with the gang, and the latter responds that he had no one else that cared about him. At a Father's Day church service, the men present the Resolution and Mitchell urges the fathers in the congregation to be a godly influence on their families. Mitchell runs in a 5K race with both his and Fuller's sons, Hayes begins to teach and mentor Derrick in prison, and Thomson meets his daughter for the first time. ## Cast - Alex Kendrick as Adam Mitchell - Ken Bevel as Nathan Hayes - Kevin Downes as Shane Fuller - Ben Davies as David Thomson, a rookie deputy and Nathan's partner, who fathered a little girl in college. - Renee Jewell as Victoria Mitchell, Adam's wife. - Elanor Brown as Kayla Hayes, Nathan's wife. - Taylor Hutcherson as Jade Hayes, Nathan and Kayla's oldest daughter. - Robert Amaya as Javier Martinez - Rusty Martin as Dylan Mitchell, Adam and Victoria's 15-year-old son. - Angelita Nelson as Carmen Martinez, Javier's loving and supportive wife. - Lauren Etchells as Emily Mitchell, Adam and Victoria's 9-year-old daughter. - Donald Howze as Derrick Freeman, Jade's love interest and a gang member. - Tony 'T.C.' Stallings as T.J., the leader of the gang Derrick is involved with and who tried to steal Nathan's truck at the beginning. - Rusty Martin Sr. as Mr. Tyson, owner of the factory that Adam helps Javier get a job at. - Ed Litton as Pastor Rogers (Litton, who in 2021 became President of the Southern Baptist Convention, plays a pastor helping Mitchell grieve Emily's death; Litton himself lost his first wife in an automobile accident and later married a widow whose first husband -- also a pastor -- had also died in that manner) ## Production ### Announcement The title and plot of Courageous were announced on November 15, 2009 by Alex Kendrick, Michael Catt, Jim McBride and Stephen Kendrick. Sherwood Pictures stated that "After much prayer, creative brainstorming, more prayer, wise counsel, and still more prayer, Sherwood Pictures is ready to move ahead with their fourth motion picture." Before the announcement, the filmmakers launched TheNextSherwoodMovie.com, which contained teasers for Courageous. At the time of the announcement, the Kendrick brothers stated that they had completed "about 80 percent of the plot", and they had planned to finish the script by the end of 2009. ### Casting In preceding Sherwood Pictures films, almost all of the cast and crew were composed of members of Sherwood Baptist Church, with Kirk Cameron being the notable exception with his lead role in Fireproof. For Courageous the producers expanded their search for acting talent. Roughly half of the cast are volunteers from the church, but the other half were through invitation-only audition sessions. The lead roles in the film are played by Alex Kendrick and Ken Bevel, both of whom have appeared in past Sherwood productions. Kevin Downes, who has appeared in various other films, played the role of Shane Fuller. Ben Davies, a student athlete at Samford University, played the role of David Thomson. Tony Stallings, former running back and winner of Animal Planet's King of the Jungle reality show, made his film debut. The actors were still volunteers. The film would likely have cost several times more if they had used professional assistance. Director Kendrick said, "With volunteers no one is watching the clock and we're all in it together." ### Filming Principal photography of Courageous began on April 26, 2010 and concluded on June 25, 2010. The majority of the film was shot in Albany and the Dougherty County, Georgia area. Some scenes were shot in the Dougherty County Jail. Jon Erwin served as second unit director. More than 170 media outlets, such as Inside Edition, visited the set. The Duggar family from TLC's 19 Kids and Counting were extras during a father-son 5K race. Jim Bob Duggar and seven of his ten sons joined hundreds of other fathers and sons in filming the scene. Their involvement in the film was shown on 19 Kids and Counting in "Duggars go Hollywood". The Duggar daughters acted as extras in a funeral scene at Sherwood Baptist Church that involved several police officers in uniform. In order to enhance the quality of the film, the production crew used a new camera technology, "Red One", by the Red Digital Cinema Camera Company. Kendrick estimated the production budget would exceed $1 million — double that of Fireproof. The final budget has been reported at $2 million. ## Release ### Rating In December 2010, the Motion Picture Association of America rated the film PG-13 for "some violence and drug content". That rating was surrendered a few days later, but was later reinstated. Courageous is the first film by Sherwood Pictures to receive a PG-13 rating. ### Marketing The contemporary Christian band Casting Crowns released a song titled "Courageous" to promote the film with a video featuring scenes from it. Tony Dungy, a Super Bowl-winning football coach, mentioned the film in an article he wrote about fatherhood for USA Today. He said, "As men, we could all take a lesson from [the fathers in Courageous] and ask ourselves, 'What can I do today to be a more involved dad?'" ### Box office Courageous was released on September 30, 2011 to 1,161 theaters, grossing $3.1 million on its opening day and debuting in fourth place with an actual gross of $9,063,147 for the opening weekend, the best opening of all new films released that weekend. It sold over $2 million in pre-sale tickets, the most of the weekend on Fandango, beating out The Lion King 3D, Moneyball, Dolphin Tale, and Drive. A re-release was announced by Kendrick Brothers scheduled for 2021 with new scenes and a new ending. After its opening weekend, Entertainment Weekly wrote, "...Courageous is the real success story of the weekend...Courageous earned a strong $8.8 million, outdoing the $6.8 million opening of Sherwood's 2008 picture Fireproof, which became the highest-grossing independent film that year with $33.5 million total. Shown in 1,161 theaters (yet, notably, just one theater in Manhattan), Courageous earned the best per theater average of any wide release with a robust $7,580." Courageous beat out all three Hollywood movies which opened on the same weekend: 50/50, What's Your Number?, and Dream House, which were produced with budgets of $8 million, $20 million, and $50 million, respectively. According to Box Office Mojo, its opening weekend ranks fifth all-time among Christian movies, behind The Passion of the Christ and the three Chronicles of Narnia films. As of February 27, 2022, the film has grossed $35.7, over 17 times its budget. After the Kendrick brothers' previous films were released to DVD following the theatrical run, the film started an international theatrical roll-out which began November 10 in Argentina, Australia, and New Zealand. The film debuted at #18 in Argentina, #16 in Australia and #21 in New Zealand, with weekend opening grosses of $19,536, $107,781, and $10,529 respectively. The film opened in Mexico on December 2, ranking 31st with a total of $6,911 from 15 screens. As of December 4, the international gross for the movie is $219,977. As of 2020 the film has grossed $34,522,221 domestically and $663,663 internationally with a worldwide total of $35,185,884. Becoming the Kendrick brother's highest grossing film until it got surpassed by War Room in 2015. ### Critical reception Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 40% based on 20 reviews and an average rating of 4.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "While the filmmaking is fairly competent, Courageous is overall worthless to anybody who doesn't subscribe to its dogmatic agenda." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 42 out of 100 based on 10 reviews, indicating "mixed or average" reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare "A+" grade on an A+ to F scale. Roger Moore of the Orlando Sentinel gave the film a mediocre review, saying "the film travels far beyond its dramatic climax, aiming for an altar call finale." Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter said Courageous demonstrated the Kendrick brothers' "growing expertise as filmmakers with its skillful blending of moving drama, subtle comedy and several impressive action sequences, including a well-staged foot chase and a harrowing shootout between the cops and bad guys." Hannah Goodwyn of the Christian Broadcasting Network rated Courageous 3 out of 5, saying "Courageous' biblical message is clear and good. Unfortunately, its delivery is weakened by some rookie acting and excessive dialogue." Adam R. Holz of Focus on the Family Plugged In Online said Courageous has "A compelling story line with plenty of action and just the right amount of humor. The Film underscores the importance of fatherhood...plus I like how it creatively weaves in the Gospel. I am happily giving Courageous 4.5 shiny badges out of 5 for family friendliness." Alex Kendrick and Robert Amaya were nominated at the 20th Annual Movie Guide Awards under the category of Most Inspiring Performance in Movies in 2011, with Kendrick winning and the film was named the Most Inspiring Movie of 2011. ### Home media The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on January 17, 2012 as an "Exclusive Collector's Edition", and was #1 in disc sales in the US the week ending January 22, 2012 according to The Hollywood Reporter. According to The Numbers, DVD and Blu-ray sales as of May 2015 totaled over $23,000,000. ### Re-release In October 2020 the Kendrick Brothers announced a re-release of the film, maintaining the original storyline with some scene changes, but adding a "10 Years Later" sequence after the original film's ending. This extended, remastered cut of the film titled Courageous Legacy was released on October 15, 2021, approximating the 10th anniversary of the film's release. ## Awards - 2012 San Antonio Independent Christian Film Festival: "Best of Festival", and "Best Feature Film" - 2012 Epiphany Prize: "Most Inspiring Movie" - 2012 Grace Award: "Most Inspiring Performance in Movies", Alex Kendrick, and "Most Inspiring Performance in Movies", Robert Amaya - 2013 Dove Award: "Inspirational Film Of The Year"[34] ## Related media Two film tie-in books were written for Courageous; "The Resolution for Men" by Stephen and Alex Kendrick, and "The Resolution for Women" by Priscilla Shirer. "Courageous Living" by Michael Catt, "Rite of Passage" by Jim McBride, and a film novelization by Randy Alcorn were also released.	enwiki/25079197	enwiki	25,079,197	Courageous (film)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courageous_(film)	2025-08-15T08:39:29Z	en	Q3285929	158,775	{{Short description\|2011 film by Alex and Stephen Kendrick}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=August 2015}} {{Infobox film \| name = Courageous \| image = Courageous Cover.JPG \| alt = Four police officers in brown uniforms casting long shadows to the foreground, with pictures shown in their shadows<!-- see WP:ALT --> \| caption = Theatrical release poster \| director = [[Alex Kendrick]] \| writer = Alex Kendrick <br />[[Stephen Kendrick]] \| producer = Stephen Kendrick \| starring = {{Plainlist\| * Alex Kendrick * [[Ken Bevel]] * [[Kevin Downes]] * Ben Davies }} \| cinematography = Bob Scott \| editing = {{plainlist\| * Alex Kendrick * Bill Ebel * Steve Hullfish }} \| music = Mark Willard \| studio = {{Plainlist\| * [[TriStar Pictures]] (Original) * [[Affirm Films]] * [[Provident Films]] * [[Sherwood Pictures]] * [[Kendrick Brothers\|Kendrick Brothers Productions]] (Legacy) }} \| distributor = [[Sony Pictures Releasing]] \| released = {{Film date\|2011\|9\|30\|Original\|2021\|9\|24\|Legacy}} \| runtime = 130 minutes \| country = United States \| language = English \| budget = $2 million<ref name="BoxOfficeMojo"/> \| gross = $35.7 million<ref name="BoxOfficeMojo"/> }} '''''Courageous''''' is a 2011 American [[Independent film\|independent]] [[List of Christian films\|Christian]] [[drama film]] directed and written by [[Alex Kendrick]] with his brother [[Stephen Kendrick]]. It is the fourth film by [[Sherwood Pictures]], the creators of ''[[Flywheel (film)\|Flywheel]]'' (2003), ''[[Facing the Giants]]'' (2006), and ''[[Fireproof (film)\|Fireproof]]'' (2008). Alex Kendrick stars in the film, along with [[Ken Bevel]] and [[Kevin Downes]]. About half of the cast and crew were volunteers from [[Sherwood Baptist Church]], while the remainder were brought on through invitation-only auditions. Filming in [[Albany, Georgia]] concluded in June 2010. The film was marketed by [[Sony]]'s [[Provident Films]], which also marketed their previous films. ''Courageous'' was released in the United States by [[Sony Pictures Releasing]] on September 30, 2011. The film was produced with a budget of $2 million, but on its opening weekend, it grossed $2 million in pre-sales alone and grossed $9.1 million total for the weekend. It grossed a total of $35.7 million, over 17 times its budget.<ref name="BoxOfficeMojo">{{cite web \|url= http://boxofficemojo.com/title/tt1630036/ \|title=Courageous\|work = [[Box Office Mojo]] \|publisher=[[IMDb]] \|access-date= February 27, 2022}}</ref> The film opened to generally negative reviews from film critics but generally positive reviews from Christian critics. An extended, remastered cut of the film titled ''Courageous Legacy'' was released on September 24, 2021 with TriStar not being involved and Kendrick Brothers Productions co-producing, marking this the fourth film produced by their company, and the fifth and final film produced by Sherwood Pictures. It features a new ending set ten years after the original movie, 15 minutes of new scenes, new special effects, and is upscaled to [[4K resolution]].<ref name="Christian Headlines">{{Cite web \|url=https://www.christianheadlines.com/contributors/michael-foust/courageous-to-be-re-released-in-theaters-in-2021-with-new-scenes-new-ending.html \|title=Courageous to Be Re-Released in Theaters in 2021 with New Scenes, New Ending \|website=ChristianHeadlines.com }}</ref> ==Plot== When his truck is stolen at a [[gas station]], Nathan Hayes chases it and manages to reclaim the truck but the criminal gets away. Though he is injured, he crawls back to his truck, and sees that his little baby boy in the back is okay. When the police arrive, [[Sheriffs in the United States\|sheriff's deputies]] Adam Mitchell and Shane Fuller meet Hayes, discovering he is a new deputy at [[Police station\|their station]], having recently moved to [[Albany, Georgia]]. The personal lives of these officers are observed: Mitchell adores his nine-year-old daughter, Emily, but is distant from his fifteen-year-old son, Dylan, because he doesn't share his son's interest in [[5k run]]s. Hayes never knew his biological father, instead treating a neighbor as his father (even giving him [[Father's Day]] cards annually), but would risk his life to save his three children; however, his teenage daughter Jade, resents him because he has a strict policy about [[dating]], and won't let her go out with her love interest Derrick as she's only 15 years old and Derrick is 17. Fuller is [[divorce]]d, as were his parents, and has joint custody of his son. David Thomson is young and single. Javier Martinez is a [[Hispanic and Latino Americans\|Latin American]] [[Immigration to the United States\|immigrant]] struggling to provide for his family after being laid off when a construction company went over budget. While job-hunting, he walks down an alley asking God what He wants him to do. Mitchell, thinking he is a different Javier recommended to him by a friend, calls him over to help with backyard projects and construction. After paying him for the job, Mitchell recommends him to a new full-time job, where he is hired. One day, Emily is killed by a [[Drunk driving\|drunk driver]], devastating Mitchell and his family. Following his daughter's death, Mitchell reads about [[fatherhood]] in [[the Bible]]. He decides he must be a better father and crafts a detailed "Resolution" to honor God in every aspect of his family. Mitchell, Hayes, Fuller, Thomson, and Martinez join him in his resolution at a formal ceremony conducted by Hayes's neighborhood mentor, the man he thinks of as a father. As a result of the resolution, Mitchell and Fuller mend their relationships with their sons, Hayes with his daughter, and he also visits the grave of his biological father whom he had never met and forgives him. Thomson reveals that he fathered a child in college and deserted the mother after she refused to have an abortion. He writes the mother and seeks to mend their relationship and to see his child, after seeing that abandoning kids contributes to crime on the streets, and does not want that burden on her. Martinez's manager offers him a promotion on the condition that he falsify inventory documents. After being given a day to think about it, Martinez refuses, maintaining that it would be dishonoring to God and to his family. Impressed, his boss promotes him and raises his pay, revealing that the condition had been a test of Javier's integrity, with Javier being the only individual to pass after many others had been tested. Mitchell discovers that Fuller has been stealing drugs from police evidence to resell on the streets for money. Mitchell decides he must honor his Resolution and report the corruption. He sets up a sting leading to Fuller's arrest and imprisonment. Fuller explains his motives that he was doing it for his son, feeling that his yearly pay wasn't enough to provide for him. Mitchell visits Fuller in jail where Fuller admits to his mistakes and asks Mitchell to look after his son. During a minor traffic stop, Hayes and Thomson unknowingly confront the armed leader of a gang they have been repeatedly encountering. One of the gang members is Derrick, who stops the gang leader from shooting Hayes with a shotgun. After an intense firefight, Deputy Hayes asks Derrick what he's doing with the gang, and the latter responds that he had no one else that cared about him. At a Father's Day church service, the men present the Resolution and Mitchell urges the fathers in the congregation to be a godly influence on their families. Mitchell runs in a 5K race with both his and Fuller's sons, Hayes begins to teach and mentor Derrick in prison, and Thomson meets his daughter for the first time. ==Cast== {{Cast listing\| * [[Alex Kendrick]] as Adam Mitchell * [[Ken Bevel]] as Nathan Hayes * [[Kevin Downes]] as Shane Fuller * Ben Davies as David Thomson, a rookie deputy and Nathan's partner, who fathered a little girl in college. * Renee Jewell as Victoria Mitchell, Adam's wife. * Elanor Brown as Kayla Hayes, Nathan's wife. * Taylor Hutcherson as Jade Hayes, Nathan and Kayla's oldest daughter. * Robert Amaya as Javier Martinez * Rusty Martin as Dylan Mitchell, Adam and Victoria's 15-year-old son. * Angelita Nelson as Carmen Martinez, Javier's loving and supportive wife. * Lauren Etchells as Emily Mitchell, Adam and Victoria's 9-year-old daughter. * Donald Howze as Derrick Freeman, Jade's love interest and a gang member. * Tony 'T.C.' Stallings as T.J., the leader of the gang Derrick is involved with and who tried to steal Nathan's truck at the beginning. * Rusty Martin Sr. as Mr. Tyson, owner of the factory that Adam helps Javier get a job at. * [[Ed Litton]] as Pastor Rogers (Litton, who in 2021 became President of the [[Southern Baptist Convention]], plays a pastor helping Mitchell grieve Emily's death; Litton himself lost his first wife in an automobile accident and later married a widow whose first husband -- also a pastor -- had also died in that manner) }} ==Production== ===Announcement=== The title and plot of ''Courageous'' were announced on November 15, 2009 by Alex Kendrick, [[Michael Catt]], Jim McBride and Stephen Kendrick.<ref name="ChristianToday">{{cite web \|url=http://www.christiantoday.com/article/fireproof.makers.to.follow.up.with.film.on.fatherhood/24629.htm \|title='Fireproof' makers to follow up with film on fatherhood \|date=November 16, 2009 \|work=[[Christian Today]] \|access-date=November 16, 2009}}</ref> Sherwood Pictures stated that "After much prayer, creative brainstorming, more prayer, wise counsel, and still more prayer, Sherwood Pictures is ready to move ahead with their fourth motion picture."<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.christiantoday.com/article/fireproof.creators.to.reveal.plans.for.fourth.film/24519.htm \|title='Fireproof' creators to reveal plans for fourth film \|last=Kimball \|first=Josh \|date=November 3, 2009 \|work=[[Christian Today]] \|access-date=November 14, 2009}}</ref> Before the announcement, the filmmakers launched TheNextSherwoodMovie.com, which contained teasers for ''Courageous''.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.sbcbaptistpress.org/BPnews.asp?ID=31691 \|title='Fireproof' makers to announce next movie \|last=Foust \|first=Michael \|date=November 13, 2009 \|work=[[Baptist Press]] \|access-date=November 14, 2009 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609004612/http://www.bpnews.net/BPnews.asp?ID=31691 \|archivedate=June 9, 2011 \|df=mdy-all }}</ref> At the time of the announcement, the Kendrick brothers stated that they had completed "about 80 percent of the plot", and they had planned to finish the script by the end of 2009.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.onenewsnow.com/Culture/Default.aspx?id=775890 \|title=Sherwood Pictures announces fourth film \|last=Davis \|first=Rebecca Grace \|date=November 19, 2009 \|work=OneNewsNow \|access-date=November 20, 2009 \|url-status=dead\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305013411/https://www.onenewsnow.com/Culture/Default.aspx?id=775890\|archivedate=March 5, 2012\|publisher=American Family News Network}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.kwtx.com/entertainment/headlines/70216752.html \|title="Fireproof" Filmmakers Announce Next Project \|date=November 16, 2009 \|work=[[KWTX-TV\|KWTX]] \|publisher=[[Gray Television]] \|access-date=November 16, 2009 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223064628/http://www.kwtx.com/entertainment/headlines/70216752.html \|archivedate=February 23, 2012 \|df=mdy-all }}</ref> ===Casting=== In preceding Sherwood Pictures films, almost all of the cast and crew were composed of members of Sherwood Baptist Church, with [[Kirk Cameron]] being the notable exception with his lead role in ''Fireproof''. For ''Courageous'' the producers expanded their search for acting talent. Roughly half of the cast are volunteers from the church, but the other half were through invitation-only audition sessions. The lead roles in the film are played by Alex Kendrick and Ken Bevel, both of whom have appeared in past Sherwood productions. Kevin Downes, who has appeared in various other films, played the role of Shane Fuller. Ben Davies, a student athlete at [[Samford University]], played the role of David Thomson. Tony Stallings, former running back and winner of [[Animal Planet]]'s ''[[King of the Jungle (TV series)\|King of the Jungle]]'' reality show, made his film debut.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://blogs.courier-journal.com/ericcrawford/2010/05/12/more-tony-stallings-part-1/ \|title=More Tony Stallings, Part 1 \|first=Eric \|last=Crawford \|date=May 12, 2010 \|work=[[The Courier-Journal]] \|publisher=[[Gannett Company]] \|access-date=October 2, 2011 }}{{dead link\|fix-attempted=yes\|date=June 2018}}</ref> The actors were still volunteers. The film would likely have cost several times more if they had used professional assistance. Director Kendrick said, "With volunteers no one is watching the clock and we're all in it together."<ref name="Time">{{cite magazine \|last=Newcomb \|first=Tim \|title=Faith-Based Filmmaking: The Sherwood Pictures Crusade \|url=http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,2090429-2,00.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905173549/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,2090429-2,00.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=September 5, 2011 \|magazine=[[Time (magazine)\|Time]]\|access-date=September 17, 2011 \|date=August 25, 2011}}</ref> ===Filming=== [[Principal photography]] of ''Courageous'' began on April 26, 2010 and concluded on June 25, 2010. The majority of the film was shot in Albany and the [[Dougherty County, Georgia]] area. Some scenes were shot in the Dougherty County Jail.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.walb.com/Global/story.asp?S=12458658 \|title=''Courageous'' filming to take place in Dougherty jail \|last=Cohilas \|first=Karen \|date=May 10, 2010 \|work=[[WALB]] \|access-date=May 10, 2010 \|publisher=[[Raycom Media]] \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223154508/http://www.walb.com/Global/story.asp?S=12458658 \|archive-date=February 23, 2012 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Erwin Brothers\|Jon Erwin]] served as second unit director.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://humanevents.com/2012/03/11/october-baby-a-comedydrama-of-teen-abortion-survivor-trauma/\|title='October Baby' a comedy-drama of teen abortion survivor trauma\|author=Neil W. McCabe\|publisher=HumanEvents.com\|date=March 11, 2012\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626084633/http://humanevents.com/2012/03/11/october-baby-a-comedydrama-of-teen-abortion-survivor-trauma/\|access-date=February 13, 2020\|archive-date=June 26, 2018}}</ref> More than 170 media outlets, such as ''[[Inside Edition]]'', visited the set.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.walb.com/Global/story.asp?S=12615964 \|title=Sherwood movie shoot continues \|last=Wallace \|first=Jim \|date=June 8, 2010 \|work=[[WALB]] \|access-date=June 9, 2010 \|publisher=[[Raycom Media]] \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307193909/http://www.walb.com/Global/story.asp?S=12615964 \|archive-date=March 7, 2012 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> The Duggar family from [[TLC (TV channel)\|TLC]]'s ''[[19 Kids and Counting]]'' were extras during a father-son 5K race. [[Jim Bob Duggar]] and seven of his ten sons joined hundreds of other fathers and sons in filming the scene.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.mysouthwestga.com/news/story.aspx?id=467816 \|title=TLC's Duggar family visits 'Courageous' set \|last=Barnello \|first=Jana \|date=June 8, 2010 \|work=[[WFXL]] \|publisher=[[Sinclair Broadcast Group]] \|access-date=June 9, 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007025550/http://www.mysouthwestga.com/news/story.aspx?id=467816 \|archive-date=October 7, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> Their involvement in the film was shown on ''19 Kids and Counting''<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.walb.com/Global/story.asp?S=12616047 \|title=19 Kids and Counting stars come for Sherwood movie filming \|last=Wallace \|first=Jim \|date=June 8, 2010 \|work=[[WALB]] \|access-date=June 9, 2010 \|publisher=[[Raycom Media]] \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307193924/http://www.walb.com/Global/story.asp?S=12616047 \|archive-date=March 7, 2012 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> in "Duggars go Hollywood". The Duggar daughters acted as extras in a funeral scene at Sherwood Baptist Church that involved several police officers in uniform. In order to enhance the quality of the film, the production crew used a new camera technology, "Red One", by the [[Red Digital Cinema Camera Company]]. Kendrick estimated the production budget would exceed $1 million — double that of ''Fireproof''.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.albanyherald.com/news/2010/may/12/sherwood-pictures-takes-courageous-step-forward/ \|title=Sherwood Pictures takes 'Courageous' step forward \|last=Parks \|first=Jennifer Maddox \|date=May 12, 2010 \|work=[[The Albany Herald]] \|access-date=October 2, 2011 }}</ref> The final budget has been reported at $2 million.<ref name="EW">{{cite magazine \|date=October 2, 2011 \|first=Grady \|last=Smith \|title=Box office: 'Dolphin Tale' leaps into top spot with $14.2 million; 'Lion King' becomes 10th highest-grossing film of all time \|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] \|publisher=[[Time (magazine)\|Time]] \|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2011/10/02/box-office-report-dolphin-tale-lion-king-moneyball-courageous-50-50-dream-house/ \|access-date=September 25, 2020 }}</ref> == Music == {{Main\|Courageous (soundtrack)}} ==Release== ===Rating=== In December 2010, the [[Motion Picture Association of America]] rated the film [[PG-Rating\|PG-13]] for "some violence and drug content".<ref name="BoxOfficeMojo" /> That rating was surrendered a few days later, but was later reinstated. ''Courageous'' is the first film by Sherwood Pictures to receive a PG-13 rating. ===Marketing=== The [[contemporary Christian music\|contemporary Christian]] band [[Casting Crowns]] released a song titled "Courageous" to promote the film with a video featuring scenes from it. [[Tony Dungy]], a [[Super Bowl]]-winning football coach, mentioned the film in an article he wrote about fatherhood for ''[[USA Today]]''. He said, "As men, we could all take a lesson from [the fathers in ''Courageous''] and ask ourselves, 'What can I do today to be a more involved dad?'"<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/forum/story/2011-09-29/tony-dungy-dads-courageous/50609986/1 \|title=Engaged fathers improve kids' lives\|last=Dungy \|first=Tony \|date=September 30, 2011 \|work=[[USA Today]] \|publisher=[[Gannett Company]] \|access-date=September 30, 2011}}</ref> ===Box office=== ''Courageous'' was released on September 30, 2011 to 1,161 theaters,<ref name="Time"/> grossing $3.1 million on its opening day and debuting in fourth place with an actual gross of $9,063,147 for the opening weekend,<ref name="boxoffice.com">{{cite web \|url=http://www.boxoffice.com/statistics/bo_numbers/actual_estimate/2011-10-03 \|title=Weekend Actuals (Domestic) \|date=October 3, 2011 \|work=BoxOffice Pro \|publisher=BOXOFFICE Media \|access-date=October 3, 2011 \|url-status=dead \|archivedate=October 4, 2011 \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004090035/http://www.boxoffice.com/statistics/bo_numbers/actual_estimate/2011-10-03}}</ref> the best opening of all new films released that weekend.<ref name="boxoffice.com"/> It sold over $2 million in pre-sale tickets,<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.albanyherald.com/news/2011/sep/29/sherwoods-courageous-makes-2-million-pre-sales/ \|title=Courageous Reaches More Than $2 Million In Pre-Sales \|date=September 29, 2011 \|work=[[Albany Herald]] \|first=Jennifer Maddox \|last=Parks \|access-date=September 30, 2011}}</ref> the most of the weekend on [[Fandango (ticket service)\|Fandango]], beating out ''[[The Lion King\|The Lion King 3D]]'', ''[[Moneyball (film)\|Moneyball]]'', ''[[Dolphin Tale]]'', and ''[[Drive (2011 film)\|Drive]]''.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.bpnews.net/BPnews.asp?ID=36222 \|title='Courageous' No. 1 in movie ticket sales \|last=Foust \|first=Michael \|date=September 29, 2011 \|work=[[Baptist Press]] \|access-date=September 30, 2011 \|archive-date=May 14, 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514024520/http://www.bpnews.net/BPnews.asp?ID=36222 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> A re-release was announced by Kendrick Brothers scheduled for 2021 with new scenes and a new ending.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=October 29, 2020 \|url=https://www.movieguide.org/news-articles/kendrick-brothers-to-re-release-courageous-with-new-scenes-new-ending.html \|title=Kendrick Brothers to Re-Release COURAGEOUS With New Scenes, New Ending }}</ref> After its opening weekend, ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' wrote, "...''Courageous'' is the real success story of the weekend...''Courageous'' earned a strong $8.8 million, outdoing the $6.8 million opening of Sherwood's 2008 picture ''[[Fireproof (film)\|Fireproof]]'', which became the highest-grossing independent film that year with $33.5 million total. Shown in 1,161 theaters (yet, notably, just one theater in [[Manhattan]]), ''Courageous'' earned the best per theater average of any wide release with a robust $7,580."<ref name="EW"/> ''Courageous'' beat out all three Hollywood movies which opened on the same weekend: ''[[50/50 (2011 film)\|50/50]]'', ''[[What's Your Number?]]'', and ''[[Dream House (2011 film)\|Dream House]]'', which were produced with budgets of $8 million, $20 million, and $50 million, respectively.<ref name="EW"/> According to [[Box Office Mojo]], its opening weekend ranks fifth all-time among Christian movies, behind ''[[The Passion of the Christ]]'' and the three ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)\|Chronicles of Narnia]]'' films.<ref name="BOM">{{cite web \| author = Ray Subers \| date = October 3, 2011 \| url = http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3282&p=.htm \| title = Weekend Report: 'Dolphin Tale' Leaps Into Lead \| work = [[Box Office Mojo]] \|publisher=[[IMDb]] \|access-date=June 25, 2018}}</ref> As of February 27, 2022, the film has grossed $35.7, over 17 times its budget.<ref name="BoxOfficeMojo" /> After the Kendrick brothers' previous films were released to DVD following the theatrical run, the film started an international theatrical roll-out which began November 10 in Argentina, Australia, and New Zealand. The film debuted at #18 in Argentina, #16 in Australia and #21 in New Zealand, with weekend opening grosses of $19,536, $107,781, and $10,529 respectively. The film opened in Mexico on December 2, ranking 31st with a total of $6,911 from 15 screens. As of December 4, the international gross for the movie is $219,977. As of 2020 the film has grossed $34,522,221 domestically and $663,663 internationally with a worldwide total of $35,185,884. Becoming the Kendrick brother's highest grossing film until it got surpassed by War Room in 2015. ===Critical reception=== Review aggregation website [[Rotten Tomatoes]] gives the film an approval rating of 40% based on 20 reviews and an average rating of 4.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "While the filmmaking is fairly competent, ''Courageous'' is overall worthless to anybody who doesn't subscribe to its dogmatic agenda."<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/courageous/ \|title=Courageous (2011) \| work = [[Rotten Tomatoes]] \| publisher = [[Fandango Media]] \| access-date = May 1, 2025 }}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a score of 42 out of 100 based on 10 reviews, indicating "mixed or average" reviews.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/courageous \| title = Courageous Reviews \|work=[[Metacritic]] \|publisher= [[CBS Interactive]] \|access-date=January 11, 2012}}</ref> Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare "A+" grade on an A+ to F scale.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.thewrap.com/movies-a-plus-cinemascore-lord-of-rings-harry-potter-black-panther-photos/\|title=53 Movies With A+ CinemaScore Since 2000, From 'Remember the Titans' to 'Just Mercy' (Photos)\|date=2020-01-12\|website=TheWrap\|access-date=2020-03-02\|archive-date=June 24, 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200203/https://www.thewrap.com/movies-a-plus-cinemascore-lord-of-rings-harry-potter-black-panther-photos/\|url-status=dead}}</ref> Roger Moore of the ''[[Orlando Sentinel]]'' gave the film a mediocre review, saying "the film travels far beyond its dramatic climax, aiming for an altar call finale."<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://blogs.orlandosentinel.com/entertainment_movies_blog/2011/09/movie-review-courageous.html \|title=Movie Review: Courageous \|last=Moore \|first=Roger \|date=September 28, 2011 \|work=[[Orlando Sentinel]] \|access-date=September 30, 2011 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002165644/http://blogs.orlandosentinel.com/entertainment_movies_blog/2011/09/movie-review-courageous.html \|archivedate=October 2, 2011 \|df=mdy-all }}</ref> Frank Scheck of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' said ''Courageous'' demonstrated the Kendrick brothers' "growing expertise as filmmakers with its skillful blending of moving drama, subtle comedy and several impressive action sequences, including a well-staged foot chase and a harrowing shootout between the cops and bad guys."<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/courageous-film-review-242705 \|title=Courageous: Film Review \|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] \|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] \|date=September 30, 2011 \|access-date=June 25, 2018 \|first=Frank \|last=Scheck}}</ref> Hannah Goodwyn of the [[Christian Broadcasting Network]] rated ''Courageous'' 3 out of 5, saying "''Courageous''' biblical message is clear and good. Unfortunately, its delivery is weakened by some rookie acting and excessive dialogue."<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.cbn.com/entertainment/screen/courageous-movie-review-goodwyn.aspx \|title=Courageous: Christian Movie Review \|publisher=[[Christian Broadcasting Network]]\|first=Hannah \|last=Goodwyn\|access-date=June 25, 2018}}</ref> Adam R. Holz of [[Focus on the Family]] Plugged In Online said ''Courageous'' has "A compelling story line with plenty of action and just the right amount of humor. The Film underscores the importance of fatherhood...plus I like how it creatively weaves in the Gospel. I am happily giving Courageous 4.5 shiny badges out of 5 for family friendliness."<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.pluggedin.com/movies/intheaters/courageous.aspx \|title=Movie Reviews Courageous \|last=Holz \|first=Adam \|date=September 30, 2011 \|publisher=[[Focus on the Family]] \|work=Plugged In \|access-date=September 30, 2011}}</ref> [[Alex Kendrick]] and Robert Amaya were nominated at the 20th Annual Movie Guide Awards under the category of Most Inspiring Performance in Movies in 2011, with Kendrick winning and the film was named the Most Inspiring Movie of 2011.<ref>{{cite web\|title=20th Annual MOVIEGUIDE® Faith & Values Awards Gala and Report to the Entertainment Industry Winners List\|url=http://www.movieguide.org/articles/main/20th-annual-movieguider-faith-a-values-awards-gala-and-report-to-the-entertainment-industry-winners-list.html\|publisher=[[Movieguide Awards]]\|access-date=November 28, 2012\|date=February 11, 2012}}</ref> ===Home media=== The film was released on [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray Disc\|Blu-ray]] on January 17, 2012 as an "Exclusive Collector's Edition",<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.courageousthemovie.com/_newsletters/dvdlaunch/ \|title=It's Time ... \|work=Courageous official website \|publisher=[[Sherwood Pictures\|Sherwood Pictures Ministry]] \|access-date=June 25, 2018 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402045135/http://www.courageousthemovie.com/_newsletters/dvdlaunch/ \|archivedate=April 2, 2012 \|df=mdy-all }}</ref> and was #1 in disc sales in the US the week ending January 22, 2012 according to ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Arnold \|first1=Thomas K. \|title=Sony Takes Control of DVD Charts With 'Courageous,' 'Ides of March' \|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/courageous-ides-of-march-dvd-sales-284928/ \|website=The Hollywood Reporter \|access-date=July 14, 2024 \|date=January 25, 2012}}</ref> According to ''[[The Numbers (website)\|The Numbers]]'', DVD and Blu-ray sales as of May 2015 totaled over $23,000,000.{{citation needed\|date=June 2018}} === Re-release === In October 2020 the Kendrick Brothers announced a re-release of the film, maintaining the original storyline with some scene changes, but adding a "10 Years Later" sequence after the original film's ending.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.baptistpress.com/resource-library/news/10th-anniversary-courageous-updates-storyline-with-fresh-scenes-new-ending/ \|title=10th anniversary 'Courageous' updates storyline with fresh scenes, new ending - Baptist Press \|author=Baptist Press \|website=baptistpress.com \|date=December 8, 2020 }}</ref> This extended, remastered cut of the film titled ''Courageous Legacy'' was released on October 15, 2021, approximating the 10th anniversary of the film's release.<ref name="Christian Headlines" /> ==Awards== * 2012 San Antonio Independent Christian Film Festival: "Best of Festival", and "Best Feature Film" * 2012 Epiphany Prize: "Most Inspiring Movie" * 2012 Grace Award: "Most Inspiring Performance in Movies", Alex Kendrick, and "Most Inspiring Performance in Movies", Robert Amaya * 2013 [[Dove Award]]: "Inspirational Film Of The Year"<ref>Gospel Music Association, [https://doveawards.com/awards/past-winners/ Past winners], doveawards.com, USA, retrieved September 5, 2021</ref> ==Related media== Two film tie-in books were written for ''Courageous''; "The Resolution for Men" by Stephen and Alex Kendrick, and "The Resolution for Women" by Priscilla Shirer.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://bangordailynews.com/2011/09/29/living/christian-film-%E2%80%98courageous%E2%80%99-takes-on-fatherhood/ \|title=Christian film 'Courageous' takes on fatherhood \|last=Harrison \|first=Judy \|date=September 29, 2011 \|work=[[Bangor Daily News]] \|access-date=October 2, 2011}}</ref> "Courageous Living" by [[Michael Catt]], "Rite of Passage" by Jim McBride, and a film novelization by [[Randy Alcorn]] were also released. ==See also== {{Portal\|Christianity\|Cinema}} * [[The Bible in film]] * [[Christian cinema]] * [[Law enforcement in the United States]] * [[List of Christian films]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * {{Official website\|http://www.courageousthemovie.com}} * {{IMDb title\|1630036\|Courageous}} * {{TCMDb title\|866214\|Courageous}} * {{Box Office Mojo\|courageous\|Courageous}} {{Kendrick Brothers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Courageous}} [[Category:2010s American films]] [[Category:2010s English-language films]] [[Category:2011 drama films]] [[Category:2011 independent films]] [[Category:Affirm Films films]] [[Category:American drama films]] [[Category:American independent films]] [[Category:English-language independent films]] [[Category:Inspirational Film of the Year Dove Award winners]] [[Category:Films about atonement]] [[Category:Films about Baptist Christianity]] [[Category:Police films]] [[Category:Films about immigration to the United States]] [[Category:Films about labour]] [[Category:Films directed by Alex Kendrick]] [[Category:Films set in 2011]] [[Category:Films set in Georgia (U.S. state)]] [[Category:Films shot in Georgia (U.S. state)]] [[Category:Religious drama films]] [[Category:Sherwood Pictures films]] [[Category:Sony Pictures Releasing films]] [[Category:TriStar Pictures films]]	1,305,993,487	[{"title": "Courageous", "data": {"Directed by": "Alex Kendrick", "Written by": "Alex Kendrick \u00b7 Stephen Kendrick", "Produced by": "Stephen Kendrick", "Starring": "- Alex Kendrick - Ken Bevel - Kevin Downes - Ben Davies", "Cinematography": "Bob Scott", "Edited by": "- Alex Kendrick - Bill Ebel - Steve Hullfish", "Music by": "Mark Willard", "Production \u00b7 companies": "- TriStar Pictures (Original) - Affirm Films - Provident Films - Sherwood Pictures - Kendrick Brothers Productions (Legacy)", "Distributed by": "Sony Pictures Releasing", "Release dates": "- September 30, 2011 (Original) - September 24, 2021 (Legacy)", "Running time": "130 minutes", "Country": "United States", "Language": "English", "Budget": "$2 million", "Box office": "$35.7 million"}}]	false
# Joe Neguse Joseph D. Neguse (/nəˈɡuːs/ nə-GOOSS; born May 13, 1984) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the U.S. representative for Colorado's 2nd congressional district since 2019. The district is based in Boulder and includes many of Denver's northwestern suburbs, as well as Fort Collins. A member of the Democratic Party, he was a regent of the University of Colorado from 2008 to 2015. Neguse is the first Eritrean-American elected to the United States Congress and Colorado's first black member of Congress. Neguse has served as House assistant Democratic leader since 2024. ## Early life and education Neguse's parents immigrated to the United States from the Province of Eritrea in Ethiopia. They met while living in Bakersfield, California, where they married and had Joe and his younger sister. The family moved to Colorado when he was six years old. After living in Aurora, Littleton, and Highlands Ranch, the family settled in Boulder. Neguse graduated from ThunderRidge High School. He then graduated from the University of Colorado Boulder, where he served as student body president, with a bachelor's degree in political science and economics summa cum laude in 2005 and then from the University of Colorado Law School, with his Juris Doctor in 2009. ## Earlier career While he was a student, Neguse founded New Era Colorado, an organization to get young people involved in politics. He worked at the Colorado State Capitol as an assistant to Andrew Romanoff when Romanoff was a member of the Colorado House of Representatives. In 2008 Neguse was elected to the Regents of the University of Colorado, representing Colorado's 2nd congressional district, becoming the second African American in Colorado history to serve on the Board of Regents. Neguse ran for Secretary of State of Colorado in 2014, losing to Wayne W. Williams, 47.5% to 44.9%. In June 2015, Governor John Hickenlooper appointed Neguse the executive director of the Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies (DORA), making him one of the youngest state cabinet officials in the country. At DORA, Neguse led an agency with roughly 600 employees and a $100 million budget charged with protecting consumers across the state by regulating the financial securities and insurance industries. In 2017, Neguse resigned from DORA to run in the 2018 elections for the United States House of Representatives in Colorado's 2nd congressional district, seeking to succeed Jared Polis, who successfully ran for governor of Colorado. He also joined the law firm Snell & Wilmer, working in administrative law. ## U.S. House of Representatives ### Elections #### 2018 On June 13, 2017, Neguse announced he would run for the Democratic nomination after incumbent U.S. Representative Jared Polis announced he would not run for reelection and would run for governor of Colorado. In the June 26, 2018, Democratic primary—the real contest in this heavily Democratic district—Neguse faced businessman and former Boulder County Democratic Party chairman Mark Williams. Neguse defeated Williams with 65.7% of the vote, winning all 10 counties in the district. Neguse then defeated the Republican nominee, businessman Peter Yu, in the November 6 general election, receiving 60.2% of the vote, and winning all but two counties. Neguse became the first Black American to represent Colorado in the House. #### 2020 He was reelected in 2020 with 61.5% of the vote, defeating Republican Charles Winn. #### 2022 Neguse was reelected in 2022 with 70.7% of the vote, defeating Republican nominee Marshall Dawson. #### 2024 Neguse was reelected in 2024 with 68.4% of the vote, defeating Republican nominee Marshall Dawson in a rematch. ### Tenure Shortly after his election to the House, Neguse was elected by his House colleagues to serve in House leadership as the Co-Freshman Representative. Neguse voted for the impeachment of Donald Trump in 2019. In 2020, he was named the most bipartisan member of the Colorado congressional delegation by the Lugar Center. In November 2020, Neguse's House colleagues unanimously elected him to serve as a co-chair of the Democratic Policy and Communications Committee, the number eight position in House Democratic leadership. In December 2022, he was elected chair, the fifth-highest position in the Democratic Party leadership. On January 12, 2021, Speaker Pelosi appointed Neguse as a House impeachment manager (prosecutor) for Trump's second impeachment trial, making him the youngest impeachment manager in U.S. history. During the trial, Neguse and his fellow House impeachment managers built their case by drawing connections between Trump's false claims of election fraud in the 2020 election and the January 6 United States Capitol attack. In the end, the Senate voted to acquit Trump, but with seven Republican senators voting to convict, it was the most bipartisan impeachment trial in U.S. history. On March 20, 2024 Neguse was elected House assistant Democratic leader, succeeding Jim Clyburn. ### Committee assignments For the 118th Congress: - Committee on Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Federal Lands (Ranking Member) - Subcommittee on Water, Wildlife and Fisheries - Committee on Rules - Subcommittee on Legislative and Budget Process - Committee on the Judiciary - Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property, and the Internet - Subcommittee on the Administrative State, Regulatory Reform, and Antitrust ### Caucus memberships - Black Maternal Health Caucus[39] - Congressional Black Caucus - Pro-Choice Caucus - Congressional Progressive Caucus[40] - House Gun Violence Prevention Task Force (vice chair) - Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus - Congressional Cannabis Caucus - Congressional Solar Caucus[41] - Medicare for All Caucus - Congressional Coalition on Adoption[42] - Rare Disease Caucus[43] ## Political positions ### Social issues Neguse supported the Equality Act. He supports the Voting Rights Act and has introduced legislation to allow people aged 16 and 17 to preregister to vote. He co-sponsored the Emmett Till Antilynching Act. Neguse supports the national legalization of cannabis. Neguse supports universal background checks and believes there are limitations to the Second Amendment. ### Climate change Neguse has called climate change an "existential threat". He has introduced legislation to create an expansion of the Civilian Conservation Corps to focus on forest management and wildfire mitigation. Neguse opposed the Trump administration's withdrawal from the Paris Agreement. He supports the Green New Deal. He supports efforts to increase fuel efficiency and federal incentives for renewable energy use. Neguse supports endangered wildlife protections, including sponsoring bills to support wildlife protections on the South Platte River. He also wants to expand the size of Arapaho National Forest. ### Economic issues Neguse opposed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. He opposes increased military spending. ### Healthcare Neguse supports Medicare for All and universal health care. He also supports mandatory coverage of preexisting conditions and opposes repealing the Affordable Care Act. Neguse supports the national expansion of COVID-19 testing and voted in support of stimulus funding related to the pandemic. He opposed the Trump administration's decision to leave the World Health Organization during the pandemic. ### Voting rights Neguse supports national mail-in voting. He also supports the Voting Rights Act. ### Immigration and criminal justice The son of immigrants, Neguse supports immigration reform and serves as the vice chair of the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration and Citizenship. He supports a pathway for citizenship for undocumented immigrants in the U.S. and the DREAM Act. He supports police reform. ### Stock trading prohibition by Members of Congress Neguse supports a prohibition on members of Congress trading in stocks. ## Electoral history \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| \| ----------- \| ----------- \| ------------- \| ------- \| ------ \| \| \| Democratic \| Joe Neguse \| 76,829 \| 65.74% \| \| \| Democratic \| Mark Williams \| 40,044 \| 34.26% \| \| Total votes \| Total votes \| Total votes \| 116,873 \| 100% \| \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| \| ----------- \| --------------- \| ------------ \| ------- \| ------ \| \| \| Democratic \| Joe Neguse \| 259,608 \| 60.27% \| \| \| Republican \| Peter Yu \| 144,901 \| 33.64% \| \| \| Independent \| Nick Thomas \| 16,356 \| 3.80% \| \| \| Libertarian \| Roger Barris \| 9,749 \| 2.26% \| \| \| Write-in \| Write-in \| 151 \| 0.03% \| \| Total votes \| Total votes \| Total votes \| 430,765 \| 100% \| \| \| Democratic hold \| \| \| \| \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| \| ----------- \| --------------- \| ---------------------- \| ------- \| ------ \| \| \| Democratic \| Joe Neguse (incumbent) \| 316,925 \| 61.46% \| \| \| Republican \| Charles Winn \| 182,547 \| 35.40% \| \| \| Libertarian \| Thom Atkinson \| 13,657 \| 2.65% \| \| \| Unity \| Gary Swing \| 2,534 \| 0.49% \| \| Total votes \| Total votes \| Total votes \| 515,663 \| 100% \| \| \| Democratic hold \| \| \| \| \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| \| ----------- \| --------------------- \| ---------------------- \| ------- \| ------ \| \| \| Democratic \| Joe Neguse (incumbent) \| 244,107 \| 69.98% \| \| \| Republican \| Marshall Dawson \| 97,770 \| 28.01% \| \| \| Colorado Center Party \| Steve Yurash \| 2,876 \| 0.82% \| \| \| American Constitution \| Gary L. Nation \| 2,188 \| 0.63% \| \| \| Unity \| Tim Wolf \| 1,968 \| 0.56% \| \| Total votes \| Total votes \| Total votes \| 348,839 \| 100% \| \| \| Democratic hold \| \| \| \| \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| \| ----------- \| --------------- \| --------------------------------- \| ------- \| ------ \| \| \| Democratic \| Joe Neguse (incumbent) \| 284,994 \| 68.36% \| \| \| Republican \| Marshall Dawson \| 120,633 \| 28.94% \| \| \| Libertarian \| Gaylon Kent \| 5,180 \| 1.24% \| \| \| Unity \| Cynthia Munhos de Aquino Sirianni \| 3,744 \| 0.90% \| \| \| Approval Voting \| Jan Kok \| 2,349 \| 0.56% \| \| \| Write-in \| Write-in \| 8 \| 0.00% \| \| Total votes \| Total votes \| Total votes \| 416,908 \| 100% \| \| \| Democratic hold \| \| \| \| ## Personal life Neguse is married to Andrea Jimenez Rael. They met in Boulder County. Their daughter was born in August 2018 and their son in May 2023. They live in Lafayette, east of Boulder.	enwiki/44301554	enwiki	44,301,554	Joe Neguse	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Neguse	2025-08-17T18:00:30Z	en	Q57242006	335,802	{{short description\|American politician (born 1984)}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=February 2021}} {{Infobox officeholder \| name = Joe Neguse \| image = Joe Neguse, official portrait, 116th Congress.jpg \| caption = Official portrait, 2018 \| office = [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives#Party whips and assistant party leaders\|House Assistant Democratic Leader]] \| leader = [[Hakeem Jeffries]] \| term_start = March 20, 2024 \| term_end = \| predecessor = [[Jim Clyburn]] \| successor = \| office1 = Chair of the House Democratic Policy and Communications Committee \| leader1 = [[Nancy Pelosi]]<br>[[Hakeem Jeffries]] \| term_start1 = January 3, 2021 \| term_end1 = March 20, 2024 \| predecessor1 = [[David Cicilline]] \| successor1 = [[Debbie Dingell]] \| state2 = [[Colorado]] \| district2 = {{ushr\|CO\|2\|2nd}} \| term_start2 = January 3, 2019 \| term_end2 = \| predecessor2 = [[Jared Polis]] \| successor2 = \| office3 = Executive Director of the [[Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies]] \| governor3 = [[John Hickenlooper]] \| term_start3 = June 2015 \| term_end3 = June 2017 \| predecessor3 = Barbara Kelley \| successor3 = Marguerite Salazar \| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|1984\|5\|13}} \| birth_place = [[Bakersfield, California]], U.S. \| death_date = \| death_place = \| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)\|Democratic]] \| spouse = Andrea Jimenez \| children = 2 \| education = [[University of Colorado, Boulder]] ([[Bachelor of Arts\|BA]], [[Juris Doctor\|JD]]) \| website = {{url\|neguse.house.gov\|House website}}<br>{{url\|joeforcolorado.com\|Campaign website}} \|module = {{Listen \|pos = center \|embed = yes \|filename = Joe Neguse speaks on objections to the 2020 Electoral College Results.ogg \|title = Neguse's voice \|type = speech \|description = Neguse on [[2021 United States Electoral College vote count\|objections to the 2020 Electoral College Results]].<br>Recorded January 6, 2021}} }} '''Joseph D. Neguse''' ({{IPAc-en\|n\|ə\|ˈ\|ɡ\|uː\|s}} {{Respell\|nə\|GOOSS}};<ref>{{Cite tweet \|number=1294271289348284421 \|user=RepJoeNeguse \|title=Americans rely on #USPS to deliver medicine, paychecks, social security, ballots and more. The President's attempt to sabotage and undermine these critical services in the middle of a pandemic is unconscionable and dangerous. We cannot let this stand. \|author=Rep. Joe Neguse \|access-date=November 8, 2020 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet \|number=1320849530280005632 \|user=RepJoeNeguse \|title=The terrible wildfires our state and community have experienced have taken a very heavy toll. But Coloradans are resilient. And I know that — working together — we will overcome these challenges. #ColoradoStrong #EastTroublesomeFire #CameronPeakFire \|author=Rep. Joe Neguse \|access-date=November 8, 2020 \|language=en}}</ref> born May 13, 1984) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the [[United States House of Representatives\|U.S. representative]] for [[Colorado's 2nd congressional district]] since 2019. The district is based in [[Boulder, Colorado\|Boulder]] and includes many of [[Denver]]'s northwestern suburbs, as well as [[Fort Collins, Colorado\|Fort Collins]]. A member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)\|Democratic Party]], he was a [[Regents of the University of Colorado\|regent of the University of Colorado]] from 2008 to 2015.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.hollandhart.com/files/HumanLimitsHumanCapital.pdf\|title=The Human Limits of Human Capital: An Overview of Noncompete Agreements and Best Practices for Protecting Trade Secrets from Unlawful Misappropriation}}</ref> Neguse is the first [[Eritrean Americans\|Eritrean-American]] elected to the [[United States Congress]] and Colorado's first black member of Congress.<ref name="voa1">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-congress-1st-eritrean-american-vows-to-fight-toxicity-and-vitriol-/4649716.html\|title=Parents' Journey Inspired US Congress' 1st Eritrean-American\|website=VOA\|date=November 8, 2018 \|language=en\|access-date=March 4, 2019}}</ref> Neguse has served as [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives\|House assistant Democratic leader]] since 2024.<ref name="asstleader">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.axios.com/2024/03/20/joe-neguse-assistant-house-democratic-leader\|title=Rep. Joe Neguse elected assistant House Democratic leader\|website=[[Axios (website)\|Axios]]\|date=March 20, 2024 \|language=en\|access-date=March 20, 2024}}</ref> ==Early life and education== Neguse's parents immigrated to the United States from the [[Province of Eritrea]] in [[Ethiopian Empire\|Ethiopia]]. They met while living in [[Bakersfield, California]], where they married and had Joe and his younger sister.<ref name="i go by joe">{{cite web\|url=https://www.westword.com/news/joe-neguse-i-go-by-joe-on-his-run-for-secretary-of-state-5874854\|title=Joe Neguse -- "I go by Joe" -- on his run for Secretary of State\|first=Jamie\|last=Swinnerton\|date=June 19, 2014\|access-date=November 9, 2018}}</ref> The family moved to Colorado when he was six years old. After living in [[Aurora, Colorado\|Aurora]], [[Littleton, Colorado\|Littleton]], and [[Highlands Ranch, Colorado\|Highlands Ranch]], the family settled in [[Boulder, Colorado\|Boulder]].<ref name=westword>{{cite web\|author=Michael Roberts \|url=https://www.westword.com/news/joe-neguse-interview-about-colorado-second-district-congressional-run-2018-10671963 \|title=Joe Neguse Interview About Colorado Second District Congressional Run 2018 \|publisher=Westword \|date=August 31, 2018 \|access-date=October 11, 2018}}</ref> Neguse graduated from [[ThunderRidge High School]].<ref name="i go by joe"/> He then graduated from the [[University of Colorado Boulder]], where he served as student body president,<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2019-03-01\|title=The Congressman: Joe Neguse\|url=https://www.colorado.edu/coloradan/2019/02/11/congressman-joe-neguse-colorado\|access-date=2022-01-12\|website=Alumni Association\|language=en}}</ref> with a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[political science]] and [[economics]] ''[[latin honors\|summa cum laude]]'' in 2005 and then from the [[University of Colorado Law School]], with his [[Juris Doctor]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.broomfieldenterprise.com/election/ci_12810336\|title=2008 Candidate Profile: Joseph Neguse, Democrat\|date=July 10, 2009 \|access-date=November 9, 2018}}</ref> ==Earlier career== While he was a student, Neguse founded New Era Colorado, an organization to get young people involved in politics. He worked at the [[Colorado State Capitol]] as an assistant to [[Andrew Romanoff]] when Romanoff was a member of the [[Colorado House of Representatives]]. In 2008 Neguse was elected to the [[Regents of the University of Colorado]], representing {{ushr\|CO\|2}},<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.dailycamera.com/ci_12947680 \|title=Neguse, Fitz-Gerald assembly winners – Boulder Daily Camera \|publisher=Dailycamera.com \|date=July 30, 2009 \|access-date=October 11, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011133414/http://www.dailycamera.com/ci_12947680 \|archive-date=October 11, 2018 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> becoming the second African American in Colorado history to serve on the Board of Regents. Neguse ran for [[Secretary of State of Colorado]] in [[Colorado elections, 2014\|2014]],<ref>{{cite web\|last=Daily \|first=Boulder \|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2013/06/24/cu-regent-joe-neguse-seeks-democratic-nod-for-secretary-of-state/ \|title=CU Regent Joe Neguse seeks Democratic nod for secretary of state – The Denver Post \|publisher=Denverpost.com \|date=June 24, 2013 \|access-date=October 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.coloradostatesman.com/content/994241-democrat-joe-neguse-files-sos \|title=Democrat Joe Neguse files for SoS – Colorado Politics \|publisher=Coloradostatesman.com \|date=June 27, 2013 \|access-date=October 11, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110202549/http://www.coloradostatesman.com/content/994241-democrat-joe-neguse-files-sos \|archive-date=January 10, 2016 \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|author=Lynn Bartels \|url=http://blogs.denverpost.com/thespot/2014/04/10/joe-neguse-colorado-secretary-of-state/108027/ \|title=Joe Neguse, son of immigrants, runs for Colorado secretary of state \|publisher=Blogs.denverpost.com \|date=April 10, 2014 \|access-date=October 11, 2018}}</ref> losing to [[Wayne W. Williams]], 47.5% to 44.9%.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.coloradostatesman.com/content/995177-gop-sweeps-statewide-seats-second-election-row \|title=GOP sweeps statewide seats for second election in a row – Colorado Politics \|publisher=Coloradostatesman.com \|date=November 7, 2014 \|access-date=October 11, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210633/http://www.coloradostatesman.com/content/995177-gop-sweeps-statewide-seats-second-election-row \|archive-date=September 23, 2015 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> In June 2015, [[Governor of Colorado\|Governor]] [[John Hickenlooper]] appointed Neguse the executive director of the [[Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies]] (DORA),<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://bartels-on.sos.state.co.us/index.php/2016/02/04/secretary-williams-touts-one-time-rival-joe-neguse-for-cabinet-post/\|title=Secretary Williams touts one-time rival, Joe Neguse, for cabinet post – Lynn Bartels on SOS.state.co.us\|website=bartels-on.sos.state.co.us\|access-date=November 9, 2018\|archive-date=October 11, 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214457/https://bartels-on.sos.state.co.us/index.php/2016/02/04/secretary-williams-touts-one-time-rival-joe-neguse-for-cabinet-post/\|url-status=dead}}</ref> making him one of the youngest state cabinet officials in the country. At DORA, Neguse led an agency with roughly 600 employees and a $100 million budget charged with protecting consumers across the state by regulating the financial securities and insurance industries. In 2017, Neguse resigned from DORA to run in the [[United States House of Representatives elections in Colorado, 2018\|2018 elections]] for the [[United States House of Representatives]] in Colorado's 2nd congressional district, seeking to succeed [[Jared Polis]], who successfully ran for [[governor of Colorado]].<ref>{{cite web\|last=Matthews \|first=Mark K. \|url=http://www.denverpost.com/2017/06/13/joe-neguse-jared-polis-congress-seat/ \|title=Joe Neguse declares run for Jared Polis' seat in Congress – The Denver Post \|publisher=Denverpost.com \|date=June 13, 2017 \|access-date=October 11, 2018}}</ref> He also joined the law firm [[Snell & Wilmer]], working in [[administrative law]].<ref>{{cite web\|last=Mendoza\|first=Monica\|date=August 22, 2017 \|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/denver/news/2017/08/22/former-chief-colorado-regulator-joins-law-firm-to.html\|title=Former chief Colorado regulator joins law firm to help businesses navigate regulations\|website=Denver Business Journal\|access-date=2022-01-12}}</ref> == U.S. House of Representatives == === Elections === ==== 2018 ==== {{See also\|2018 United States House of Representatives elections in Colorado#District 2}} On June 13, 2017, Neguse announced he would run for the Democratic nomination after incumbent U.S. Representative [[Jared Polis]] announced he would not run for reelection and would run for [[governor of Colorado]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2017/06/13/joe-neguse-jared-polis-congress-seat/\|title=Joe Neguse declares run for Jared Polis' seat in Congress\|date=June 13, 2017\|website=The Denver Post\|language=en-US\|access-date=February 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.9news.com/article/news/local/politics/neguse-resigning-as-dora-executive-director-running-for-congress/73-448458593\|title=Neguse resigning as DORA executive director, running for Congress\|date=June 13, 2017 \|access-date=November 9, 2018}}</ref> In the June 26, 2018, Democratic primary—the real contest in this heavily Democratic district—Neguse faced businessman and former [[Boulder County, Colorado\|Boulder County]] Democratic Party chairman Mark Williams.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2018/06/13/fort-collins-democrats-joe-neguse-mark-williams-hope-replace-jared-polis-congress/691491002/\|title=Congressional candidates want Medicare for all and to impeach Trump. Money divides them\|website=Coloradoan\|language=en\|access-date=February 14, 2019}}</ref> Neguse defeated Williams with 65.7% of the vote, winning all 10 counties in the district.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://results.enr.clarityelections.com/CO/75610/Web02-state.206999/#/cid/210\|title=Election Night Reporting\|website=results.enr.clarityelections.com\|access-date=February 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/elections/results/colorado-house-district-2-primary-election\|title=Colorado Primary Election Results: Second House District\|work=The New York Times\|date=June 28, 2018 \|access-date=February 14, 2019\|language=en-US\|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Neguse then defeated the Republican nominee, businessman Peter Yu, in the November 6 general election, receiving 60.2% of the vote, and winning all but two counties.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/CO/91808/Web02-state.222648/#/cid/210\|title=Election Night Reporting\|website=results.enr.clarityelections.com\|access-date=February 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/elections/results/colorado-house-district-2\|title=Colorado Election Results: Second House District\|work=The New York Times\|date=January 28, 2019 \|access-date=February 14, 2019\|language=en-US\|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Neguse became the first Black American to represent Colorado in the House.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://denver.cbslocal.com/2018/11/06/neguse-2nd-congressional-district/\|title=Joe Neguse Becomes First black To Represent Colorado In Congress\|date=November 6, 2018\|language=en\|access-date=February 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2018/11/07/joe-neguse-colorado-2nd-congressional-district/\|title=Joe Neguse wins 2nd Congressional District seat, becomes Colorado's 1st black congressman\|date=November 7, 2018\|website=The Denver Post\|language=en-US\|access-date=February 14, 2019}}</ref> ==== 2020 ==== {{See also\|2020 United States House of Representatives elections in Colorado#District 2}} He was reelected in 2020 with 61.5% of the vote, defeating Republican Charles Winn.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Joe Neguse Re-Elected For Second Term In Colorado's 2nd Congressional District \|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/colorado/news/joe-neguse-reelected-colorado-2nd-congressional-district-boulder/ \|access-date=2022-08-13 \|website=www.cbsnews.com \|date=November 3, 2020 \|language=en-US}}</ref> ==== 2022 ==== {{See also\|2022 United States House of Representatives elections in Colorado#District 2}} Neguse was reelected in 2022 with 70.7% of the vote, defeating Republican nominee Marshall Dawson.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Democrat Neguse wins in 2nd Congressional District to capture third term \|date=November 9, 2022 \|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2022/11/08/colorado-election-results-joe-neguse-marshall-dawson-steve-yurash/ \|language=en-US}}</ref> ==== 2024 ==== {{See also\|2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Colorado#District 2}} Neguse was reelected in 2024 with 68.4% of the vote, defeating Republican nominee Marshall Dawson in a rematch.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Democrat Joe Neguse wins reelection to U.S. House in Colorado's 2nd Congressional District \|date=November 5, 2024 \|url=https://www.denver7.com/news/local-news/democrat-joe-neguse-wins-reelection-to-u-s-house-in-colorados-2nd-congressional-district \|language=en-US}}</ref> ===Tenure=== [[File:P20220307AS-0994 (52017611528).jpg\|thumb\|Neguse with [[Joe Biden\|President Joe Biden]] and members of the [[Congressional Black Caucus]] in the [[Oval Office]] in 2022.]] Shortly after his election to the House, Neguse was elected by his House colleagues to serve in House leadership as the Co-Freshman Representative.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2018-11-30\|title=Boulder's Joe Neguse Elected To US House Leadership Team\|url=https://patch.com/colorado/boulder/boulders-joe-neguse-elected-us-house-leadership-team\|access-date=2022-01-12\|website=Boulder, CO Patch\|language=en}}</ref> Neguse voted for the [[First impeachment of Donald Trump\|impeachment of Donald Trump]] in 2019.<ref name="COEncyc"/> In 2020, he was named the most bipartisan member of the Colorado congressional delegation by the [[Lugar Center]].<ref name="Marmaduke" /> In November 2020, Neguse's House colleagues unanimously elected him to serve as a co-chair of the Democratic Policy and Communications Committee, the number eight position in House Democratic leadership.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2020-11-30\|title=Colorado's Joe Neguse continues rapid rise within U.S. House leadership\|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2020/11/30/joe-neguse-congress-colorado-boulder-county/\|access-date=2022-01-12\|website=The Denver Post\|language=en-US}}</ref> In December 2022, he was elected chair, the fifth-highest position in the Democratic Party leadership.<ref>[https://www.cpr.org/2022/12/01/joe-neguse-chair-house-democratic-policy-communication-committee/Colorado’s Joe Neguse gets new leadership role in next Congress]{{Dead link\|date=November 2024 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Colorado Public Radio]]'', Caitlyn Kim, December 1, 2022. Retrieved December 2, 2022.</ref> On January 12, 2021, Speaker Pelosi appointed Neguse as a [[House impeachment manager]] (prosecutor) for Trump's [[second impeachment trial of Donald Trump\|second impeachment trial]], making him the youngest impeachment manager in U.S. history.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=January 12, 2021\|title=Pelosi Names Impeachment Managers\|url=https://www.speaker.gov/newsroom/11221-0\|access-date=January 13, 2021\|website=Speaker Nancy Pelosi\|language=en\|archive-date=February 11, 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211012154/https://www.speaker.gov/newsroom/11221-0\|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine\|title='We Did Our Part.' Impeachment Manager Joe Neguse Reflects on Donald Trump's Acquittal\|url=https://time.com/5939539/joe-neguse-impeachment-donald-trump/\|access-date=2022-01-12\|magazine=Time\|language=en}}</ref> During the trial, Neguse and his fellow House impeachment managers built their case by drawing connections between [[Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election\|Trump's false claims of election fraud]] in the 2020 election and the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack]]. In the end, the Senate voted to acquit Trump, but with seven Republican senators voting to convict, it was the most bipartisan impeachment trial in U.S. history.<ref>{{Cite news\|title=Analysis {{!}} Trump's second impeachment is the most bipartisan one in history\|language=en-US\|newspaper=Washington Post\|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/13/trumps-second-impeachment-is-most-bipartisan-one-history/\|access-date=2022-01-12\|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> On March 20, 2024 Neguse was elected [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives#Party whips and assistant party leaders\|House assistant Democratic leader]], succeeding [[Jim Clyburn]].<ref name="asstleader"/> === Committee assignments === For the [[118th United States Congress\|118th Congress]]:<ref>{{cite web \|title=Joe Neguse \|url=https://clerk.house.gov/members/N000191 \|publisher=Clerk of the United States House of Representatives \|access-date=16 April 2023}}</ref> * [[United States House Committee on Natural Resources\|Committee on Natural Resources]] [[United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Federal Lands\|Subcommittee on Federal Lands]] (Ranking Member) [[United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Water, Wildlife and Fisheries\|Subcommittee on Water, Wildlife and Fisheries]] * [[United States House Committee on Rules\|Committee on Rules]] ** [[United States House Rules Subcommittee on Legislative and Budget Process\|Subcommittee on Legislative and Budget Process]] * [[United States House Committee on the Judiciary\|Committee on the Judiciary]] [[United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property, and the Internet\|Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property, and the Internet]] [[United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on the Administrative State, Regulatory Reform, and Antitrust\|Subcommittee on the Administrative State, Regulatory Reform, and Antitrust]] === Caucus memberships === * [[Black Maternal Health Caucus]]<ref>{{cite web\|title=Caucus Members \|author=\|url=https://blackmaternalhealthcaucus-underwood.house.gov/about-caucus/caucus-members\|format=\|publisher=Black Maternal Health Caucus\|date=\|accessdate=24 June 2025}}</ref> * [[Congressional Black Caucus]] * Pro-Choice Caucus * [[Congressional Progressive Caucus]]<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Caucus Members\|url=https://progressives.house.gov/caucus-members\|access-date=2021-03-29\|website=Congressional Progressive Caucus\|language=en}}</ref> * House Gun Violence Prevention Task Force (vice chair) * [[Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus]] * [[Congressional Cannabis Caucus]] * [[Congressional Solar Caucus]]<ref>{{cite web\|title=Congressmen Raja Krishnamoorthi And Ralph Norman Relaunch The Bipartisan Congressional Solar Caucus For The 118th Congress\|author=\|url=https://krishnamoorthi.house.gov/media/press-releases/congressmen-raja-krishnamoorthi-and-ralph-norman-relaunch-bipartisan\|format=\|publisher=United States Congressmen Raja Krishnamoorthi\|date=May 25, 2023\|accessdate=18 November 2024}}</ref> * [[Medicare for All Caucus]] * [[Congressional Coalition on Adoption]]<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Congressional Coalition on Adoption Institute\|url=https://www.ccainstitute.org\|language=en}}</ref> * [[Rare Disease Caucus]]<ref>{{cite web\|title=Rare Disease Congressional Caucus\|author=\|url=https://everylifefoundation.org/rare-advocates/rarecaucus/rarecaucus-members/\|format=\|publisher=Every Life Foundation for Rare Diseases\|date=\|accessdate=17 December 2024}}</ref> ==Political positions== [[File:Congressional stock trading press conference.jpg\|thumb\|Neguse at a press conference supporting a ban on Congressional stock trading in May 2023.]] === Social issues === Neguse supported the [[Equality Act (United States)\|Equality Act]].<ref name="COEncyc" /> He supports the [[Voting Rights Act]] and has introduced legislation to allow people aged 16 and 17 to preregister to vote. He co-sponsored the [[Emmett Till Antilynching Act]].<ref name="COEncyc" /> Neguse supports the national legalization of [[cannabis]].<ref name="CD22020CPR" /> Neguse supports [[universal background checks]] and believes there are limitations to the [[Second Amendment to the United States Constitution\|Second Amendment]].<ref name="CD22020CPR" /> === Climate change === Neguse has called [[climate change]] an "existential threat". He has introduced legislation to create an expansion of the [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] to focus on forest management and wildfire mitigation.<ref name="Marmaduke" /> Neguse opposed the Trump administration's withdrawal from the [[Paris Agreement]]. He supports the [[Green New Deal]].<ref name="CD22020CPR" /> He supports efforts to increase [[fuel efficiency]] and federal incentives for renewable energy use.<ref name="CD22020CPR" /> Neguse supports [[endangered wildlife]] protections, including sponsoring bills to support wildlife protections on the [[South Platte River]]. He also wants to expand the size of [[Arapaho National Forest]].<ref name="COEncyc" /> === Economic issues === Neguse opposed the [[Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017]].<ref name="CD22020CPR" /> He opposes increased military spending.<ref name="CD22020CPR" /> === Healthcare === Neguse supports [[Medicare for All]] and [[universal health care]]. He also supports mandatory coverage of preexisting conditions and opposes repealing the [[Affordable Care Act]].<ref name="CD22020CPR">{{cite news \|title=Colorado CD2 2020: Rep. Joe Neguse, Charlie Winn On The Issues \|url=https://www.cpr.org/2020/10/12/vg-2020-colorado-2nd-congressional-district-joe-neguse-charlie-winn/ \|work=Colorado Public Radio \|date=October 12, 2020 \|language=en}}</ref> Neguse supports the national expansion of COVID-19 testing and voted in support of stimulus funding related to the pandemic. He opposed the Trump administration's decision to leave the [[World Health Organization]] during the pandemic.<ref name="CD22020CPR" /> === Voting rights === Neguse supports national mail-in voting.<ref name="CD22020CPR" /> He also supports the [[Voting Rights Act]].<ref name="COEncyc" /> === Immigration and criminal justice === The son of immigrants, Neguse supports immigration reform and serves as the vice chair of the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration and Citizenship. He supports a pathway for citizenship for undocumented immigrants in the U.S. and the [[DREAM Act]].<ref name="CD22020CPR" /><ref name="COEncyc">{{cite web \|title=Joe Neguse \|url=https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/joe-neguse \|website=Colorado Encyclopedia \|date=July 6, 2020}}</ref> He supports [[police reform]].<ref name="CD22020CPR" /> === Stock trading prohibition by Members of Congress === Neguse supports a prohibition on members of Congress trading in stocks.<ref>Andrew Stanton. (24 January 2022). "Here Are 27 Congress Members Urging Nancy Pelosi, McCarthy to Ban Stock Trading in House". [https://www.newsweek.com/here-are-27-congress-members-urging-nancy-pelosi-mccarthy-ban-stock-trading-house-1672272 Newsweek website] Retrieved 11 May 2023.</ref><ref>Karl Evers-Hillstrom. (11 May 2023). "Lawmakers call for markup on stock trading ban before August recess". [https://thehill.com/homenews/house/3999599-lawmakers-call-for-markup-on-stock-trading-ban-before-august-recess/ The Hill website] Retrieved 11 May 2023.</ref> ==Electoral history== {{Election box begin no change\|title = Democratic primary results, Colorado 2018<ref name="Democratic Primary">{{cite web\|title=2018 Colorado Democratic primary election results\|access-date=June 21, 2019\|url=https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Results/Abstract/2018/primary/democratic/usRepresentatives.html}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \| candidate = Joe Neguse \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| votes = 76,829 \| percentage = 65.74% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \| candidate = Mark Williams \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| votes = 40,044 \| percentage = 34.26% }} {{Election box total no change \| votes = 116,873 \| percentage = 100% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change\|title = Colorado's 2nd congressional district results, 2018<ref name="General Election">{{cite web\|title=2018 Colorado general election results\|access-date=June 21, 2019\|url=https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Results/Abstract/2018/general/usRepresentatives.html}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \| candidate = Joe Neguse \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| votes = 259,608 \| percentage = 60.27% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \| candidate = Peter Yu \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| votes = 144,901 \| percentage = 33.64% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \| candidate = Nick Thomas \| party = Independent \| votes = 16,356 \| percentage = 3.80% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \| candidate = Roger Barris \| party = Libertarian Party (United States) \| votes = 9,749 \| percentage = 2.26% }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change \| votes = 151 \| percentage = 0.03% }} {{Election box total no change \| votes = 430,765 \| percentage = 100% }} {{Election box hold with party link no change \|winner = Democratic Party (United States) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change\|title =Colorado's 2nd congressional district results, 2020<ref name="COgenr">{{cite web \|title=2020 General Election - Official Compiled Results\|url=https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/CO/105975/web.264614/#/summary \|website=Colorado Secretary of State \|access-date=December 6, 2020}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \| candidate = Joe Neguse (incumbent) \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| votes = 316,925 \| percentage = 61.46% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \| candidate = Charles Winn \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| votes = 182,547 \| percentage = 35.40% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \| candidate = Thom Atkinson \| party = Libertarian Party (United States) \| votes = 13,657 \| percentage = 2.65% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \| candidate = Gary Swing \| party = Unity Party of America \| votes = 2,534 \| percentage = 0.49% }} {{Election box total no change \| votes = 515,663 \| percentage = 100% }} {{Election box hold with party link without swing \|winner = Democratic Party (United States) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change\|title = Colorado's 2nd congressional district results, 2022<ref name="auto2">{{cite web \|title=Certificate & Results - General Election Statewide Abstract of Votes Cast \|url=https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/Results/2022/2022GeneralStateAbstractCertResults.pdf \|website=Colorado Secretary of State}}</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \| candidate = Joe Neguse (incumbent) \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| votes = 244,107 \| percentage = 69.98% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \| candidate = Marshall Dawson \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| votes = 97,770 \| percentage = 28.01% }} {{Election box candidate no change \| candidate = Steve Yurash \| party = Colorado Center Party \| votes = 2,876 \| percentage = 0.82% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \| candidate = Gary L. Nation \| party = American Constitution Party (Colorado) \| votes = 2,188 \| percentage = 0.63% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \| candidate = Tim Wolf \| party = Unity Party of America \| votes = 1,968 \| percentage = 0.56% }} {{Election box total no change \| votes = 348,839 \| percentage = 100% }} {{Election box hold with party link no change \|winner = Democratic Party (United States) }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change\|title = Colorado's 2nd congressional district results, 2024<ref name="auto3">{{cite web \|title=Certificate & Results - General Election Statewide Abstract of Votes Cast \|url=https://www.coloradosos.gov/pubs/elections/Results/2024/2024GeneralElectionStateAbstract.pdf\|website=Colorado Secretary of State}}</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change \| candidate = Joe Neguse (incumbent) \| party = Democratic Party (United States) \| votes = 284,994 \| percentage = 68.36% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \| candidate = Marshall Dawson \| party = Republican Party (United States) \| votes =120,633 \| percentage =28.94% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change \| candidate = Gaylon Kent \| party = Libertarian Party (United States) \| votes =5,180 \| percentage =1.24% }}{{Election box candidate with party link no change\|party=Unity Party of America\|candidate=Cynthia Munhos de Aquino Sirianni\|votes=3,744\|percentage=0.90%}}{{Election box candidate with party link no change\|party=Approval Voting Party\|candidate=Jan Kok\|votes=2,349\|percentage=0.56%}} {{Election box write-in with party link no change \| votes = 8 \| percentage = 0.00% }} {{Election box total no change \| votes =416,908 \| percentage =100% }}{{Election box hold with party link no swing\|winner=Democratic Party (United States)}} {{Election box end}} ==Personal life== Neguse is married to Andrea Jimenez Rael.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Roy \|first1=Lisa \|title=Joseph (Joe) Neguse (1984- ) • \|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/joseph-joe-neguse-1984/ \|date=January 12, 2020}}</ref> They met in [[Boulder County, Colorado\|Boulder County]].<ref name="COEncyc"/> Their daughter<ref name="Marmaduke">{{cite news \|last1=Marmaduke \|first1=Jacy \|title=Colorado Congressional election: Q&A with U.S. Rep. Joe Neguse \|url=https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2020/10/14/colorado-congressional-election-rep-joe-neguse-fort-collins/3628083001/ \|work=The Coloradoan \|date=October 14, 2020}}</ref> was born in August 2018 and their son in May 2023.<ref>{{Cite tweet \| user=JoeNeguse \| number=1660017304099512320 \| title=Some exciting news to share — this weekend our family welcomed into the world our son, Joshua.}}</ref><ref name="voa1" /><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.broomfieldenterprise.com/news/ci_32104222/2nd-congressional-district-candidates-meet-quest-replace-jared \|title=2nd Congressional District candidates meet in quest to replace Jared Polis \|publisher=Broomfield Enterprise \|date=August 29, 2018 \|access-date=October 11, 2018}}</ref> They live in [[Lafayette, Colorado\|Lafayette]], east of Boulder.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Lundquist \|first1=Paulette \|title=Neguse \|url=https://thehill.com/people/joseph-joe-neguse \|website=TheHill \|language=en \|date=November 28, 2018 \|access-date=November 22, 2020 \|archive-date=November 28, 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128235715/https://thehill.com/people/joseph-joe-neguse \|url-status=dead }}</ref> ==See also== * [[List of African-American United States representatives]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{commons category}} * [https://neguse.house.gov/ Congressman Joe Neguse] official U.S. House website [https://www.joeneguseforcongress.com/ Joe Neguse for Congress] {{CongLinks\|votesmart=151075\|congbio=N000191\|fec=H8CO02160\|congress=joe-neguse/N000191}} {{C-SPAN\|117088}} {{s-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef\|before=[[Bernie Buescher]]}} {{s-ttl\|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)\|Democratic]] nominee for [[Secretary of State of Colorado]]\|years=[[2014 Colorado elections#Secretary of State\|2014]]}} {{s-aft\|after=[[Jena Griswold]]}} \|- {{s-bef\|before=[[Jim Clyburn]]}} {{s-ttl\|title=[[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives\|House Assistant Democratic Leader]]\|years=2024–present}} {{s-inc}} \|- {{s-par\|us-hs}} {{s-bef\|before=[[Jared Polis]]}} {{s-ttl\|title=Member of the [[List of United States representatives from Colorado\|U.S. House of Representatives]]<br>from [[Colorado's 2nd congressional district]]\|years=2019–present}} {{s-inc}} \|- {{s-prec\|usa}} {{s-bef\|before=[[Carol Miller (politician)\|Carol Miller]]}} {{s-ttl\|title=[[Seniority in the United States House of Representatives\|United States representatives by seniority]]\|years=219th}} {{s-aft\|after=[[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]]}} {{s-end}} {{US House leaders}} {{CO-FedRep}} {{USHouseCurrent}} {{Second impeachment and impeachment trial of Donald Trump}} {{ColoradoUSRepresentatives}} {{USCongRep-start \|congresses=116th–present [[United States Congress]]es \|state=[[United States congressional delegations from Colorado\|Colorado]]}} {{USCongRep/CO/116}} {{USCongRep/CO/117}} {{USCongRep/CO/118}} {{USCongRep/CO/119}} {{USCongRep-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Neguse, Joe}} [[Category:1984 births]] [[Category:20th-century African-American politicians]] [[Category:21st-century African-American politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Colorado politicians]] [[Category:21st-century members of the United States House of Representatives]] [[Category:African-American members of the United States House of Representatives]] [[Category:American people of Eritrean descent]] [[Category:Colorado Democrats]] [[Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Colorado]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Politicians from Bakersfield, California]] [[Category:Politicians from Boulder, Colorado]] [[Category:University of Colorado Law School alumni]] [[Category:University of Colorado regents]]	1,306,427,010	[{"title": "House Assistant Democratic Leader", "data": {"House Assistant Democratic Leader": ["Incumbent", "Assumed office \u00b7 March 20, 2024"], "Leader": "Hakeem Jeffries", "Preceded by": "Jim Clyburn"}}, {"title": "Chair of the House Democratic Policy and Communications Committee", "data": {"Chair of the House Democratic Policy and Communications Committee": "In office \u00b7 January 3, 2021 \u2013 March 20, 2024", "Leader": "Nancy Pelosi \u00b7 Hakeem Jeffries", "Preceded by": "David Cicilline", "Succeeded by": "Debbie Dingell"}}, {"title": "Member of the U.S. House of Representatives \u00b7 from Colorado's 2nd district", "data": {"Member of the U.S. House of Representatives \u00b7 from Colorado's 2nd district": ["Incumbent", "Assumed office \u00b7 January 3, 2019"], "Preceded by": "Jared Polis"}}, {"title": "Executive Director of the Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies", "data": {"Executive Director of the Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies": "In office \u00b7 June 2015 \u2013 June 2017", "Governor": "John Hickenlooper", "Preceded by": "Barbara Kelley", "Succeeded by": "Marguerite Salazar"}}, {"title": "Personal details", "data": {"Born": "May 13, 1984 \u00b7 Bakersfield, California, U.S.", "Political party": "Democratic", "Spouse": "Andrea Jimenez", "Children": "2", "Education": "University of Colorado, Boulder (BA, JD)", "Website": "House website \u00b7 Campaign website", "Personal details": "Neguse's voice Neguse on objections to the 2020 Electoral College Results . Recorded January 6, 2021"}}]	false
# Ricardo Risatti Ricardo Caíto Risatti (born September 27, 1986, in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine racing driver. He was the 2006 Spanish Formula Three champion and now competes in the Argentine touring car series, TC 2000. Risatti is a fourth-generation racer. His great-grandfather, Ricardo Leopoldo Risatti, won the Campeonato Argentino de Velocidad (predecessor to Turismo Carretera) in 1938, and his grandfather Jesús Ricardo Risatti along with father Ricardo Risatti, Jr. and uncle Gerardo Risatti have competed domestically. ## Career history Risatti began his junior racing career in karting in 1998. After a relatively short period of three seasons, he progressed into formula racing in the B-class of Formula Three Sudamericana, which is based in Brazil. He entered only three races in 2001, but was one of twelve Argentinians who competed at some point in that year's championship. This was an unusually high number; the 2002 season featured only two Argentine drivers, including Risatti himself. In his first full season, Risatti was placed fourth in the B-class standings. Risatti moved to Europe to compete in the Spanish Formula Three Championship in 2003, driving at various times for E.V. Racing and Elide Racing in ten of the thirteen races. After making annual progress with eleventh, fifth and third places in the championship, Risatti secured the 2006 title with TEC Auto. In February 2007, Risatti was announced as a GP2 Series driver with BCN Competicion, but this position was later taken by Ho-Pin Tung. He instead competed in the World Series by Renault with GD (Great Dane) Racing. Risatti had a second chance to make his GP2 series debut when Pastor Maldonado broke his collarbone during training. Risatti competed with Trident Racing at Istanbul Park in Turkey and Monza in Italy. During this time, Luiz Razia substituted for Risatti in the Fórmula Renault 3.5 Series. Since 2008, Risatti has exclusively pursued his career in Argentina. In TC2000, he served as a factory driver for Chevrolet and Honda, achieving a victory in 2012. He competed in Turismo Carretera between 2009 and 2014 and again in 2023. His best results came in Top Race V6, where he finished third in 2015. ## Racing record ### Complete Formula Three Sudamericana results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) \| Year \| Entrant \| Chassis \| Engine \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| 18 \| DC \| Points \| \| ---- \| ---------- \| ------------ \| ----------- \| ----- \| ----- \| -------- \| --------- \| -------- \| -------- \| -------- \| -------- \| ----- \| ----- \| -------- \| ------- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ---- \| ------ \| \| 2001 \| Sur Racing \| Dallara F394 \| Mugen-Honda \| PAR \| LON \| BUE \| MDA \| BRA1 \| FOR \| CAM \| PIR Ret \| RCU 8 \| CAS 9 \| BRA2 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| NC \| 0 \| \| 2002 \| Sur Racing \| Dallara F394 \| Mugen-Honda \| LON 1 \| LON 2 \| PAR 1 11 \| PAR 2 Ret \| CUR 1 13 \| CUR 2 10 \| CAM 1 11 \| CAM 2 11 \| FOR 1 \| FOR 2 \| OBE 1 11 \| OBE 2 8 \| RDJ 1 \| RDJ 2 \| CAS 1 \| CAS 2 \| BRA 1 \| BRA 2 \| 19th \| 4 \| ### Complete Spanish Formula Three Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) \| Year \| Team \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| Pos \| Points \| \| ---- \| ------------------ \| --------- \| ------- \| -------- \| -------- \| -------- \| --------- \| -------- \| -------- \| --------- \| --------- \| -------- \| --------- \| ------- \| ------- \| -------- \| ------- \| ---- \| ------ \| \| 2003 \| EV Racing \| ALB 1 5 \| ALB 2 3 \| JAR 1 7 \| JAR 2 11 \| JER 1 18 \| JER 2 DNS \| EST 1 8 \| EST 2 8 \| VAL 1 Ret \| VAL 2 Ret \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 11th \| 70 \| \| 2003 \| Elide Racing \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| JER Ret \| CAT 1 16† \| CAT 2 7 \| \| \| \| 11th \| 70 \| \| 2004 \| IGI Tec-Auto \| ALB 1 4 \| ALB 2 3 \| JAR 1 12 \| JAR 2 4 \| JER 1 4 \| JER 2 4 \| EST 1 8 \| EST 2 12 \| VAL 1 4 \| VAL 2 10† \| JER 1 10 \| JER 2 Ret \| CAT 1 7 \| CAT 2 7 \| \| \| 5th \| 50 \| \| 2005 \| Racing Engineering \| JAR 1 6 \| JAR 2 4 \| VAL 1 7 \| VAL 2 4 \| ALB 6 \| EST 1 10 \| EST 2 1 \| ALB 1 \| ALB 2 1 \| VAL 1 16† \| VAL 2 3 \| JER 1 3 \| JER 2 1 \| CAT 1 5 \| CAT 2 NC \| \| 3rd \| 96 \| \| 2006 \| Tec-Auto \| VAL 1 Ret \| VAL 2 6 \| MAG 1 \| MAG 2 3 \| JAR 1 2 \| JAR 2 1 \| EST 1 18 \| EST 2 5 \| ALB 1 5 \| ALB 2 1 \| VAL 1 \| VAL 2 9 \| JER 1 5 \| JER 2 1 \| CAT 1 7 \| CAT 2 4 \| 1st \| 118 \| ### Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) \| Year \| Team \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| Pos \| Points \| \| ---- \| --------- \| --------- \| -------- \| -------- \| -------- \| --------- \| -------- \| -------- \| -------- \| --------- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ---- \| ------ \| \| 2007 \| GR Racing \| MNZ 1 Ret \| MNZ 2 20 \| NÜR 1 18 \| NÜR 2 16 \| MON 1 Ret \| HUN 1 19 \| HUN 2 16 \| SPA 1 18 \| SPA 2 Ret \| DON 1 \| DON 2 \| MAG 1 \| MAG 2 \| EST 1 \| EST 2 \| CAT 1 \| CAT 2 \| 35th \| 0 \| ### Complete GP2 Series results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) \| Year \| Entrant \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| 18 \| 19 \| 20 \| 21 \| DC \| Points \| \| ---- \| -------------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ---------- \| ---------- \| --------- \| ----------- \| ---------- \| ---------- \| ------- \| ------- \| ---- \| ------ \| \| 2007 \| Trident Racing \| BHR FEA \| BHR SPR \| CAT FEA \| CAT SPR \| MON FEA \| MAG FEA \| MAG SPR \| SIL FEA \| SIL SPR \| NÜR FEA \| NÜR SPR \| HUN FEA \| HUN SPR \| IST FEA 16 \| IST SPR 10 \| MNZ FEA 8 \| MNZ SPR Ret \| SPA FEA 20 \| SPA SPR 18 \| VAL FEA \| VAL SPR \| 28th \| 1 \| ### Complete GT1 World Championship results \| Year \| Team \| Car \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| 18 \| 19 \| 20 \| Pos \| Points \| \| ---- \| ------------------------------- \| --------------------------------- \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ---------- \| -------- \| ---- \| ------ \| \| 2010 \| All-Inkl.com Münnich Motorsport \| Lamborghini Murciélago LP670 R-SV \| ABU QR \| ABU CR \| SIL QR \| SIL CR \| BRN QR \| BRN CR \| PRI QR \| PRI CR \| SPA QR \| SPA CR \| NÜR QR \| NÜR CR \| ALG QR \| ALG CR \| NAV QR \| NAV CR \| INT QR \| INT CR \| SAN QR 14 \| SAN CR 6 \| 39th \| 8 \| \| 2011 \| Marc VDS Racing Team \| Ford GT1 \| ABU QR \| ABU CR \| ZOL QR \| ZOL CR \| ALG QR \| ALG QR \| SAC QR \| SAC CR \| SIL QR \| SIL CR \| NAV QR \| NAV CR \| PRI QR \| PRI CR \| ORD QR \| ORD CR \| BEI QR \| BEI CR \| SAN QR Ret \| SAN CR 9 \| 35th \| 2 \| ## Footnotes 1. ↑ "Ricardo Risatti". Motorsport Memorial. Retrieved 23 September 2023. 2. ↑ 2001 F3 Sudamericana Entry List Archived 2008-01-01 at the Wayback Machine Speedsportmag.com, retrieved on July 29, 2007. 3. ↑ 2002 F3 Sudamericana Entry List Archived 2008-01-01 at the Wayback Machine Speedsportmag.com, retrieved on July 29, 2007. 4. ↑ 2002 Championship Standings Archived 2008-01-01 at the Wayback Machine Speedsportmag.com, retrieved on July 29, 2007. 5. ↑ 2003 Spanish F3 Entry List Archived 2007-12-03 at the Wayback Machine Speedsportmag.com, retrieved on July 29, 2007. 6. ↑ 2003 Championship Results Archived 2007-12-03 at the Wayback Machine Speedsportmag.com, retrieved on July 29, 2007. 7. ↑ BCN Signs Risatti Grandprix.com, retrieved on July 29, 2007. 8. ↑ Finalised 2007 Entry List GP2series.com, retrieved on July 29, 2007. 9. ↑ 2007 WSR Entry List Forix.com, retrieved on July 29, 2007. 10. ↑ Risatti to deputise for Maldonado autosport.com, retrieved on August 21, 2007. 11. ↑ "Driver: Ricardo Risatti III \| Driver Database". www.driverdb.com. Retrieved 2023-10-18.	enwiki/10216263	enwiki	10,216,263	Ricardo Risatti	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Risatti	2025-08-20T19:35:06Z	en	Q978816	109,532	{{short description\|Argentine racing driver}} {{Infobox racing driver \| name = Ricardo Risatti III \| image = Ricardo Risatti III.JPG \| imagesize = 180px \| caption = Ricardo Risatti \| nationality = {{flag\|ARG\|name=Argentine}} \| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|1986\|9\|27}} \| birth_place = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] \| year = \| prev series = [[FIA GT]]<br />[[TC2000]]<br />[[GP2 Series]]<br />[[World Series by Renault]]<br />[[Spanish Formula Three Championship\|Spanish F3 Championship]]<br />[[Formula Three Sudamericana]] \| prev series years = 2008<br />2008<br />2007<br />2007<br />2003-2006<br />2001-2002 \| titles = [[Spanish Formula Three Championship\|Spanish F3 Championship]] \| title years = 2006 \| awards = \| award years = }} '''Ricardo ''Caíto'' Risatti''' (born September 27, 1986, in [[Buenos Aires]]) is an [[Argentina\|Argentine]] racing driver. He was the 2006 [[Spanish Formula Three Championship\|Spanish Formula Three]] champion and now competes in the Argentine [[Touring car racing\|touring car]] series, [[TC 2000]]. Risatti is a fourth-generation racer. His great-grandfather, Ricardo Leopoldo Risatti, won the Campeonato Argentino de Velocidad (predecessor to [[Turismo Carretera]]) in 1938, and his grandfather Jesús Ricardo Risatti along with father Ricardo Risatti, Jr. and uncle Gerardo Risatti have competed domestically.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.motorsportmemorial.org/focus.php?db=ct&n=4600\|title=Ricardo Risatti\|publisher=Motorsport Memorial\|accessdate=23 September 2023}}</ref> ==Career history== Risatti began his junior racing career in [[karting]] in 1998. After a relatively short period of three seasons, he progressed into formula racing in the B-class of [[Formula Three Sudamericana]], which is based in [[Brazil]]. He entered only three races in 2001, but was one of twelve Argentinians who competed at some point in that year's championship.<ref>[http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/southamerican_formula3/entrylist.php?sid=38 2001 F3 Sudamericana Entry List] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101170741/http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/southamerican_formula3/entrylist.php?sid=38 \|date=2008-01-01 }} ''Speedsportmag.com'', retrieved on July 29, 2007.</ref> This was an unusually high number; the 2002 season featured only two Argentine drivers, including Risatti himself.<ref>[http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/southamerican_formula3/entrylist.php?sid=76 2002 F3 Sudamericana Entry List] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101170746/http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/southamerican_formula3/entrylist.php?sid=76 \|date=2008-01-01 }} ''Speedsportmag.com'', retrieved on July 29, 2007.</ref> In his first full season, Risatti was placed fourth in the B-class standings.<ref>[http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/southamerican_formula3/points.php?sid=76 2002 Championship Standings] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101170822/http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/southamerican_formula3/points.php?sid=76 \|date=2008-01-01 }} ''Speedsportmag.com'', retrieved on July 29, 2007.</ref> Risatti moved to Europe to compete in the [[Spanish Formula Three Championship]] in 2003, driving at various times for E.V. Racing and Elide Racing in ten of the thirteen races.<ref>[http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/spanish_formula3/entrylist.php?sid=122 2003 Spanish F3 Entry List] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203091436/http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/spanish_formula3/entrylist.php?sid=122 \|date=2007-12-03 }} ''Speedsportmag.com'', retrieved on July 29, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/spanish_formula3/results.php?sid=122 2003 Championship Results] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203091627/http://www.speedsportmag.com/en/spanish_formula3/results.php?sid=122 \|date=2007-12-03 }} ''Speedsportmag.com'', retrieved on July 29, 2007.</ref> After making annual progress with eleventh, fifth and third places in the championship, Risatti secured the 2006 title with TEC Auto. In February 2007, Risatti was announced as a [[GP2 Series]] driver with [[BCN Competicion]],<ref>[http://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns18057.html BCN Signs Risatti] ''Grandprix.com'', retrieved on July 29, 2007.</ref> but this position was later taken by [[Ho-Pin Tung]].<ref>[http://www.gp2series.com/en/website/gp2series/news/index.php?news=tcm:2-10386 Finalised 2007 Entry List] ''GP2series.com'', retrieved on July 29, 2007.</ref> He instead competed in the World Series by Renault with GD (Great Dane) Racing.<ref>[http://www.forix.com/8w/6thgear/rws07.html 2007 WSR Entry List] ''Forix.com'', retrieved on July 29, 2007.</ref> Risatti had a second chance to make his GP2 series debut when [[Pastor Maldonado]] broke his collarbone during training.<ref>[http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/61659 Risatti to deputise for Maldonado] ''autosport.com'', retrieved on August 21, 2007.</ref> Risatti competed with [[Trident Racing]] at [[Istanbul Park]] in [[Turkey]] and [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza\|Monza]] in [[Italy]]. During this time, [[Luiz Razia]] substituted for Risatti in the Fórmula Renault 3.5 Series. Since 2008, Risatti has exclusively pursued his career in Argentina. In [[TC2000 Championship\|TC2000]], he served as a factory driver for [[Chevrolet]] and [[Honda]], achieving a victory in 2012. He competed in [[Turismo Carretera]] between 2009 and 2014 and again in 2023. His best results came in [[Top Race V6]], where he finished third in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Driver: Ricardo Risatti III {{!}} Driver Database \|url=https://www.driverdb.com/drivers/ricardo-risatti-iii \|access-date=2023-10-18 \|website=www.driverdb.com}}</ref> ==Racing record== ===Complete Formula Three Sudamericana results=== ([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend\|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" \|- ! Year ! Entrant ! Chassis ! Engine ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! 18 ! DC ! Points \|- \| [[2001 Formula 3 Sudamericana season\|2001]] !nowrap\| Sur Racing !nowrap\| [[Dallara\|Dallara F394]] !nowrap\| [[Mugen Motorsports\|Mugen-Honda]] \|[[Autódromo Ciudad de Paraná\|PAR]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Ayrton Senna (Londrina)\|LON]] \|[[Autódromo Juan y Oscar Gálvez\|BUE]] \|[[Autódromo Luis Rubén Di Palma\|MDA]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet (Brasília)\|BRA1]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Virgílio Távora\|FOR]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Orlando Moura\|CAM]] \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\|[[:es:Gran Premio de Piriápolis\|PIR]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\|[[Autódromo Parque Ciudad de Río Cuarto\|RCU]]<br>{{small\|8}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\|[[Autódromo Internacional de Cascavel\|CAS]]<br>{{small\|9}} \|[[Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet (Brasília)\|BRA2]] \|colspan=7\| ! NC ! 0 \|- \| [[2002 Formula 3 Sudamericana season\|2002]] !nowrap\| Sur Racing !nowrap\| [[Dallara\|Dallara F394]] !nowrap\| [[Mugen Motorsports\|Mugen-Honda]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Ayrton Senna (Londrina)\|LON<br>1]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Ayrton Senna (Londrina)\|LON<br>2]] \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\|[[Autódromo Ciudad de Paraná\|PAR<br>1]]<br>{{small\|11}} \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\|[[Autódromo Ciudad de Paraná\|PAR<br>2]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\|[[Autódromo Internacional de Curitiba\|CUR<br>1]]<br>{{small\|13}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\|[[Autódromo Internacional de Curitiba\|CUR<br>2]]<br>{{small\|10}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\|[[Autódromo Internacional Orlando Moura\|CAM<br>1]]<br>{{small\|11}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\|[[Autódromo Internacional Orlando Moura\|CAM<br>2]]<br>{{small\|11}} \|[[Autódromo Internacional Virgílio Távora\|FOR<br>1]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Virgílio Távora\|FOR<br>2]] \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\|[[Autódromo Ciudad de Oberá\|OBE<br>1]]<br>{{small\|11}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\|[[Autódromo Ciudad de Oberá\|OBE<br>2]]<br>{{small\|8}} \|[[Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet\|RDJ<br>1]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet\|RDJ<br>2]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional de Cascavel\|CAS<br>1]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional de Cascavel\|CAS<br>2]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet (Brasília)\|BRA<br>1]] \|[[Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet (Brasília)\|BRA<br>2]] ! 19th ! 4 \|- \|} ===Complete Spanish Formula Three Championship results=== ([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend\|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" \|- ! Year ! Team ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! Pos ! Points \|- \|rowspan=2\| [[2003 Spanish Formula Three Championship\|2003]] !nowrap\| [[EV Racing]] \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB<br>1]]<br>{{small\|5}} \|style="background:#FFDF9F;"\| [[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB<br>2]]<br>{{small\|3}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito del Jarama\|JAR<br>1]]<br>{{small\|7}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito del Jarama\|JAR<br>2]]<br>{{small\|11}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>1]]<br>{{small\|18}} \|style="background:#FFFFFF;"\| [[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>2]]<br>{{small\|DNS}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>1]]<br>{{small\|8}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>2]]<br>{{small\|8}} \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>1]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>2]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|colspan=6\| !rowspan=2\| 11th !rowspan=2\| 70 \|- !nowrap\| Elide Racing \|colspan=10\| \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Circuito de Jerez\|JER]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>1]]<br>{{small\|16†}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>2]]<br>{{small\|7}} \|colspan=3\| \|- \| [[2004 Spanish Formula Three Championship\|2004]] ! nowrap\| [[Escuderia TEC-Auto\|IGI Tec-Auto]] \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB<br>1]]<br>{{small\|4}} \|style="background:#FFDF9F;"\| [[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB<br>2]]<br>{{small\|3}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[Circuito del Jarama\|JAR<br>1]]<br>{{small\|12}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito del Jarama\|JAR<br>2]]<br>{{small\|4}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>1]]<br>{{small\|4}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>2]]<br>{{small\|4}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>1]]<br>{{small\|8}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>2]]<br>{{small\|12}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>1]]<br>{{small\|4}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>2]]<br>{{small\|10†}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>1]]<br>{{small\|10}} \|style="background:#Efcfff;"\| [[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>2]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>1]]<br>{{small\|7}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>2]]<br>{{small\|7}} \|colspan=2\| ! 5th ! 50 \|- \| [[2005 Spanish Formula Three Championship\|2005]] ! nowrap\| [[Racing Engineering]] \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito del Jarama\|JAR<br>1]]<br>{{small\|6}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito del Jarama\|JAR<br>2]]<br>{{small\|4}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>1]]<br>{{small\|7}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>2]]<br>{{small\|4}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB]]<br>{{small\|6}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| ''[[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>1]]''<br>{{small\|10}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| '''''[[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>2]]'''''<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| [[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB<br>1]]<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| ''[[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB<br>2]]''<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>1]]<br>{{small\|16†}} \|style="background:#FFDF9F;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>2]]<br>{{small\|3}} \|style="background:#FFDF9F;"\| '''[[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>1]]'''<br>{{small\|3}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| '''[[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>2]]'''<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| '''''[[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>1]]'''''<br>{{small\|5}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| '''[[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>2]]'''<br>{{small\|NC}} \| !style="background:#FFDF9F;"\| 3rd !style="background:#FFDF9F;"\| 96 \|- \| [[2006 Spanish Formula Three Championship\|2006]] ! nowrap\| [[Escuderia TEC-Auto\|Tec-Auto]] \|style="background:#Efcfff;"\| '''[[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>1]]'''<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>2]]<br>{{small\|6}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| '''''[[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours\|MAG<br>1]]'''''<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#DFDFDF;"\| ''[[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours\|MAG<br>2]]''<br>{{small\|3}} \|style="background:#DFDFDF;"\| ''[[Circuito del Jarama\|JAR<br>1]]''<br>{{small\|2}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| [[Circuito del Jarama\|JAR<br>2]]<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#cfcfff;"\| ''[[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>1]]''<br>{{small\|18}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| ''[[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>2]]''<br>{{small\|5}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB<br>1]]<br>{{small\|5}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| ''[[Circuito de Albacete\|ALB<br>2]]''<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| '''''[[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>1]]'''''<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit Ricardo Tormo\|VAL<br>2]]<br>{{small\|9}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| ''[[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>1]]''<br>{{small\|5}} \|style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| [[Circuito de Jerez\|JER<br>2]]<br>{{small\|1}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>1]]<br>{{small\|7}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>2]]<br>{{small\|4}} !style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| 1st !style="background:#FFFFBF;"\| 118 \|- \|} ===Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results=== ([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend\|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" \|- ! Year ! Team ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! Pos ! Points \|- \| [[2007 Formula Renault 3.5 Series season\|2007]] ! nowrap\| GR Racing \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza\|MNZ<br>1]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza\|MNZ<br>2]]<br>{{small\|20}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Nürburgring\|NÜR<br>1]]<br>{{small\|18}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Nürburgring\|NÜR<br>2]]<br>{{small\|16}} \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Circuit de Monaco\|MON<br>1]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Hungaroring\|HUN<br>1]]<br>{{small\|19}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Hungaroring\|HUN<br>2]]<br>{{small\|16}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps\|SPA<br>1]]<br>{{small\|18}} \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps\|SPA<br>2]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \| [[Donington Park\|DON<br>1]] \| [[Donington Park\|DON<br>2]] \| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours\|MAG<br>1]] \| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours\|MAG<br>2]] \| [[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>1]] \| [[Autódromo do Estoril\|EST<br>2]] \| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>1]] \| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br>2]] ! 35th ! 0 \|} ===Complete GP2 Series results=== ([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend\|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" ! Year ! Entrant ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! 18 ! 19 ! 20 ! 21 ! DC ! Points \|- \| [[2007 GP2 Series season\|2007]] ! nowrap\| [[Trident Racing]] \| [[Bahrain International Circuit\|BHR<br />FEA]] \| [[Bahrain International Circuit\|BHR<br />SPR]] \| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br />FEA]] \| [[Circuit de Catalunya\|CAT<br />SPR]] \| [[Circuit de Monaco\|MON<br />FEA]] \| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours\|MAG<br />FEA]] \| [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours\|MAG<br />SPR]] \| [[Silverstone Circuit\|SIL<br />FEA]] \| [[Silverstone Circuit\|SIL<br />SPR]] \| [[Nürburgring\|NÜR<br />FEA]] \| [[Nürburgring\|NÜR<br />SPR]] \| [[Hungaroring\|HUN<br />FEA]] \| [[Hungaroring\|HUN<br />SPR]] \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Istanbul Park\|IST<br />FEA]]<br>{{small\|16}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Istanbul Park\|IST<br />SPR]]<br>{{small\|10}} \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza\|MNZ<br />FEA]]<br>{{small\|8}} \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza\|MNZ<br />SPR]]<br>{{small\|Ret}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps\|SPA<br />FEA]]<br>{{small\|20}} \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps\|SPA<br />SPR]]<br>{{small\|18}} \| [[Circuit de Valencia\|VAL<br />FEA]] \| [[Circuit de Valencia\|VAL<br />SPR]] ! 28th ! 1 \|} ===Complete GT1 World Championship results=== {\| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;" \|- ! Year ! Team ! Car ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! 18 ! 19 ! 20 ! Pos ! Points \|- \| [[2010 FIA GT1 World Championship season\|2010]] ! nowrap\| [[All-Inkl.com Münnich Motorsport]] ! nowrap\| [[Lamborghini Murciélago\|Lamborghini Murciélago<br>LP670 R-SV]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Abu Dhabi round\|ABU<br>QR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Abu Dhabi round\|ABU<br>CR]] \| [[2010 RAC Tourist Trophy\|SIL<br>QR]] \| [[2010 RAC Tourist Trophy\|SIL<br>CR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Brno round\|BRN<br>QR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Brno round\|BRN<br>CR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Paul Ricard round\|PRI<br>QR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Paul Ricard round\|PRI<br>CR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Spa-Francorchamps round\|SPA<br>QR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Spa-Francorchamps round\|SPA<br>CR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Nürburgring round\|NÜR<br>QR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Nürburgring round\|NÜR<br>CR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Algarve round\|ALG<br>QR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Algarve round\|ALG<br>CR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Navarra round\|NAV<br>QR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Navarra round\|NAV<br>CR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Interlagos round\|INT<br>QR]] \| [[2010 FIA GT1 Interlagos round\|INT<br>CR]] \|style="background:#CFCFFF;"\| [[2010 FIA GT1 San Luis round\|SAN<br>QR]]<br><small>14<br></small> \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[2010 FIA GT1 San Luis round\|SAN<br>CR]]<br><small>6<br></small> ! 39th ! 8 \|- \| [[2011 FIA GT1 World Championship season\|2011]] ! nowrap\| [[Marc VDS Racing Team]] ! nowrap\| [[Ford GT\|Ford GT1]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Abu Dhabi round\|ABU<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Abu Dhabi round\|ABU<br>CR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Zolder round\|ZOL<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Zolder round\|ZOL<br>CR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Algarve round\|ALG<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Algarve round\|ALG<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Sachsenring round\|SAC<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Sachsenring round\|SAC<br>CR]] \| [[2011 RAC Tourist Trophy\|SIL<br>QR]] \| [[2011 RAC Tourist Trophy\|SIL<br>CR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Navarra round\|NAV<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Navarra round\|NAV<br>CR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Paul Ricard round\|PRI<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Paul Ricard round\|PRI<br>CR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Ordos round\|ORD<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Ordos round\|ORD<br>CR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Beijing round\|BEI<br>QR]] \| [[2011 FIA GT1 Beijing round\|BEI<br>CR]] \|style="background:#EFCFFF;"\| [[2011 FIA GT1 San Luis round\|SAN<br>QR]]<br><small>Ret<br></small> \|style="background:#DFFFDF;"\| [[2011 FIA GT1 San Luis round\|SAN<br>CR]]<br><small>9<br></small> ! 35th ! 2 \|- \|} ==Footnotes== {{reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.caitorisatti.com/ Official Site] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128165017/http://caitorisatti.com/ \|date=2011-01-28 }} {{s-start}} {{s-sports}} {{succession box\|before=[[Andy Soucek]]\|title=[[Spanish Formula Three Championship\|Spanish Formula Three Champion]]\|years=2006\|after=[[Máximo Cortés]]}} {{s-end}} {{Trident}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Risatti, Ricardo}} [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Argentine racing drivers]] [[Category:Euroformula Open Championship drivers]] [[Category:Racing drivers from Buenos Aires]] [[Category:Formula 3 Sudamericana drivers]] [[Category:GP2 Series drivers]] [[Category:TC 2000 Championship drivers]] [[Category:FIA GT Championship drivers]] [[Category:World Series Formula V8 3.5 drivers]] [[Category:FIA GT1 World Championship drivers]] [[Category:Turismo Carretera drivers]] [[Category:Súper TC 2000 drivers]] [[Category:Trident Racing drivers]] [[Category:Racing Engineering drivers]] [[Category:De Villota Motorsport drivers]] [[Category:Phoenix Racing drivers]] [[Category:TCR South America Touring Car Championship drivers]]	1,306,972,420	[{"title": "Ricardo Risatti III", "data": {"Nationality": "Argentine", "Born": "September 27, 1986 \u00b7 Buenos Aires, Argentina"}}, {"title": "Previous series", "data": {"2008 \u00b7 2008 \u00b7 2007 \u00b7 2007 \u00b7 2003-2006 \u00b7 2001-2002": "FIA GT \u00b7 TC2000 \u00b7 GP2 Series \u00b7 World Series by Renault \u00b7 Spanish F3 Championship \u00b7 Formula Three Sudamericana"}}, {"title": "Championship titles", "data": {"2006": "Spanish F3 Championship"}}]	false
# Ust-Aldansky District Ust-Aldansky District (Russian: Усть-Алда́нский улу́с; Yakut: Уус-Алдан улууһа, Uus-Aldan uluuha, Yakut pronunciation: [uːs-aldan uluːha]) is an administrative and municipal district (raion, or ulus), one of the thirty-four in the Sakha Republic, Russia. It is located in the center of the republic and borders with Kobyaysky District in the north, Tomponsky District in the northeast, Tattinsky District in the east, Churapchinsky District in the southeast, Megino-Kangalassky District in the south, and with Namsky District in the west. The area of the district is 18,300 square kilometers (7,100 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Borogontsy. Population: 22,155 (2010 Census); 22,372 (2002 Census); 21,389 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Borogontsy accounts for 23.6% of the district's total population. ## Geography The landscape of the district is mostly flat. Its main rivers include the Lena and the Aldan. There are many lakes in the district, the largest of which are Lakes Myuryu, Oner, and Targyldzhyma. ## History The district was established on January 9, 1930. ## Demographics As of the 2021 Census, the ethnic composition was as follows: - Yakuts: 98.9% - Evenks: 0.6% - Russians: 0.2% - other ethnicities: 0.3% ## Economy The economy of the district is mostly based on agriculture. ## Inhabited localities \| Rural settlements \| Population \| Male \| Female \| Rural localities in jurisdiction* \| \| ------------------------------------- \| ---------- \| ------------- \| ------------- \| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| Batagaysky Nasleg (Батагайский) \| 542 \| 261 (48.2%) \| 281 (51.8%) \| - selo of Khomustakh \| \| Bayagantaysky Nasleg (Баягантайский) \| 699 \| 350 (50.1%) \| 349 (49.9%) \| - selo of Tanda \| \| Bert-Usovsky Nasleg (Берт-Усовский) \| 783 \| 380 (48.5%) \| 403 (51.5%) \| - selo of Syrdakh - selo of Chiryapchi \| \| Borogonsky Nasleg (Борогонский) \| 1,009 \| 506 (50.1%) \| 503 (49.9%) \| - selo of Tumul - selo of Ary-Tit - selo of Elyasin \| \| Byariyinsky Nasleg (Бярийинский) \| 297 \| 159 (53.5%) \| 138 (46.5%) \| - selo of Byariye \| \| Dyupsyunsky Nasleg (Дюпсюнский) \| 1,536 \| 752 (49.0%) \| 784 (51.0%) \| - selo of Dyupsya - selo of Byadi - selo of Stoyka \| \| Kurbusakhsky Nasleg (Курбусахский) \| 1,105 \| 562 (50.9%) \| 543 (49.1%) \| - selo of Us-Kyuyol - selo of Balagannakh - selo of Okoyemovka \| \| Legyoysky Nasleg (Легёйский) \| 1,527 \| 719 (47.1%) \| 808 (52.9%) \| - selo of Kepteni - selo of Daly - selo of Khomustakh \| \| Legyoysky 2-y Nasleg (Легёйский 2-й) \| 614 \| 285 (46.4%) \| 329 (53.6%) \| - selo of Tuluna \| \| Myuryunsky Nasleg (Мюрюнский) \| 6,015 \| 2,813 (46.8%) \| 3,202 (53.2%) \| - selo of Borogontsy (Administrative centre of the district) - selo of Myndaba - selo of Tomtor \| \| Nayakhinsky Nasleg (Наяхинский) \| 1,020 \| 504 (49.4%) \| 516 (50.6%) \| - selo of Balyktakh \| \| Oltyokhsky Nasleg (Ольтёхский) \| 1,040 \| 502 (48.3%) \| 538 (51.7%) \| - selo of Beydinga - selo of Arylakh \| \| Onyorsky Nasleg (Онёрский) \| 616 \| 298 (48.4%) \| 318 (51.6%) \| - selo of Eselyakh \| \| Ospyokhsky Nasleg (Оспёхский) \| 319 \| 156 (48.9%) \| 163 (51.1%) \| - selo of Dygdal \| \| Ospyokhsky 1-y Nasleg (Оспёхский 1-й) \| 534 \| 270 (50.6%) \| 264 (49.4%) \| - selo of Usun-Kyuyol \| \| Suottunsky Nasleg (Суоттунский) \| 1,929 \| 938 (48.6%) \| 991 (51.4%) \| - selo of Ogorodtakh - selo of Sasylykan - selo of Khonogor \| \| Tit-Arynsky Nasleg (Тит-Арынский) \| 238 \| 143 (49.7%) \| 145 (50.3%) \| - selo of Tit-Ary \| \| Tyulyakhsky Naleg (Тюляхский) \| 538 \| 269 (50.0%) \| 269 (50.0%) \| - selo of Kylayy \| \| Khorinsky Nalseg (Хоринский) \| 593 \| 276 (46.5%) \| 317 (53.5%) \| - selo of Mayagas \| \| Khorinsky 1-y Nalseg (Хоринский 1-й) \| 664 \| 316 (47.6%) \| 348 (52.4%) \| - selo of Charang \| \| Cherikteysky Nasleg (Чериктейский) \| 487 \| 235 (48.3%) \| 252 (51.7%) \| - selo of Cheriktey \| Divisional source: Population source: *Administrative centers are shown in bold	enwiki/19835341	enwiki	19,835,341	Ust-Aldansky District	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ust-Aldansky_District	2025-02-03T00:43:41Z	en	Q1073189	132,341	{{Distinguish\|Aldansky District}} {{Infobox Russian district \|en_name=Ust-Aldansky District \|ru_name=Усть-Алданский улус \|loc_name1=Уус-Алдан улууhа \|loc_lang1=Sakha \|image_map={{Russia district OSM map}} \|map_caption=Location of Ust-Aldansky District in the Sakha Republic \|image_view=431 Ленский историко-архитектурный музей-заповедник «Дружба».jpg \|image_caption=Druzhba Museum, Ust-Aldansky District \|coordinates = {{coord\|58\|40\|N\|125\|21\|E\|type:adm2nd_region:RU\|display=inline,title}} \|image_flag=Flag of Ust-Aldansky rayon.jpg \|flag_caption \|image_coa=Coat of Arms of Ust-Aldansky rayon (Yakutia).png \|coa_caption \|anthem \|anthem_ref \|holiday= \|holiday_ref \|federal_subject=[[Sakha Republic]] \|federal_subject_ref=<ref name="SakhaR_const" /> \|adm_data_as_of=June 2009 \|adm_ctr_type=''[[village#Russia\|selo]]'' \|adm_ctr_name=[[Borogontsy]] \|adm_ctr_ref=<ref name="SakhaR_admlist" /> \|selsoviet_type1=Rural okrugs \|no_of_selsoviets_type1=21 \|no_of_rural_localities=35 \|counts_ref=<ref name="SakhaR_admlist" /> \|mun_data_as_of=December 2008 \|mun_formation1=Ust-Aldansky Municipal District \|mun_formation1_ref=<ref name="SakhaR_mun0" /> \|mun_formation1_no_of_urban_settlements=0 \|mun_formation1_no_of_rural_settlements=21 \|mun_formation1_counts_ref=<ref name="SakhaR_mun1">Law #173-Z #354-III</ref> \|mun_formation1_leader_title= \|mun_formation1_leader_title_ref= \|mun_formation1_leader_name= \|mun_formation1_leader_name_ref= \|mun_formation1_representative_body= \|mun_formation1_representative_body_ref= \|area_of_what \|area_as_of=June 2009 \|area_km2=18300 \|area_km2_ref=<ref name="SakhaR_admlist" /> \|pop_2010census=22155 \|urban_pop_2010census=0% \|rural_pop_2010census=100% \|pop_2010_census_ref=<ref name="2010Census" /> \|pop_latest= \|pop_latest_date= \|pop_latest_ref= \|established_date=January 9, 1930 \|established_date_ref=<ref name="SEPM" /> \|prev_name1 \|prev_name1_date \|prev_name1_ref \|website= \|website_ref \|commonscat= \|date=March 2013 }} '''Ust-Aldansky District''' ({{langx\|ru\|link=no\|Усть-Алда́нский улу́с}}; {{langx\|sah\|Уус-Алдан улууһа}}, ''Uus-Aldan uluuha'', {{IPA\|sah\|uːs-aldan uluːha}}) is an administrative<ref name="SakhaR_const">Constitution of the Sakha Republic</ref> and municipal<ref name="SakhaR_mun0">Law #172-Z #351-III</ref> district ([[raion]], or ''ulus''), one of the [[administrative divisions of the Sakha Republic\|thirty-four]] in the [[Sakha Republic]], Russia. It is located in the center of the republic and borders with [[Kobyaysky District]] in the north, [[Tomponsky District]] in the northeast, [[Tattinsky District]] in the east, [[Churapchinsky District]] in the southeast, [[Megino-Kangalassky District]] in the south, and with [[Namsky District]] in the west. The area of the district is {{convert\|18300\|km2\|sp=us}}.<ref name="SakhaR_admlist">''Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Divisions of the Sakha Republic''</ref> Its [[administrative center]] is the [[types of inhabited localities in Russia\|rural locality]] (a ''[[village#Russia\|selo]]'') of [[Borogontsy]].<ref name="SakhaR_admlist" /> Population: {{ru-census2010\|22,155\|;}} 22,372 ([[Russian Census (2002)\|2002 Census]]);<ref name="2002Census">{{ru-pop-ref\|2002Census}}</ref> {{su-census1989\|21,389\|.}} The population of Borogontsy accounts for 23.6% of the district's total population.<ref name="2010Census"/> ==Geography== The landscape of the district is mostly flat. Its main rivers include the [[Lena River\|Lena]] and the [[Aldan River\|Aldan]].<ref name="SEPM">Center of the Socioeconomic and Political Monitoring. [http://www.sitc.ru/monitoring/ust_aldan/index.shtml Ust-Aldansky District] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921024455/http://www.sitc.ru/monitoring/ust_aldan/index.shtml \|date=September 21, 2012 }} {{in lang\|ru}}</ref> There are many lakes in the district, the largest of which are [[Lake Myuryu\|Lakes Myuryu]], [[Lake Oner\|Oner]], and [[Lake Targyldzhyma\|Targyldzhyma]].<ref name="SEPM" /> ==History== The district was established on January 9, 1930.<ref name="SEPM" /> ==Demographics== As of the [[Russian Census (2021)\|2021 Census]], the ethnic composition was as follows:<ref name=census2021>{{cite web\|title=Национальный состав населения\|url=https://14.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/2(106).xlsx\|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)\|Federal State Statistics Service]]\|accessdate=17 June 2023}}</ref> [[Yakuts]]: 98.9% [[Evenks]]: 0.6% [[Russians]]: 0.2% other ethnicities: 0.3% ==Economy== The economy of the district is mostly based on agriculture.<ref name="SEPM" /> ==Inhabited localities== {\| class="wikitable" style="width:75%" \|+ Municipal composition \|- bgcolor="#CCCCFF" align="left" !Rural settlements !Population !Male !Female !Rural localities in jurisdiction* \|- \|valign="top"\|Batagaysky Nasleg<br/>({{lang\|ru\|Батагайский}}) \|align="center"\|542 \|align="center"\|261 (48.2%) \|align="center"\|281 (51.8%) \| '''''selo'' of [[Khomustakh, Batagaysky Rural Okrug, Ust-Aldansky District, Sakha Republic\|Khomustakh]]''' \|- \|valign="top"\|Bayagantaysky Nasleg<br/>({{lang\|ru\|Баягантайский}}) \|align="center"\|699 \|align="center"\|350 (50.1%) \|align="center"\|349 (49.9%) \| '''''selo'' of [[Tanda, Sakha Republic\|Tanda]]''' \|- \|valign="top"\|Bert-Usovsky Nasleg<br/>({{lang\|ru\|Берт-Усовский}}) \|align="center"\|783 \|align="center"\|380 (48.5%) \|align="center"\|403 (51.5%) \| '''''selo'' of [[Syrdakh, Ust-Aldansky District, Sakha Republic\|Syrdakh]]''' ''selo'' of [[Chiryapchi]] \|- \|valign="top"\|Borogonsky Nasleg<br/>({{lang\|ru\|Борогонский}}) \|align="center"\|1,009 \|align="center"\|506 (50.1%) \|align="center"\|503 (49.9%) \| '''''selo'' of [[Tumul, Ust-Aldansky District, Sakha Republic\|Tumul]]''' ''selo'' of [[Ary-Tit]] ''selo'' of [[Elyasin]] \|- \|valign="top"\|Byariyinsky Nasleg<br/>({{lang\|ru\|Бярийинский}}) \|align="center"\|297 \|align="center"\|159 (53.5%) \|align="center"\|138 (46.5%) \| '''''selo'' of [[Byariye]]''' \|- \|valign="top"\|Dyupsyunsky Nasleg<br/>({{lang\|ru\|Дюпсюнский}}) \|align="center"\|1,536 \|align="center"\|752 (49.0%) \|align="center"\|784 (51.0%) \| '''''selo'' of [[Dyupsya]]''' ''selo'' of [[Byadi]] ''selo'' of [[Stoyka]] \|- \|valign="top"\|Kurbusakhsky Nasleg<br/>({{lang\|ru\|Курбусахский}}) \|align="center"\|1,105 \|align="center"\|562 (50.9%) \|align="center"\|543 (49.1%) \| '''''selo'' of [[Us-Kyuyol]]''' ''selo'' of [[Balagannakh, Ust-Aldansky District, Sakha Republic\|Balagannakh]] ''selo'' of [[Okoyemovka]] \|- \|valign="top"\|Legyoysky Nasleg<br/>({{lang\|ru\|Легёйский}}) \|align="center"\|1,527 \|align="center"\|719 (47.1%) \|align="center"\|808 (52.9%) \| '''''selo'' of [[Kepteni]]''' ''selo'' of [[Daly, Russia\|Daly]] ''selo'' of [[Khomustakh, Legyoysky Rural Okrug, Ust-Aldansky District, Sakha Republic\|Khomustakh]] \|- \|valign="top"\|Legyoysky 2-y Nasleg<br/>({{lang\|ru\|Легёйский 2-й}}) \|align="center"\|614 \|align="center"\|285 (46.4%) \|align="center"\|329 (53.6%) \| '''''selo'' of [[Tuluna]]''' \|- \|valign="top"\|Myuryunsky Nasleg<br/>({{lang\|ru\|Мюрюнский}}) \|align="center"\|6,015 \|align="center"\|2,813 (46.8%) \|align="center"\|3,202 (53.2%) \| '''''selo'' of [[Borogontsy]]''' (Administrative centre of the district) ''selo'' of [[Myndaba]] ''selo'' of [[Tomtor, Ust-Aldansky District, Sakha Republic\|Tomtor]] \|- \|valign="top"\|Nayakhinsky Nasleg<br/>({{lang\|ru\|Наяхинский}}) \|align="center"\|1,020 \|align="center"\|504 (49.4%) \|align="center"\|516 (50.6%) \| '''''selo'' of [[Balyktakh, Ust-Aldansky District, Sakha Republic\|Balyktakh]]''' \|- \|valign="top"\|Oltyokhsky Nasleg<br/>({{lang\|ru\|Ольтёхский}}) \|align="center"\|1,040 \|align="center"\|502 (48.3%) \|align="center"\|538 (51.7%) \| '''''selo'' of [[Beydinga]]''' ''selo'' of [[Arylakh, Ust-Aldansky District, Sakha Republic\|Arylakh]] \|- \|valign="top"\|Onyorsky Nasleg<br/>({{lang\|ru\|Онёрский}}) \|align="center"\|616 \|align="center"\|298 (48.4%) \|align="center"\|318 (51.6%) \| '''''selo'' of [[Eselyakh]]''' \|- \|valign="top"\|Ospyokhsky Nasleg<br/>({{lang\|ru\|Оспёхский}}) \|align="center"\|319 \|align="center"\|156 (48.9%) \|align="center"\|163 (51.1%) \| '''''selo'' of [[Dygdal]]''' \|- \|valign="top"\|Ospyokhsky 1-y Nasleg<br/>({{lang\|ru\|Оспёхский 1-й}}) \|align="center"\|534 \|align="center"\|270 (50.6%) \|align="center"\|264 (49.4%) \| '''''selo'' of [[Usun-Kyuyol, Ust-Aldansky District, Sakha Republic\|Usun-Kyuyol]]''' \|- \|valign="top"\|Suottunsky Nasleg<br/>({{lang\|ru\|Суоттунский}}) \|align="center"\|1,929 \|align="center"\|938 (48.6%) \|align="center"\|991 (51.4%) \| '''''selo'' of [[Ogorodtakh]]''' ''selo'' of [[Sasylykan]] ''selo'' of [[Khonogor]] \|- \|valign="top"\|Tit-Arynsky Nasleg<br/>({{lang\|ru\|Тит-Арынский}}) \|align="center"\|238 \|align="center"\|143 (49.7%) \|align="center"\|145 (50.3%) \| '''''selo'' of [[Tit-Ary, Ust-Aldansky District, Sakha Republic\|Tit-Ary]]''' \|- \|valign="top"\|Tyulyakhsky Naleg<br/>({{lang\|ru\|Тюляхский}}) \|align="center"\|538 \|align="center"\|269 (50.0%) \|align="center"\|269 (50.0%) \| '''''selo'' of [[Kylayy]]''' \|- \|valign="top"\|Khorinsky Nalseg<br/>({{lang\|ru\|Хоринский}}) \|align="center"\|593 \|align="center"\|276 (46.5%) \|align="center"\|317 (53.5%) \| '''''selo'' of [[Mayagas]]''' \|- \|valign="top"\|Khorinsky 1-y Nalseg<br/>({{lang\|ru\|Хоринский 1-й}}) \|align="center"\|664 \|align="center"\|316 (47.6%) \|align="center"\|348 (52.4%) \| '''''selo'' of [[Charang, Ust-Aldansky District, Sakha Republic\|Charang]]''' \|- \|valign="top"\|Cherikteysky Nasleg<br/>({{lang\|ru\|Чериктейский}}) \|align="center"\|487 \|align="center"\|235 (48.3%) \|align="center"\|252 (51.7%) \| '''''selo'' of [[Cheriktey]]''' \|- \|} <small>Divisional source:<ref>[http://sakha.gov.ru/node/12549 Ust-Aldansky Ulus (Raion)] Official website of the Sakha Republic</ref></small><br /> {{small\|Population source:<ref name="2010Census" />}}<br/> <small>Administrative centers are shown in '''bold'''</small> ==References== ===Notes=== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== {{RussiaBasicLawRef\|sa}} {{RussiaAdmMunRef\|sa\|mun\|list0}} *{{RussiaAdmMunRef\|sa\|mun\|list1}} {{Sakha Republic}} {{Rural localities in Ust-Aldansky District}} {{Authority control}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=March 2013}} [[Category:Districts of the Sakha Republic]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1930]]	1,273,575,085	[{"title": "Other transcription(s)", "data": {"\u2022 Sakha": "\u0423\u0443\u0441-\u0410\u043b\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0443h\u0430", "Other transcription(s)": ["Druzhba Museum, Ust-Aldansky District", "FlagCoat of arms", "Location of Ust-Aldansky District in the Sakha Republic", "Coordinates: 58\u00b040\u2032N 125\u00b021\u2032E\ufeff / \ufeff58.667\u00b0N 125.350\u00b0E"], "Country": "Russia", "Federal subject": "Sakha Republic", "Established": "January 9, 1930", "Administrative center": "Borogontsy"}}, {"title": "Area", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "18,300 km2 (7,100 sq mi)"}}, {"title": "Population (2010 Census)", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "22,155", "\u2022 Density": "1.2/km2 (3.1/sq mi)", "\u2022 Urban": "0%", "\u2022 Rural": "100%"}}, {"title": "Administrative structure", "data": {"\u2022 Administrative divisions": "21 Rural okrugs", "\u2022 Inhabited localities": "35 rural localities"}}, {"title": "Municipal structure", "data": {"\u2022 Municipally incorporated as": "Ust-Aldansky Municipal District", "\u2022 Municipal divisions": "0 urban settlements, 21 rural settlements", "Time zone": "UTC+9 (UTC+09:00 )", "OKTMO ID": "98652000"}}]	false
# Grigoriy Suk Grigoriy Suk (Russian: Григорий Эдуардович Сук), also known as Grigory Suk in English, was a Russian flying ace for the Imperial Russian Air Service during World War I. He held the rank of praporshik. ## Early life and service Born the Rassudovo Estate near Moscow on 12 December 1896, Grigoriy Suk was of Czech and Russian heritage. His Russian mother, Ljubov Osipovna Sorokina, was the daughter of a well-known physician, as well as an alumnus of the Women's College of Mariinskoe. His Czech father, scientist Eduard Ivanovich Suk, was notable enough to be a hereditary honorary citizen of Moscow. His siblings were brothers Boris and Alexei. His uncle, Vyacheslav Suk, conducted the orchestra at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow. Grigoriy Suk was raised in the Russian Orthodox faith. Young Suk was educated at the Moscow Classical School, and passed on to the Moscow Imperial Practical Academy to study architecture. The outbreak of World War I changed Suk's direction, as he enlisted in the Cuirassiers on 5 August 1914. He subsequently requested a transfer to aviation service, and was forwarded to the Gatchina Flying School on 5 June 1915. In July 1915 he began his aviation training with a class on aircraft engines. ## World War I Grigoriy Suk made his first training flights in August 1915. After training, he qualified as a military pilot on 25 January 1916. On 27 January, Eduard Ivanovich Suk died abruptly; his son was granted a short leave to attend the funeral. Suk was posted to the 26th Corps Aviation Detachment of the Imperial Russian Air Force on 11 March 1916 to fly Voisin Ls or Voisin LAs, although he did not arrive at the front until 28 March 1916. Despite being assigned to reconnaissance duties, he clashed with the enemy in the air. As his award commendation for the Cross of Saint George Third Class stated, he drove down an enemy aircraft with machine gun fire from 50 meters distance on 1 June 1916 for his first victory. His Fourth Class award of the Cross also mentioned combat with an Albatros. In fact, Suk won all four classes of the Cross while with the 26th Corps Aviation Detachment. He was also promoted to Starshy Unter-Officer (Senior Unter-officer). His diligence caused him to be sent for fighter training in Moscow on 4 July 1916. Upon graduation, he was posted to the Kingdom of Romania to join the 9th Fighter Aviation Detachment. He flew 19 combat sorties there during September and October 1916. He began reconnaissance patrols with Nieuport 10 serial number N714, and moved up to flying Nieuport 11 s/n N1109. On 27 October 1916, Imperial Order 1676 appointed Suk to the rank of Praporschik. On 3 February 1917, Suk and Vladimir Strzhizhevsky staked a combat claim that went unconfirmed. On the 9th, a jamming gun aborted his attack on an enemy plane. On 12 February 1917, the engine of Suk's Nieuport failed at the end of a prolonged reconnaissance flight. His subsequent inept deadstick landing at Bakey Airfield overturned and damaged the machine. Suk was then assigned Morane-Saulnier I s/n MS742. As the weather cleared in the Spring of 1917, the tempo of combat accelerated. Suk scored his second victory on 26 March 1917; his third on 17 April 1917. He then entered a dry spell marked by unfruitful attacks that did blunt enemy reconnaissance efforts. He resumed his victories in early September, and he would string them out until 10 November. On 28 November 1917, he was killed in a landing accident as he returned from a flight. As he turned to land, his machine spun in, and he died upon impact. Three days later, Suk's award of the Order of Saint George Fourth Class arrived. ## List of aerial victories Although aviation historians cite Suk as credited with either eight or nine aerial victories, they posit slightly differing lists. The below is a compilation from available sources. Confirmed victories are numbered; unconfirmed victories are denoted "u/c". See also Aerial victory standards of World War I, List of World War I flying aces from the Russian Empire \| No. \| Date/time \| Aircraft \| Foe \| Result \| Location \| Notes \| \| --- \| ------------------------------ \| --------------------------- \| -------------------------------- \| ---------------------------------------------------------------------- \| -------------------------------------- \| -------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| 1 \| 1 June 1916 \| Voisin serial number V979 \| Albatros \| Glided to deadstick landing behind own lines \| Shchukino, modern Southwestern Ukraine \| Bode was his observer \| \| u/c \| 3 February 1917 \| Nieuport 11 s/n 1109 \| Enemy two-seater \| Crashlanded \| Ousy River Valley, present day Romania \| \| \| 2 \| 26 March 1917 \| Morane-Saulnier I s/n MS742 \| Hansa-Brandenburg C.I s/n 67.24 \| Driven down out of sight \| Kezdy-Vozargal \| Victim from Austro-Hungarian Fliegerkompanie 40 \| \| 3 \| 17 April 1917 \| Morane-Saulnier I s/n MS742 \| Reconnaissance two-seater \| \| Vicinity of Rakosa \| Victory shared with Vladimir Strizhesky \| \| 4 \| 8 August 1917 \| Nieuport 21 s/n N1719 \| Oefflag C.II s/n 52.63 \| Pilot killed; observer landed craft in Romanian lines and was captured \| Vicinity of Ocna \| Victim from Austro-Hungarian Fliegerkompanie 44 \| \| 5 \| 4 September 1917 \| Vickers F.B.19 s/n 12 \| Reconnaissance two-seater \| Crashed \| Suceava River Valley \| Victory shared with Ivan Loiko; victim from Fliegerkompanie 44 \| \| u/c \| 8 September 1917 \| Vickers F.B.19 s/n 12 \| Reconnaissance two-seater \| \| Seret \| Claim shared with Ivan Loiko and another pilot \| \| 6 \| 12 September 1917 @ 1800 hours \| Vickers F.B.19 s/n 12 \| Reconnaissance two-seater \| Trailed smoke all the way into a forced landing \| Vicinity of Radautz \| Victim from Fliegerkompanie 44 \| \| 7 \| 14 October 1917 \| Spad VII s/n 1440 \| Albatros D.III s/n 53.20 \| Destroyed; pilot killed \| Near Gura Solcai, southeast of Radautz \| \| \| 8 \| 4 November 1917 \| Spad VII s/n 1446 \| Fighter \| \| Gura Solcai \| Pilot killed in action \| \| 9 \| 8 November 1917 \| Spad VII s/n 1446 \| Enemy aircraft \| Spun down smoking into a crashlanding \| North of Radautz \| \| \| 10 \| 10 November 1917 \| Spad VII s/n 1440 \| Hansa-Brandenburg C.I s/n 269.49 \| Wounded pilot landed damaged plane in friendly territory \| Vicinity of Radautz \| Victim from Fliegerkompanie 49 \| ## Endnotes 1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Kulikov 2013, pp. 75-79. 2. 1 2 Russian language website translated via Microsoft http://persones.ru/biography-19408.html Archived 2011-10-08 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 4 August 2011. 3. 1 2 3 4 5 Franks et al 1997, p. 215. 4. 1 2 3 4 Durkota et al 1995, pp. 127-130. 5. 1 2 Durkota 1995, p. 479.	enwiki/32647698	enwiki	32,647,698	Grigoriy Suk	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigoriy_Suk	2025-04-05T15:36:04Z	en	Q1028189	63,306	{{Short description\|Russian flying ace}} {{Infobox military person \| name = Grigoriy Suk, alias Grigory Suk \| image = Grigoriy Eduardovich Suk (c. 1915).png \| caption = Suk c. 1915 \| birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date and age\|YYYY\|MM\|DD}} -->12 December 1896 \| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age\|YYYY\|MM\|DD\|YYYY\|MM\|DD}} -->28 November 1917 \| placeofburial_label = \| placeofburial = \| birth_place = Rassudovo, [[Moscow Governorate]] \| death_place = Near [[Radautz]], [[Bukovina]] \| placeofburial_coordinates = <!-- {{coord\|LAT\|LONG\|display = inline,title}} --> \| nickname = \| allegiance = [[Russian Empire]] \| branch = [[Imperial Russian Air Force]] \| serviceyears = \| rank = ''[[Praporshik]]'' \| unit = 26th Corps Aviation Detachment; 9th Fighter Aviation Detachment \| commands = \| battles = \| awards = [[Order of Saint George]] Fourth Class,<br>[[Cross of Saint George]], First, Second, Third, and Fourth Classes;<br> Romanian [[Order of the Crown (Romania)\|Order of the Crown]] \| relations = [[Vyacheslav Suk]] \| laterwork = }} '''Grigoriy Suk''' ({{langx\|ru\|Григорий Эдуардович Сук}}), also known as '''Grigory Suk''' in [[English language\|English]], was a Russian [[flying ace]] for the [[Imperial Russian Air Service]] during [[World War I]]. He held the rank of ''[[praporshik]]''. == Early life and service == Born the {{ill\|Rassudovo\|ru\|Рассудово (деревня, Москва)}} Estate near Moscow on 12 December 1896, Grigoriy Suk was of Czech and Russian heritage. His Russian mother, Ljubov Osipovna Sorokina, was the daughter of a well-known physician, as well as an alumnus of the Women's College of Mariinskoe. His Czech father, scientist [[Eduard Suk\|Eduard Ivanovich Suk]], was notable enough to be a hereditary honorary citizen of Moscow.<ref name=aces75/> His siblings were brothers Boris and Alexei.<ref name=bio>Russian language website translated via Microsoft http://persones.ru/biography-19408.html {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008075540/http://persones.ru/biography-19408.html \|date=2011-10-08 }} Retrieved 4 August 2011.</ref> His uncle, [[Vyacheslav Suk]], conducted the orchestra at the [[Bolshoi Theatre]] in Moscow.<ref name=fronts215>Franks et al 1997, p. 215.</ref> Grigoriy Suk was raised in the [[Russian Orthodox]] faith.<ref name=iras127>Durkota et al 1995, pp. 127-130.</ref> Young Suk was educated at the Moscow Classical School, and passed on to the Moscow Imperial Practical Academy to study architecture.<ref name=aces75>Kulikov 2013, pp. 75-79.</ref> The outbreak of World War I changed Suk's direction, as he enlisted in the [[Cuirassiers]] on 5 August 1914. He subsequently requested a transfer to aviation service, and was forwarded to the [[Gatchina]] Flying School on 5 June 1915. In July 1915 he began his aviation training with a class on [[aircraft engine]]s.<ref name=aces75/> == World War I == Grigoriy Suk made his first training flights in August 1915. After training, he qualified as a military pilot on 25 January 1916.<ref name=aces75/> On 27 January, Eduard Ivanovich Suk died abruptly; his son was granted a short leave to attend the funeral.<ref name=bio/> Suk was posted to the 26th Corps Aviation Detachment of the Imperial Russian Air Force on 11 March 1916 to fly [[Voisin L\|Voisin Ls]] or [[Voisin LA]]s, although he did not arrive at the front until 28 March 1916.<ref name=iras127/> Despite being assigned to [[reconnaissance]] duties, he clashed with the enemy in the air. As his award commendation for the [[Cross of Saint George]] Third Class stated, he drove down an enemy aircraft with machine gun fire from 50 meters distance on 1 June 1916 for his first victory. His Fourth Class award of the Cross also mentioned combat with an [[Albatros Flugzeugwerke\|Albatros]]. In fact, Suk won all four classes of the Cross while with the 26th Corps Aviation Detachment. He was also promoted to ''Starshy Unter-Officer'' (Senior [[Unter-officer]]).<ref name=aces75/> His diligence caused him to be sent for fighter training in Moscow on 4 July 1916.<ref name=aces75/> Upon graduation,<ref name=iras127/> he was posted to the [[Kingdom of Romania]] to join the 9th Fighter Aviation Detachment. He flew 19 combat sorties there during September and October 1916. He began reconnaissance patrols with [[Nieuport 10]] serial number N714, and moved up to flying [[Nieuport 11]] s/n N1109. On 27 October 1916, Imperial Order 1676 appointed Suk to the rank of ''[[Praporschik]]''.<ref name=aces75/> On 3 February 1917, Suk and [[Vladimir Strzhizhevsky]] staked a combat claim that went unconfirmed. On the 9th, a jamming gun aborted his attack on an enemy plane. On 12 February 1917, the engine of Suk's Nieuport failed at the end of a prolonged reconnaissance flight. His subsequent inept [[deadstick landing]] at Bakey Airfield overturned and damaged the machine. Suk was then assigned [[Morane-Saulnier I]] s/n MS742.<ref name=iras127/> As the weather cleared in the Spring of 1917, the tempo of combat accelerated. Suk scored his second victory on 26 March 1917;<ref name=aces75/> his third on 17 April 1917. He then entered a dry spell marked by unfruitful attacks that did blunt enemy reconnaissance efforts. He resumed his victories in early September, and he would string them out until 10 November.<ref name=aces75/> On 28 November 1917, he was killed in a landing accident as he returned from a flight.<ref name=fronts215/> As he turned to land, his machine [[Spin (aerodynamics)\|spun]] in, and he died upon impact. Three days later, Suk's award of the [[Order of Saint George]] Fourth Class arrived.<ref name=aces75/> == List of aerial victories == Although aviation historians cite Suk as credited with either eight or nine aerial victories, they posit slightly differing lists. The below is a compilation from available sources. Confirmed victories are numbered; unconfirmed victories are denoted "u/c". See also [[Aerial victory standards of World War I]], [[List of World War I flying aces from the Russian Empire]] {\|class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" \|- !No. !Date/time !Aircraft !Foe !Result !Location !Notes \|- \|align="center"\|1 \|align="center"\|1 June 1916 \|[[Voisin (aircraft)\|Voisin]] serial number V979 \|[[Albatros Flugzeugwerke\|Albatros]] \|Glided to [[deadstick landing]] behind own lines \|Shchukino, modern Southwestern [[Ukraine]] \|Bode was his observer \|- \|align="center"\|u/c \|align="center"\|3 February 1917 \|[[Nieuport 11]] s/n 1109 \|Enemy two-seater \|Crashlanded \|Ousy River Valley, present day Romania \| \|- \|align="center"\|2 \|align="center"\|26 March 1917 \|Morane-Saulnier I s/n MS742 \|[[Hansa-Brandenburg C.I]] s/n 67.24 \|Driven down out of sight \|Kezdy-Vozargal<ref name=aces75/> \|Victim from [[Austro-Hungarian]] ''Fliegerkompanie'' 40 \|- \|align="center"\|3 \|align="center"\|17 April 1917 \|Morane-Saulnier I s/n MS742 \|Reconnaissance two-seater \| \|Vicinity of Rakosa \|Victory shared with [[Vladimir Strizhesky]] \|- \|align="center"\|4 \|align="center"\|8 August 1917 \|[[Nieuport 21]] s/n N1719 \|Oefflag C.II s/n 52.63 \|Pilot killed; observer landed craft in Romanian lines and was captured \|Vicinity of Ocna \|Victim from Austro-Hungarian ''Fliegerkompanie'' 44 \|- \|align="center"\|5 \|align="center"\|4 September 1917 \|[[Vickers F.B.19]] s/n 12 \|Reconnaissance two-seater \|Crashed \|[[Suceava River]] Valley \|Victory shared with [[Ivan Loiko]]; victim from ''Fliegerkompanie'' 44 \|- \|align="center"\|u/c \|align="center"\|8 September 1917 \|Vickers F.B.19 s/n 12 \|Reconnaissance two-seater \| \|Seret \|Claim shared with Ivan Loiko and another pilot \|- \|align="center"\|6 \|align="center"\|12 September 1917 @ 1800 hours \|Vickers F.B.19 s/n 12 \|Reconnaissance two-seater \|Trailed smoke all the way into a forced landing \|Vicinity of [[Radautz]] \|Victim from ''Fliegerkompanie'' 44 \|- \|align="center"\|7 \|align="center"\|14 October 1917 \|[[Spad VII]] s/n 1440 \|[[Albatros D.III]] s/n 53.20 \|Destroyed; pilot killed \|Near Gura Solcai, southeast of Radautz<ref name=fronts215/><ref name=aces75/><ref name=iras479/> \| \|- \|align="center"\|8 \|align="center"\|4 November 1917 \|Spad VII s/n 1446 \|Fighter \| \|Gura Solcai \|Pilot killed in action<ref name=fronts215/> \|- \|align="center"\|9 \|align="center"\|8 November 1917 \|Spad VII s/n 1446 \|Enemy aircraft \|Spun down smoking into a crashlanding \|North of Radautz \| \|- \|align="center"\|10 \|align="center"\|10 November 1917 \|Spad VII s/n 1440 \|Hansa-Brandenburg C.I s/n 269.49 \|Wounded pilot landed damaged plane in friendly territory \|Vicinity of Radautz \|Victim from ''Fliegerkompanie'' 49<ref name=fronts215/><ref name=aces75/><ref name=iras479>Durkota 1995, p. 479.</ref> \|- \|} == References == * [[Allen Durkota]]. ''The Imperial Russian Air Service: Famous Pilots and Aircraft and World War I.'' Flying Machines Press, 1995. {{ISBN\|0963711024}}, 9780963711021. * [[Norman Franks]]. ''Nieuport Aces of World War I.'' Osprey Publishing, 2000. {{ISBN\|1-85532-961-1}}, {{ISBN\|978-1-85532-961-4}}. * Norman Franks; Russell Guest; [[Gregory Alegi]]. ''Above the War Fronts: The British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918: Volume 4 of Fighting Airmen of WWI Series: Volume 4 of Air Aces of WWI''. Grub Street, 1997. {{ISBN\|1-898697-56-6}}, {{ISBN\|978-1-898697-56-5}}. * [[Victor Kulikov]]. ''Russian Aces of World War 1: Aircraft of the Aces''. Osprey Publishing, 2013. {{ISBN\|1780960611}}, 9781780960616. == Endnotes == {{reflist}} {{wwi-air}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Suk, Grigoriy}} [[Category:1896 births]] [[Category:1917 deaths]] [[Category:Russian aviators]] [[Category:Imperial Russian Air Service personnel]] [[Category:Russian World War I flying aces]] [[Category:Russian military personnel killed in World War I]] [[Category:Recipients of the Cross of St. George]] [[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Romania)]] [[Category:Knights of the Order of the Crown (Romania)]] [[Category:Russian people of Czech descent]] [[Category:Military personnel from Moscow]] [[Category:Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in Romania]] [[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1917]]	1,284,098,550	[{"title": "Grigoriy Suk, alias Grigory Suk", "data": {"Born": "12 December 1896 \u00b7 Rassudovo, Moscow Governorate", "Died": "28 November 1917 \u00b7 Near Radautz, Bukovina", "Allegiance": "Russian Empire", "Service / branch": "Imperial Russian Air Force", "Rank": "Praporshik", "Unit": "26th Corps Aviation Detachment; 9th Fighter Aviation Detachment", "Awards": "Order of Saint George Fourth Class, \u00b7 Cross of Saint George, First, Second, Third, and Fourth Classes; \u00b7 Romanian Order of the Crown", "Relations": "Vyacheslav Suk"}}]	false
# 5th Nunavut Legislature The 5th Nunavut Legislature began after the 2017 general election on October 30. The election returned 22 non-partisan members. In March 2019 the riding of Tununiq was vacated by the death of Joe Enook. ## Change of premier After the election, the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut met on November 17, 2017 to select Paul Quassa as the premier of Nunavut. Incumbent premier Peter Taptuna did not seek re-election. ## Members \| Riding \| Member \| Notes \| \| ------------------------------------- \| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------------------ \| \| Aggu \| Paul Quassa \| Speaker, former premier \| \| Aivilik \| Patterk Netser \| In cabinet but stripped of portfolios \| \| Amittuq \| Joelie Kaernerk \| \| \| Arviat North-Whale Cove \| John Main \| \| \| Arviat South \| Joe Savikataaq \| Premier \| \| Baker Lake \| Simeon Mikkungwak (resigned February 25, 2020) Craig Simailak (elected August 24, 2020) \| \| \| Cambridge Bay \| Jeannie Ehaloak \| Cabinet \| \| Gjoa Haven \| Tony Akoak \| \| \| Hudson Bay \| Allan Rumbolt \| \| \| Iqaluit-Manirajak \| Adam Lightstone \| \| \| Iqaluit-Niaqunnguu \| Pat Angnakak \| \| \| Iqaluit-Sinaa \| Elisapee Sheutiapik \| Cabinet \| \| Iqaluit-Tasiluk \| George Hickes \| Cabinet \| \| Kugluktuk \| Mila Adjukak Kamingoak (resigned April 3, 2020) Calvin Pedersen (elected August 24, 2020) \| \| \| Netsilik \| Emiliano Qirngnuq \| \| \| Pangnirtung \| Margaret Nakashuk \| \| \| Quttiktuq \| David Akeeagok \| Cabinet \| \| Rankin Inlet North-Chesterfield Inlet \| Cathy Towtongie \| \| \| Rankin Inlet South \| Lorne Kusugak \| Cabinet \| \| South Baffin \| David Joanasie \| Cabinet \| \| Tununiq \| Joe Enook (died in office March 29, 2019) David Qamaniq (from September 16, 2019) \| Enook was speaker at the time of his death \| \| Uqqummiut \| Pauloosie Keyootak \| \|	enwiki/56901524	enwiki	56,901,524	5th Nunavut Legislature	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Nunavut_Legislature	2024-07-15T23:49:03Z	en	Q55075076	46,710	{{Short description\|Legislative assembly of Nunavut (2017–2021)}} {{pp\|small=yes}} {{Infobox Canadian Parliament\|#=5th\|type=Consensus\|\|members=22\| \| jurisdiction = NU \| status = inactive \| term-begin = November 17, 2017 \| term-end = October 25, 2021 \| pm = [[Paul Quassa]] (until June 14, 2018)<br>[[Joe Savikataaq]] \| ministry = \| pmterm = \| monarch = [[Elizabeth II]] \| monarchterm = \| viceroy = [[Eva Aariak]] \| viceroyterm = \| viceroy2 = \| viceroyterm2 = }} The '''5th Nunavut Legislature''' began after the [[2017 Nunavut general election\|2017 general election]] on October 30. The election returned 22 non-partisan members. In March 2019 the riding of [[Tununiq]] was vacated by the death of [[Joe Enook]].<ref name="Murray">{{cite news\|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/joe-enook-obituary-1.5078407\|title='Nunavut has lost a great MLA': Speaker Joe Enook dead at 61\|last=Murray\|first=Nick\|publisher=[[CBC News]]\|date=30 March 2019\|access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref> ==Change of premier== After the election, the [[Legislative Assembly of Nunavut]] met on November 17, 2017 to select [[Paul Quassa]] as the [[premier of Nunavut]]. Incumbent premier [[Peter Taptuna]] did not seek re-election. ==Members== {\| class="wikitable" !Riding !Member !Notes<ref>[https://assembly.nu.ca/members/mla Members of the Legislative Assembly]</ref> \|- \| [[Aggu]] \|\| [[Paul Quassa]] \|\| [[Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut\|Speaker]], former [[Premier of Nunavut\|premier]] \|- \| [[Aivilik]] \|\| [[Patterk Netser]] \|\| In cabinet but stripped of portfolios<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/nunanvut-minister-stripped-of-portfolio-1.5755057 Nunavut MLA doesn't regret Facebook post criticizing Black women for having abortions]</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://assembly.nu.ca/honourable-patterk-netser \|title=The Honourable Patterk Netser \|access-date=2020-10-11 \|archive-date=2020-10-18 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018064415/https://assembly.nu.ca/honourable-patterk-netser \|url-status=dead }}</ref> \|- \| [[Amittuq]] \|\| [[Joelie Kaernerk]] \|\| \|- \| [[Arviat North-Whale Cove]] \|\| [[John Main (politician)\|John Main]] \|\| \|- \| [[Arviat South]] \|\| [[Joe Savikataaq]] \|\| [[Premier of Nunavut\|Premier]] \|- \| [[Baker Lake (electoral district)\|Baker Lake]] \|\| [[Simeon Mikkungwak]] (resigned February 25, 2020)<br>[[Craig Simailak]] (elected August 24, 2020) \|\| \|- \| [[Cambridge Bay (electoral district)\|Cambridge Bay]] \|\| [[Jeannie Ehaloak]] \|\| Cabinet \|- \| [[Gjoa Haven (electoral district)\|Gjoa Haven]] \|\| [[Tony Akoak]] \|\| \|- \| [[Hudson Bay (electoral district)\|Hudson Bay]] \|\| [[Allan Rumbolt]] \|\| \|- \| [[Iqaluit-Manirajak]] \|\| [[Adam Lightstone]] \|\| \|- \| [[Iqaluit-Niaqunnguu]] \|\| [[Pat Angnakak]] \|\| \|- \| [[Iqaluit-Sinaa]] \|\| [[Elisapee Sheutiapik]] \|\| Cabinet \|- \| [[Iqaluit-Tasiluk]] \|\| [[George Hickes (Nunavut politician)\|George Hickes]] \|\| Cabinet \|- \| [[Kugluktuk (electoral district)\|Kugluktuk]] \|\| [[Mila Adjukak Kamingoak]] (resigned April 3, 2020)<br>[[Calvin Pedersen]] (elected August 24, 2020) \|\| \|- \| [[Netsilik (electoral district)\|Netsilik]] \|\| [[Emiliano Qirngnuq]] \|\| \|- \| [[Pangnirtung (electoral district)\|Pangnirtung]] \|\| [[Margaret Nakashuk]] \|\| \|- \| [[Quttiktuq]] \|\| [[David Akeeagok]] \|\| Cabinet \|- \| [[Rankin Inlet North-Chesterfield Inlet]] \|\| [[Cathy Towtongie]] \|\| \|- \| [[Rankin Inlet South]] \|\| [[Lorne Kusugak]] \|\| Cabinet \|- \| [[South Baffin]] \|\| [[David Joanasie]] \|\| Cabinet \|- \| [[Tununiq]] \|\| [[Joe Enook]] (died in office March 29, 2019)<br>[[David Qamaniq]] (from September 16, 2019) \|\| Enook was speaker at the time of his death<ref name="Murray"/> \|- \| [[Uqqummiut]] \|\| [[Pauloosie Keyootak]] \|\| \|} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * {{official website\|http://www.assembly.nu.ca/}} {{Nunavut Assemblies}} {{Politics of Nunavut}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nunavut Legislature, 5}} [[Category:Legislative assemblies of Nunavut\|5]] [[Category:2017 establishments in Nunavut\|Legislature, 5]] [[Category:2021 disestablishments in Nunavut\|Legislature, 5]] [[Category:2017 in Nunavut\|Legislature, 5]] [[Category:2018 in Nunavut\|Legislature, 5]] [[Category:2019 in Nunavut\|Legislature, 5]] [[Category:2020 in Nunavut\|Legislature, 5]] [[Category:2017 in Canadian politics]] [[Category:2018 in Canadian politics]] [[Category:2019 in Canadian politics]] [[Category:2020 in Canadian politics]]	1,234,752,117	[{"title": "Parliament leaders", "data": {"Premier": "Paul Quassa (until June 14, 2018) \u00b7 Joe Savikataaq", "Members": "22 seats"}}, {"title": "Sovereign", "data": {"Monarch": "Elizabeth II", "Commissioner": "Eva Aariak"}}]	false
# BarlowGirl (album) \| Review scores \| Review scores \| \| Source \| Rating \| \| ------------------- \| ------------- \| \| AllMusic \| [ 7 ] \| \| CCM Magazine \| [ 8 ] \| \| Christianity Today \| [ 9 ] \| \| Cross Rhythms \| [ 10 ] \| \| Jesus Freak Hideout \| [ 11 ] \| BarlowGirl is the debut album from the Christian rock and CCM band, BarlowGirl. The album was released on February 24, 2004 on Fervent Records. The album hit No. 14 on Billboard magazine's Top Heatseekers chart, and No. 9 on the Top Christian Albums chart. ## Track listing All tracks are written by BarlowGirl. \| No. \| Title \| Lead vocals \| Length \| \| ------------- \| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ----------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1. \| "On My Own" \| Alyssa \| 4:01 \| \| 2. \| "Pedestal" \| Lauren \| 3:29 \| \| 3. \| "Never Alone" \| Alyssa \| 4:30 \| \| 4. \| "Harder Than the First Time" \| Alyssa & Lauren (split) \| 4:20 \| \| 5. \| "You Led Me" \| Alyssa & Lauren (split) \| 3:42 \| \| 6. \| "Mirror" \| Alyssa & Lauren (split) \| 3:54 \| \| 7. \| "Superstar" \| Alyssa \| 3:25 \| \| 8. \| "Clothes" \| Lauren \| 2:28 \| \| 9. \| "She Walked Away" \| Alyssa \| 4:13 \| \| 10. \| "Average Girl" \| Lauren \| 3:24 \| \| 11. \| "Surrender" \| Alyssa \| 5:56 \| \| 12. \| "We Pray" (Bonus track featuring Adam Agee of Stellar Kart, Leigh Cappillino of Point of Grace, Lisa Kimmey of Out of Eden, David Leonard of Jackson Waters, Rebecca St. James and Juan Winans) \| Alyssa & Lauren (split) \| 4:06 \| \| Total length: \| Total length: \| Total length: \| 43:28 \| ## Singles A total of five singles were released for this album: - "Harder Than the First Time" is the album's debut single. It peaked at No. 16 on the Radio & Records (R&R) Christian Rock chart and at No. 18 on the Christian Hit Radio (CHR) chart.[13] - "Never Alone" set a record for the longest running No. 1 song on the R&R Christian CHR and Rock charts in 2004.[14] The song also peaked at No. 20 on the R&R Christian Adult Contemporary (AC) chart and at No. 21 on Billboard Hot Christian Songs. BarlowGirl beat its R&R CHR record the following year with their single "I Need You to Love Me" from their sophomore release, Another Journal Entry. - "Clothes" was released for airplay on Radio Disney.[4] - "Mirror" peaked at No. 3 on the R&R Christian CHR chart and No. 37 on Billboard Hot Christian Songs. - "On My Own" peaked at No. 18 on the AC chart.	enwiki/2811525	enwiki	2,811,525	BarlowGirl (album)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BarlowGirl_(album)	2025-06-04T04:44:58Z	en	Q4861200	81,233	{{Use mdy dates\|date=June 2025}} {{Infobox album \| name = BarlowGirl \| type = studio \| artist = [[BarlowGirl]] \| cover = BarlowGirl_albumcover.png \| alt = \| released = February 24, 2004 \| recorded = August 2003<ref name="AlyssaRetrospective">{{cite web\|last1=Barlow\|first1=Alyssa\|title=Photo\|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/dpLFdHEbiS/\|website=Instagram\|accessdate=October 7, 2017 \|date=August 30, 2013\|quote=10 years ago this month- we had just gotten signed and finished our 1st album😘 happy anniversary @laurenbarlow @rebeccaebarlow 💃👍❤🎉🍰🎁🎶🌟🌈}}</ref> \| venue = \| studio = * Dark Horse Recording, Sound Kitchen and The Playground (Franklin, Tennessee) * Sound Stage Studios and Juggernaut Sound Labs (Nashville, Tennessee) \| genre = [[Christian rock]] \| length = 43:28 \| label = [[Fervent Records\|Fervent]] \| producer = Otto Price \| prev_title = \| prev_year = \| next_title = [[Another Journal Entry]] \| next_year = 2005 \| misc = {{Singles \| name = BarlowGirl \| type = studio \| single1 = Harder Than the First Time \| single1date = October 17, 2003<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.barlowgirl.com/news/1st_single.asp \|title=BarlowGirl's First Single Released \|accessdate=October 28, 2012 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20031203191355/http://www.barlowgirl.com/news/1st_single.asp \|archivedate=December 3, 2003 }}</ref> \| single2 = [[Never Alone (BarlowGirl song)\|Never Alone]] \| single2date = April 2, 2004<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.barlowgirl.com/news/default.asp?newsID=12 \|title=Never Alone Charts First Week Out \|accessdate=October 28, 2012 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040819013046/http://www.barlowgirl.com/news/default.asp?newsID=12 \|archivedate=August 19, 2004 }}</ref> \| single3 = Clothes \| single3date = June 11, 2004<ref name="RadioDisney">{{cite web\|url=http://www.barlowgirl.com/news/default.asp?newsID=18 \|title=BarlowGirl added to Radio Disney's Playlist \|accessdate=February 24, 2015 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214234401/http://www.barlowgirl.com/news/default.asp?newsID=18 \|archivedate=February 14, 2006 }}</ref> \| single4 = Mirror \| single4date = October 8, 2004<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.barlowgirl.com/news/default.asp?newsID=25 \|title="Mirror" to be Third Radio Single \|accessdate=October 28, 2012 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041012102714/http://www.barlowgirl.com/news/default.asp?newsID=25 \|archivedate=October 12, 2004 }}</ref> \| single5 = On My Own \| single5date = January 2005<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.barlowgirl.com/news/default.asp?newsID=33 \|title=What's New With BarlowGirl \|accessdate=October 28, 2012 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314050841/http://www.barlowgirl.com/news/default.asp?newsID=33 \|archivedate=March 14, 2005 }}</ref> }} }} {{Music ratings \|rev1 = [[AllMusic]] \|rev1score = {{Rating\|2.5\|5}}<ref>[{{AllMusic\|class=album\|id=r679982\|pure_url=yes}} Allmusic review].</ref> \|rev2 = [[CCM Magazine]] \|rev2score = {{rating\|3\|5\|score=61%}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.cmcentral.com/reviews/3289.html \|title=CMCentral.com (now CCM Magazine) \|accessdate=October 28, 2012 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216022721/http://www.cmcentral.com/reviews/3289.html \|archivedate=February 16, 2007 }}</ref> \|rev3 = [[Christianity Today]] \|rev3score = {{rating\|3.5\|5}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/music/reviews/2004/barlowgirl.html \|title=Christianity Today review \|accessdate=October 28, 2012 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040221182740/http://www.christianitytoday.com/music/reviews/2004/barlowgirl.html \|archivedate=February 21, 2004 }}</ref> \|rev4 = [[Cross Rhythms]] \|rev4score = {{rating\|8\|10}}<ref>[http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/products/BarlowGirl/BarlowGirl/9370/ Cross Rhythms review].</ref> \|rev5 = Jesus Freak Hideout \|rev5score = {{Rating\|3.5\|5}}<ref name="JFH">[http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/BarlowGirl.asp Jesus Freak Hideout review].</ref> }}<!-- Automatically generated by DASHBot--> '''''BarlowGirl''''' is the debut album from the [[Christian rock]] and [[Contemporary Christian music\|CCM]] band, [[BarlowGirl]]. The album was released on February 24, 2004 on [[Fervent Records]].<ref name="JFH" /> The album hit No. 14 on ''[[Billboard (magazine)\|Billboard]]'' magazine's [[Top Heatseekers]] chart, and No. 9 on the [[Top Christian Albums]] chart.<ref>[{{AllMusic\|class=album\|id=r679982\|pure_url=yes}} BarlowGirl chart success on the Billboard charts]; [[Allmusic]], Retrieved July 16, 2007</ref> ==Track listing== {{track listing \| headline = Album release \| extra_column = Lead vocals \| all_writing = BarlowGirl \| title1 = On My Own \| length1 = 4:01 \| extra1 = Alyssa \| title2 = Pedestal \| length2 = 3:29 \| extra2 = Lauren \| title3 = [[Never Alone (BarlowGirl song)\|Never Alone]] \| length3 = 4:30 \| extra3 = Alyssa \| title4 = Harder Than the First Time \| length4 = 4:20 \| extra4 = Alyssa & Lauren (split) \| title5 = You Led Me \| length5 = 3:42 \| extra5 = Alyssa & Lauren (split) \| title6 = Mirror \| length6 = 3:54 \| extra6 = Alyssa & Lauren (split) \| title7 = Superstar \| length7 = 3:25 \| extra7 = Alyssa \| title8 = Clothes \| length8 = 2:28 \| extra8 = Lauren \| title9 = She Walked Away \| length9 = 4:13 \| extra9 = Alyssa \| title10 = Average Girl \| length10 = 3:24 \| extra10 = Lauren \| title11 = Surrender \| length11 = 5:56 \| extra11 = Alyssa \| title12 = We Pray \| note12 = Bonus track featuring [[Newsboys\|Adam Agee]] of [[Stellar Kart]], Leigh Cappillino of [[Point of Grace]], Lisa Kimmey of [[Out of Eden]], [[David Leonard (singer)\|David Leonard]] of Jackson Waters, [[Rebecca St. James]] and [[Juan Winans]] \| length12 = 4:06 \| extra12 = Alyssa & Lauren (split) \| total_length = 43:28 }} == Singles == A total of five singles were released for this album: * "Harder Than the First Time" is the album's debut single. It peaked at No. 16 on the [[Radio & Records]] (R&R) Christian Rock chart and at No. 18 on the Christian Hit Radio (CHR) chart.<ref name="HTTFT">{{cite web \| url=http://www.ferventrecords.com:80/bg.firstalbum.html \| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041020113600/http://www.ferventrecords.com/bg.firstalbum.html \| archivedate=October 20, 2004 \| publisher=[[Fervent Records]] \| title=BARLOWGIRL RELEASES DEBUT IN FEBRUARY \| date=January 30, 2004 \| accessdate=July 15, 2017 \| url-status=dead }}</ref> * "Never Alone" set a record for the longest running No. 1 song on the R&R Christian CHR and Rock charts in 2004.<ref>[http://www.barlowgirl.com/news/default.asp?newsID=51 11 November 2005 BarlowGirl.com Press Release] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928184450/http://www.barlowgirl.com/news/default.asp?newsID=51 \|date=September 28, 2007 }}, Retrieved July 16, 2007</ref> The song also peaked at No. 20 on the R&R Christian Adult Contemporary (AC) chart and at No. 21 on Billboard Hot Christian Songs. BarlowGirl beat its R&R CHR record the following year with their single "[[I Need You to Love Me]]" from their sophomore release, ''[[Another Journal Entry]]''. * "Clothes" was released for airplay on [[Radio Disney]].<ref name="RadioDisney"/> * "Mirror" peaked at No. 3 on the R&R Christian CHR chart and No. 37 on Billboard Hot Christian Songs. * "On My Own" peaked at No. 18 on the AC chart. == References == {{Reflist}} {{BarlowGirl}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Barlowgirl (Album)}} [[Category:2004 albums]] [[Category:BarlowGirl albums]] [[Category:Fervent Records albums]] {{Christian-album-stub}}	1,293,874,143	[{"title": "Studio album by BarlowGirl", "data": {"Released": "February 24, 2004", "Recorded": "August 2003", "Studio": "- Dark Horse Recording, Sound Kitchen and The Playground (Franklin, Tennessee) - Sound Stage Studios and Juggernaut Sound Labs (Nashville, Tennessee)", "Genre": "Christian rock", "Length": "43:28", "Label": "Fervent", "Producer": "Otto Price"}}, {"title": "Singles from BarlowGirl", "data": {"Singles from BarlowGirl": "1. \"Harder Than the First Time\" \u00b7 Released: October 17, 2003 2. \"Never Alone\" \u00b7 Released: April 2, 2004 3. \"Clothes\" \u00b7 Released: June 11, 2004 4. \"Mirror\" \u00b7 Released: October 8, 2004 5. \"On My Own\" \u00b7 Released: January 2005"}}, {"title": "BarlowGirl", "data": {"Albums": "BarlowGirl Another Journal Entry How Can We Be Silent Home for Christmas Love & War Our Journey\u2026 So Far", "Singles": "\" Never Alone \" \" I Need You to Love Me \"", "Related articles": "Discography"}}]	false
# Andrew Brough Andrew Mark Brough (pronounced /brʌf/; 7 May 1963 – 2 February 2020) was a singer, songwriter and guitarist from Dunedin, New Zealand. Best known for his work with the Straitjacket Fits, he later led the band Bike. In 1996 he was shortlisted for the APRA Silver Scroll and in 2008 he was inducted into the New Zealand Music Hall of Fame. ## Early life Brough was born in Wellington in 1963, the eldest of four children of former missionary Gordon Brough and his wife Catherine. The family moved to Dargaville in the Northland Region when Andrew was about three, and later to Christchurch. Andrew's parents separated in the early 1970s, with Gordon moving south to Dunedin. Andrew joined him around 1974, with his siblings (two boys and a girl) staying in Christchurch, and would attend Logan Park High School. ## The Blue Meanies and The Orange Brough, who had always been a keen singer, began his rock music career as the singer for university student band The Blue Meanies, alongside Martin Kean on bass, Max Satchell on guitar and Richard Allen on drums. They were regular performers at venues like Dunedin's Empire Tavern, but didn't leave behind any studio recordings. At the time, Brough was influenced by 1960s pop. "I spent three or four years listening to that music after I left school. [...] In the sixties they had a strong sense of melody, which influenced me a lot." Following the demise of The Blue Meanies, Brough formed the Dunedin sound three-piece The Orange with Jonathan Moore (bass, formerly of Bored Games) and Peter Bragan (drums) in 1984. He had "hated just being a frontman", so played guitar as well as singing with The Orange. They played gigs in Dunedin at venues including the Oriental Tavern, where a live recording of the song 'Number One' was made in 1985. It was included in a local compilation tape, Whistle Up A Wind, the next year. The truth is The Orange are building their own wee solar system of excitement and mood. Riff climbs upon melody, climbs upon rhythm, climbs upon fade-out and then charges back with Bunnymen-ish fervour. Symphonic. Brough's vocal brushstrokes are shaking off initial timidity. He understands the maelstrom that a guitar can be without striving to be an instrumental god. He has the most sympathetic rhythm pals around.— Review of a gig played by The Orange in May 1985, Dunedin fanzine Garage Their only studio recording, a five-track EP entitled Fruit Salad Lives, was released by Flying Nun Records shortly before the band broke up in 1986. Writing under the pseudonym 'Buffy O'Reilly', Shayne Carter said that "Brough's airy vocals and melodic, unabrasive guitar lends the five track EP a floating, almost Chilly quality." Later that year, The Orange disbanded when Brough and Carter became bandmates. ## Straitjacket Fits (1986–1991) Brough became better known as guitarist and vocalist alongside Shayne Carter in Straitjacket Fits, a role he held from 1986 (prior to that band's first release) until 1991, when he left the group following the tour to support their second album, Melt. In his book, Dead People I Have Known, Carter writes that Straitjacket Fits began as a three-piece, with a mutual friend recommending Brough as a fourth member. ″Andrew seemed a good fit for our band, because I really wanted to have harmonies and another singer, like in The Beatles. The first time Andrew stepped on the mic and played his round, Revolver guitar, we knew we'd hit on a sound." Andrew definitely added a melodic sense to the band, but right from the start really there was this feeling that Andrew's songs were a bit wimpy! However, it did work and created interesting tension in the music.— John Collie, Straitjacket Fits drummer Shayne Carter and Andrew Brough were often likened to Lennon and McCartney – a pair of songwriting, guitar-playing bandmates with different styles (one tending towards pop and the other more aggressive), which made for a successful musical collaboration but a difficult personal dynamic. Brough was a regular backing vocalist, his voice providing a contrasting counterpoint to Carter's. In his five years with the band he wrote and sang seven songs. It worked really well from a record company perspective, having that light and dark with two songwriters. It wasn't just two guitarists, or singers, it was songwriters with different styles which brought another dimension.— Roger Shepherd, founder, Flying Nun Records ### Life in One ChordEP (1987) 'Sparkle That Shines' was on the band's debut release, the Life in One Chord EP (1987), and also the UK/US version of Hail (1988). Looking back on the song, Brough said "I don't like the singing so much [...] because it's quite pompous and young. [...] I remember in the studio when it was coming together, you could tell that it was going to work." But he liked the band's first recording: "The first EP, I was really proud of. I was thinking, 'Shit, I'm on that! I was part of that', it was good." ### Hailand touring (1988–1989) 'Take From the Years' and 'Fabulous Things' are found on all versions of Hail (the New Zealand version didn't include 'Sparkle That Shines', but the US/UK one did). Brough said that the album "didn't come to fruition musically. It wasn't something I was proud of. [...] I did two songs on that Hail record, and I didn't like either of them very much." In 1989 Straitjacket Fits toured overseas for the first time, visiting the USA and Europe. "For me it was just a big holiday, to see the world. I was so into American movies and American culture [...] It didn't bother me if we didn't have a good gig or not, we were there, doing it!" ### Melt(1990) Melt (1990) included 'Down in Splendour', 'Such a Daze', and 'Hand in Mine'. Another Brough song, 'In Spite of it All', was recorded during sessions for Melt and included on the Missing From Melt EP (it was also the b-side of the 'Bad Note For a Heart' single). I'm glad we did Melt. You know, I'd go straight to Melt as a better example of what we were about [than Hail]. A lot of money spent on it, quite a professional engineer, and a professional studio.— Andrew Brough 'Down in Splendour' was released as a single (Audioculture calls it "the most radio and record company friendly track on the album") and became Brough's most successful Straitjacket Fits song. In 2001, it was voted 32nd in the APRA Top 100 New Zealand Songs of All Time. ### Departure (1991) and recognition (2008) Brough's time with Straitjacket Fits ended after the band toured North America in 1991, when he "thought that musically I wasn't achieving what I wanted to achieve". I was making a compromise for what I really wanted to do musically. And there came a point when I said to myself "y'know, I just want to leave". [...] I wasn't writing enough [songs]. [...] In a band where two people are sharing the songwriting, two people who have got visions of how they want a band to sound, these creative differences create a conflict. [...] The idea of the Straitjacket Fits is to be a good rock n roll band, and to be a good rock n roll band you need some kind of cohesiveness, you need to share the same outlook. It just became increasing [sic] apparent there were too many differences. So on one hand I had to leave because I wanted to pursue my own thing, and on the other hand, for the good of the band, for the good of what Straitjacket Fits wanted to do.— Andrew Brough, 1993 Their American label, Arista, wanted more Brough songs from the band and Brough himself also wanted to write more. The other three members of the band preferred Carter's heavier numbers. There had been "a good tension" between the two songwriters, but "the last few weeks of that American tour were quite argumentative." I was allotted two or three songs on an album which just wasn't enough. It was basically unsaid, you know, that I wouldn't be contributing more than 25[%]. It was just this underlying sort of factor, tension almost, that no more was required.— Andrew Brough on Radio New Zealand, 1998 Carter believed that Brough had stopped committing to the band: "Andrew went off on a really weird trip, and completely dark-manned out. He wasn't trying at gigs, he would actually give up on stage, we'd be playing a show, and look across at this dude who was sitting there. It just became impossible to work together, and it was no fun either." In a 2008 interview, bassist David Wood said that Shayne Carter and Andrew Brough had "no relationship" and "the two did not work closely together". Brough left Auckland and moved to Dunedin. Mark Peterson replaced him and was a member of Straitjacket Fits until their split in 1994. While a lot of focus was given to the tension between them, Shayne Carter has written that they also had a lot of common ground. He praised the melody and extra dimension Brough brought to the band, and wrote that Straitjacket Fits "never worked as well" and "became a plainer band" without Brough. Andrew's role in the band was important. His harmonies, guitar, and pop sensibilities did a lot to shape our group. I liked Andrew. He was smart, cultured in an unpretentious way, with a twisted sense of humour. He was as unforgiving as the rest of us, but he also had the quickest temper – snapping sometimes and barking at the stage crew or others on the periphery. I always found it ironic that his public image was that of the gentle altar boy set upon by the bully Carter.— Shayne Carter, Dead People I Have Known, 2019 Brough was invited but did not take part in a Straitjacket Fits reunion in 2005. In September 2008 all five band members, including Brough, received the Legacy Award at the New Zealand Music Awards, and were inducted into the New Zealand Music Hall of Fame at the APRA Silver Scroll Awards. ## Bike (1992–1998) After leaving Straitjacket Fits Brough moved to Dunedin, then Auckland. In Dunedin he spent 6 months writing songs, then re-emerged fronting a group known as Tumble before switching the name to Bike (inspired by the 1967 Pink Floyd song of the same name). Brough's new band played their first show in Dunedin in October 1992, supporting The Verlaines. In Auckland he put together Bike's first acknowledged line-up, finding drummer Karl Buckley through an advertisement, then recruiting bassist Tristan Mason through a family connection of Buckley's. (Buckley was later replaced by Wayne Bell, then Bevan Sweeney). Bike was deliberately designed as a vehicle for Brough's songs. After being a minority contributor to Straitjacket Fits he wanted to "be in charge of a band where I have to write music". Brough described Bike's sound as "powerful pop songs", while others used descriptions like "soothing, cheerful and sunny". Dave Eggleton, in Ready To Fly, said "Bike's sound was a homage to 1960's psychedalia". You take a song, and you've got three-and-a-half minutes. And the idea of that song is you blow people away...you're obviously not going to blow everyone away, but hopefully the response is "wow, this is making me feel really good." I'm trying to write songs that people will enjoy.— Andrew Brough, 1993 Bike first toured New Zealand in 1994, having already been offered an album deal by Flying Nun but not yet released any music. Their first song to be released was "My Love, My Life", on 1995 ABBA tribute album Abbasalutely. Brough described the song as, "drippy - yes but with a worthy enough hook to throw some guitars at." Bike released a self-titled EP in 1996: the song 'Save My Life', was a songwriting finalist at the 1996 APRA Silver Scrolls, and Bike was nominated as 'most promising new band' at the New Zealand Music Awards. ### Take in the Sun 'Save My Life' was followed up with the single 'Circus Kids' in 1997, and a debut record, Take in the Sun, later that year. Through the previous years of writing, rehearsing and touring, Brough had a clear template for the album before recording began. "The fact that most of the songs were demoed to death in the proceeding couple of years, meant that going into the studio, I had it fairly well worked out what it was going to sound like in the end, just through a lot of four-track demoing." While the album was funded by Mushroom Records, like all of Bike's material it was released by Flying Nun Records. The American version of the album, part of the March Records catalogue, had a slightly altered cover with different typography. Take in the Sun made the New Zealand album charts, at number 47, in October 1997. The band toured New Zealand and overseas to support the release, while Brough was featured on the covers of magazines including Pavement and Real Groove. Increased media attention, including a large photo in a Sunday newspaper, led Brough to worry about being "recognised in the street". The video for Welcome to My World featured Shayne Carter, Brough's old Straitjacket Fits bandmate, as a policeman. Along with the Circus Kids video, it was directed by Jonathan King. The Save My Life video was directed by Mark Tierney. Bike's music was sometimes heard in the background of television soaps including Australia's Home and Away. This was believed to be main source of Brough's music-related income. As long-time broadcaster Jonathan Alley of RRR recounts, "After a Bike song was licensed for use on television, it created [for] Andrew a bit of windfall and with that money he brought a house." ### Andy Dandy (2000) The last Andrew Brough song to be released was a version of James K. Baxter's poem Andy Dandy. It was made especially for the 2000 album Baxter. Brough's was one of 12 contributions to the project, which was conceived and managed by musician Charlotte Yates. While he was happy to accept her invitation to be a part of recording the album 'Baxter', he chose not to appear at the accompanying concert. Music critic Graham Reid said that "Andrew Brough has taken one of Baxter's children's poems and turned it into an archetypical dreamscape of layered guitars." ## Death Brough died in Dunedin on 2 February 2020. Public reports of his death were first made two days later, on 4 February. He was 56 years old. ## Awards ### Aotearoa Music Awards The Aotearoa Music Awards (previously known as New Zealand Music Awards (NZMA)) are an annual awards night celebrating excellence in New Zealand music and have been presented annually since 1965. \| Year \| Nominee / work \| Award \| Result \| Ref. \| \| ---- \| -------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------ \| -------- \| ------ \| \| 2008 \| Andrew Brough (as part of Straitjacket Fits) \| New Zealand Music Hall of Fame \| inductee \| [ 40 ] \|	enwiki/5756000	enwiki	5,756,000	Andrew Brough	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Brough	2025-06-03T02:20:39Z	en	Q4756437	177,445	{{Short description\|New Zealand musician (1963–2020)}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2020}} {{Use New Zealand English\|date=November 2012}} {{Infobox musical artist \| honorific_prefix = \| name = Andrew Brough \| honorific_suffix = \| image = \| image_upright = \| image_size = \| landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --> \| alt = \| caption = \| native_name = \| native_name_lang = \| birth_name = Andrew Mark Brough \| alias = \| birth_date = {{birth date\|1963\|05\|07\|df=y}} \| birth_place = [[Wellington]], New Zealand \| origin = \| death_date = {{death date and age\|2020\|02\|02\|1963\|05\|07\|df=y}} \| death_place = [[Dunedin]], New Zealand \| genre = \| occupation = \| instrument = Guitar, vocals \| years_active = <!-- YYYY–YYYY (or –present) --> \| label = \| past_member_of = Blue Meanies, The Orange, [[Straitjacket Fits]], Bike \| website = <!-- {{URL\|example.com}} or {{Official URL}} --> \| module = \| module2 = \| module3 = }} '''Andrew Mark Brough''' (pronounced {{IPAc-en\|b\|r\|ʌ\|f}};<ref>{{cite LPD \|page=102 \|year=2000}}</ref> 7 May 1963 – 2 February 2020) was a singer, songwriter and [[guitarist]] from [[Dunedin]], New Zealand. Best known for his work with the [[Straitjacket Fits]], he later led the band Bike. In 1996 he was shortlisted for the [[APRA Silver Scroll]] and in 2008 he was inducted into the New Zealand Music Hall of Fame. == Early life == Brough was born in [[Wellington]] in 1963, the eldest of four children of former missionary Gordon Brough and his wife Catherine.<ref>{{cite web \|title=In memory of Andrew Mark Brough \|url=https://www.tributes.co.nz/ViewMyTribute.aspx?id=15063 \|website=Tributes Online \|access-date=24 February 2020 \|quote=Loved Son of Catherine, and the late Gordon. Loved brother of Wendy, Clifford, and Donald. \|archive-date=6 February 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206074235/https://www.tributes.co.nz/ViewMyTribute.aspx?id=15063 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=e-Messenger \|url=http://www.methodist.org.nz/e_messenger/emessenger_2009 \|access-date=24 February 2020 \|publisher=The Methodist Church of New Zealand \|date=April 2009 \|page=10 \|quote=Gordon [Brough] resigned from ministry in 1973 after having served at Nelson, Solomon Islands, Wellington Central, Dargaville (where he was District Chairman in Northland) and Durham Street (Christchurch). \|archive-date=24 February 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224025245/http://www.methodist.org.nz/e_messenger/emessenger_2009 \|url-status=live }}</ref> The family moved to [[Dargaville]] in the [[Northland Region]] when Andrew was about three, and later to [[Christchurch]]. Andrew's parents separated in the early 1970s, with Gordon moving south to Dunedin. Andrew joined him around 1974, with his siblings (two boys and a girl) staying in Christchurch, and would attend [[Logan Park High School]].<ref name="audioculture">{{cite web \|last1=Schmidt \|first1=Andrew \|title=Bike profile \|url=https://www.audioculture.co.nz/people/bike \|website=Audioculture \|access-date=4 February 2020 \|archive-date=4 February 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204014941/https://www.audioculture.co.nz/people/bike \|url-status=live }}</ref> == The Blue Meanies and The Orange == Brough, who had always been a keen singer, began his rock music career as the singer for university student band The Blue Meanies, alongside [[Martin Kean]] on bass, Max Satchell on guitar and Richard Allen on drums. They were regular performers at venues like Dunedin's [[Empire Tavern, Dunedin\|Empire Tavern]], but didn't leave behind any studio recordings.<ref name="audioculture-orange" /> At the time, Brough was influenced by 1960s pop. "I spent three or four years listening to that music after I left school. [...] In the sixties they had a strong sense of melody, which influenced me a lot."<ref name="audioculture-orange" /> {{Infobox album \| italic_title = no \| name = Fruit Salad Lives \| type = EP \| artist = The Orange \| cover = \| alt = \| released = {{Start date\|1986}} \| recorded = September 1985 \| venue = \| studio = Strawberry Fields Studio, Dunedin \| genre = \| length = \| label = [[Flying Nun Records]] \| producer = \| prev_title = \| prev_year = \| next_title = \| next_year = }} Following the demise of The Blue Meanies, Brough formed the [[Dunedin sound]] three-piece [[The Orange]] with Jonathan Moore (bass, formerly of [[Bored Games]]) and Peter Bragan (drums) in 1984.<ref name="audioculture-orange" /><ref name="fnzine"> {{cite web \|title=Garage #2 \|url=http://blog.flyingnun.co.nz/2011/08/02/garage-2/ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321071724/http://blog.flyingnun.co.nz/2011/08/02/garage-2/ \|archive-date=2012-03-21 \|year=1985 \|access-date=2011-08-13 \|publisher=[[Flying Nun Records]] }} </ref> He had "hated just being a frontman", so played guitar as well as singing with The Orange.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Baker \|first1=Ted \|title=Garage \|url=https://issuu.com/flyingnunrecords/docs/garage__2 \|access-date=6 February 2020 \|issue=2 \|page=7 \|quote=...I am playing guitar which takes lots. I hated just being a frontman \|archive-date=27 February 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227100503/https://issuu.com/flyingnunrecords/docs/garage__2 \|url-status=live }}</ref> They played gigs in Dunedin at venues including the Oriental Tavern, where a live recording of the song 'Number One' was made in 1985. It was included in a local compilation tape, ''Whistle Up A Wind'', the next year. {{blockquote \|text=The truth is The Orange are building their own wee solar system of excitement and mood. Riff climbs upon melody, climbs upon rhythm, climbs upon fade-out and then charges back with Bunnymen-ish fervour. Symphonic. Brough's vocal brushstrokes are shaking off initial timidity. He understands the maelstrom that a guitar can be without striving to be an instrumental god. He has the most sympathetic rhythm pals around. \|source=Review of a gig played by The Orange in May 1985, Dunedin fanzine [[Garage (fanzine)\|Garage]]<ref name="audioculture-orange" /> }} Their only studio recording, a five-track EP entitled ''Fruit Salad Lives'', was released by [[Flying Nun Records]] shortly before the band broke up in 1986.<ref name="audioculture-orange">{{cite web \|last1=Schmidt \|first1=Andrew \|title=The Orange \|url=http://www.audioculture.co.nz/people/the-orange \|website=Audioculture \|access-date=4 February 2020 \|archive-date=4 February 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204042156/http://www.audioculture.co.nz/people/the-orange \|url-status=live }}</ref> Writing under the pseudonym 'Buffy O'Reilly', [[Shayne Carter]] said that "Brough's airy vocals and melodic, unabrasive guitar lends the five track EP a floating, almost [[The Chills\|Chill]]y quality."<ref>{{cite news \|last1=O'Reilly \|first1=Buffy \|title=Orange: Tutti Frutti \|access-date=27 February 2020 \|publisher=Rip It Up \|date=May 1986 \|url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/426751804632831/permalink/527297184578292/ \|archive-date=21 November 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121141141/https://www.facebook.com/groups/426751804632831/permalink/527297184578292/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> Later that year, The Orange disbanded when Brough and Carter became bandmates. == Straitjacket Fits (1986–1991)== Brough became better known as guitarist and vocalist alongside [[Shayne Carter]] in [[Straitjacket Fits]], a role he held from 1986 (prior to that band's first release) until 1991, when he left the group following the tour to support their second album, ''Melt''.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p5541/biography \|title=Biography: Straitjacket Fits \|last=Ankeny \|first=Jason \|publisher=[[Allmusic]] \|access-date=2010-04-15 \|archive-date=21 November 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121141015/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/straitjacket-fits-mn0000939875#biography \|url-status=live }}</ref> In his book, ''Dead People I Have Known'', Carter writes that Straitjacket Fits began as a three-piece, with a mutual friend recommending Brough as a fourth member. ″Andrew seemed a good fit for our band, because I really wanted to have harmonies and another singer, like in [[The Beatles]]. The first time Andrew stepped on the mic and played his round, Revolver guitar, we knew we'd hit on a sound."<ref name="CarterBook">{{cite book \|last1=Carter \|first1=Shayne \|title=Dead People I Have Known \|date=2019 \|publisher=Victoria University Press \|isbn=9781776562213 \|page=205}}</ref> {{Blockquote \|text=Andrew definitely added a melodic sense to the band, but right from the start really there was this feeling that Andrew's songs were a bit wimpy! However, it did work and created interesting tension in the music. \|source=John Collie, Straitjacket Fits drummer<ref name="audioculture-sjf1">{{cite web \|title=Stratjacket Fits, part 1 \|url=https://www.audioculture.co.nz/people/straitjacket-fits/stories/straitjacket-fits-part-1 \|website=Audioculture \|author=Mills, Amanda \|date=4 April 2016 \|access-date=5 February 2020 \|archive-date=5 February 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205120247/https://www.audioculture.co.nz/people/straitjacket-fits/stories/straitjacket-fits-part-1 \|url-status=live }}</ref> }} Shayne Carter and Andrew Brough were often likened to [[John Lennon\|Lennon]] and [[Paul McCartney\|McCartney]] – a pair of songwriting, guitar-playing bandmates with different styles (one tending towards pop and the other more aggressive), which made for a successful musical collaboration but a difficult personal dynamic.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Bike \|url=https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/bike/artist \|website=[[NZ On Screen]] \|access-date=4 February 2020 \|quote=When Straitjacket Fits led the southern charge during the 80s golden age of Flying Nun, Andrew Brough was sometimes described as the McCartney to Shayne Carter's Lennon. \|archive-date=4 February 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204014943/https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/bike/artist \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|last1=Tukkett \|first1=Graeme \|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/music/119279490/goodbye-and-thank-you-andrew-brough-for-creating-some-of-the-best-songs-ever-heard \|title=Goodbye and thank you Andrew Brough, for creating some of the best songs ever heard \|website=[[Stuff (website)\|Stuff]] \|access-date=5 February 2020 \|date=5 February 2020 \|quote=The lazy, but apparently useful cliché is that Brough was McCartney to Carter's Lennon. \|archive-date=4 February 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204220039/https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/music/119279490/goodbye-and-thank-you-andrew-brough-for-creating-some-of-the-best-songs-ever-heard \|url-status=live }}</ref> Brough was a regular backing vocalist, his voice providing a contrasting counterpoint to Carter's. In his five years with the band he wrote and sang seven songs. {{Blockquote \|text=It worked really well from a record company perspective, having that light and dark with two songwriters. It wasn't just two guitarists, or singers, it was songwriters with different styles which brought another dimension. \|source=Roger Shepherd, founder, [[Flying Nun Records]]<ref name="stuffdeath" /> }} ===''Life in One Chord'' EP (1987)=== 'Sparkle That Shines' was on the band's debut release, the ''[[Life in One Chord]]'' EP (1987), and also the UK/US version of [[Hail (album)\|''Hail'']] (1988). Looking back on the song, Brough said "I don't like the singing so much [...] because it's quite pompous and young. [...] I remember in the studio when it was coming together, you could tell that it was going to work." But he liked the band's first recording: "The first EP, I was really proud of. I was thinking, 'Shit, I'm on that! I was part of that', it was good."<ref name="audioculture-sjf1" /> ===''Hail'' and touring (1988–1989)=== 'Take From the Years' and 'Fabulous Things' are found on all versions of ''Hail'' (the New Zealand version didn't include 'Sparkle That Shines', but the US/UK one did). Brough said that the album "didn't come to fruition musically. It wasn't something I was proud of. [...] I did two songs on that ''Hail'' record, and I didn't like either of them very much." In 1989 Straitjacket Fits toured overseas for the first time, visiting the USA and Europe. "For me it was just a big holiday, to see the world. I was so into American movies and American culture [...] It didn't bother me if we didn't have a good gig or not, we were there, doing it!"<ref name="audioculture-sjf1" /> ===''Melt'' (1990)=== [[Melt (Straitjacket Fits album)\|''Melt'']] (1990) included 'Down in Splendour', 'Such a Daze', and 'Hand in Mine'. Another Brough song, 'In Spite of it All', was recorded during sessions for ''Melt'' and included on the ''[[Missing From Melt]]'' EP (it was also the b-side of the 'Bad Note For a Heart' single).<ref>{{cite web \|title=Striatjacket Fits - Missing From Melt \|url=https://www.discogs.com/Straitjacket-Fits-Missing-From-Melt/master/185774 \|website=Discogs \|access-date=5 February 2020 \|archive-date=21 November 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121141107/https://www.discogs.com/master/185774-Straitjacket-Fits-Missing-From-Melt \|url-status=live }}</ref> {{Blockquote \|text=I'm glad we did ''Melt''. You know, I'd go straight to ''Melt'' as a better example of what we were about [than ''Hail'']. A lot of money spent on it, quite a professional engineer, and a professional studio. \|source=Andrew Brough<ref name="audioculture-sjf1" /> }} 'Down in Splendour' was released as a single (Audioculture calls it "the most radio and record company friendly track on the album"<ref name="audioculture-sjf1" />) and became Brough's most successful Straitjacket Fits song. In 2001, it was voted 32nd in the [[APRA Top 100 New Zealand Songs of All Time]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://christchurchcitylibraries.com/Music/Lists/APRA100/\|title=APRA Top 100 New Zealand Songs of All Time\|website=Christchurch City Library\|access-date=2010-10-20\| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101009214857/http://christchurchcitylibraries.com/Music/Lists/APRA100/\| archive-date= 9 October 2010 \| url-status= live}}</ref> ===Departure (1991) and recognition (2008)=== Brough's time with Straitjacket Fits ended after the band toured North America in 1991, when he "thought that musically I wasn't achieving what I wanted to achieve".<ref name="dun">{{cite magazine \|author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> \|title = Broughing It \|url = https://issuu.com/chillblue/docs/andrew_brough_interview_-_1993 \|magazine = Dun \|issue = 1 \|date = Autumn 1993 \|location = Dunedin \|access-date = 6 February 2020 \|via = Issuu \|archive-date = 18 October 2021 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211018054308/https://issuu.com/chillblue/docs/andrew_brough_interview_-_1993 \|url-status = live }}</ref> {{blockquote \|text=I was making a compromise for what I really wanted to do musically. And there came a point when I said to myself "y'know, I just want to leave". [...] I wasn't writing enough [songs]. [...] In a band where two people are sharing the songwriting, two people who have got visions of how they want a band to sound, these creative differences create a conflict. [...] The idea of the Straitjacket Fits is to be a good rock n roll band, and to be a good rock n roll band you need some kind of cohesiveness, you need to share the same outlook. It just became increasing [sic] apparent there were too many differences. So on one hand I had to leave because I wanted to pursue my own thing, and on the other hand, for the good of the band, for the good of what Straitjacket Fits wanted to do. \|source=Andrew Brough, 1993<ref name="dun" /> }} Their American label, Arista, wanted more Brough songs from the band and Brough himself also wanted to write more. The other three members of the band preferred Carter's heavier numbers. There had been "a good tension" between the two songwriters, but "the last few weeks of that American tour were quite argumentative."<ref name="audioculture-sjf2">{{cite web \|last1=Mills \|first1=Amanda \|title=Straitjacket Fits, part 2 \|url=https://www.audioculture.co.nz/people/straitjacket-fits/stories/straitjacket-fits-part-2 \|website=Audioculture \|access-date=5 February 2020 \|archive-date=5 February 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205120245/https://www.audioculture.co.nz/people/straitjacket-fits/stories/straitjacket-fits-part-2 \|url-status=live }}</ref> {{Blockquote \|text=I was allotted two or three songs on an album which just wasn't enough. It was basically unsaid, you know, that I wouldn't be contributing more than 25[%]. It was just this underlying sort of factor, tension almost, that no more was required. \|source=Andrew Brough on Radio New Zealand, 1998<ref name="rnz1998">{{cite web \|title=Musical Chairs - Andrew Brough \|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/musicalchairs/audio/201857678/musical-chairs-andrew-brough \|website=[[RNZ]] \|access-date=5 February 2020 \|date=10 January 1998 \|archive-date=5 February 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205024723/https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/musicalchairs/audio/201857678/musical-chairs-andrew-brough \|url-status=live }}</ref> }} Carter believed that Brough had stopped committing to the band: "Andrew went off on a really weird trip, and completely dark-manned out. He wasn't trying at gigs, he would actually give up on stage, we'd be playing a show, and look across at this dude who was sitting there. It just became impossible to work together, and it was no fun either."<ref name="audioculture-sjf2" /> In a 2008 interview, bassist [[David Wood (New Zealand musician)\|David Wood]] said that Shayne Carter and Andrew Brough had "no relationship" and "the two did not work closely together".<ref name="Kara2008">{{Citation \| title = The story of Straitjacket Fits \| url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10535167 \| author = Kara, Scott \| access-date = 2011-08-13 \| work = The New Zealand Herald \| date = 2 October 2008 \| archive-date = 24 October 2012 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121024055726/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10535167 \| url-status = live }}</ref> Brough left Auckland and moved to Dunedin. Mark Peterson replaced him and was a member of Straitjacket Fits until their split in 1994. While a lot of focus was given to the tension between them, Shayne Carter has written that they also had a lot of common ground. He praised the melody and extra dimension Brough brought to the band, and wrote that Straitjacket Fits "never worked as well" and "became a plainer band" without Brough.<ref name="Kara2008"/><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Carter \|first1=Shayne \|title=Dead People I Have Known \|date=2019 \|publisher=Victoria University Press \|isbn=9781776562213 \|page=258}}</ref> {{Blockquote \|text=Andrew's role in the band was important. His harmonies, guitar, and pop sensibilities did a lot to shape our group. I liked Andrew. He was smart, cultured in an unpretentious way, with a twisted sense of humour. He was as unforgiving as the rest of us, but he also had the quickest temper – snapping sometimes and barking at the stage crew or others on the periphery. I always found it ironic that his public image was that of the gentle altar boy set upon by the bully Carter. \|source=Shayne Carter, ''Dead People I Have Known'', 2019<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Carter \|first1=Shayne \|title=Dead People I Have Known \|date=2019 \|publisher=Victoria University Press \|isbn=9781776562213 \|pages=229–230}}</ref> }} Brough was invited but did not take part in a Straitjacket Fits reunion in 2005.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Carter \|first1=Shayne \|title=Dead People I Have Known \|date=2019 \|publisher=Victoria University Press \|isbn=9781776562213 \|page=259}}</ref> In September 2008 all five band members, including Brough, received the Legacy Award at the New Zealand Music Awards, and were inducted into the [[New Zealand Music Hall of Fame]] at the APRA Silver Scroll Awards.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=RIANZ \|title=Straitjacket Fits honoured with Legacy Award \|url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/CU0809/S00053/straitjacket-fits-honoured-with-legacy-award.htm \|website=Scoop \|access-date=5 February 2020 \|date=4 September 2008 \|archive-date=4 February 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204122737/https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/CU0809/S00053/straitjacket-fits-honoured-with-legacy-award.htm \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.apra.co.nz/apra-awards/new-zealand-music-hall-of-fame/straitjacket-fits.aspx\|title=APRA Awards > New Zealand Music Hall of Fame > Straitjacket Fits\|publisher=APRA\|access-date=2010-10-20\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722052408/http://www.apra.co.nz/apra-awards/new-zealand-music-hall-of-fame/straitjacket-fits.aspx\|archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref> == Bike (1992–1998)== After leaving Straitjacket Fits Brough moved to Dunedin, then Auckland. In Dunedin he spent 6 months writing songs, then re-emerged fronting a group known as Tumble before switching the name to Bike (inspired by the 1967 [[Pink Floyd]] song of the same name).<ref name="rnz1998" /><ref name="rtf" /> Brough's new band played their first show in Dunedin in October 1992, supporting [[The Verlaines]].<ref name="dun" /><ref name="audioculture" /> In Auckland he put together Bike's first acknowledged line-up, finding drummer Karl Buckley through an advertisement, then recruiting bassist Tristan Mason through a family connection of Buckley's.<ref name="rnz1998" /> (Buckley was later replaced by Wayne Bell, then Bevan Sweeney).<ref name="fnbikebio"> {{cite web \|url=http://www.flyingnun.co.nz/archive_site/bands/bike/bike_bio.html\|title=Bike – Bio \|publisher=Flying Nun Records \|date=6 April 2008 \|access-date=2011-08-13 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014124602/http://www.flyingnun.co.nz/archive_site/bands/bike/bike_bio.html \|archive-date=2008-10-14}} </ref> Bike was deliberately designed as a vehicle for Brough's songs. After being a minority contributor to Straitjacket Fits he wanted to "be in charge of a band where I have to write music".<ref name="rnz1998" /> Brough described Bike's sound as "powerful pop songs", while others used descriptions like "soothing, cheerful and sunny".<ref name="dun" /><ref>{{cite web \| title = bike \| publisher = thebigcity \| url = http://thebigcity.co.nz/artists/b/bike \| access-date = 2011-08-13 \| archive-date = 28 September 2011 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928044413/http://thebigcity.co.nz/artists/b/bike \| url-status = live }}</ref> Dave Eggleton, in ''Ready To Fly'', said "Bike's sound was a homage to 1960's psychedalia".<ref name="rtf">{{cite book \|last1=Eggleton \|first1=David \|title=Ready to fly \|date=2003 \|publisher=Craig Potton \|isbn=1-877333-06-9 \|page=169}}</ref> {{blockquote \|text=You take a song, and you've got three-and-a-half minutes. And the idea of that song is you blow people away...you're obviously not going to blow everyone away, but hopefully the response is "wow, this is making me feel really good." I'm trying to write songs that people will enjoy. \|source=Andrew Brough, 1993<ref name="dun" /> }} {{Infobox album \| italic_title = no \| name = Take in the Sun \| type = studio \| artist = Bike \| cover = \| alt = \| released = {{Start date\|1997}} \| recorded = Summer 1996/97 (except tracks 7 and 10 – recorded summer 1995/96) \| venue = \| studio = [[York Street Studios]], [[Auckland]] \| genre = \| length = \| label = [[Flying Nun Records]], [[Mushroom Records]] \| producer = Andrew Brough, Malcolm Welsford \| prev_title = \| prev_year = \| next_title = \| next_year = }} Bike first toured New Zealand in 1994, having already been offered an album deal by [[Flying Nun Records\|Flying Nun]] but not yet released any music. Their first song to be released was "My Love, My Life", on 1995 [[ABBA]] tribute album [[Abbasalutely]]. Brough described the song as, "drippy - yes but with a worthy enough hook to throw some guitars at."<ref>Liner notes, ''[[Abbasalutely]]'', [[Flying Nun Records]] FNCD315 D31437, 1995</ref> Bike released a self-titled EP in 1996: the song 'Save My Life', was a songwriting finalist at the 1996 [[APRA Awards (New Zealand)\|APRA Silver Scrolls]], and Bike was nominated as 'most promising new band' at the [[New Zealand Music Awards]].<ref>{{cite web \| title = Bike – Artist \| publisher =[[NZ On Screen]] \| url = http://www.nzonscreen.com/title/bike/artist \| access-date = 2011-08-13 \| archive-date = 25 October 2012 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121025160032/http://www.nzonscreen.com/title/bike/artist \| url-status = live }}</ref> ===Take in the Sun === 'Save My Life' was followed up with the single 'Circus Kids' in 1997, and a debut record, ''Take in the Sun'', later that year.<ref>{{cite web \| title = Take in the Sun – Bike \| url = https://www.allmusic.com/album/r430560 \| access-date = 2011-08-13 \| publisher = [[Allmusic]] \| archive-date = 21 November 2023 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231121141115/https://www.allmusic.com/album/take-in-the-sun-mw0000256673 \| url-status = live }}</ref> Through the previous years of writing, rehearsing and touring, Brough had a clear template for the album before recording began. "The fact that most of the songs were demoed to death in the proceeding couple of years, meant that going into the studio, I had it fairly well worked out what it was going to sound like in the end, just through a lot of four-track demoing."<ref name="rnz1998" /> While the album was funded by Mushroom Records, like all of Bike's material it was released by [[Flying Nun Records]].<ref name="rtf" /> The American version of the album, part of the March Records catalogue, had a slightly altered cover with different typography.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Bike - Take in the Sun (MAR047) \|url=https://www.discogs.com/Bike-Take-In-The-Sun/release/3212706 \|website=Discogs \|access-date=5 February 2020 \|archive-date=21 February 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221140428/https://www.discogs.com/Bike-Take-In-The-Sun/release/3212706 \|url-status=live }}</ref> ''Take in the Sun'' made the New Zealand album charts, at number 47, in October 1997.<ref>{{cite web \|title=NZ Official Top 40 Albums, 19 October 1997 \|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/albums/1997-10-17 \|website=NZ Music Charts \|access-date=5 February 2020 \|archive-date=4 February 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204230706/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=3790 \|url-status=live }}</ref> The band toured New Zealand and overseas to support the release, while Brough was featured on the covers of magazines including [[Pavement (magazine)\|Pavement]] and [[Real Groove (magazine)\|Real Groove]]. Increased media attention, including a large photo in a Sunday newspaper, led Brough to worry about being "recognised in the street".<ref name="audioculture" /> The video for ''Welcome to My World'' featured [[Shayne Carter]], Brough's old [[Straitjacket Fits]] bandmate, as a policeman. Along with the ''Circus Kids'' video, it was directed by [[Jonathan King (film director)\|Jonathan King]]. The ''Save My Life'' video was directed by Mark Tierney.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Artist page: Bike \|url=https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/bike/artist \|website=[[NZ On Screen]] \|access-date=5 February 2020 \|archive-date=4 February 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204014943/https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/bike/artist \|url-status=live }}</ref> Bike's music was sometimes heard in the background of television soaps including Australia's ''[[Home and Away]]''. This was believed to be main source of Brough's music-related income. As long-time broadcaster Jonathan Alley of [[3RRR\|RRR]] recounts, "After a Bike song was licensed for use on television, it created [for] Andrew a bit of windfall and with that money he brought a house."<ref name="rrr">{{cite web \|title=Under The Sun: Jonathan Alley Pays Tribute to Straitjacket Fits' Andrew Brough \|url=https://www.rrr.org.au/on-demand/segments/under-the-sun-jonathan-alley-pays-tribute-to-straitjacket-fits-andrew-brough \|website=RRR \|access-date=24 February 2020 \|date=9 February 2020 \|archive-date=24 February 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224030614/https://www.rrr.org.au/on-demand/segments/under-the-sun-jonathan-alley-pays-tribute-to-straitjacket-fits-andrew-brough \|url-status=live }}</ref> ===Andy Dandy (2000)=== The last Andrew Brough song to be released was a version of [[James K. Baxter]]'s poem ''Andy Dandy''. It was made especially for the 2000 album ''Baxter''. Brough's was one of 12 contributions to the project, which was conceived and managed by musician Charlotte Yates.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Bollinger \|first1=Nick \|title=Charlotte Yates profile \|url=https://www.audioculture.co.nz/people/charlotte-yates \|website=Audioculture \|access-date=18 February 2020 \|date=20 July 2017 \|archive-date=18 February 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218110442/https://www.audioculture.co.nz/people/charlotte-yates \|url-status=live }}</ref> While he was happy to accept her invitation to be a part of recording the album 'Baxter', he chose not to appear at the accompanying concert.<ref name="dandy-elsewhere">{{cite web \|last1=Reid \|first1=Graham \|title=Andrew Brough: Andy Dandy (2000) \|url=https://www.elsewhere.co.nz/fromthevaults/9267/andrew-brough-andy-dandy-2000/ \|website=Elsewhere \|access-date=18 February 2020 \|quote=...by the end of the 20th century [Brough] had simply disappeared as far as most people were concerned. [Yates] said he was reluctant to contribute but did, choosing this children's lyric to set into a piece of music which was pure Brough dream-pop. She said he didn't want to appear at the concert performing it. \|archive-date=18 February 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218110443/https://www.elsewhere.co.nz/fromthevaults/9267/andrew-brough-andy-dandy-2000/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> Music critic Graham Reid said that "Andrew Brough has taken one of Baxter's children's poems and turned it into an archetypical dreamscape of layered guitars."<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Reid \|first1=Graham \|title=Making music for the words of an old friend \|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=119234 \|website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] \|access-date=18 February 2020 \|date=30 June 2000 \|archive-date=21 November 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121141036/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/making-music-for-the-words-of-an-old-friend/43KL2M346VCQXWTQ422VCTTVNE/?c_id=6&objectid=119234 \|url-status=live }}</ref> ==Death== Brough died in Dunedin on 2 February 2020. Public reports of his death were first made two days later, on 4 February.<ref name="stuffdeath">{{cite web \|title=Ex Straitjacket Fits guitarist, Andrew Brough, dies \|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/music/119259795/ex-straitjacket-fits-guitarist-andrew-brough-dies \|website=[[Stuff (website)\|Stuff]] \|date=4 February 2020 \|access-date=4 February 2020 \|archive-date=3 February 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203234939/https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/music/119259795/ex-straitjacket-fits-guitarist-andrew-brough-dies \|url-status=live }}</ref> He was 56 years old.<ref name=ODTfam>{{cite news \|title=Family notices \|work=[[Otago Daily Times]] \|date=8 February 2020 \|page=29}}</ref> ==Awards== ===Aotearoa Music Awards=== The [[Aotearoa Music Awards]] (previously known as ''New Zealand Music Awards'' (NZMA)) are an annual awards night celebrating excellence in [[music in New Zealand\|New Zealand music]] and have been presented annually since 1965. {{awards table}} ! {{Abbr\|Ref.\|Reference}} \|- \| 2008 \|\| Andrew Brough (as part of Straitjacket Fits) \|\| [[New Zealand Music Hall of Fame]] \|\| {{yes2\|inductee}} \|\| <ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.musichall.co.nz/home/inductees/\|title=HOME INDUCTEES\|website=www.musichall.co.nz\|access-date=16 August 2021\|archive-date=9 July 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709154844/https://www.musichall.co.nz/home/inductees/\|url-status=live}}</ref> \|- {{end}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [https://www.audioculture.co.nz/people/bike Bike], [https://www.audioculture.co.nz/people/straitjacket-fits Straitjacket Fits], and [https://www.audioculture.co.nz/people/the-orange The Orange] profiles on Audioculture * {{YouTube\|0Nr-4-_x-1U\|The Orange – 'Fly' from 1985 EP 'Fruit Salad Lives'}} * {{cite web \|url=http://www.flyingnun.co.nz/archive_site/bands/bike/bike_takein.html\|title=Bike – Take in the Sun \|publisher=Flying Nun Records\|date=6 April 2008\|access-date=2011-08-13\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014054622/http://www.flyingnun.co.nz/archive_site/bands/bike/bike_takein.html\|archive-date=2008-10-14}} * [http://www.nzonscreen.com/title/welcome-to-my-world-1997 Bike – 1997 Single 'Welcome to my world'] * {{YouTube\|SXHye9fjBKY\|Bike – Circus Kids music video (1997)}} * {{discogs artist\|Bike}} * {{cite web\|title=Bike discography and links \|url=http://www258.pair.com/poppy2/fits/bike.html \|access-date=2011-08-13 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930060425/http://www258.pair.com/poppy2/fits/bike.html \|archive-date=30 September 2011 }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brough, Andrew}} [[Category:1963 births]] [[Category:2020 deaths]] [[Category:APRA Award winners]] [[Category:Musicians from Dunedin]] [[Category:Flying Nun Records artists]] [[Category:Musicians from Wellington City]] [[Category:People educated at Logan Park High School]] [[Category:Dunedin Sound musicians]] [[Category:Straitjacket Fits members]]	1,293,671,488	[{"title": "Andrew Brough", "data": {"Birth name": "Andrew Mark Brough", "Born": "7 May 1963 \u00b7 Wellington, New Zealand", "Died": "2 February 2020 (aged 56) \u00b7 Dunedin, New Zealand", "Instrument(s)": "Guitar, vocals", "Formerly of": "Blue Meanies, The Orange, Straitjacket Fits, Bike"}}, {"title": "EP by The Orange", "data": {"Released": "1986", "Recorded": "September 1985", "Studio": "Strawberry Fields Studio, Dunedin", "Label": "Flying Nun Records"}}, {"title": "Studio album by Bike", "data": {"Released": "1997", "Recorded": "Summer 1996/97 (except tracks 7 and 10 \u2013 recorded summer 1995/96)", "Studio": "York Street Studios, Auckland", "Label": "Flying Nun Records, Mushroom Records", "Producer": "Andrew Brough, Malcolm Welsford"}}]	false
# 2006 World Fencing Championships The 2006 World Fencing Championships were held at the Oval Lingotto in Turin, Italy. The event took place from 29 September to 7 October 2006. ## Medal table * Host nation (Italy) \| Rank \| Nation \| Gold \| Silver \| Bronze \| Total \| \| ------------------- \| ------------------- \| ---- \| ------ \| ------ \| ----- \| \| 1 \| France (FRA) \| 4 \| 1 \| 1 \| 6 \| \| 2 \| Russia (RUS) \| 2 \| 0 \| 3 \| 5 \| \| 3 \| China (CHN) \| 2 \| 0 \| 1 \| 3 \| \| 4 \| Italy (ITA)* \| 1 \| 3 \| 3 \| 7 \| \| 5 \| United States (USA) \| 1 \| 2 \| 1 \| 4 \| \| 6 \| Hungary (HUN) \| 1 \| 1 \| 2 \| 4 \| \| 7 \| Germany (GER) \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| 3 \| \| 8 \| Estonia (EST) \| 0 \| 1 \| 1 \| 2 \| \| 8 \| Ukraine (UKR) \| 0 \| 1 \| 1 \| 2 \| \| 10 \| Portugal (POR) \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| \| 10 \| Spain (ESP) \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| \| 12 \| South Korea (KOR) \| 0 \| 0 \| 3 \| 3 \| \| 13 \| Canada (CAN) \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 1 \| \| Totals (13 entries) \| Totals (13 entries) \| 12 \| 12 \| 18 \| 42 \| ## Medal summary ### Men's events \| Event \| Gold \| Silver \| Bronze \| \| ---------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \| \| Épée \| Wang Lei \| Joaquim Videira \| Igor Tikhomirov Sven Järve \| \| Foil \| Peter Joppich \| Andrea Baldini \| Stefano Barrera Lei Sheng \| \| Sabre \| Stanislav Pozdnyakov \| Zsolt Nemcsik \| Aleksey Frosin Won Woo-young \| \| Team Épée \| France · Érik Boisse · Gauthier Grumier · Fabrice Jeannet · Ulrich Robeiri \| Spain · José Luis Abajo · Ignacio Canto · Juan Castañeda · Eduardo Sepulveda Puerto \| Ukraine · Dmytro Chumak · Dmytro Karyuchenko · Maksym Khvorost · Bohdan Nikishyn \| \| Team Foil \| France · Loïc Attely · Nicolas Beaudan · Erwann Le Péchoux · Marcel Marcilloux \| Germany · Dominik Behr · Richard Breutner · Peter Joppich · Benjamin Kleibrink \| Italy · Andrea Baldini · Andrea Cassarà · Salvatore Sanzo · Simone Vanni \| \| Team Sabre \| France · Vincent Anstett · Nicolas Lopez · Julien Pillet · Boris Sanson \| Ukraine · Dmytro Boiko · Volodymyr Lukashenko · Oleh Shturbabin · Vladyslav Tretiak \| Russia · Aleksey Frosin · Nikolay Kovalev · Stanislav Pozdnyakov · Aleksey Yakimenko \| ### Women's events \| Event \| Gold \| Silver \| Bronze \| \| ---------- \| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| Épée \| Tímea Nagy \| Irina Embrich \| Emese Szász Laura Flessel-Colovic \| \| Foil \| Margherita Granbassi \| Valentina Vezzali \| Aida Mohamed Giovanna Trillini \| \| Sabre \| Rebecca Ward \| Mariel Zagunis \| Sada Jacobson Kim Hye-lim \| \| Team Épée \| China · Li Na · Luo Xiaojuan · Zhang Li · Zhong Weiping \| France · Marysa Baradji-Duchêne · Laura Flessel-Colovic · Hajnalka Kiraly Picot · Maureen Nisima \| Germany · Claudia Bokel · Imke Duplitzer · Britta Heidemann · Marijana Markovic \| \| Team Foil \| Russia · Svetlana Boyko · Aida Shanayeva · Julia Khakimova · Ianna Rouzavina \| Italy · Elisa di Francisca · Margherita Granbassi · Giovanna Trillini · Valentina Vezzali \| South Korea · Jeon Hee-sook · Jung Gil-ok · Nam Hyun-hee · Seo Mi-jung \| \| Team Sabre \| France · Cécile Argiolas · Solenne Mary · Léonore Perrus · Anne-Lise Touya \| United States · Sada Jacobson · Caitlin Thompson · Rebecca Ward · Mariel Zagunis \| Russia · Yekaterina Dyachenko · Ekaterina Fedorkina · Yelena Nechayeva · Sofiya Velikaya \|	enwiki/7250862	enwiki	7,250,862	2006 World Fencing Championships	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_World_Fencing_Championships	2024-07-19T17:51:50Z	en	Q1399795	100,130	{{short description\|International fencing competition}} {{World Championships in Fencing \|Name = 2006 World Championships in Fencing \|Logo = \|Size = \|Host city ={{flagicon\|ITA}} [[Turin]], [[Italy]] \|Optional caption = \|Nations participating = \|Athletes participating = \|Events = \|dates = September 29 – October 7 \|Stadium = \|previous = [[2005 World Fencing Championships\|2005 Leipzig]] \|next = [[2007 World Fencing Championships\|2007 Saint Petersburg]] }} [[Image:Torino2006fencing.png\|thumb\|Official logo]] The '''2006 [[FIE World Championships in Fencing\|World Fencing Championships]]''' were held at the [[Oval Lingotto]] in [[Turin]], [[Italy]]. The event took place from 29 September to 7 October 2006. ==Medal table== {{Medals table \| caption = \| host = ITA \| flag_template = \| event = \| team = \| gold_FRA = 4 \| silver_FRA = 1 \| bronze_FRA = 1 \| gold_RUS = 2 \| silver_RUS = 0 \| bronze_RUS = 3 \| gold_CHN = 2 \| silver_CHN = 0 \| bronze_CHN = 1 \| gold_ITA = 1 \| silver_ITA = 3 \| bronze_ITA = 3 \| host_ITA = yes \| gold_USA = 1 \| silver_USA = 2 \| bronze_USA = 1 \| gold_HUN = 1 \| silver_HUN = 1 \| bronze_HUN = 2 \| gold_GER = 1 \| silver_GER = 1 \| bronze_GER = 1 \| gold_EST = 0 \| silver_EST = 1 \| bronze_EST = 1 \| gold_UKR = 0 \| silver_UKR = 1 \| bronze_UKR = 1 \| gold_ESP = 0 \| silver_ESP = 1 \| bronze_ESP = 0 \| gold_POR = 0 \| silver_POR = 1 \| bronze_POR = 0 \| gold_KOR = 0 \| silver_KOR = 0 \| bronze_KOR = 3 \| name_KOR = {{flagteam\|KOR\|1997}} \| gold_CAN = 0 \| silver_CAN = 0 \| bronze_CAN = 1 }} ==Medal summary== ===Men's events=== {\| class="wikitable" ! width="100" \|Event ! style="background-color:gold;" width="200" \|[[Image:Med 1.png]] Gold ! style="background-color:silver;" width="200" \|[[Image:Med 2.png]] Silver ! style="background-color:#CC9966;" width="200" \|[[Image:Med 3.png]] Bronze \|- \|\|Épée \| {{flagicon\|CHN}} [[Wang Lei (fencing)\|Wang Lei]] \| {{flagicon\|POR}} [[Joaquim Videira]] \| {{flagicon\|CAN}} [[Igor Tikhomirov]] <br> {{flagicon\|EST}} [[Sven Järve]] \|- \|\|Foil \| {{flagicon\|GER}} [[Peter Joppich]] \| {{flagicon\|ITA}} [[Andrea Baldini]] \| {{flagicon\|ITA}} [[Stefano Barrera]] <br> {{flagicon\|CHN}} [[Lei Sheng]] \|- \|\|Sabre \| {{flagicon\|RUS}} [[Stanislav Pozdnyakov]] \| {{flagicon\|HUN}} [[Zsolt Nemcsik]] \| {{flagicon\|RUS}} [[Aleksey Frosin]] <br> {{flagicon\|KOR\|1997}} [[Won Woo-young]] \|- \|\|Team Épée \| {{FRA}} <br> [[Érik Boisse]]<br> [[Gauthier Grumier]]<br> [[Fabrice Jeannet]]<br> [[Ulrich Robeiri]] \| {{ESP}} <br> [[José Luis Abajo]]<br> [[Ignacio Canto]]<br> [[Juan Castañeda]]<br> [[Eduardo Sepulveda Puerto]] \| {{UKR}} <br> [[Dmytro Chumak (fencer)\|Dmytro Chumak]]<br> [[Dmytro Karyuchenko]]<br> [[Maksym Khvorost]]<br> [[Bohdan Nikishyn]] \|- \|\|Team Foil \| {{FRA}} <br> [[Loïc Attely]]<br> [[Nicolas Beaudan]]<br> [[Erwann Le Péchoux]]<br> [[Marcel Marcilloux]] \| {{GER}} <br> [[Dominik Behr]]<br> [[Richard Breutner]]<br> [[Peter Joppich]]<br> [[Benjamin Kleibrink]] \| {{ITA}} <br> [[Andrea Baldini]]<br> [[Andrea Cassarà]]<br> [[Salvatore Sanzo]]<br> [[Simone Vanni]] \|- \|\|Team Sabre \| {{FRA}} <br> [[Vincent Anstett]]<br> [[Nicolas Lopez (fencer)\|Nicolas Lopez]]<br> [[Julien Pillet]]<br> [[Boris Sanson]] \| {{UKR}} <br> [[Dmytro Boiko]]<br> [[Volodymyr Lukashenko]]<br> [[Oleh Shturbabin]]<br> [[Vladyslav Tretiak]] \| {{RUS}} <br> [[Aleksey Frosin]]<br> [[Nikolay Kovalev (fencer)\|Nikolay Kovalev]]<br> [[Stanislav Pozdnyakov]]<br> [[Aleksey Yakimenko]] \|- \|} ===Women's events=== {\| class="wikitable" ! width="100" \|Event ! style="background-color:gold;" width="200" \|[[Image:Med 1.png]] Gold ! style="background-color:silver;" width="200" \|[[Image:Med 2.png]] Silver ! style="background-color:#CC9966;" width="200" \|[[Image:Med 3.png]] Bronze \|- \|\|Épée \| {{flagicon\|HUN}} [[Tímea Nagy]] \| {{flagicon\|EST}} [[Irina Embrich]] \| {{flagicon\|HUN}} [[Emese Szász]] <br> {{flagicon\|FRA}} [[Laura Flessel-Colovic]] \|- \|\|Foil<br>{{DetailsLink\|Women's foil at the 2006 World Fencing Championships}} \| {{flagicon\|ITA}} [[Margherita Granbassi]] \| {{flagicon\|ITA}} [[Valentina Vezzali]] \| {{flagicon\|HUN}} [[Aida Mohamed]] <br> {{flagicon\|ITA}} [[Giovanna Trillini]] \|- \|\|Sabre \| {{flagicon\|USA}} [[Rebecca Ward]] \| {{flagicon\|USA}} [[Mariel Zagunis]] \| {{flagicon\|USA}} [[Sada Jacobson]] <br> {{flagicon\|KOR\|1997}} [[Kim Hye-lim]] \|- \|\|Team Épée \| {{CHN}} <br> [[Li Na (fencer)\|Li Na]]<br> [[Luo Xiaojuan]]<br> [[Zhang Li (fencer)\|Zhang Li]]<br> [[Zhong Weiping]] \| {{FRA}} <br> [[Marysa Baradji-Duchêne]]<br> [[Laura Flessel-Colovic]]<br> [[Hajnalka Kiraly Picot]]<br> [[Maureen Nisima]] \| {{GER}} <br> [[Claudia Bokel]]<br> [[Imke Duplitzer]]<br> [[Britta Heidemann]]<br> [[Marijana Markovic]] \|- \|\|Team Foil \| {{RUS}} <br> [[Svetlana Boyko (fencer)\|Svetlana Boyko]]<br> [[Aida Shanayeva]]<br> [[Julia Khakimova]]<br> [[Ianna Rouzavina]] \| {{ITA}} <br> [[Elisa di Francisca]]<br> [[Margherita Granbassi]]<br> [[Giovanna Trillini]]<br> [[Valentina Vezzali]] \| {{flag\|South Korea\|1997}} <br> [[Jeon Hee-sook]]<br> [[Jung Gil-ok]]<br> [[Nam Hyun-hee]]<br> [[Seo Mi-jung]] \|- \|\|Team Sabre \| {{FRA}} <br> [[Cécile Argiolas]]<br> [[Solenne Mary]]<br> [[Léonore Perrus]]<br> [[Anne-Lise Touya]] \| {{USA}} <br> [[Sada Jacobson]]<br> Caitlin Thompson<br> [[Rebecca Ward]]<br>[[Mariel Zagunis]] \| {{RUS}} <br> [[Yekaterina Dyachenko]]<br> [[Ekaterina Fedorkina]]<br> [[Yelena Nechayeva]]<br> [[Sofiya Velikaya]] \|- \|} ==References== *[http://www.fie.ch/Competitions/Calendar.aspx?results=true FIE Results] {{World Fencing Championships}} [[Category:World Fencing Championships]] [[Category:2006 in fencing\|W]] [[Category:2006 in Italian sport\|Fencing Championships]] [[Category:Sports competitions in Turin]] [[Category:International fencing competitions hosted by Italy]] [[Category:September 2006 sports events in Europe]] [[Category:2000s in Turin]] [[Category:October 2006 sports events in Europe]]	1,235,517,068	[{"title": "2006 World Championships in Fencing", "data": {"Dates": "September 29 \u2013 October 7", "Host city": "Turin, Italy"}}]	false
# Exoenzyme An exoenzyme, or extracellular enzyme, is an enzyme that is secreted by a cell and functions outside that cell. Exoenzymes are produced by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have been shown to be a crucial component of many biological processes. Most often these enzymes are involved in the breakdown of larger macromolecules. The breakdown of these larger macromolecules is critical for allowing their constituents to pass through the cell membrane and enter into the cell. For humans and other complex organisms, this process is best characterized by the digestive system which breaks down solid food via exoenzymes. The small molecules, generated by the exoenzyme activity, enter into cells and are utilized for various cellular functions. Bacteria and fungi also produce exoenzymes to digest nutrients in their environment, and these organisms can be used to conduct laboratory assays to identify the presence and function of such exoenzymes. Some pathogenic species also use exoenzymes as virulence factors to assist in the spread of these disease-causing microorganisms. In addition to the integral roles in biological systems, different classes of microbial exoenzymes have been used by humans since pre-historic times for such diverse purposes as food production, biofuels, textile production and in the paper industry. Another important role that microbial exoenzymes serve is in the natural ecology and bioremediation of terrestrial and marine environments. ## History Very limited information is available about the original discovery of exoenzymes. According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, the term "exoenzyme" was first recognized in the English language in 1908. The book "Intracellular Enzymes: A Course of Lectures Given in the Physiological," by Horace Vernon is thought to be the first publication using this word in that year. Based on the book, it can be assumed that the first known exoenzymes were pepsin and trypsin, as both are mentioned by Vernon to have been discovered by scientists Briike and Kiihne before 1908. ## Function In bacteria and fungi, exoenzymes play an integral role in allowing the organisms to effectively interact with their environment. Many bacteria use digestive enzymes to break down nutrients in their surroundings. Once digested, these nutrients enter the bacterium, where they are used to power cellular pathways with help from endoenzymes. Many exoenzymes are also used as virulence factors. Pathogens, both bacterial and fungal, can use exoenzymes as a primary mechanism with which to cause disease. The metabolic activity of the exoenzymes allows the bacterium to invade host organisms by breaking down the host cells' defensive outer layers or by necrotizing body tissues of larger organisms. Many gram-negative bacteria have injectisomes, or flagella-like projections, to directly deliver the virulent exoenzyme into the host cell using a type three secretion system. With either process, pathogens can attack the host cell's structure and function, as well as its nucleic DNA. In eukaryotic cells, exoenzymes are manufactured like any other enzyme via protein synthesis, and are transported via the secretory pathway. After moving through the rough endoplasmic reticulum, they are processed through the Golgi apparatus, where they are packaged in vesicles and released out of the cell. In humans, a majority of such exoenzymes can be found in the digestive system and are used for metabolic breakdown of macronutrients via hydrolysis. Breakdown of these nutrients allows for their incorporation into other metabolic pathways. ## Examples of exoenzymes as virulence factors Source: ### Necrotizing enzymes Necrotizing enzymes destroy cells and tissue. One of the best known examples is an exoenzyme produced by Streptococcus pyogenes that causes necrotizing fasciitis in humans. ### Coagulase By binding to prothrombin, coagulase facilitates clotting in a cell by ultimately converting fibrinogen to fibrin. Bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus use the enzyme to form a layer of fibrin around their cell to protect against host defense mechanisms. ### Kinases The opposite of coagulase, kinases can dissolve clots. S. aureus can also produce staphylokinase, allowing them to dissolve the clots they form, to rapidly diffuse into the host at the correct time. ### Hyaluronidase Similar to collagenase, hyaluronidase enables a pathogen to penetrate deep into tissues. Bacteria such as Clostridium do so by using the enzyme to dissolve collagen and hyaluronic acid, the protein and saccharides, respectively, that hold tissues together. ### Hemolysins Hemolysins target erythrocytes, a.k.a. red blood cells. Attacking and lysing these cells harms the host organism, and provides the microorganism, such as the fungus Candida albicans, with a source of iron from the lysed hemoglobin. Organisms can either by alpha-hemolytic, beta-hemolytic, or gamma-hemolytic (non-hemolytic). ## Examples of digestive exoenzymes ### Amylases Amylases are a group of extracellular enzymes (glycoside hydrolases) that catalyze the hydrolysis of starch into maltose. These enzymes are grouped into three classes based on their amino acid sequences, mechanism of reaction, method of catalysis and their structure. The different classes of amylases are α-amylases, β-amylases, and glucoamylases. The α-amylases hydrolyze starch by randomly cleaving the 1,4-a-D-glucosidic linkages between glucose units, β-amylases cleave non-reducing chain ends of components of starch such as amylose, and glucoamylases hydrolyze glucose molecules from the ends of amylose and amylopectin. Amylases are critically important extracellular enzymes and are found in plants, animals, and microorganisms. In humans, amylases are secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands, with both sources of the enzyme required for complete starch hydrolysis. ### Lipoprotein lipase Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a type of digestive enzyme that helps regulate the uptake of triacylglycerols from chylomicrons and other low-density lipoproteins from fatty tissues in the body. The exoenzymatic function allows it to break down the triacylglycerol into two free fatty acids and one molecule of monoacylglycerol. LPL can be found in endothelial cells in fatty tissues, such as adipose, cardiac, and muscle. Lipoprotein lipase is downregulated by high levels of insulin, and upregulated by high levels of glucagon and adrenaline. ### Pectinase Pectinases, also called pectolytic enzymes, are a class of exoenzymes that are involved in the breakdown of pectic substances, most notably pectin. Pectinases can be classified into two different groups based on their action against the galacturonan backbone of pectin: de-esterifying and depolymerizing. These exoenzymes can be found in both plants and microbial organisms including fungi and bacteria. Pectinases are most often used to break down the pectic elements found in plants and plant-derived products. ### Pepsin Discovered in 1836, pepsin was one of the first enzymes to be classified as an exoenzyme. The enzyme is first made in the inactive form, pepsinogen by chief cells in the lining of the stomach. With an impulse from the vagus nerve, pepsinogen is secreted into the stomach, where it mixes with hydrochloric acid to form pepsin. Once active, pepsin works to break down proteins in foods such as dairy, meat, and eggs. Pepsin works best at the pH of gastric acid, 1.5 to 2.5, and is deactivated when the acid is neutralized to a pH of 7. ### Trypsin Also one of the first exoenzymes to be discovered, trypsin was named in 1876, forty years after pepsin. This enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of large globular proteins and its activity is specific to cleaving the C-terminal sides of arginine and lysine amino acid residues. It is the derivative of trypsinogen, an inactive precursor that is produced in the pancreas. When secreted into the small intestine, it mixes with enterokinase to form active trypsin. Due to its role in the small intestine, trypsin works at an optimal pH of 8.0. ## Bacterial assays The production of a particular digestive exoenzyme by a bacterial cell can be assessed using plate assays. Bacteria are streaked across the agar, and are left to incubate. The release of the enzyme into the surroundings of the cell cause the breakdown of the macromolecule on the plate. If a reaction does not occur, this means that the bacteria does not create an exoenzyme capable of interacting with the surroundings. If a reaction does occur, it becomes clear that the bacteria does possess an exoenzyme, and which macromolecule is hydrolyzed determines its identity. ### Amylase Amylase breaks down carbohydrates into mono- and disaccharides, so a starch agar must be used for this assay. Once the bacteria is streaked on the agar, the plate is flooded with iodine. Since iodine binds to starch but not its digested by-products, a clear area will appear where the amylase reaction has occurred. Bacillus subtilis is a bacterium that results in a positive assay as shown in the picture. ### Lipase Lipase assays are done using a lipid agar with a spirit blue dye. If the bacteria has lipase, a clear streak will form in the agar, and the dye will fill the gap, creating a dark blue halo around the cleared area. Staphylococcus epidermidis results in a positive lipase assay. ## Biotechnological and industrial applications Microbiological sources of exoenzymes including amylases, proteases, pectinases, lipases, xylanases, and cellulases are used for a wide range of biotechnological and industrial uses including biofuel generation, food production, paper manufacturing, detergents and textile production. Optimizing the production of biofuels has been a focus of researchers in recent years and is centered around the use of microorganisms to convert biomass into ethanol. The enzymes that are of particular interest in ethanol production are cellobiohydrolase which solubilizes crystalline cellulose and xylanase that hydrolyzes xylan into xylose. One model of biofuel production is the use of a mixed population of bacterial strains or a consortium that work to facilitate the breakdown of cellulose materials into ethanol by secreting exoenzymes such as cellulases and laccases. In addition to the important role it plays in biofuel production, xylanase is utilized in a number of other industrial and biotechnology applications due to its ability to hydrolyze cellulose and hemicellulose. These applications include the breakdown of agricultural and forestry wastes, working as a feed additive to facilitate greater nutrient uptake by livestock, and as an ingredient in bread making to improve the rise and texture of the bread. Lipases are one of the most used exoenzymes in biotechnology and industrial applications. Lipases make ideal enzymes for these applications because they are highly selective in their activity, they are readily produced and secreted by bacteria and fungi, their crystal structure is well characterized, they do not require cofactors for their enzymatic activity, and they do not catalyze side reactions. The range of uses of lipases encompasses production of biopolymers, generation of cosmetics, use as a herbicide, and as an effective solvent. However, perhaps the most well known use of lipases in this field is its use in the production of biodiesel fuel. In this role, lipases are used to convert vegetable oil to methyl- and other short-chain alcohol esters by a single transesterification reaction. Cellulases, hemicellulases and pectinases are different exoenzymes that are involved in a wide variety of biotechnological and industrial applications. In the food industry these exoenzymes are used in the production of fruit juices, fruit nectars, fruit purees and in the extraction of olive oil among many others. The role these enzymes play in these food applications is to partially breakdown the plant cell walls and pectin. In addition to the role they play in food production, cellulases are used in the textile industry to remove excess dye from denim, soften cotton fabrics, and restore the color brightness of cotton fabrics. Cellulases and hemicellulases (including xylanases) are also used in the paper and pulp industry to de-ink recycled fibers, modify coarse mechanical pulp, and for the partial or complete hydrolysis of pulp fibers. Cellulases and hemicellulases are used in these industrial applications due to their ability to hydrolyze the cellulose and hemicellulose components found in these materials. ## Bioremediation applications Bioremediation is a process in which pollutants or contaminants in the environment are removed through the use of biological organisms or their products. The removal of these often hazardous pollutants is mostly carried out by naturally occurring or purposely introduced microorganisms that are capable of breaking down or absorbing the desired pollutant. The types of pollutants that are often the targets of bioremediation strategies are petroleum products (including oil and solvents) and pesticides. In addition to the microorganisms ability to digest and absorb the pollutants, their secreted exoenzymes play an important role in many bioremediation strategies. Fungi have been shown to be viable organisms to conduct bioremediation and have been used to aid in the decontamination of a number of pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, synthetic dyes, chlorophenols, explosives, crude oil, and many others. While fungi can breakdown many of these contaminants intracellularly, they also secrete numerous oxidative exoenzymes that work extracellularly. One critical aspect of fungi in regards to bioremediation is that they secrete these oxidative exoenzymes from their ever elongating hyphal tips. Laccases are an important oxidative enzyme that fungi secrete and use oxygen to oxidize many pollutants. Some of the pollutants that laccases have been used to treat include dye-containing effluents from the textile industry, wastewater pollutants (chlorophenols, PAHs, etc.), and sulfur-containing compounds from coal processing. Bacteria are also a viable source of exoenzymes capable of facilitating the bioremediation of the environment. There are many examples of the use of bacteria for this purpose and their exoenzymes encompass many different classes of bacterial enzymes. Of particular interest in this field are bacterial hydrolases as they have an intrinsic low substrate specificity and can be used for numerous pollutants including solid wastes. Plastic wastes including polyurethanes are particularly hard to degrade, but an exoenzyme has been identified in a Gram-negative bacterium, Comamonas acidovorans, that was capable of degrading polyurethane waste in the environment. Cell-free use of microbial exoenzymes as agents of bioremediation is also possible although their activity is often not as robust and introducing the enzymes into certain environments such as soil has been challenging. In addition to terrestrial based microorganisms, marine based bacteria and their exoenzymes show potential as candidates in the field of bioremediation. Marine based bacteria have been utilized in the removal of heavy metals, petroleum/diesel degradation and in the removal of polyaromatic hydrocarbons among others.	enwiki/539892	enwiki	539,892	Exoenzyme	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoenzyme	2025-07-12T01:48:36Z	en	Q411761	175,975	{{Short description\|Enzyme that functions outside the cell it is secreted from}} [[File:Organelles of the Secretory Pathway.png\|thumb\|upright=1.5\|Organelles of the secretory pathway involved in the secretion of exoenzymes]] An '''exoenzyme''', or '''extracellular enzyme''', is an [[enzyme]] that is secreted by a [[cell (biology)\|cell]] and functions [[extracellular\|outside that cell]]. Exoenzymes are produced by both [[prokaryotic]] and [[eukaryotic]] cells and have been shown to be a crucial component of many [[biological process]]es. Most often these enzymes are involved in the breakdown of larger [[macromolecule]]s. The breakdown of these larger macromolecules is critical for allowing their constituents to pass through the [[cell membrane]] and enter into the cell. For [[human]]s and other complex organisms, this process is best characterized by the [[digestive system]] which breaks down solid [[nutrients\|food]]<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors= Kong F, Singh RP \|title= Disintegration of solid foods in human stomach \|journal= Journal of Food Science \|volume= 73 \|issue= 5 \|pages= R67–80 \|date= June 2008 \|pmid= 18577009 \|doi= 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00766.x\|doi-access= free }}</ref> via exoenzymes. The small molecules, generated by the exoenzyme activity, enter into cells and are utilized for various cellular functions. [[Bacteria]] and [[fungi]] also produce exoenzymes to [[digestion\|digest]] [[nutrient]]s in their [[environment (biophysical)\|environment]], and these organisms can be used to conduct laboratory [[assay]]s to identify the presence and function of such exoenzymes.<ref name=assays/> Some [[pathogenic]] species also use exoenzymes as [[virulence factor]]s to assist in the spread of these [[pathogen\|disease-causing]] [[microorganism]]s.<ref name=virulence/> In addition to the integral roles in biological systems, different classes of [[microorganism\|microbial]] exoenzymes have been used by humans since [[prehistory\|pre-historic times]] for such diverse purposes as [[food processing\|food production]], [[biofuel]]s, [[textile manufacturing\|textile production]] and in the [[pulp and paper industry\|paper industry]].<ref name=geobiology>{{cite book \|last=Thiel\|first=ed. by Joachim Reitner, Volker\|title=Encyclopedia of geobiology\|publisher=Springer\|location=Dordrecht\|isbn=9781402092121\|pages=355–359}}</ref> Another important role that microbial exoenzymes serve is in the natural ecology and [[bioremediation]] of [[ecoregion#Terrestrial\|terrestrial]] and [[ecoregion#Marine\|marine]]<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors= Arnosti C \|title= Microbial extracellular enzymes and the marine carbon cycle \|journal= Annual Review of Marine Science \|volume= 3 \|issue= 1 \|pages= 401–25 \|date= 15 January 2011 \|pmid= 21329211 \|doi= 10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142731\|bibcode= 2011ARMS....3..401A }}</ref> environments. ==History== Very limited information is available about the original discovery of exoenzymes. According to [[Merriam-Webster]] dictionary, the term "exoenzyme" was first recognized in the English language in 1908.<ref name=Dictionary>{{cite web \|title=Merriam-Webster\|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/exoenzyme\|accessdate=2013-10-26}}</ref> The book "Intracellular Enzymes: A Course of Lectures Given in the Physiological," by Horace Vernon is thought to be the first publication using this word in that year.<ref name=Lexic>{{cite web \|title=Lexic.us\|url=https://www.lexic.us/definition-of/exoenzymes\|accessdate=2013-10-26}}</ref> Based on the book, it can be assumed that the first known exoenzymes were [[pepsin]] and [[trypsin]], as both are mentioned by Vernon to have been discovered by scientists Briike and Kiihne before 1908.<ref name="history">{{cite web \|last=Vernon\|first=Horace\|title=Intracellular Enzymes: A Course of Lectures Given in the Physiological\|url=https://archive.org/stream/intracellularen00verngoog/intracellularen00verngoog_djvu.txt\|accessdate=2013-10-26}}</ref> ==Function== In [[bacteria]] and [[fungi]], exoenzymes play an integral role in allowing the organisms to effectively interact with their environment. Many bacteria use digestive enzymes to break down nutrients in their surroundings. Once digested, these nutrients enter the bacterium, where they are used to power cellular pathways with help from [[endoenzyme]]s.<ref name="bacteria exoenzymes">{{cite web\|last=Kaiser\|first=Gary\|title=Lab 8: Identification of Bacteria Through Biochemical Testing\|url=http://faculty.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/labmanua/lab8/lab8.html\|work=Biol 230 Lab Manual\|accessdate=9 December 2013\|archive-date=11 December 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211073425/http://faculty.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/labmanua/lab8/lab8.html\|url-status=dead}}</ref> Many exoenzymes are also used as [[virulence factor]]s. [[Pathogen]]s, both bacterial and fungal, can use exoenzymes as a primary mechanism with which to cause [[disease]].{{citation needed\|date=April 2021}} The [[metabolic activity]] of the exoenzymes allows the bacterium to invade [[host (biology)\|host]] organisms by breaking down the host cells' defensive outer layers or by [[necrotizing]] body [[tissue (biology)\|tissue]]s of larger organisms.<ref name=virulence>{{cite book \|last=Duben-Engelkirk\|first=Paul G. Engelkirk, Janet\|title=Burton's microbiology for the health sciences\|year=2010\|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins\|location=Philadelphia\|isbn=9781605476735\|pages=173–174\|edition=9th}}</ref> Many [[gram-negative bacteria]] have [[injectisome]]s, or [[flagella]]-like projections, to directly deliver the virulent exoenzyme into the host cell using a [[type three secretion system]].<ref name="type III sec">{{cite journal \|vauthors= Erhardt M, Namba K, Hughes KT \|title= Bacterial nanomachines: the flagellum and type III injectisome \|journal= Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology \|volume= 2 \|issue= 11 \|pages= a000299 \|date= November 2010 \|pmid= 20926516 \|doi= 10.1101/cshperspect.a000299 \|pmc=2964186}}</ref> With either process, pathogens can attack the host cell's structure and function, as well as its nucleic DNA.<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors= McGuffie EM, Fraylick JE, Hazen-Martin DJ, Vincent TS, Olson JC \|title= Differential sensitivity of human epithelial cells to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S \|journal= Infection and Immunity \|volume= 67 \|issue= 7 \|pages= 3494–503 \|date= July 1999 \|doi= 10.1128/IAI.67.7.3494-3503.1999 \|pmid= 10377131 \|pmc=116536}}</ref> In [[eukaryotic]] cells, exoenzymes are manufactured like any other [[enzyme]] via [[protein synthesis]], and are transported via the [[secretory pathway]]. After moving through the [[rough endoplasmic reticulum]], they are processed through the [[Golgi apparatus]], where they are packaged in [[vesicle (biology and chemistry)\|vesicles]] and released out of the cell.<ref name="sec path">{{cite book \|last=Lodish\|first=Harvey\|title=Molecular cell biology\|year=2008\|publisher=Freeman\|location=New York [u.a.]\|isbn=978-0716776017\|edition=6th ed., [2nd print.].}}</ref> In [[human]]s, a majority of such exoenzymes can be found in the [[digestive system]] and are used for [[metabolic]] breakdown of [[macronutrient]]s via [[hydrolysis]]. Breakdown of these nutrients allows for their incorporation into other [[metabolic pathway]]s.<ref>{{cite web \|last=Andrews\|first=Lary\|title=Supplemental Enzymes for Digestion\|url=http://www.donttouchme.com/web/sites/enzymesinc/enzymeswhitepaper/hhr_paper.html\|work=Health and Healing Research\|accessdate=9 December 2013\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727190532/http://www.donttouchme.com/web/sites/enzymesinc/enzymeswhitepaper/hhr_paper.html\|archive-date=27 July 2013}}</ref> ==Examples of exoenzymes as virulence factors== Source:<ref name=virulence/> [[File:Necrotizing fasciitis - intermed mag.jpg\|200px\|thumbnail\|right\|Microscopic view of necrotizing fasciitis as caused by ''Streptococcus pyogenes'']] ===Necrotizing enzymes=== [[Necrotizing]] enzymes destroy cells and tissue. One of the best known examples is an exoenzyme produced by ''[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]'' that causes [[necrotizing fasciitis]] in humans. ===Coagulase=== By binding to [[prothrombin]], [[coagulase]] facilitates [[clotting]] in a cell by ultimately converting [[fibrinogen]] to [[fibrin]]. Bacteria such as ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' use the enzyme to form a layer of fibrin around their cell to protect against host [[defense mechanism]]s. {{Clear}} [[File:Staphylococcus aureus, 50,000x, USDA, ARS, EMU.jpg\|175px\|thumbnail\|left\|Fibrin layer formed by ''Staphylococcus aureus'']] ===Kinases=== The opposite of coagulase, [[kinase]]s can dissolve clots. ''S. aureus'' can also produce staphylokinase, allowing them to dissolve the clots they form, to rapidly diffuse into the host at the correct time.<ref>{{cite web \|last=Todar\|first=Kenneth\|title=Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenicity\|url=http://textbookofbacteriology.net/pathogenesis_4.html\|work=Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology\|publisher=Kenneth Todar, PhD\|accessdate=12 December 2013}}</ref> ===Hyaluronidase=== Similar to collagenase, [[hyaluronidase]] enables a pathogen to penetrate deep into tissues. Bacteria such as ''[[Clostridium]]'' do so by using the enzyme to dissolve [[collagen]] and [[hyaluronic acid]], the protein and saccharides, respectively, that hold tissues together. ===Hemolysins=== [[Hemolysin]]s target erythrocytes, a.k.a. [[red blood cell]]s. Attacking and [[lysing]] these cells harms the host organism, and provides the microorganism, such as the fungus ''[[Candida albicans]]'', with a source of iron from the lysed [[hemoglobin]].<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors= Favero D, Furlaneto-Maia L, França EJ, Góes HP, Furlaneto MC \|title= Hemolytic factor production by clinical isolates of Candida species \|journal= Current Microbiology \|volume= 68 \|issue= 2 \|pages= 161–6 \|date= February 2014 \|pmid= 24048697 \|doi= 10.1007/s00284-013-0459-6\|s2cid= 253807898 }}</ref> Organisms can either by [[alpha-hemolytic]], [[beta-hemolytic]], or [[hemolysis (microbiology)#Gamma\|gamma]]-hemolytic (non-hemolytic). {{Clear}} ==Examples of digestive exoenzymes== ===Amylases=== [[File:Pancreatic alpha-amylase 1HNY.png\|150px\|thumb\|Pancreatic alpha-amylase 1HNY]] [[Amylase]]s are a group of extracellular enzymes ([[glycoside hydrolase]]s) that catalyze the [[hydrolysis]] of [[starch]] into [[maltose]]. These enzymes are grouped into three classes based on their [[amino acid]] sequences, mechanism of reaction, method of [[catalysis]] and their structure.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1= Sharma \|first1= Archana \|first2= T. \|last2= Satyanarayana \|name-list-style= vanc \|title= Microbial acid-stable alpha-amylases: Characteristics, genetic engineering and applications\|journal=Process Biochemistry\|year=2013\|volume=48 \|issue= 2 \|pages=201–211\|doi=10.1016/j.procbio.2012.12.018}}</ref> The different classes of amylases are [[α-amylase]]s, [[β-amylase]]s, and [[glucoamylase]]s. The α-amylases hydrolyze starch by randomly cleaving the 1,4-a-D-glucosidic linkages between [[glucose]] units, β-amylases cleave non-reducing chain ends of components of starch such as [[amylose]], and glucoamylases [[hydrolyze]] glucose molecules from the ends of amylose and [[amylopectin]].<ref name="pmid10744959">{{cite journal \|vauthors= Pandey A, Nigam P, Soccol CR, Soccol VT, Singh D, Mohan R \|title= Advances in microbial amylases \|journal= Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. \|volume= 31 \|issue= 2\| pages= 135–52 \|year= 2000 \|pmid= 10744959 \|doi=10.1042/ba19990073}}</ref> Amylases are critically important extracellular enzymes and are found in plants, animals, and [[microorganism]]s. In humans, amylases are secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands, with both sources of the enzyme required for complete starch hydrolysis.<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Pandol\|first=Stephen\|title=The Exocrine Pancreas\|journal=Colloquium Series on Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function \|year=2010 \|volume=3 \|issue=2 \|pages=1–64 \|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54128/\|publisher=Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences\|doi=10.4199/C00026ED1V01Y201102ISP014 \|pmid=21634067 \|accessdate=25 November 2013}}</ref> ===Lipoprotein lipase=== [[Lipoprotein lipase]] (LPL) is a type of [[digestive enzyme]] that helps regulate the uptake of [[triacylglycerol]]s from [[chylomicron]]s and other low-density [[lipoprotein]]s from fatty tissues in the body.<ref name=Mead>{{cite journal \|vauthors= Mead JR, Irvine SA, Ramji DP \|title= Lipoprotein lipase: structure, function, regulation, and role in disease \|journal= Journal of Molecular Medicine \|volume= 80 \|issue= 12 \|pages= 753–69 \|date= December 2002 \|pmid= 12483461 \|doi= 10.1007/s00109-002-0384-9\|s2cid= 40089672 }}</ref> The exoenzymatic function allows it to break down the triacylglycerol into two [[free fatty acid]]s and one molecule of [[monoacylglycerol]]. LPL can be found in [[endothelial cell]]s in fatty tissues, such as [[adipose tissue\|adipose]], [[cardiac]], and [[muscle]].<ref name=Mead/> Lipoprotein lipase is downregulated by high levels of [[insulin]],<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors= Kiens B, Lithell H, Mikines KJ, Richter EA \|title= Effects of insulin and exercise on muscle lipoprotein lipase activity in man and its relation to insulin action \|journal= The Journal of Clinical Investigation \|volume= 84 \|issue= 4 \|pages= 1124–9 \|date= October 1989 \|pmid= 2677048 \|pmc= 329768 \|doi= 10.1172/JCI114275}}</ref> and upregulated by high levels of [[glucagon]] and [[adrenaline]].<ref name=Mead/> ===Pectinase=== [[Pectinase]]s, also called [[pectolytic]] [[enzyme]]s, are a class of exoenzymes that are involved in the breakdown of [[pectic]] substances, most notably [[pectin]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Jayani\|first=Ranveer Singh\|author2=Saxena, Shivalika \|author3=Gupta, Reena \|title=Microbial pectinolytic enzymes: A review\|journal=Process Biochemistry\|date=1 September 2005\|volume=40\|issue=9\|pages=2931–2944\|doi=10.1016/j.procbio.2005.03.026}}</ref> Pectinases can be classified into two different groups based on their action against the [[galacturonan]] backbone of pectin: de-esterifying and depolymerizing.<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Alimardani-Theuil\|first=Parissa\|author2=Gainvors-Claisse, Angélique \|author3=Duchiron, Francis \|title=Yeasts: An attractive source of pectinases—From gene expression to potential applications: A review\|journal=Process Biochemistry\|date=1 August 2011\|volume=46\|issue=8\|pages=1525–1537\|doi=10.1016/j.procbio.2011.05.010}}</ref> These exoenzymes can be found in both plants and [[microbial]] organisms including [[fungi]] and [[bacteria]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Gummadi\|first=Sathyanarayana N.\|author2=Panda, T.\|title=Purification and biochemical properties of microbial pectinases—a review\|journal=Process Biochemistry\|date=1 February 2003\|volume=38\|issue=7\|pages=987–996\|doi=10.1016/S0032-9592(02)00203-0}}</ref> Pectinases are most often used to [[Chemical decomposition\|break down]] the pectic elements found in plants and plant-derived products. ===Pepsin=== Discovered in 1836, [[pepsin]] was one of the first enzymes to be classified as an exoenzyme.<ref name=history/> The enzyme is first made in the inactive form, [[pepsinogen]] by [[Gastric chief cell\|chief cell]]s in the lining of the [[stomach]].<ref name=Encyclo>{{cite web \|title=Encyclopædia Britannica\|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/pepsin\|accessdate=November 14, 2013}}</ref> With an impulse from the [[vagus nerve]], pepsinogen is [[secreted]] into the stomach, where it mixes with [[hydrochloric acid]] to form pepsin.<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors= Guldvog I, Berstad A \|title= Physiological stimulation of pepsin secretion. The role of vagal innervation \|journal= Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology \|volume= 16 \|issue= 1 \|pages= 17–25 \|year= 1981 \|pmid= 6785873}}</ref> Once active, pepsin works to break down proteins in foods such as [[dairy]], [[meat]], and [[egg (food)\|egg]]s.<ref name="Encyclo"/> Pepsin works best at the [[pH]] of [[gastric acid]], 1.5 to 2.5, and is deactivated when the acid is [[neutralization (chemistry)\|neutralized]] to a pH of 7.<ref name="Encyclo"/> ===Trypsin=== Also one of the first exoenzymes to be discovered, [[trypsin]] was named in 1876, forty years after pepsin.<ref name="tryp general">{{cite web \|last=Worthington\|first=Krystal\|title=Trypsin\|url=http://www.worthington-biochem.com/TRY/\|work=Worthington Biochemical Corporation\|accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref> This enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of large [[globular protein]]s and its activity is specific to cleaving the [[C-terminal]] sides of [[arginine]] and [[lysine]] [[amino acid residue]]s.<ref name="tryp general"/> It is the derivative of [[trypsinogen]], an inactive precursor that is produced in the [[pancreas]].<ref name=dic>{{cite web \|title=Trypsin\|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/trypsinogen\|publisher=Free Dictionary\|accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref> When secreted into the [[small intestine]], it mixes with [[enterokinase]] to form active trypsin. Due to its role in the small intestine, trypsin works at an optimal pH of 8.0.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Trypsin Product Information\|url=http://www.worthington-biochem.com/try/cat.html\|work=Worthington Biochemical Corporation\|accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref> {{Clear}} ==Bacterial assays== {{Multiple image \|footer= Results of bacterial assays. Left:amylase bacterial assay on a starch medium. A indicates a positive result, D indicates a negative result. Right: lipase bacterial assay on an olive oil medium. 1 shows a positive result, 3 shows a negative result \|width= 200 \|image1= Amylase test results.png \|alt1= Amylase test results \|image2= Lipase Assay.png \|alt2= Lipase test results }} The production of a particular digestive exoenzyme by a bacterial cell can be assessed using plate [[assay]]s. Bacteria are streaked across the [[agar]], and are left to [[incubator (culture)\|incubate]]. The release of the enzyme into the surroundings of the cell cause the breakdown of the [[macromolecule]] on the plate. If a reaction does not occur, this means that the bacteria does not create an exoenzyme capable of interacting with the surroundings. If a reaction does occur, it becomes clear that the bacteria does possess an exoenzyme, and which macromolecule is hydrolyzed determines its identity.<ref name=assays>{{cite web \|last=Roberts\|first=K\|title=Exoenzymes\|url=http://academic.pgcc.edu/~kroberts/web/exoenzymes/exoenzymes.htm\|publisher=Prince George's Community College\|accessdate=8 December 2013\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613040514/http://academic.pgcc.edu/~kroberts/web/exoenzymes/exoenzymes.htm\|archive-date=13 June 2013}}</ref> ===Amylase=== Amylase breaks down carbohydrates into mono- and disaccharides, so a [[starch]] agar must be used for this assay. Once the bacteria is streaked on the agar, the plate is flooded with [[iodine]]. Since iodine binds to starch but not its digested [[by-product]]s, a clear area will appear where the amylase reaction has occurred. ''[[Bacillus subtilis]]'' is a bacterium that results in a positive assay as shown in the picture.<ref name=assays/> ===Lipase=== Lipase assays are done using a [[lipid]] agar with a [[spirit blue]] dye. If the bacteria has lipase, a clear streak will form in the agar, and the dye will fill the gap, creating a dark blue halo around the cleared area. ''[[Staphylococcus epidermidis]]'' results in a positive lipase assay.<ref name=assays/> {{Clear}} ==Biotechnological and industrial applications== [[Microbiological]] sources of exoenzymes including [[amylase]]s, [[protease]]s, pectinases, [[lipase]]s, xylanases, and [[cellulase]]s are used for a wide range of [[biotechnological]] and [[Manufacturing\|industrial]] uses including [[biofuel]] generation, [[food]] production, paper manufacturing, [[detergent]]s and [[textile]] production.<ref name=geobiology/> Optimizing the production of [[biofuel]]s has been a focus of researchers in recent years and is centered around the use of [[microorganism]]s to convert [[biomass]] into [[ethanol]]. The enzymes that are of particular interest in ethanol production are cellobiohydrolase which solubilizes crystalline cellulose and [[xylanase]] that hydrolyzes [[xylan]] into [[xylose]].<ref name=biofuel>{{cite journal \|vauthors= Alper H, Stephanopoulos G \|title= Engineering for biofuels: exploiting innate microbial capacity or importing biosynthetic potential? \|journal= Nature Reviews. Microbiology \|volume= 7 \|issue= 10 \|pages= 715–23 \|date= October 2009 \|pmid= 19756010 \|doi= 10.1038/nrmicro2186\|s2cid= 7785046 }}</ref> One model of biofuel production is the use of a mixed population of [[bacterial]] [[strain (biology)\|strain]]s or a [[consortium]] that work to facilitate the breakdown of [[cellulose]] materials into ethanol by secreting exoenzymes such as cellulases and laccases.<ref name=biofuel/> In addition to the important role it plays in biofuel production, xylanase is utilized in a number of other industrial and biotechnology applications due to its ability to hydrolyze cellulose and [[hemicellulose]]. These applications include the breakdown of agricultural and forestry wastes, working as a feed additive to facilitate greater nutrient uptake by livestock, and as an ingredient in bread making to improve the rise and texture of the bread.<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors= Juturu V, Wu JC \|title= Microbial xylanases: engineering, production and industrial applications \|journal= Biotechnology Advances \|volume= 30 \|issue= 6 \|pages= 1219–27 \|date= 1 November 2012 \|pmid= 22138412 \|doi= 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.11.006}}</ref> [[File:Generic Biodiesel Reaction1.gif\|thumb\|left\|top\|upright=1.75\|Generic Biodiesel Reaction. Lipases can serve as a biocatalyst in this reaction]] [[Lipase]]s are one of the most used exoenzymes in [[biotechnology]] and [[Manufacturing\|industrial]] applications. Lipases make ideal enzymes for these applications because they are highly selective in their activity, they are readily produced and [[secreted]] by [[bacteria]] and [[fungi]], their [[crystal structure]] is well characterized, they do not require [[cofactor (biochemistry)\|cofactor]]s for their [[enzymatic]] activity, and they do not [[catalyze]] side reactions.<ref name=lipase>{{cite journal \|last=Jaeger\|first=Karl-Erich\|author2=Thorsten Eggert\|title=Lipases for biotechnology\|journal=Current Opinion in Biotechnology\|year=2002\|volume=13\|issue=4\|pages=390–397\|doi=10.1016/s0958-1669(02)00341-5\|pmid=12323363}}</ref> The range of uses of lipases encompasses production of biopolymers, generation of cosmetics, use as a herbicide, and as an effective solvent.<ref name=lipase/> However, perhaps the most well known use of lipases in this field is its use in the production of biodiesel fuel. In this role, lipases are used to convert [[vegetable oil]] to [[methyl]]- and other short-chain [[Alcohol (chemistry)\|alcohol]] [[ester]]s by a single [[transesterification]] reaction.<ref>{{cite book \|vauthors= Fan X, Niehus X, Sandoval G \|chapter= Lipases as Biocatalyst for Biodiesel Production \|title= Lipases and Phospholipases \|series= Methods in Molecular Biology \|volume= 861 \|pages= 471–83 \|year= 2012 \|pmid= 22426735 \|doi= 10.1007/978-1-61779-600-5_27 \|isbn= 978-1-61779-599-2}}</ref> {{Clear}} [[Cellulase]]s, hemicellulases and pectinases are different exoenzymes that are involved in a wide variety of biotechnological and industrial applications. In the [[food industry]] these exoenzymes are used in the production of [[fruit juice]]s, fruit nectars, fruit purees and in the extraction of [[olive oil]] among many others.<ref name=Cellulases>{{cite journal \|last=Bhat\|first=M.K.\|title=Cellulases and related enzymes in biotechnology\|journal=Biotechnology Advances\|year=2000\|volume=18\|issue=5\|pages=355–383\|doi=10.1016/s0734-9750(00)00041-0\|pmid=14538100\|citeseerx=10.1.1.461.2075}}</ref> The role these enzymes play in these food applications is to partially breakdown the [[plant cell wall]]s and [[pectin]]. In addition to the role they play in [[food production]], cellulases are used in the [[textile industry]] to remove excess [[dye]] from [[denim]], soften [[cotton]] [[fabric]]s, and restore the color brightness of cotton fabrics.<ref name=Cellulases/> Cellulases and hemicellulases (including xylanases) are also used in the [[paper]] and pulp industry to de-ink [[recycled]] [[fiber]]s, modify coarse mechanical pulp, and for the partial or complete [[hydrolysis]] of pulp fibers.<ref name=Cellulases/> Cellulases and hemicellulases are used in these industrial applications due to their ability to hydrolyze the cellulose and hemicellulose components found in these materials. ==Bioremediation applications== [[File:Runoff of soil & fertilizer.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Water pollution from runoff of soil and fertilizer]] [[Bioremediation]] is a process in which [[pollutant]]s or [[contaminant]]s in the environment are removed through the use of [[biological]] [[organism]]s or their products. The removal of these often [[hazardous]] pollutants is mostly carried out by naturally occurring or purposely introduced [[microorganism]]s that are capable of [[chemical decomposition\|breaking down]] or absorbing the desired pollutant. The types of pollutants that are often the targets of bioremediation strategies are [[petroleum]] products (including oil and [[solvent]]s) and [[pesticide]]s.<ref>{{cite web \|title=A Citizen's Guide to Bioremediation\|url=https://www.epa.gov/remedytech/citizens-guide-bioremediation\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014133806/http://www2.epa.gov/remedytech/citizens-guide-bioremediation\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=October 14, 2015\|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency\|accessdate=5 December 2013\|date=September 2012}}</ref> In addition to the microorganisms ability to digest and absorb the pollutants, their secreted exoenzymes play an important role in many bioremediation strategies.<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors= Karigar CS, Rao SS \|title= Role of microbial enzymes in the bioremediation of pollutants: a review \|journal= Enzyme Research \|volume= 2011 \|pages= 1–11 \|year= 2011 \|pmid= 21912739 \|doi= 10.4061/2011/805187 \|pmc=3168789 \|doi-access= free }}</ref> [[Fungi]] have been shown to be viable organisms to conduct bioremediation and have been used to aid in the [[decontamination]] of a number of pollutants including [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]]s (PAHs), [[pesticide]]s, [[synthetic dye]]s, [[chlorophenol]]s, [[explosive]]s, [[crude oil]], and many others.<ref name=fungi>{{cite journal \|vauthors= Harms H, Schlosser D, Wick LY \|title= Untapped potential: exploiting fungi in bioremediation of hazardous chemicals \|journal= Nature Reviews. Microbiology \|volume= 9 \|issue= 3 \|pages= 177–92 \|date= March 2011 \|pmid= 21297669 \|doi= 10.1038/nrmicro2519\|s2cid= 24676340 }}</ref> While fungi can breakdown many of these contaminants [[intracellular]]ly, they also secrete numerous [[oxidative]] exoenzymes that work [[extracellular]]ly. One critical aspect of fungi in regards to bioremediation is that they secrete these oxidative exoenzymes from their ever elongating [[hyphal]] tips.<ref name=fungi/> [[Laccase]]s are an important oxidative enzyme that fungi secrete and use [[oxygen]] to [[oxidize]] many pollutants. Some of the pollutants that laccases have been used to treat include dye-containing [[effluent]]s from the textile industry, [[wastewater]] pollutants (chlorophenols, PAHs, etc.), and [[sulfur]]-containing compounds from [[coal]] processing.<ref name=fungi/> [[File:A simplified model for myosin V (MyoE) function at the hyphal tip in Aspergillus nidulans - journal.pone.0031218.g009A.png\|thumb\|Exocytic vesicles move along actin microfilaments toward the fungal hyphal tip where they release their contents including exoenzymes]] [[Bacteria]] are also a viable source of exoenzymes capable of facilitating the bioremediation of the environment. There are many examples of the use of bacteria for this purpose and their exoenzymes encompass many different classes of bacterial enzymes. Of particular interest in this field are bacterial [[hydrolase]]s as they have an [[Intensive and extensive properties\|intrinsic]] low [[substrate (chemistry)\|substrate]] specificity and can be used for numerous pollutants including solid wastes.<ref name=bacteria>{{cite journal \|last=Gianfreda\|first=Liliana\|author2=Rao, Maria A\|title=Potential of extra cellular enzymes in remediation of polluted soils: a review\|journal=Enzyme and Microbial Technology\|date=September 2004\|volume=35\|issue=4\|pages=339–354\|doi=10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.05.006}}</ref> [[Plastic]] wastes including [[polyurethane]]s are particularly hard to degrade, but an exoenzyme has been identified in a [[Gram-negative]] bacterium, ''Comamonas acidovorans'', that was capable of degrading polyurethane waste in the environment.<ref name=bacteria/> Cell-free use of microbial exoenzymes as agents of bioremediation is also possible although their activity is often not as robust and introducing the enzymes into certain environments such as soil has been challenging.<ref name=bacteria/> In addition to terrestrial based microorganisms, marine based bacteria and their exoenzymes show potential as [[candidate]]s in the field of bioremediation. Marine based bacteria have been utilized in the removal of [[heavy metals]], petroleum/[[diesel fuel\|diesel]] degradation and in the removal of polyaromatic hydrocarbons among others.<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors= Dash HR, Mangwani N, Chakraborty J, Kumari S, Das S \|title= Marine bacteria: potential candidates for enhanced bioremediation \|journal= Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology \|volume= 97 \|issue= 2 \|pages= 561–71 \|date= Jan 2013 \|pmid= 23212672 \|doi= 10.1007/s00253-012-4584-0\|s2cid= 253773148 }}</ref> {{Clear}} ==References== {{Reflist\|33em}} [[Category:Enzymes]]	1,300,053,726	[]	false
# Clarence Lushbaugh Clarence Chancelum Lushbaugh Jr. (March 15, 1916 – October 13, 2000) was an American physician and pathologist. He was considered an expert in radiological accidents and injuries, as well as a pioneer in radiation safety research, and he is known for his controversial research involving human subjects. Lushbaugh started his career in 1939 as a professor in the Department of Pathology at the University of Chicago, while he was working towards his Ph.D. His early medical research was directed by the onset of World War II, and resulted in the discovery of the chemotherapeutic potential of compounds being tested as chemical weapons. After completing his medical degree from the school in 1948, he joined the Los Alamos National Laboratory as a pathologist, and began to develop expertise applying the science to victims of radiological accidents. What became known as the Los Alamos Human Tissue Analysis Program began in 1958 after Lushbaugh performed an autopsy on the body of Cecil Kelley, who died of radiation-induced heart failure following a criticality accident at Los Alamos. Lushbaugh identified an opportunity to analyze Kelley's remains to confirm or improve Los Alamos safety procedures concerning radiation exposure. To this end, Lushbaugh extracted some of the irradiated organs and tissues from Kelley for analysis, eventuating the development of safer radiation exposure limits. Lushbaugh had taken these organs and tissues from Kelley without permission from Kelley's nearest of kin. The propriety of the removal of Kelley's organs was eventually called into question, and his daughter filed a successful lawsuit against Lushbaugh and Los Alamos in 1996. Lushbaugh's career continued at the Medical and Health Sciences Division of Oak Ridge Associated Universities, where he was brought on to lead several scientific endeavors, most notably the Total Body Irradiation Program, an experimental program designed to determine the limits at which exposure to radiation would begin to cause radiation sickness. Though the goals of the program were to improve radiation safety protocols, they became controversial because the test subjects did not know they were being subjected to the radiation, which was administered in specialized chambers disguised as waiting rooms. Lushbaugh became Chairman of the Division and helped found the Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site (REAC/TS), an organization that serves as a major emergency response consultant for the Department of Energy. ## Early life and education Clarence Chancelum Lushbaugh Jr. was born on March 15, 1916, in Covington, Kentucky. His father, Clarence Lushbaugh Sr., was a railroad freight worker who died after contracting the Spanish flu in 1918. Lushbaugh attended Walnut Hills High School in Cincinnati, Ohio, near where he grew up. As a child, he was an excellent student, and was elected class president during his senior year, beating out fellow student and future colleague Eugene Saenger. He was also an avid participant in the Boy Scouts of America. He enrolled at the University of Cincinnati, where he studied for three years before moving in 1937 to the University of Chicago, finishing his bachelor's degree in anatomy in 1938. ## Academic career After graduation, he was given a fellowship at the University of Chicago medical school, though at the time was undecided regarding the pursuit of a medical degree. He instead pursued a Ph.D. in experimental pathology, and as a fellow also worked as an instructor and assistant professor in the Department of Pathology. During the course of his graduate studies at the University of Chicago medical school, he worked closely with Paul Steiner, a professor in the Department of Pathology. The two published the results of a study in which they describe the condition of amniotic fluid embolism based on a case study of eight autopsies of pregnant women who died suddenly during childbirth. Though the complication was originally described in 1926 by J. R. Meyer at the University of São Paulo, Lushbaugh and Steiner's 1941 report was considered a landmark publication that enabled widespread recognition of the diagnosis within the medical community. It was eventually republished as such in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Lushbaugh completed his doctoral program in 1942. His thesis, titled The Effect of Alcoholic Intoxication Upon Acquired Resistance to Pneumococcal Infection in Rabbits, was published the following year in the Journal of Immunology. Following this, he joined the faculty of the university as a pathologist and pathology professor. During World War II, his research efforts were structured by the war effort, and he worked within the university's toxicology laboratory, researching nerve agents for use as chemical weapons in the war effort, research which employed various animals as test subjects. With his advisor Franklin C. McLean, he explored the use of nitrogen mustards for this purpose, later determining that their lymphotoxic properties had potential chemotherapeutic applications. He received credit on a study that explored these applications with human test subjects. As a fellow of pathology, Lushbaugh was afforded his own laboratory at the university, though his zeal for his research projects at times proved enough to outspend his resources. Former research assistant John B. Storer recalled: I worked part-time in Lush's laboratory while I was in medical school and returned full-time as a Fellow after my internship. We worked vigorously and with great enthusiasm on a variety of research projects. In fact, our enthusiasm was so great that one day the department chairman discovered that we had taken over all the department's animal rooms except one and had also occupied an animal room that belonged to the Department of Surgery. We rapidly retrenched. Lushbaugh returned to his studies and finished his M.D. in 1948, having come to the conclusion his lack of formal medical education would negatively impact his ability to conduct clinical research. ## Los Alamos National Laboratory Lushbaugh left the University of Chicago in 1949 to join the Medical Center of the Los Alamos National Laboratory as a pathologist. The job had been offered to him by Franklin McLean, and involved both research work in Los Alamos Biomedical Research Group, as well as clinical work at the Los Alamos Medical Center. Pursuant to this clinical requirement, he applied and took the exam for a medical license in New Mexico. He passed the American Medical Association's scientific examination, and, though he had completed no formal residency, he was given credit for part of his tenure at the University of Chicago as medical practice and received a medical license. During his stay in Los Alamos, he served from 1950 to 1958 as the Assistant District Health Officer for Los Alamos County. ### Los Alamos Human Tissue Analysis Program On December 30, 1958, at the Los Alamos laboratory, 38-year-old chemical operator Cecil Kelley was involved in a criticality accident in which he absorbed 36 gray of ionizing radiation from a mixing tank containing highly concentrated plutonium-239. He died 35 hours after this exposure from heart failure caused by the radiation he absorbed. After his death, his body was sent to Lushbaugh at the Los Alamos Medical Center for autopsy. Lushbaugh had worked with radiological injuries in the past, but Kelley's autopsy presented an opportunity that none before it had. Previously, safety assessments regarding radiation exposure had been reached based on predictive interpretations of urine tests. As an employee of Los Alamos directly involved in the handling of radioactive materials, Kelley had given urine samples before he died, and now with his autopsy and the circumstances that preceded it, Lushbaugh identified a unique opportunity to confirm the validity of those tests and associated exposure limits, as well as ascertain the distribution of plutonium throughout the organs and skeleton. Though it was considered acceptable to take samples during an autopsy to confirm diagnoses or cause of death, Lushbaugh proceeded during the Kelley autopsy to remove more than eight pounds (3.6 kg) of organs from the body, including the brain and spinal cord, which he placed into empty glass mayonnaise jars for transport back to the biomedical lab. The results of the examination of Kelley's tissue proved to be fruitful; while the urine tests were found to be accurate in their prediction of whole-body plutonium content, analysis of the organs found that the conventional models of where in the body the element would settle and accumulate were inaccurate. High concentrations of plutonium were found in Kelley's lungs and lymph nodes, and less in his liver and bone marrow. So significant were these findings that Lushbaugh sent the samples from Kelley's body to other labs around the country so that they could independently verify the findings. He also made this type of tissue removal part of the standard procedure for autopsies at Los Alamos, for both employees and non-employees, the latter of whom would act as a control group. This decision marked the beginning of the Los Alamos Human Tissue Analysis Program. To this end, when the next-of-kin was asked to authorize an autopsy at Los Alamos, a provision was included in the form to allow, at the discretion of the examining physician, the removal of tissues and other specimens for research purposes. The explicit intention to use these tissues in the experimental program, however, was not revealed to those who signed the authorization. Additionally, most deaths that did not occur within the Los Alamos Medical Center fell under the authority of the coroner, who would be able to authorize the tissue removal without any involvement or awareness from the next-of-kin. In his capacity as the Assistant District Health Officer for Los Alamos County, however, Lushbaugh was himself the de facto county coroner. The program would last until 1978 – the first twelve years operating entirely from the Los Alamos Medical Center under Lushbaugh's purview. In 1996, after discovering the fate of her father's remains through a series of information requests to Los Alamos, Katie Kelley Mareau, Cecil Kelley's daughter, initiated a class-action lawsuit against the Los Alamos Medical Center, the University of California (who ran the laboratory), and Lushbaugh individually. The Los Alamos Medical Center and the university settled five years later in 2001, but Lushbaugh neither settled nor conceded any wrongdoing. During a deposition, he was asked who gave him permission to extract the organs from Cecil Kelley's body. He replied, "God gave me permission". ### SL-1 reactor accident Throughout the 1950s during his career at Los Alamos, Lushbaugh had built a reputation as an expert on radiological pathology, specifically concerning the investigation of nuclear accidents. In this capacity, he was called in 1961 to the National Reactor Testing Station in Idaho Falls, Idaho, to aid in the investigation of the accident in the SL-1 experimental nuclear power reactor that had resulted in the deaths of its three operators. Because of the nature of the reactor accident, the bodies of all three men contained fragments of nuclear fuel from the reactor core and were thus extremely radioactive. Lushbaugh was called to perform the autopsy of the men, but because of the radioactivity of the remains, could not be in the same room as them to do so. In order to perform any significant degree of analysis, he and his team elected to remove the most radioactive parts of the bodies. To do this, he used a hacksaw blade that had been welded to a ten-foot (3.0 m) length of pipe, which he maneuvered from outside of the room. These pieces were sealed in steel drums and buried underground with concrete as radioactive waste in the desert near the reactor. ## Oak Ridge National Laboratory In 1963, shortly after his divorce from his first wife, Lushbaugh left the Los Alamos Laboratory to move to Oak Ridge, Tennessee, to join the Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies as the Chief Scientist of the Medical and Health Sciences Division. He would cite his divorce as part of the reason for the move, but the largest influence was the opportunity to continue his work with living subjects, whereas in Los Alamos he was limited to working with the deceased. ### Total Body Irradiation Program At Oak Ridge, Lushbaugh became involved in research at the behest of NASA and the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) designed to ascertain the point at which exposure to radiation would begin to cause acute radiation sickness. Starting in 1960 and continuing until 1974, around 89 patients who were admitted to the Medical and Health Sciences Division clinic for cancer treatment were directly exposed to high levels of ionizing radiation as human test subjects. Lushbaugh was brought on in 1964, along with hematologist Gould Andrews, to lead the project. The exposure was conducted in one of two custom-built radiation therapy chambers: the Medium-Exposure-Rate Total-Body Irradiator (METBI), which was originally designed for administering spray irradiation treatment for rare blood cancers, and the Low-Exposure-Rate Total-Body Irradiator (LETBI), which was custom-built for this project and administered lower doses over a longer period of time, and was also disguised to look like a normal waiting room. All of these procedures were performed under the guise of cancer treatment, which the patients had been referred to the clinic for, and the nature of the experiment was not divulged to them or their family members. After the conclusion of the experiments, an AEC review board questioned their propriety, empirical value, and actual benefit to the patients who unwittingly participated in the program. In a later interview Lushbaugh would propose several instances of positive outcomes from individuals in the programs, and a colleague said that the procedures under the purview of his experiments were still customized to the specific condition of each patient. He also later stated that he was not directly responsible for selecting which patients referred to the clinic would be placed in the experiment, though it was attested by several others that he was among the senior staff that formed the committee which made such decisions. The controversy did not hinder his activities, however, as in the year following the conclusion of the study, he would be promoted and would continue his research into radiation exposure. Of the controversy, he quipped, "Only God can retire me". ### Chairmanship and REAC/TS In 1975, Lushbaugh became the Chairman of the Medical and Health Sciences Division and was also promoted to Chief of Radiation Medicine. He was involved around this time in the establishment of the Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site, a facility at Oak Ridge that oversaw emergency care and treatment of patients following radiation exposure accidents. He served as its first director from 1976 to 1977. The facility became a major resource for education and emergency response coordination concerning radiological accidents, and is a key consulting body for the National Nuclear Security Administration, part of the Department of Energy. Lushbaugh left Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1984. ## Other activities Lushbaugh was a prolific researcher, and throughout his career his name appeared on over 150 scientific publications. From 1961 to 1971, he was an associate editor for Radiation Research, an academic journal of the Radiation Research Society. Additionally, he was a founding member of and served on the Plutonium Registry Advisory Committee from 1968 to 1982. Lushbaugh returned to academia in 1980, joining the faculty of the School of Public Health at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill as an adjunct professor of epidemiology. During the Chernobyl reactor accident in 1986, he was one of several radiation experts whose counsel was requested by the United States government. He traveled to the Soviet Union during this time to provide such counsel to American embassies and personnel in the region, and was reportedly impressed at the efficiency of the Soviet response to the incident. ## Personal life Lushbaugh, known to those around him by his preferred nickname "Lush", had, despite his short and balding appearance, an imposing and combative presence, and a pointed sense of humor. He would jokingly describe himself as a "cantankerous bastard", and his nameplate from his desk at Oak Ridge National Laboratory read "HSOBIC" – Head Son-of-a-Bitch In Charge. At the same time, colleagues positively recall working with him, with some of the technicians who worked under him at Los Alamos noting his willingness to take their ideas and proposals into consideration, and to share credit with them on publications. Lushbaugh's first marriage to Mary Helen Chisolm in 1942 produced three children – William, who was a professor at the University of Mississippi, and Bob and Nancy, both of whom worked at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Lushbaugh and Chisolm divorced in 1963. His second marriage was to Dorothy Bess Hale in 1963 in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Dorothy was a research assistant at Los Alamos during his tenure there. They remained married until his death; she died on December 10, 2000. Lushbaugh died on Friday, October 13, 2000, from complications related to Alzheimer's disease.	enwiki/67632077	enwiki	67,632,077	Clarence Lushbaugh	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Lushbaugh	2025-07-17T19:16:22Z	en	Q1095477	135,629	{{Short description\|American physician and pathologist}} {{good article}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox scientist \| name = Clarence Lushbaugh \| image = Clarence Lushbaugh.jpg \| birth_name = Clarence Chancelum Lushbaugh, Jr. \| birth_date = {{Birth date\|mf=y\|1916\|3\|15}} \| birth_place = [[Covington, Kentucky]], US \| death_date = {{Death date and age\|mf=y\|2000\|10\|13\|1916\|3\|15}} \| death_place = [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee]], US \| fields = Pathology, radiology \| workplaces = University of Chicago [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] [[Oak Ridge Associated Universities]] \| alma_mater = [[University of Chicago]] \| thesis_title = The Effect of Alcoholic Intoxication Upon Acquired Resistance to Pneumococcal Infection in Rabbits \| academic_advisors = [[Franklin C. McLean]] \| spouse = Mary Helen Chisolm <small>(1942–1963)</small> Dorothy Bess Hale <small>(1963–2000, his death)</small> \| children = 3 }} '''Clarence Chancelum Lushbaugh Jr.''' (March 15, 1916 – October 13, 2000) was an American physician and [[Pathology\|pathologist]]. He was considered an expert in radiological accidents and injuries,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal\|last=Storer\|first=John B.\|date=March 2001\|title=IN MEMORIAM Clarence C. Lushbaugh (1916–2000)\|url=https://hps.org/aboutthesociety/people/inmemoriam/lushbaugh.html\|journal=Radiation Research\|language=en\|volume=155\|issue=3\|pages=511–513\|doi=10.1667/0033-7587(2001)155[0511:IMCCL]2.0.CO;2\|bibcode=2001RadR..155..511S\|s2cid=85718566 \|issn=0033-7587\|url-access=subscription}}</ref> as well as a pioneer in radiation safety research, and he is known for his controversial research involving [[Human subject research\|human subjects]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc672291/\|title=Human radiation studies: Remembering the early years: Oral history of pathologist Clarence Lushbaugh, M.D., conducted October 5, 1994\|publisher=[[United States Department of Energy]]\|year=1995}}</ref> Lushbaugh started his career in 1939 as a professor in the Department of Pathology at the [[University of Chicago]], while he was working towards his Ph.D. His early medical research was directed by the onset of [[World War II]], and resulted in the discovery of the [[chemotherapy\|chemotherapeutic]] potential of compounds being tested as [[chemical weapon]]s. After completing his [[medical degree]] from the school in 1948, he joined the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] as a pathologist, and began to develop expertise applying the science to victims of radiological accidents. What became known as the Los Alamos Human Tissue Analysis Program began in 1958 after Lushbaugh performed an autopsy on the body of [[Cecil Kelley criticality accident\|Cecil Kelley]], who died of radiation-induced [[heart failure]] following a [[criticality accident]] at Los Alamos. Lushbaugh identified an opportunity to analyze Kelley's remains to confirm or improve Los Alamos safety procedures concerning radiation exposure. To this end, Lushbaugh extracted some of the irradiated organs and tissues from Kelley for analysis, eventuating the development of safer radiation exposure limits. Lushbaugh had taken these organs and tissues from Kelley without permission from Kelley's nearest of kin. The propriety of the removal of Kelley's organs was eventually called into question, and his daughter filed a successful lawsuit against Lushbaugh and Los Alamos in 1996. Lushbaugh's career continued at the Medical and Health Sciences Division of [[Oak Ridge Associated Universities]], where he was brought on to lead several scientific endeavors, most notably the Total Body Irradiation Program, an experimental program designed to determine the limits at which exposure to radiation would begin to cause radiation sickness. Though the goals of the program were to improve radiation safety protocols, they became controversial because the test subjects did not know they were being subjected to the radiation, which was administered in specialized chambers disguised as waiting rooms. Lushbaugh became Chairman of the Division and helped found the Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site (REAC/TS), an organization that serves as a major emergency response consultant for the [[United States Department of Energy\|Department of Energy]]. == Early life and education == Clarence Chancelum Lushbaugh Jr.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/annualannounceme98unse/mode/2up\|title=Announcements: The University of Chicago Medical Schools for the Fiftieth Anniversary\|publisher=University of Chicago Press\|year=1940\|location=Chicago, Illinois\|page=44}}</ref> was born on March 15, 1916, in [[Covington, Kentucky]]. His father, Clarence Lushbaugh Sr., was a railroad freight worker who died after contracting the [[Spanish flu]] in 1918.<ref name=":0" /> Lushbaugh attended [[Walnut Hills High School]] in Cincinnati, Ohio, near where he grew up.<ref name=":1" /> As a child, he was an excellent student, and was elected class president during his senior year, beating out fellow student and future colleague [[Eugene Saenger]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> He was also an avid participant in the [[Boy Scouts of America]].<ref name=":0" /> He enrolled at the [[University of Cincinnati]], where he studied for three years before moving in 1937 to the [[University of Chicago]], finishing his bachelor's degree in anatomy in 1938.<ref name=":1" /> == Academic career == After graduation, he was given a [[fellow]]ship at the University of Chicago medical school,<ref name=":3" /> though at the time was undecided regarding the pursuit of a medical degree.<ref name=":1" /> He instead pursued a Ph.D. in [[experimental pathology]], and as a fellow also worked as an instructor and assistant professor in the Department of Pathology.<ref name=":3" /> During the course of his graduate studies at the University of Chicago medical school, he worked closely with Paul Steiner, a professor in the Department of Pathology.<ref name=":1" /> The two published the results of a study in which they describe the condition of [[amniotic fluid embolism]] based on a case study of eight autopsies of pregnant women who died suddenly during childbirth.<ref name=":2" /> Though the complication was originally described in 1926 by J. R. Meyer at the [[University of São Paulo]], Lushbaugh and Steiner's 1941 report was considered a landmark publication that enabled widespread recognition of the diagnosis within the medical community.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Caeiro\|first1=Ana Filipa Cabrita\|last2=Ramilo\|first2=Irina Dulce Tapadinhas Matos\|last3=Santos\|first3=Ana Paula\|last4=Ferreira\|first4=Elizabeth\|last5=Batalha\|first5=Isabel Santos\|date=July 2017\|title=Amniotic Fluid Embolism. Is a New Pregnancy Possible? Case Report.\|journal=Brazilian Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics\|volume=39\|issue=7\|pages=369–372\|doi=10.1055/s-0037-1601428\|pmid=28464190\|pmc=10416167 \|doi-access=free}}</ref> It was eventually republished as such in the ''[[JAMA\|Journal of the American Medical Association]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal\|last1=Steiner\|first1=Paul E.\|last2=Lushbaugh\|first2=Clarence C.\|date=October 11, 1941\|title=Landmark article, Oct. 1941: Maternal pulmonary embolism by amniotic fluid as a cause of obstetric shock and unexpected deaths in obstetrics\|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association\|volume=255\|issue=16\|pages=2187–2303\|doi=10.1001/jama.255.16.2187\|pmid=3514978}}</ref> Lushbaugh completed his doctoral program in 1942.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Alumni Awards\|url=https://mbsaa.uchicago.edu/alumni-awards/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030100233/https://mbsaa.uchicago.edu/alumni-awards/\|archive-date=October 30, 2020\|access-date=May 10, 2021\|website=University of Chicago Medical and Biological Sciences Alumni Association\|language=en-US}}</ref> His thesis, titled ''The Effect of Alcoholic Intoxication Upon Acquired Resistance to Pneumococcal Infection in Rabbits'', was published the following year in the ''[[Journal of Immunology]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Lushbaugh\|first=Clarence\|date=March 1, 1943\|title=The Effect of Alcoholic Intoxication Upon Acquired Resistance to Pneumococcal Infection in Rabbits\|url=https://www.jimmunol.org/content/46/3/151\|journal=[[Journal of Immunology]]\|volume=43\|issue=3}}</ref> Following this, he joined the faculty of the university as a pathologist and pathology professor.<ref name=":1" /> During [[World War II]], his research efforts were structured by the war effort, and he worked within the university's [[toxicology]] laboratory, researching nerve agents for use as chemical weapons in the war effort, research which employed various animals as test subjects. With his advisor [[Franklin C. McLean]], he explored the use of [[nitrogen mustard]]s for this purpose, later determining that their lymphotoxic properties had potential [[Chemotherapy\|chemotherapeutic]] applications. He received credit on a study that explored these applications with human test subjects.<ref name=":1" /> As a fellow of pathology, Lushbaugh was afforded his own laboratory at the university, though his zeal for his research projects at times proved enough to outspend his resources. Former research assistant John B. Storer recalled:<ref name=":0" /> {{blockquote\|I worked part-time in Lush's laboratory while I was in medical school and returned full-time as a Fellow after my internship. We worked vigorously and with great enthusiasm on a variety of research projects. In fact, our enthusiasm was so great that one day the department chairman discovered that we had taken over all the department's animal rooms except one and had also occupied an animal room that belonged to the Department of Surgery. We rapidly retrenched.}} Lushbaugh returned to his studies and finished his M.D. in 1948, having come to the conclusion his lack of formal medical education would negatively impact his ability to conduct clinical research.<ref name=":0" /> == Los Alamos National Laboratory == Lushbaugh left the University of Chicago in 1949 to join the Medical Center of the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] as a pathologist.<ref name=":0" /> The job had been offered to him by Franklin McLean, and involved both research work in Los Alamos Biomedical Research Group, as well as clinical work at the Los Alamos Medical Center. Pursuant to this clinical requirement, he applied and took the exam for a [[medical license]] in New Mexico. He passed the [[American Medical Association]]'s scientific examination, and, though he had completed no formal [[Residency (medicine)\|residency]], he was given credit for part of his tenure at the University of Chicago as medical practice and received a medical license.<ref name=":1" /> During his stay in Los Alamos, he served from 1950 to 1958 as the Assistant District Health Officer for [[Los Alamos County, New Mexico\|Los Alamos County]].<ref name=":1" /> === Los Alamos Human Tissue Analysis Program === On December 30, 1958, at the Los Alamos laboratory, 38-year-old chemical operator [[Cecil Kelley criticality accident\|Cecil Kelley]] was involved in a [[criticality accident]] in which he absorbed 36 [[Gray (unit)\|gray]] of ionizing radiation from a mixing tank containing highly concentrated [[plutonium-239]]. He died 35 hours after this exposure from heart failure caused by the radiation he absorbed.<ref name=CecilKellyJournal>{{cite journal\|title=The Cecil Kelley Criticality Accident: The Origin of the Los Alamos Human Tissue Analysis Program\|journal=Los Alamos Science\|volume=23\|year=1995\|pages=250–251\|url=http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?23-13.pdf}}</ref> After his death, his body was sent to Lushbaugh at the Los Alamos Medical Center for autopsy. Lushbaugh had worked with radiological injuries in the past, but Kelley's autopsy presented an opportunity that none before it had. Previously, safety assessments regarding radiation exposure had been reached based on predictive interpretations of [[Clinical urine tests\|urine tests]]. As an employee of Los Alamos directly involved in the handling of radioactive materials, Kelley had given urine samples before he died, and now with his autopsy and the circumstances that preceded it, Lushbaugh identified a unique opportunity to confirm the validity of those tests and associated exposure limits, as well as ascertain the distribution of plutonium throughout the organs and skeleton.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal\|date=1995\|title=A True Measure of Exposure\|url=https://www.osti.gov/opennet/servlets/purl/16369850.pdf\|journal=Los Alamos Science\|volume=23\|pages=236–240}}</ref> Though it was considered acceptable to take samples during an autopsy to confirm diagnoses or cause of death, Lushbaugh proceeded during the Kelley autopsy to remove more than {{convert\|8\|lb\|kg\|spell=in}} of organs from the body, including the brain and spinal cord, which he placed into empty glass mayonnaise jars for transport back to the biomedical lab.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book\|last=Tucker\|first=Todd\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dnes_zv-eF0C&pg=PA164\|title=Atomic America: How a Deadly Explosion and a Feared Admiral Changed the Course of Nuclear History\|publisher=Simon and Schuster\|year=2009\|isbn=978-1439158289\|page=164}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book\|last=Welsome\|first=Eileen\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eg5svv9-ijkC&pg=PT603\|title=The Plutonium Files: America's Secret Medical Experiments in the Cold War\|publisher=Random House\|year=2010\|isbn=978-0307767332\|page=603}}</ref> The results of the examination of Kelley's tissue proved to be fruitful; while the urine tests were found to be accurate in their prediction of whole-body plutonium content, analysis of the organs found that the conventional models of where in the body the element would settle and accumulate were inaccurate. High concentrations of plutonium were found in Kelley's lungs and lymph nodes, and less in his liver and bone marrow.<ref name=":4" /> So significant were these findings that Lushbaugh sent the samples from Kelley's body to other labs around the country so that they could independently verify the findings.<ref name=":5" /> He also made this type of tissue removal part of the standard procedure for autopsies at Los Alamos, for both employees and non-employees, the latter of whom would act as a [[Treatment and control groups\|control group]]. This decision marked the beginning of the Los Alamos Human Tissue Analysis Program.<ref name="CecilKellyJournal" /> To this end, when the next-of-kin was asked to authorize an autopsy at Los Alamos, a provision was included in the form to allow, at the discretion of the examining physician, the removal of tissues and other specimens for research purposes. The explicit intention to use these tissues in the experimental program, however, was not revealed to those who signed the authorization. Additionally, most deaths that did not occur within the Los Alamos Medical Center fell under the authority of the coroner, who would be able to authorize the tissue removal without any involvement or awareness from the next-of-kin.<ref name=":4" /> In his capacity as the Assistant District Health Officer for Los Alamos County, however, Lushbaugh was himself the ''de facto'' county coroner.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book\|last=Welsome\|first=Eileen\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eg5svv9-ijkC&pg=PT486\|title=The Plutonium Files: America's Secret Medical Experiments in the Cold War\|publisher=Random House\|year=2010\|isbn=978-0307767332\|pages=485–486}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal\|last=Rosenberg\|first=Howard L.\|date=September 1981\|title=Informed Consent\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aeYDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA31\|journal=Mother Jones Magazine\|volume=6\|issue=8\|pages=31–37, 44\|pmid=11652699\|issn=0362-8841}}</ref> The program would last until 1978 – the first twelve years operating entirely from the Los Alamos Medical Center under Lushbaugh's purview.<ref name=":4" /> In 1996, after discovering the fate of her father's remains through a series of information requests to Los Alamos, Katie Kelley Mareau, Cecil Kelley's daughter, initiated a [[class-action lawsuit]] against the Los Alamos Medical Center, the University of California (who ran the laboratory), and Lushbaugh individually. The Los Alamos Medical Center and the university settled five years later in 2001, but Lushbaugh neither settled nor conceded any wrongdoing. During a deposition, he was asked who gave him permission to extract the organs from Cecil Kelley's body. He replied, "God gave me permission".<ref name=":8" /> === SL-1 reactor accident === Throughout the 1950s during his career at Los Alamos, Lushbaugh had built a reputation as an expert on radiological pathology, specifically concerning the investigation of nuclear accidents. In this capacity, he was called in 1961 to the [[National Reactor Testing Station]] in [[Idaho Falls, Idaho]], to aid in the investigation of the [[Nuclear accident\|accident]] in the [[SL-1]] experimental nuclear power reactor that had resulted in the deaths of its three operators.<ref name=":1" /> Because of the nature of the reactor accident, the bodies of all three men contained fragments of nuclear fuel from the reactor core and were thus extremely radioactive. Lushbaugh was called to perform the autopsy of the men, but because of the radioactivity of the remains, could not be in the same room as them to do so. In order to perform any significant degree of analysis, he and his team elected to remove the most radioactive parts of the bodies. To do this, he used a hacksaw blade that had been welded to a {{convert\|10\|ft\|m\|adj=on\|spell=in}} length of pipe, which he maneuvered from outside of the room. These pieces were sealed in steel drums and buried underground with concrete as [[radioactive waste]] in the desert near the reactor.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Tucker\|first=Todd\|title=Atomic America: How a Deadly Explosion and a Feared Admiral Changed the Course of Nuclear History\|publisher=Simon and Schuster\|year=2009\|isbn=978-1439158289\|pages=169–170}}</ref> == Oak Ridge National Laboratory == In 1963, shortly after his divorce from his first wife, Lushbaugh left the Los Alamos Laboratory to move to Oak Ridge, Tennessee, to join the [[Oak Ridge Associated Universities\|Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies]] as the Chief Scientist of the Medical and Health Sciences Division. He would cite his divorce as part of the reason for the move, but the largest influence was the opportunity to continue his work with living subjects, whereas in Los Alamos he was limited to working with the deceased.<ref name=":6" /> === Total Body Irradiation Program === At Oak Ridge, Lushbaugh became involved in research at the behest of [[NASA]] and the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission\|Atomic Energy Commission]] (AEC) designed to ascertain the point at which exposure to radiation would begin to cause [[Acute radiation syndrome\|acute radiation sickness]]. Starting in 1960 and continuing until 1974, around 89 patients who were admitted to the Medical and Health Sciences Division clinic for cancer treatment were directly exposed to high levels of ionizing radiation as human test subjects. Lushbaugh was brought on in 1964, along with hematologist Gould Andrews, to lead the project.<ref name=":7" /> The exposure was conducted in one of two custom-built [[radiation therapy]] chambers: the Medium-Exposure-Rate Total-Body Irradiator (METBI), which was originally designed for administering spray irradiation treatment for rare blood cancers, and the Low-Exposure-Rate Total-Body Irradiator (LETBI), which was custom-built for this project and administered lower doses over a longer period of time, and was also disguised to look like a normal waiting room. All of these procedures were performed under the guise of cancer treatment, which the patients had been referred to the clinic for, and the nature of the experiment was not divulged to them or their family members.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /> After the conclusion of the experiments, an AEC review board questioned their propriety, empirical value, and actual benefit to the patients who unwittingly participated in the program.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /> In a later interview Lushbaugh would propose several instances of positive outcomes from individuals in the programs, and a colleague said that the procedures under the purview of his experiments were still customized to the specific condition of each patient.<ref name=":1" /> He also later stated that he was not directly responsible for selecting which patients referred to the clinic would be placed in the experiment, though it was attested by several others that he was among the senior staff that formed the committee which made such decisions. The controversy did not hinder his activities, however, as in the year following the conclusion of the study, he would be promoted and would continue his research into radiation exposure. Of the controversy, he quipped, "Only God can retire me".<ref name=":7" /> === Chairmanship and REAC/TS === In 1975, Lushbaugh became the Chairman of the Medical and Health Sciences Division and was also promoted to Chief of Radiation Medicine.<ref name=":1" /> He was involved around this time in the establishment of the Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site, a facility at Oak Ridge that oversaw emergency care and treatment of patients following radiation exposure accidents. He served as its first director from 1976 to 1977.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Smith\|first=D. Ray\|date=October 25, 2016\|title=Historically Speaking: REAC/TS — 40 years of excellence in radiation emergency medicine\|url=https://www.oakridger.com/opinion/20161025/historically-speaking-reacts---40-years-of-excellence-in-radiation-emergency-medicine\|url-status=live\|access-date=May 15, 2021\|website=[[The Oak Ridger]]\|language=en\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027151358/http://www.oakridger.com/opinion/20161025/historically-speaking-reacts---40-years-of-excellence-in-radiation-emergency-medicine \|archive-date=October 27, 2016 }}</ref> The facility became a major resource for education and emergency response coordination concerning radiological accidents, and is a key consulting body for the [[National Nuclear Security Administration]], part of the [[United States Department of Energy\|Department of Energy]].<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site (REAC/TS)\|url=https://orise.orau.gov/reacts/index.html\|access-date=2021-08-16\|website=Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education\|language=en}}</ref> Lushbaugh left Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1984.<ref name=":1" /> == Other activities == Lushbaugh was a prolific researcher, and throughout his career his name appeared on over 150 scientific publications.<ref name=":0" /> From 1961 to 1971, he was an associate editor for ''[[Radiation Research]]'', an academic journal of the Radiation Research Society.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Former Associate Editors\|url=https://www.radres.org/page/EditorsFormer\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807053022/https://www.radres.org/page/EditorsFormer\|archive-date=August 7, 2020\|access-date=May 14, 2021\|website=Radiation Research Society}}</ref> Additionally, he was a founding member of and served on the Plutonium Registry Advisory Committee from 1968 to 1982.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=SAC History {{!}} U.S. Transuranium and Uranium Registries\|url=https://ustur.wsu.edu/sac/sac-history/\|url-status=live\|access-date=May 14, 2021\|website=[[Washington State University]]\|language=en-US\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514231214/https://ustur.wsu.edu/sac/sac-history/ \|archive-date=May 14, 2021 }}</ref> Lushbaugh returned to academia in 1980, joining the faculty of the [[UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health\|School of Public Health]] at the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] as an adjunct professor of epidemiology.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> During the [[Chernobyl disaster\|Chernobyl reactor accident]] in 1986, he was one of several radiation experts whose counsel was requested by the United States government. He traveled to the Soviet Union during this time to provide such counsel to American embassies and personnel in the region, and was reportedly impressed at the efficiency of the Soviet response to the incident.<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Thompson\|first=Larry\|date=November 25, 1986\|title=In Case of Nuclear Accident. . .\|language=en-US\|newspaper=Washington Post\|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/wellness/1986/11/25/in-case-of-nuclear-accident/af2e05aa-d460-48c8-8887-14e046b309f4/\|access-date=May 15, 2021\|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> == Personal life == Lushbaugh, known to those around him by his preferred nickname "Lush",<ref name=":0" /> had, despite his short and balding appearance, an imposing and combative presence, and a pointed sense of humor.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web\|last=Munger\|first=Frank\|date=December 27, 2009\|title=One of my favorite nuke stories\|url=http://knoxblogs.com/atomiccity/2009/12/26/one_of_my_favorite_nuke_storie/\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515180631/http://knoxblogs.com/atomiccity/2009/12/26/one_of_my_favorite_nuke_storie/\|archive-date=May 15, 2021\|access-date=May 14, 2021\|website=Atomic City Underground\|language=en-US}}</ref> He would jokingly describe himself as a "cantankerous bastard",<ref name=":6" /> and his nameplate from his desk at Oak Ridge National Laboratory read "HSOBIC" – ''Head Son-of-a-Bitch In Charge''.<ref name=":7" /> At the same time, colleagues positively recall working with him, with some of the technicians who worked under him at Los Alamos noting his willingness to take their ideas and proposals into consideration, and to share credit with them on publications.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book\|url=https://ehss.energy.gov/ohre/roadmap/histories/0469/0469toc.html\|title=Human Radiation Studies: Remembering the Early Years: Oral History of Julie Langham Grilly\|publisher=[[United States Department of Energy]]\|year=1995}}</ref> Lushbaugh's first marriage to Mary Helen Chisolm in 1942 produced three children – William, who was a professor at the University of Mississippi, and Bob and Nancy, both of whom worked at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.<ref name=":1" /> Lushbaugh and Chisolm divorced in 1963.<ref name=":6" /> His second marriage was to Dorothy Bess Hale in 1963 in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Dorothy was a research assistant at Los Alamos during his tenure there.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web\|date=December 13, 2000\|title=Albuquerque Journal Obituaries\|url=http://obits.abqjournal.com/obits/show/121703\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516035711/http://obits.abqjournal.com/obits/show/121703\|archive-date=May 16, 2021\|access-date=May 14, 2021\|website=Albuquerque Journal}}</ref> They remained married until his death; she died on December 10, 2000.<ref name=":0" /> Lushbaugh died on Friday, October 13, 2000, from complications related to [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref name=":0" /> == References == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lushbaugh, Clarence}} [[Category:1916 births]] [[Category:2000 deaths]] [[Category:American pathologists]] [[Category:University of Chicago faculty]] [[Category:American radiologists]] [[Category:Radiation health effects researchers]] [[Category:Human subject research in the United States]] [[Category:Los Alamos National Laboratory personnel]] [[Category:Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies faculty]] [[Category:People from Covington, Kentucky]] [[Category:University of Chicago alumni]] [[Category:Neurological disease deaths in Tennessee]] [[Category:Deaths from Alzheimer's disease in Tennessee]] [[Category:Physicians from Kentucky]] [[Category:20th-century American physicians]] [[Category:Walnut Hills High School alumni]]	1,301,036,029	[{"title": "Clarence Lushbaugh", "data": {"Born": "Clarence Chancelum Lushbaugh, Jr. \u00b7 March 15, 1916 \u00b7 Covington, Kentucky, US", "Died": "October 13, 2000 (aged 84) \u00b7 Oak Ridge, Tennessee, US", "Alma mater": "University of Chicago", "Spouse": "Mary Helen Chisolm (1942\u20131963) Dorothy Bess Hale (1963\u20132000, his death)", "Children": "3", "Fields": "Pathology, radiology", "Institutions": "University of Chicago Los Alamos National Laboratory Oak Ridge Associated Universities", "Thesis": "The Effect of Alcoholic Intoxication Upon Acquired Resistance to Pneumococcal Infection in Rabbits", "Academic advisors": "Franklin C. McLean"}}]	false
# India–Maldives relations India and Maldives are neighbours sharing a maritime border. India continues to contribute to maintaining security as well as providing financial aid on the island nation. However, tensions have increased as President of the Maldives Mohamed Muizzu has imposed an "India-Out" campaign and the country is deepening ties with China. Along with this, recent incidents of ministers of the Maldives insulting the islands of Lakshadweep and the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, have heightened tensions. It represents India's second-largest ongoing plantation infrastructure endeavor, following the $500 million Greater Malé Project. The Greater Malé Project aims to link the capital with three adjacent highlands through a 6.74-kilometer-long sea bridge. Both India and the Maldives are republics in the Commonwealth of Nations. India has a High Commission in Malé, and the Maldives has a High Commission in New Delhi. In July 2025, India and the Maldives revitalised ties with a USD 565 million line of credit from India to support Maldivian infrastructure projects. The two sides also agreed to reduce the Maldives’ annual debt repayment to India by 40% and signed six cooperation pacts in areas including fisheries, digital infrastructure, and health. Talks between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Mohamed Muizzu marked a thaw in relations following earlier tensions, with both leaders committing to stronger economic and defence cooperation. Key developments included progress on a free trade agreement, promotion of digital payment systems like UPI, and the inauguration of India-assisted projects. The renewed partnership was positioned as crucial for regional peace and Indian Ocean stability. ## History Maldives is located south of India's Lakshadweep Islands in the Indian Ocean. Both nations established diplomatic relations after the independence of Maldives from British rule in 1965. India was one of the first nations to recognise Maldives' independence. Since then, India and Maldives have developed close strategic, military, economic and cultural relations. India has supported Maldives' policy of keeping regional issues and struggles away from itself, and the latter has seen friendship with India as a source of aid as well as a counterbalance to Sri Lanka, which is in proximity to the island nation and its largest trading partner. ## Bilateral treaties and strategic partnership ### 1976 Maritime treaty In December 1976, India and the Maldives signed a maritime boundary treaty to agree on maritime boundaries. Treaty explicitly places Minicoy on the Indian side of the boundary. India and Maldives officially and amicably decided their maritime boundary in 1976. A minor diplomatic incident occurred in 1982 when President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom's brother, Abdulla Hameed gave a speech that India mistook as a claim that the neighboring Minicoy Island that belonged to India were a part of Maldives; Maldives rapidly officially denied that it was laying claim to the island and explained that President Maumoon's brother had in fact been talking about the cultural connections between Maldives and Minicoy. ### 1981 Comprehensive trade agreement In 1981, India and Maldives signed a comprehensive trade agreement. Both nations are founding members of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), the South Asian Economic Union and signatories to the South Asia Free Trade Agreement. Indian and Maldivian leaders have maintained high-level contacts and consultations on regional issues. ### Commercial relations Since the success of Operation Cactus, the relations between India and Maldives have expanded significantly. India has provided extensive economic aid and has participated in bilateral programmes for the development of infrastructure, health, telecommunications and labour resources. It established the Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital in Malé, the capital of Maldives, expanded telecommunications and air links and increased scholarships for Maldivian students. While India's exports to Maldives during 2006 were worth ₹384 crore, imports were worth less than ₹6 crore. The State Bank of India has contributed more than US$500 million to aid the economic expansion of Maldives. India and Maldives have announced plans to jointly work to expand fisheries and tuna processing. \| Year \| India's Exports \| India's Imports \| Total Trade \| India's Balance of Trade \| \| ------------------ \| --------------- \| --------------- \| ----------- \| ------------------------ \| \| 2015 \| 225.82 \| 3.00 \| 228.82 \| 222.81 \| \| 2016 \| 274.55 \| 1.55 \| 276.10 \| 273.00 \| \| 2017 \| 282.04 \| 4.12 \| 286.16 \| 277.93 \| \| 2018 \| 286.13 \| 3.01 \| 289.14 \| 283.12 \| \| 2019 \| 290.27 \| 3.42 \| 293.69 \| 286.85 \| \| 2020 \| 242.82 \| 3.33 \| 246.15 \| 239.49 \| \| 2021 \| 317.35 \| 5.94 \| 323.29 \| 311.41 \| \| 2022 (Jan – April) \| 131.33 \| 2.78 \| 134.11 \| 128.55 \| ### Military relations In April 2006, the Indian Navy gifted a Trinkat Class Fast Attack Craft of 46 m length to the Maldives National Defence Force's Coast Guard. India started the process to bring the island country into India's security grid. The move comes after the moderate Islamic nation approached New Delhi earlier in 2009, over fears that one of its island resorts could be taken over by terrorists given its lack of military assets and surveillance capabilities. India has also signed an agreement which includes following: - India will permanently base two helicopters in the country to enhance its surveillance capabilities and ability to respond swiftly to threats. - Maldives has coastal radars on only two of its 26 atolls. India will help set up radars on all 26 for seamless coverage of approaching vessels and aircraft. - The coastal radar chain in Maldives will be networked with the Indian coastal radar system. India has already undertaken a project to install radars along its entire coastline. The radar chains of the two countries will be interlinked and a central control room in India's Coastal Command will get a seamless radar picture. - The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) will carry out regular Dornier sorties over the island nation to look out for suspicious movements or vessels. The Southern Naval Command will overlook the inclusion of Maldives into the Indian security grid. - Military teams from Maldives will visit the tri-services Andaman Nicobar Command (ANC) to observe how India manages security and surveillance of the critical island chain. - Ekuverin, an annual joint military exercise is held every year since 2009 between India and Maldives. The exercise aims to enhance the interoperability between the Indian Army and Maldives National Defence Force in order to effectively undertake counter-terrorism operations in urban or semi-urban environments. ## Operations and events ### 1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt The 1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt was by a group of Maldivians led by businessman Abdullah Luthufi and assisted by armed mercenaries of a Tamil secessionist organisation from Sri Lanka, the People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam, to overthrow the government in the island republic of Maldives. The mercenaries quickly gained control of the capital, including the major government buildings, airport, port, television and radio stations. The intervention by the Indian Armed Forces, codenamed Operation Cactus, defeated the attempted coup. The Indian paratroopers immediately secured the airfield, crossed over to Malé using commandeered boats and rescued President Gayoom. The paratroopers restored control of the capital to President Gayoom's government within hours. Some of the mercenaries fled toward Sri Lanka in a hijacked freighter. Those unable to reach the ship in time were quickly rounded up and handed over to the Maldives government. Nineteen people reportedly died in the fighting, most of them mercenaries. The dead included two hostages killed by the mercenaries. The Indian Navy frigates Godavari and Betwa intercepted the freighter off the Sri Lankan coast, and captured the mercenaries. The swift intervention by the Indian military and accurate intelligence successfully quelled the attempted coup d'état. ### 2014 Malé Water Shortage Crisis (MWSC) In the wake of a drinking water crisis in Malé on 4 December 2014, following collapse of the island's only water treatment plant, Maldives urged India for immediate help. India came to rescue by initiating Operation Neer sending its heavy lift transporters like C-17 Globemaster III, Il-76 carrying bottled water. The Indian Navy also sent her ships like INS Sukanya, INS Deepak and others which can produce fresh water using their onboard desalination plants. The humanitarian relief efforts by the Indian side was widely appreciated in Malé across all sections of people, with the Vice-President of Maldives thanking the Indian ambassador for swift action. ### 2011–2015 Maldives political crisis Maldives' first democratically elected president from 2008 to 2012, Mohammed Nasheed, was arrested on 22 February 2015 on terror charges. India and US expressed concern over Nasheed's arrest and manhandling. Indian PM Modi was to also visit Maldives in the second week of March as a part four nation visit to Indian Ocean neighbours. But, he later omitted Maldives from his tour. ### 2020 COVID-19 crisis During the COVID-19 crisis of 2020, India extended help to Maldives in the form of financial, material and logistical support. In April 2020, India provided $150 million currency swap support to help Maldives mitigate the financial impact of COVID-19. Also in April, at the request of the Maldivian government, the Indian Air Force airlifted 6.2 tonnes of essential medicines and hospital consumables to Maldives, as part of 'Operation Sanjeevani'. These supplies had been procured by Maldives's State Trading Organisation from suppliers in India, but could not be transported due to the COVID-19 lockdown. India had also earlier despatched a medical team with essential medicines to help Maldives fight the COVID outbreak as well as supplied essential food grains and edibles despite logistical challenges in wake of lockdown. This operation was called Operation Sanjeevani. ### Civil society perception of India Maldivians generally regard Indians and India as a friend and trusted neighbour in the economic, social and political fields, although there has been a strong anti-India stance taken by some sections of the society, expressed under the 'India Out' campaign, which was alleged by the Indian High Commission to be "motivated, malicious, and increasingly personal". Both nations share historical and cultural ties. Maldives holds a significant position among India's vital maritime neighbors. India has actively engaged in various efforts aimed at bolstering the defense and security infrastructure in Maldives through capacity development and capability enhancement. Working closely with the Maldivian authorities, the Indian Navy has conducted joint exercises, provided training to personnel, aided in infrastructure development, and facilitated the transfer of equipment. These collaborative initiatives emphasize India's crucial role as a security provider in the region. Furthermore, the Indian government has undertaken a reevaluation of its diplomatic approaches concerning key Indian Ocean island nations, taking into consideration their strategic access to the region. ### 2024 India–Maldives diplomatic row Relations faced a strain in January 2024 due to derogatory remarks by Maldivian officials and concerns over racism, targeted towards Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi as well as India. Maldivian President Mohamed Muizzu is widely seen to be pro-China, meaning souring relations with India. This was seen very negatively in India, with citizens calling for a boycott of vacations in Maldives, with many renowned Bollywood actors and personalities criticising the Maldivian government. This also led to the death of a young Maldivian teenager, who had to be taken to India via an air ambulance, after the request at the last minute was denied by Maldivian authorities due to the ongoing tensions against the country. On May 9, Indian ministry of External Affairs (MEA) spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal the diplomatic meeting between S Jaishankar and his Maldivian counter part Zameer. Indian MEA spokesperson also confirmed the process of appointment of "competent Indian technical personnel" in place of Indian troops to keep running the Indian aviation platforms which are crucial for evaluation and other humanitarian assistance and disaster response (HADR) activities in Maldives. ### Reset in relations In August, 2024, both India and the Maldives agreed to sort out differences following Indian minister S. Jaishankar's visit to the Maldives, following a visit by the Maldivian PM to India to attend Modi's swearing-in ceremony in June. Ties have improved significantly since then. India has announced new investments and cooperation to help build infrastructure in the Maldives. ## Joint Projects in Maldives ### Uthuru Thila Falhu Naval Base Harbour India extended a $50 million line of credit to Maldives for defense projects, mainly for the development, support and maintenance of the harbour of the Uthuru Thila Falhu Naval Base. ### Greater Malé Connectivity Project In 2021, the Maldivian Ministry of National Planning, Housing and Infrastructure signed a $500 million infrastructure project for a 6.7 km bridge & causeway link with the Indian engineering company AFCONS. The 6.74-km bridge and causeway link will connect the capital of Malé with the islands of Villingili, Gulhifalhu and Thilafushi. It is being funded through a grant of $100 million and a line of credit of $400 million from India, and will boost connectivity between the four islands that account for almost half of the Maldivian population. India's engagement in the Maldives encompasses various infrastructure initiatives, such as the Greater Malé Connectivity Project. ### Water and sanitation projects In 2024, President Mohamed Muizzu and Indian Minister of External Affairs S. Jaishankar jointly inaugurated water and sanitation projects in 28 islands. This initiative aimed to provide access to safe drinking water, benefiting 32 islands, and to introduce sewerage systems in 17 islands. The project impacted the lives of over 28,000 Maldivians. With a total funding of $100 million, it represented the largest climate adaptation effort implemented in the Maldives through international collaboration.	enwiki/17817079	enwiki	17,817,079	India–Maldives relations	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%E2%80%93Maldives_relations	2025-08-17T07:32:30Z	en	Q6024251	197,617	{{Infobox bilateral relations\|India-Maldives\|India\|Maldives\|envoytitle1=[[High Commissioner]]\|envoytitle2=[[High Commissioner]]\|envoy1=Shri Munu Mahawar\|envoy2=[[Aishath Azeema]]\|mission1=[[High Commission of India, Malé]]\|mission2=[[High Commission of the Maldives, New Delhi]]}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2014}} {{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}} [[India]] and [[Maldives]] are neighbours sharing a maritime border.<ref name="G">{{cite web \|title=China – India relations \|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+in0176) \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110125122/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+in0176) \|archive-date=10 January 2009 \|access-date=5 June 2008 \|publisher=[[Library of Congress]] Country Studies}}</ref><ref name="CFR">{{Cite news \|last=Aryasinha \|first=Ravinatha \|title=Maldives, Sri Lanka and the "India Factor" \|url=http://www.himalmag.com/97mar/cov-mal.htm \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529195009/http://www.himalmag.com/97mar/cov-mal.htm \|archive-date=29 May 2008 \|access-date=5 June 2008 \|work=Himal South Asia Magazine}}</ref> [[India]] continues to contribute to [[Indian Armed Forces\|maintaining security]] as well as providing financial aid on the island nation.<ref name="CFR"/><ref name="VA3">{{cite book \|author=Devin T. Hagerty \|title=South Asia in World Politics \|pages=102–103\|publisher=Rowman and Littlefield \|year=2005 \|isbn=0-7425-2587-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|title=India extends financial assistance of 100 million US dollars to Maldives \|url=https://newsonair.gov.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?title=India-extends-financial-assistance-of-100-million-US-dollars-to-Maldives&id=451540 \|access-date=2023-07-21 \|work=All India Radio News}}</ref> However, tensions have increased as [[President of the Maldives]] [[Mohamed Muizzu]] has imposed an "India-Out" campaign and the country is deepening ties with [[China]]. Along with this, recent incidents of ministers of the Maldives insulting the islands of [[Lakshadweep]] and the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]], have heightened tensions. It represents India's second-largest ongoing plantation infrastructure endeavor, following the $500 million Greater Malé Project. The [[Greater Malé Connectivity Project\|Greater Malé Project]] aims to link the capital with three adjacent highlands through a 6.74-kilometer-long sea bridge.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Nanda \|first=Prakash \|date=3 May 2023 \|title=India 'Shadowboxes' China In The Maldives; Looks To Knock Out Chinese Challenge In The Indian Ocean Nation \|url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/india-shadowboxes-china-in-the-maldives-looks-to-knock/ \|access-date=22 September 2023 \|work=The EurAsian Times}}</ref> Both India and the Maldives are [[republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]]. India has a High Commission in [[Malé]], and the Maldives has a High Commission in [[New Delhi]]. In July 2025, [[India]] and the [[Maldives]] revitalised ties with a USD 565 million line of credit from India to support Maldivian infrastructure projects. The two sides also agreed to reduce the [[Maldives]]’ annual debt repayment to India by 40% and signed six cooperation pacts in areas including fisheries, digital infrastructure, and health. Talks between [[Narendra Modi\|Prime Minister Narendra Modi]] and President Mohamed [[Mohamed Muizzu\|Muizzu]] marked a thaw in relations following earlier tensions, with both leaders committing to stronger economic and defence cooperation. Key developments included progress on a free trade agreement, promotion of digital payment systems like UPI, and the inauguration of [[India]]-assisted projects. The renewed [[partnership]] was positioned as crucial for regional peace and [[Indian Ocean]] stability.<ref>{{Cite web \|title= \|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/india-announces-rs-4-850-cr-loc-for-maldives-modi-says-ties-between-two-neighbours-as-deep-as-ocean-13329110.html}}</ref> == History == {{Main \| History of Maldives \| Buddhism in South Asia \| Minicoy#History \| l2 = Minicoy history \| British Raj }} Maldives is located south of India's [[Lakshadweep Islands]] in the Indian Ocean. Both nations established diplomatic relations after the independence of Maldives from [[British Empire\|British rule]] in 1965.<ref name="G"/> [[India]] was one of the first nations to recognise [[Maldives]]' independence.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Malone\|first1=David M\|title=Does the Elephant Dance?: Contemporary Indian Foreign Policy\|date=30 August 2012 \|publisher=Oxford\|isbn=9780199661275}}</ref> Since then, India and Maldives have developed close strategic, military, economic and cultural relations. India has supported Maldives' policy of keeping regional issues and struggles away from itself, and the latter has seen friendship with India as a source of aid as well as a counterbalance to [[Sri Lanka]], which is in proximity to the island nation and its largest trading partner.<ref name="CFR"/> == Bilateral treaties and strategic partnership == === 1976 Maritime treaty === {{anchor \| Maritime \| Maritime boundary \| Treaty }} {{See also \| Exclusive economic zone of India \| Borders of India }} In December 1976, India and the Maldives signed a [[List of maritime boundary treaties\|maritime boundary treaty]] to agree on maritime boundaries.<ref name=treat1>"India–Maldives: Agreement between India and the Maldives on Maritime Boundary in the Arabian Sea and Related Matters", in Jonathan I. Charney and Lewis M. Alexander (eds., 1998). ''International Maritime Boundaries'' (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, {{ISBN\|978-90-411-0345-1}}) pp. 1389–1399.</ref> Treaty explicitly places [[Minicoy#Treaty\|Minicoy]] on the Indian side of the boundary.<ref name=treat1/> India and Maldives officially and amicably decided their [[maritime boundary]] in 1976.<ref name="CFR"/> A minor diplomatic incident occurred in 1982 when [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom\|President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]]'s brother, [[Abdulla Hameed]] gave a speech that India mistook as a claim that the neighboring [[Minicoy Island]] that belonged to India were a part of Maldives; Maldives rapidly officially denied that it was laying claim to the island and explained that President Maumoon's brother had in fact been talking about the cultural connections between Maldives and Minicoy.<ref name="CFR"/> === 1981 Comprehensive trade agreement === {{anchor \| Maritime \| Maritime boundary \| Treaty }} {{See also \| South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation \| Economy of India \| Economy of Maldives }} In 1981, India and Maldives signed a comprehensive trade agreement.<ref name="C">{{cite web \|title=Action plan to strengthen bilateral ties with Maldives \|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+in0176) \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110125122/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+in0176) \|archive-date=10 January 2009 \|access-date=5 June 2008 \|work=[[Library of Congress]] Country Studies}}</ref> Both nations are founding members of the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC), the [[South Asian Economic Union]] and signatories to the [[South Asian Free Trade Area\|South Asia Free Trade Agreement]]. Indian and Maldivian leaders have maintained high-level contacts and consultations on regional issues.<ref name="G"/> === Commercial relations === Since the success of [[1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt\|Operation Cactus]], the relations between India and Maldives have expanded significantly.<ref name="CFR"/><ref name="VA3"/> India has provided extensive [[Aid\|economic aid]] and has participated in bilateral programmes for the development of infrastructure, health, telecommunications and labour resources.<ref name="CFR"/><ref name="VA3"/> It established the [[Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital]] in [[Malé]], the capital of Maldives, expanded telecommunications and air links and increased scholarships for Maldivian students.<ref name="CFR"/> While India's exports to Maldives during 2006 were worth ₹384 [[crore]], imports were worth less than ₹6 [[crore]].<ref name="C"/> The [[State Bank of India]] has contributed more than US$500 million to aid the economic expansion of Maldives.<ref name="C"/> India and Maldives have announced plans to jointly work to expand fisheries and [[tuna]] processing.<ref name="C"/> {\| class="wikitable" \|+'''India-Maldives Trade Figures (in million US$)'''<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Trade Services:Trends in Bilateral Trade \|url=https://hci.gov.in/male/?2600?000 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419174054/https://hci.gov.in/male/?2600?000 \|archive-date=19 April 2021 \|access-date=2021-08-03 \|website=High Commission of india, Male}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|title=India-Maldives Trade Figures (in million US$) \|url=https://hci.gov.in/male/?pdf2600?000 \|access-date=13 January 2024 \|work=High Commission of India, Male}}</ref> \|- !'''Year''' !'''India's Exports''' !'''India's Imports''' !'''Total Trade''' !'''India's Balance of Trade''' \|- \|'''2015''' \|225.82 \|3.00 \|228.82 \|222.81 \|- \|'''2016''' \|274.55 \|1.55 \|276.10 \|273.00 \|- \|'''2017''' \|282.04 \|4.12 \|286.16 \|277.93 \|- \|'''2018''' \|286.13 \|3.01 \|289.14 \|283.12 \|- \|'''2019''' \|290.27 \|3.42 \|293.69 \|286.85 \|- \|'''2020''' \|242.82 \|3.33 \|246.15 \|239.49 \|- \|'''2021''' \|317.35 \|5.94 \|323.29 \|311.41 \|- \|'''2022 (Jan – April)''' \|131.33 \|2.78 \|134.11 \|128.55 \|} === Military relations === In April 2006, the [[Indian Navy]] gifted a [[Trinkat-class patrol vessel\|Trinkat Class]] [[Fast attack craft\|Fast Attack Craft]] of 46 m length to the [[MNDF\|Maldives National Defence Force]]'s [[Maldivian Coast Guard\|Coast Guard]]. India started the process to bring the island country into India's security grid. The move comes after the moderate Islamic nation approached [[New Delhi]] earlier in 2009, over fears that one of its island resorts could be taken over by terrorists given its lack of military assets and surveillance capabilities.<ref name="Indmal1">{{Cite news \|last=Pubby \|first=Manu \|date=13 August 2009 \|title=India bringing Maldives into its security net \|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/india-bringing-maldives-into-its-security-net/ \|access-date=27 March 2016 \|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> India has also signed an agreement which includes following:<ref name=Indmal1/> * India will permanently base two helicopters in the country to enhance its surveillance capabilities and ability to respond swiftly to threats. * Maldives has coastal radars on only two of its 26 atolls. India will help set up radars on all 26 for seamless coverage of approaching vessels and aircraft. * The coastal radar chain in Maldives will be networked with the Indian coastal radar system. India has already undertaken a project to install radars along its entire coastline. The radar chains of the two countries will be interlinked and a central control room in India's Coastal Command will get a seamless radar picture. * The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) will carry out regular Dornier sorties over the island nation to look out for suspicious movements or vessels. The Southern Naval Command will overlook the inclusion of Maldives into the Indian security grid. * Military teams from Maldives will visit the tri-services Andaman Nicobar Command (ANC) to observe how India manages security and surveillance of the critical island chain. * Ekuverin, an annual joint military exercise is held every year since 2009 between India and Maldives. The exercise aims to enhance the interoperability between the Indian Army and Maldives National Defence Force in order to effectively undertake counter-terrorism operations in urban or semi-urban environments. ==Operations and events == ===1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt=== {{Main \| 1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt}} The 1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt was by a group of [[Maldivians]] led by businessman [[Abdullah Luthufi]] and assisted by armed mercenaries of a [[Sri Lankan Tamil\|Tamil]] secessionist organisation from Sri Lanka, the [[People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam]], to overthrow the government in the island republic of Maldives. The mercenaries quickly gained control of the capital, including the major government buildings, airport, port, television and radio stations. The intervention by the [[Indian Armed Forces]], codenamed Operation Cactus, defeated the attempted coup. The Indian paratroopers immediately secured the airfield, crossed over to Malé using commandeered boats and rescued President Gayoom. The paratroopers restored control of the capital to President Gayoom's government within hours. Some of the mercenaries fled toward Sri Lanka in a hijacked freighter. Those unable to reach the ship in time were quickly rounded up and handed over to the Maldives government. Nineteen people reportedly died in the fighting, most of them mercenaries. The dead included two hostages killed by the mercenaries. The [[Indian Navy]] frigates ''[[INS Godavari (F20)\|Godavari]]'' and ''[[INS Betwa (F39)\|Betwa]]'' intercepted the freighter off the Sri Lankan coast, and captured the mercenaries. The swift intervention by the Indian military and accurate intelligence successfully quelled the attempted coup d'état.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Operation Cactus \|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1988Cactus/ \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011095022/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1988Cactus/ \|archive-date=11 October 2010 \|website=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref> === 2014 Malé Water Shortage Crisis (MWSC) === In the wake of a drinking water crisis in Malé on 4 December 2014, following collapse of the island's only water treatment plant, Maldives urged India for immediate help. India came to rescue by initiating [[Operation Neer]] sending its heavy lift transporters like [[C-17 Globemaster III]], [[Il-76]] carrying bottled water. The [[Indian Navy]] also sent her ships like {{INS\|Sukanya\|P50\|6}}, {{INS\|Deepak\|A50\|6}} and others which can produce fresh water using their onboard desalination plants.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=7 December 2014 \|title=Maldives Water Crisis: India Transports 1,000 Tonnes of Fresh Water to Male \|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/maldives-water-crisis-india-transports-1-000-tonnes-of-fresh-water-to-male-709771 \|access-date=21 December 2014 \|work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine \|last=Panda \|first=Ankit \|date=5 December 2014 \|title=Maldives Faces Drinking Water Crisis \|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/maldives-faces-drinking-water-crisis/ \|access-date=21 December 2014 \|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)\|The Diplomat]]}}</ref> The humanitarian relief efforts by the Indian side was widely appreciated in Malé across all sections of people, with the Vice-President of Maldives thanking the Indian ambassador for swift action.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/maldives-appreciative-of-india-s-help-during-its-water-crisis-shahare-114120600811_1.html\|title=Maldives appreciative of India's help during its water crisis: Shahare\|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]\|date=6 December 2014\|access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> === 2011–2015 Maldives political crisis === {{Main \| 2011–2012 Maldives political crisis \| l1= Maldives political crisis}} Maldives' first democratically elected president from 2008 to 2012, [[Mohammed Nasheed]], was arrested on 22 February 2015 on terror charges. [[India]] and US expressed concern over Nasheed's arrest and manhandling.<ref>{{Cite news \|last1=Botsy \|first1=Daniel \|last2=Aneez \|first2=Shihar \|date=2015-03-14 \|title=U.S., India concerned over 13-year jail sentence for Maldives' ex-president Nasheed \|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-maldives-politics-idUSKBN0M92D020150314 \|access-date=2016-03-27 \|newspaper=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|last=Sharma \|first=Rajeev \|date=7 March 2015 \|title=PM Modi cancels trip to Maldives: Is it because of Yameen govt's rebuttal in Nasheed case? \|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/pm-modi-cancels-trip-to-maldives-is-it-because-of-yameen-govts-rebuttal-in-nasheed-casepm-modi-cancels-trip-to-maldives-is-it-because-yameen-govts-rebuttal-in-nasheed-case-2140761.html \|access-date=27 March 2016 \|work=Firstpost}}</ref> [[Narendra Modi\|Indian PM Modi]] was to also visit Maldives in the second week of March as a part four nation [[Foreign policy of Narendra Modi#Indian Ocean outreach\|visit to Indian Ocean neighbours]]. But, he later omitted Maldives from his tour.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Haidar \|first=Suhasini \|date=2015-03-06 \|title=PM drops Maldives from Indian Ocean tour \|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-drops-maldives-from-indian-ocean-tour/article6966095.ece \|access-date=2016-03-27 \|newspaper=The Hindu \|language=en-IN \|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|last=Chaudhury \|first=Dipanjan Roy \|date=7 March 2015 \|title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi cancels Maldives trip due to political unrest \|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/prime-minister-narendra-modi-cancels-maldives-trip-due-to-political-unrest/articleshow/46481071.cms \|access-date=27 March 2016 \|work=Economic Times - India Times}}</ref> === 2020 COVID-19 crisis === During the [[COVID-19 pandemic\|COVID-19 crisis]] of 2020, India extended help to Maldives in the form of financial, material and logistical support. In April 2020, India provided $150 million currency swap support to help Maldives mitigate the financial impact of [[COVID-19 pandemic in Maldives\|COVID-19]].<ref name="Avas">{{cite news \|date=28 April 2020 \|title=India extends US$ 150 mln currency swap support to Maldives \|url=https://avas.mv/en/81994 \|newspaper=Avas}}</ref> Also in April, at the request of the Maldivian government, the [[Indian Air Force]] airlifted 6.2 tonnes of essential medicines and hospital consumables to Maldives, as part of 'Operation Sanjeevani'. These supplies had been procured by Maldives's [[State Trading Organisation]] from suppliers in India, but could not be transported due to the COVID-19 lockdown.<ref name="Print">{{cite news \|last=Philip \|first=Snehesh Alex \|date=2 April 2020 \|title=IAF airlifts 6.2 tonnes of essential medicines, hospital consumables to Maldives \|url=https://theprint.in/defence/iaf-airlifts-6-2-tonnes-of-essential-medicines-hospital-consumables-to-maldives/393909/ \|newspaper=The Print}}</ref> India had also earlier despatched a medical team  with essential medicines to help Maldives fight the COVID outbreak as well as supplied essential food grains and edibles despite logistical challenges in wake of lockdown.<ref name="DD News">{{cite news \|date=2 April 2020\|title=Operation Sanjeevani: IAF airlifts medical and hospital consumables for the Maldives\|url=http://ddnews.gov.in/national/operation-sanjeevani-iaf-airlifts-medical-and-hospital-consumables-maldives\| newspaper=DD News}}</ref> This operation was called Operation [[Sanjeevani (plant)\|Sanjeevani]]. === Civil society perception of India === Maldivians generally regard Indians and India as a friend and trusted neighbour in the economic, social and political fields, although there has been a strong anti-India stance taken by some sections of the society, expressed under the 'India Out' campaign, which was alleged by the Indian High Commission to be "motivated, malicious, and increasingly personal".<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Banka\|first=Neha\|date=20 July 2021\|title=Explained: What is behind the 'India Out' campaign in the Maldives?\|work=The Indian Express\|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-maldives-india-out-campaign-explained-7396314/\|access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref> Both nations share historical and cultural ties. Maldives holds a significant position among India's vital maritime neighbors. India has actively engaged in various efforts aimed at bolstering the defense and security infrastructure in Maldives through capacity development and capability enhancement. Working closely with the Maldivian authorities, the Indian Navy has conducted joint exercises, provided training to personnel, aided in infrastructure development, and facilitated the transfer of equipment. These collaborative initiatives emphasize India's crucial role as a security provider in the region. Furthermore, the Indian government has undertaken a reevaluation of its diplomatic approaches concerning key Indian Ocean island nations, taking into consideration their strategic access to the region.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Ahmed \|first=Shayesta Nishat \|date=6 June 2023 \|title=Enriching the Defence Contours of India-Maldives Relations \|url=https://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/Enriching-the-Defence-Contours-of-India-Maldives-Relations-NSAhmed-060623 \|access-date=21 July 2023 \|work=Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses}}</ref> === 2024 India–Maldives diplomatic row === {{main\|2024 India–Maldives diplomatic row}} Relations faced a strain in January 2024 due to derogatory remarks by Maldivian officials and concerns over racism, targeted towards Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] as well as India.<ref>{{Cite web \|title="Indians Rightfully Angry": Maldives MP Amid Row Over Ministers' Remarks \|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shameful-racist-maldives-mp-condemns-ministers-remark-on-india-pm-modi-4820311 \|access-date=2024-01-08 \|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Maldivian President [[Mohamed Muizzu]] is widely seen to be pro-China, meaning souring relations with India. <ref>{{cite news \|title=What the China-Maldives-India Triangle Tells Us About 21st Century Balancing \|url=https://thediplomat.com/2024/01/what-the-china-maldives-india-triangle-tells-us-about-21st-century-balancing/ \|work=thediplomat.com}}</ref> This was seen very negatively in India, with citizens calling for a boycott of vacations in Maldives, with many renowned [[Bollywood]] actors and personalities criticising the Maldivian government. This also led to the death of a young Maldivian teenager,<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Biswas \|first1=Sayantani \|title=Maldives teen dies waiting for air ambulance, minister blames President Muizzu's 'animosity' towards India \|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/malives-india-row-teen-dies-waiting-for-indian-dornier-aircraft-minister-blames-mohamed-muizzus-animosity-11705813493152.html \|agency=Mint}}</ref> who had to be taken to India via an [[air ambulance]], after the request at the last minute was denied by Maldivian authorities due to the ongoing tensions against the country.<ref>{{cite news \|last1= Gupta \|first1=Adarsh Kumar \|title=Sick Maldivian teen dies after President Mohammed Muizzu refused India's plane services: Report \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/sick-maldivian-teen-dies-after-president-mohammed-muizzu-refused-indias-plane-services-report-101705810862369.html \|agency=Hindustan Times}}</ref> On May 9, Indian ministry of External Affairs (MEA) spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal the diplomatic meeting between S Jaishankar and his Maldivian counter part Zameer. Indian MEA spokesperson also confirmed the process of appointment of "competent Indian technical personnel" in place of Indian troops to keep running the Indian aviation platforms which are crucial for evaluation and other humanitarian assistance and disaster response (HADR) activities in Maldives. === Reset in relations === In August, 2024, both [[India]] and the [[Maldives]] agreed to sort out differences following Indian minister [[S. Jaishankar]]'s visit to the [[Maldives]], following a visit by the Maldivian PM to [[India]] to attend [[Modi]]'s swearing-in ceremony in June. Ties have improved significantly since then. India has announced new investments and cooperation to help build infrastructure in the [[Maldives]]. == Joint Projects in Maldives == === Uthuru Thila Falhu Naval Base Harbour === India extended a $50 million line of credit to Maldives for defense projects, mainly for the development, support and maintenance of the harbour of the Uthuru Thila Falhu Naval Base.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Laskar \|first=Rezaul H. \|date=21 February 2021 \|title=India, Maldives sign agreements for developing naval harbour, boosting defence \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-maldives-sign-agreements-for-developing-naval-harbour-boosting-defence-101613921874713.html \|access-date=2022-03-28 \|work=The Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|last=Bhaumik \|first=Anirban \|date=22 February 2021 \|title=India pips China, inks deal to develop, support, maintain harbour at naval base in Maldives \|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/india-pips-china-inks-deal-to-develop-support-maintain-harbour-at-naval-base-in-maldives-953675.html \|access-date=28 March 2022 \|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> === Greater Malé Connectivity Project === {{Main\|Greater Malé Connectivity Project\|l1 = Greater Malé Connectivity Project}} In 2021, the Maldivian Ministry of National Planning, Housing and Infrastructure signed a $500 million infrastructure project for a 6.7 km bridge & causeway link with the Indian engineering company [[Afcons Infrastructure\|AFCONS]]. The 6.74-km bridge and causeway link will connect the capital of [[Malé]] with the islands of [[Villingili (Malé)\|Villingili]], Gulhifalhu and [[Thilafushi]]. It is being funded through a grant of $100 million and a line of credit of $400 million from India, and will boost connectivity between the four islands that account for almost half of the Maldivian population.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Laskar \|first=Rezaul H. \|date=26 August 2021 \|title=Maldives govt signs contract for India-funded $500 million connectivity project \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/maldives-govt-signs-contract-for-india-funded-500-million-connectivity-project-101629983482797.html \|access-date=27 March 2022 \|work=The Hindustan Times}}</ref> India's engagement in the Maldives encompasses various infrastructure initiatives, such as the Greater Malé Connectivity Project.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=26 August 2021 \|title=India, Maldives to sign pact on Greater Male Connectivity Project \|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-maldives-greater-male-connectivity-project-7471603/ \|access-date=12 July 2023 \|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> === Water and sanitation projects === In 2024, [[President of the Maldives\|President]] [[Mohamed Muizzu]] and [[Minister of External Affairs (India)\|Indian Minister of External Affairs]] [[S. Jaishankar]] jointly inaugurated water and sanitation projects in 28 islands. This initiative aimed to provide access to safe drinking water, benefiting 32 islands, and to introduce sewerage systems in 17 islands.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Seli \|first=Yeshi \|date=2024-08-11 \|title='I thank Indian govt, PM Modi for supporting Maldives,' says Muizzu; Inaugurates water projects with EAM Jaishankar \|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2024/Aug/11/india-to-fund-28-water-projects-in-maldives \|access-date=2024-08-12 \|website=The New Indian Express \|language=en}}</ref> The project impacted the lives of over 28,000 Maldivians. With a total funding of $100 million, it represented the largest climate adaptation effort implemented in the Maldives through international collaboration.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2024-08-10 \|title=Jaishankar launches Maldives' largest India-funded sanitation project \|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/maldives-largest-india-funded-sanitation-projects-inaugurated-by-s-jaishankar-2580335-2024-08-10 \|access-date=2024-08-12 \|website=India Today \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=PTI \|title=Jaishankar emphasises deeper India-Maldives ties for 'benefit of people' as he meets President Muizzu \|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jaishankar-emphasises-deeper-india-maldives-ties-for-benefit-of-people-as-he-meets-president-muizzu-3145614 \|access-date=2024-08-12 \|website=Deccan Herald \|language=en}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Indians in the Maldives]] * [[Maldivians in India]] * [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC) == References == {{reflist}} {{Foreign relations of India}} {{Foreign relations of the Maldives}} {{DEFAULTSORT:India-Maldives Relations}} [[Category:India–Maldives relations\| ]] [[Category:Bilateral relations of India\|Maldivdes]] [[Category:Bilateral relations of the Maldives]] [[Category:India and the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Maldives and the Commonwealth of Nations]]	1,306,346,633	[{"title": "India-Maldives relations", "data": {"\u00b7 India": "\u00b7 Maldives"}}, {"title": "Diplomatic mission", "data": {"High Commission of India, Mal\u00e9": "High Commission of the Maldives, New Delhi"}}, {"title": "Envoy", "data": {"High Commissioner Shri Munu Mahawar": "High Commissioner Aishath Azeema"}}]	false
# University of Washington station University of Washington is a light rail station on the University of Washington campus in Seattle, Washington, United States. The station is served by the 1 Line of Sound Transit's Link light rail system, which connects Northgate, Downtown Seattle, and Seattle–Tacoma International Airport. University of Washington station is at the intersection of Montlake Boulevard Northeast and Northeast Pacific Street, adjacent to Husky Stadium and the University of Washington Medical Center. The station consists of an underground island platform connected to a surface entrance by elevators and escalators. A pedestrian bridge over Montlake Boulevard connects the station to the University of Washington campus and the Burke-Gilman Trail. University of Washington station was built as part of the University Link Extension, which began construction in 2009 and opened on March 19, 2016. The station was the northern terminus of the 1 Line until the opening of the Northgate Link Extension on October 2, 2021. Light rail trains serve the station twenty hours a day on most days; the headway between trains is six minutes during peak periods with reduced frequency at other times. The station is served by a major bus hub; King County Metro and Sound Transit Express bus routes connect the University District to the Eastside region. ## Location University of Washington station is located at the intersection of Montlake Boulevard Northeast and Northeast Pacific Street in the University District of northern Seattle. The station is situated in the parking lot of Husky Stadium, immediately east of the University of Washington Medical Center. To the northwest is the University of Washington campus, which is accessible via the Rainier Vista bridge, the Burke-Gilman Trail, and Northeast Pacific Street. The surrounding area accommodates 15,511 jobs, constituting one of the Seattle region's major employment centers, as well as 488 residents in Montlake to the south. The station is connected to the Montlake neighborhood by the Montlake Bridge, which carries Montlake Boulevard towards a junction with State Route 520, a major east–west freeway connecting Seattle to the Eastside suburbs. The station is one mile (1.6 km) south of the University Village shopping center and two miles (3.2 km) southwest of Seattle Children's Hospital. The University of Washington has long-term plans to redevelop its parking lots along Montlake Boulevard into additional office and classroom space, forming the new "East Campus" area. ## History ### Background and planning The University of Washington moved from its downtown campus to the north side of Portage Bay in 1895, later expanding during the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition of 1909 that was hosted at the site. In 1911, urban planner Virgil Bogue's rejected comprehensive plan for Seattle envisioned a citywide subway system, including a line serving the east side of the university campus and connected to Ravenna and eastern Capitol Hill. The Forward Thrust Committee's planned regional rapid transit system, which was rejected by voters in 1968 and 1970, included a subway station at the University Hospital near Husky Stadium, from where trains would continue south through Capitol Hill to Downtown Seattle. A 1986 regional transit plan from the Puget Sound Council of Governments proposed a light rail line through the University District, including a station at the University Hospital, continuing through Eastlake to Downtown Seattle. In the 1990s, a regional transit authority—later Sound Transit—was formed to build a light rail system for the Seattle metropolitan area. The University District was named as a major destination for the system and given two stations at NE Pacific Street and NE 45th Street on the western side of the university campus, which would be connected to Downtown Seattle via a tunnel under Capitol Hill. The $6.7 billion proposal, including a light rail line continuing north from the University District to Northgate and Lynnwood, was rejected by voters in 1995 and replaced with a smaller plan. In November 1996, voters approved a condensed $3.9-billion regional transit plan that included a shorter light rail line from the University District to Downtown Seattle and SeaTac. A surface alignment through Eastlake was also proposed in the event boring a tunnel through Capitol Hill and under Portage Bay would be too expensive. Sound Transit finalized its preferred alignment for the light rail project, which included stations at NE Pacific Street and NE 45th Street, in 1999. Sound Transit suspended planning for the Portage Bay tunnel in 2000 after it received construction bids that were $171 million higher than expected, blamed on a competitive labor market and soil testing that indicated that a deeper tunnel was needed. Faced with budget issues and further schedule delays, Sound Transit deferred construction of the segment between Downtown Seattle and the University District in 2001 while re-evaluating alignment options. The alternatives were narrowed to two options in early 2002: a tunnel under the Ship Canal at University Bridge with a single station at Northeast 45th Street; and a tunnel under the Montlake Cut and stations near Husky Stadium and at Northeast 45th Street. A Sound Transit study determined the Montlake route was the most cost-effective, and the University of Washington endorsed it as the least disruptive to its research buildings. In 2004, the Sound Transit Board confirmed this route, including an underground station at Husky Stadium with a subterranean pedestrian connection to the campus, as the new preferred alignment for the Link light rail project. The $1.9 billion University Link project, with the Husky Stadium station as the northern terminus, received final approval from Sound Transit and the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) in 2006. Under the plan approved in 2006, the Husky Stadium station would have three entrances connected via underground walkways or overpasses: on the east side of Montlake Boulevard adjacent to the stadium; on the north side of Pacific Place on the Burke-Gilman Trail; and on the west side of Montlake Boulevard near the University of Washington Medical Center. In 2007, the Seattle Design Commission recommended an overpass to cross Montlake Boulevard in lieu of the underground walkway, and Sound Transit updated the station's design plan accordingly, adding a bridge on the north side of the Montlake Triangle across from Rainier Vista. The University of Washington unveiled its plans to redevelop the Montlake Triangle into a landscaped park with a land bridge over Pacific Place, and requested Sound Transit to connect the station through a mid-block crosswalk instead of the bridge. The FTA rejected the mid-block crosswalk and a compromise pedestrian overpass connecting to the center of the Montlake Triangle from Rainier Vista was adopted in 2011. The station was named "University of Washington" in 2012, leading to confusion with the existing University Street station in Downtown Seattle and the future U District station that would open west of the campus in 2021. Other suggested names included Montlake, Husky Stadium, and UW Medical Center. In 2015, the Washington House of Representatives passed a transportation package with language that ordered Sound Transit to consider naming the station for state senator Scott White, who died in office. ### Construction and opening The University Link project received an $813 million grant from the federal government in January 2009, allowing it to move towards final design and construction. A groundbreaking ceremony was held at the future University of Washington station on March 6, 2009, marking the start of construction. Utility relocation and site preparation at the station, consisting of the demolition and replacement of facilities at Husky Stadium—including two ticket offices, a concessions kitchen, and restrooms—had begun in February and continued until August. A new access road around Husky Stadium was built and part of the stadium's parking lot was closed and fenced off in early 2010. Excavation of the station box, along with shoring installation and jet grouting of the soil, began in June 2010. The platform level, at a depth of 100 feet (30 m), was reached in late February 2011, allowing concrete pouring to commence. The project's two tunnel boring machines arrived at University of Washington station for assembly in April 2011 and were dedicated by local and state politicians on May 16. The tunnel boring machines were launched in June and July towards Capitol Hill station, arriving in spring 2012. Station box excavation was completed in June 2012, and contractors Hoffman Construction Company moved on to steel erection and pouring of the station's upper levels. Station construction reached street level in late 2012, and structural elements of the headhouse and Montlake Boulevard overpass were installed. The station's basic structure was finished in early 2014, and landscaping and road access around the entrance was restored while finishing work continued underground. The station and overpass were declared substantially complete in November 2014, while work above ground continued. The University of Washington completed work on the Montlake Triangle in July 2015, and the Montlake Boulevard overpass opened to the public later that month. Capitol Hill and University of Washington stations opened on March 19, 2016, during a community celebration that attracted 67,000 people; the two stations opened six months ahead of schedule. The following week, several bus routes in Northeast Seattle were redirected to feed the new station as part of a major restructuring of service brought on by the cancellation of downtown express routes from the University District. By the end of the year, the station was averaging 9,300 daily boardings, placing it second among Link stations for ridership behind Westlake. The station has had long-term escalator outages that began soon after it was opened, blamed on components failing prematurely. In one incident on March 16, 2018, both of the station's down escalators were broken for three hours, forcing passengers to queue for the elevators. The incident prompted Sound Transit to change their escalator protocol in April, allowing passengers to temporarily use the shut-off escalators as stairs and opening emergency stairways. The downward escalators failed again for an hour on April 27, during which the new escalator protocol was used to allow access to the emergency stairways. In October 2018, Sound Transit approved a $20 million contract to replace the station's 13 escalators, open one set of stairs to the public, and build a connection between the two sub-mezzanines above the platform. The escalator replacement plan was later cancelled in October 2020 following improved performance due to preventative maintenance under a new contractor. Buses from the Eastside area using State Route 520 were redirected to the station beginning in March 2019 as part of a restructure of downtown bus service before the downtown transit tunnel was closed to buses. A new set of bus stops and dedicated bus lanes on the east side of Montlake Boulevard were built to serve the redirected routes. University of Washington station served as the northern terminus of the 1 Line until October 2, 2021, when an extension to Northgate station opened. Tunnel boring from U District station, located northwest of the university campus, was completed in September 2016. On September 17, 2024, a bent pantograph on a train damaged the overhead wire over the northbound track at the station and caused a stall that was not removed for the remainder of the day. Northbound trains have been limited to 10 miles per hour (16 km/h) on approach or departure from University of Washington station to prevent further damage to the wires, which was originally scheduled to be repaired in December. The slow order added an extra two minutes of travel time to Link trains through the area. The repair was delayed to February 2025 due to ongoing signaling issues that could have potentially disrupted the limited train schedule during reduced service. ## Station layout University of Washington station consists of a single, 380-foot-long (120 m) island platform located 95 feet (29 m) below street level. The station has a stated platform capacity of 1,600 people; it was designed to accommodate large crowds attending Husky Stadium events. The station has a 55-foot (17 m) open mezzanine that is split between two stories and requires a change of escalators. The upper mezzanine contains ticket vending machines and passenger information, and is decorated with ceramic tiles and fixtures with green and yellow accents. The colors of the walls drew criticism from fans of the Huskies football team because they were similar to the neon yellow that was later adopted by the Oregon Ducks, a rival football team. The entrance is contained in a two-story glass building, the upper level of which leads to a bridge over Montlake Boulevard; the bridge is also connected via a ramp and stairway to street level adjacent to the station. The surface plaza around the station includes bicycle racks under the bridge's ramp, as well as pay parking in nearby lots owned by the university. The station's elevators lead directly from the platform to the surface entrance and pedestrian overpass levels. The station has 234 bicycle rack spaces and a bicycle locker with capacity for 60 bicycles. The non-public areas of the station include a track crossover, maintenance spaces, and a smoke ventilation system assisted by two surface vents to the north and south of the complex. University of Washington station was designed by LMN Architects, a Seattle-based firm that also worked on thirteen other light rail stations on the future East Link and Lynnwood Link projects. LMN received several design awards for their work on the station, including an American Institute of Architects 2021 Architecture Award, an American Institute of Architects Honor Award for Interior Architecture in 2018, an International Architecture Award from the Chicago Athenaeum, an Award of Merit from the Seattle chapter of the American Institute of Architects, and an Honorable Mention in the Fast Co.Design Innovation By Design Awards. ### Public art One major component of the station's architecture is the chamber-like mezzanine, which contains the station's sole piece of public art, Subterraneum by Leo Saul Berk, funded by Sound Transit's system-wide public art program. Subterraneum consists of 6,000 backlit LED panels lining the walls of the chamber. Berk took inspiration from the geological maps for the project and symbols representing the strata of layers near the station, while adding some original creations. The installation was praised for its scale and evocative staging by Gary Faigin of The Seattle Times, and dubbed an "underground planetarium" by the Huffington Post. Until 2024, the station was represented on maps and signage by a pictogram of a graduation cap with the University of Washington logo. The pictogram series, part of the public art program, was retired in 2024 and replaced by station numbers. During construction of the station from 2010 to 2014, a temporary piece of art known as the "Great Wall of Us" was installed on the fence surrounding the work site. The 1,100-foot-long (340 m) wall featured 800 photographs of 1,500 people taken at university events and at Tukwila International Boulevard station, interspersed with viewing windows into the work site and explanatory text. ## Services The station is served by the 1 Line, which runs between Lynnwood, the University of Washington campus, Downtown Seattle, the Rainier Valley, and Seattle–Tacoma International Airport. University of Washington station is the seventh southbound station from Lynnwood City Center and fifteenth northbound station from Angle Lake, the line's northern and southern termini, respectively. It is situated between U District and Capitol Hill stations, connecting to the latter and Downtown Seattle via the University Link tunnel. The 1 Line operates for twenty hours a day on weekdays and Saturdays, from 5:00 am to 1:00 am, and eighteen hours on Sundays, from 6:00 am to 12:00 am; during regular weekday service, trains operate roughly every eight to ten minutes during rush hour and midday operation, respectively, with longer headways of twelve to fifteen minutes in the early morning and at night. During weekends, Link trains arrive at University of Washington station every ten minutes during midday hours and every twelve to fifteen minutes during mornings and evenings. The station is approximately 25 minutes from Lynnwood City Center station, 6 minutes from Westlake station in Downtown Seattle, and 44 minutes from SeaTac/Airport station. In 2023, an average of 5,390 passengers boarded Link trains at University of Washington stations on weekdays. University of Washington station is also a major bus station, with seven bus stops around the Montlake Triangle and nearby streets serving bus routes primarily from Northeast Seattle and the Eastside. King County Metro operates twelve routes that stop at the station and travel to the University District, Ballard, Roosevelt, Northgate, Green Lake, Lake City, Sand Point, Kenmore, Kirkland, Bellevue, and Issaquah. Three Sound Transit Express routes connect the station with Bellevue, Issaquah, Kirkland, and Tacoma. Until 2021, six Community Transit commuter routes connected the station to areas in Snohomish County. The bus–rail transfer at University of Washington station has been criticized for its long walking distance and difficulty crossing Montlake Boulevard.	enwiki/22243526	enwiki	22,243,526	University of Washington station	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington_station	2025-08-20T02:44:03Z	en	Q7896563	411,045	{{Short description\|Light rail station in Seattle, Washington}} {{distinguish\|U District station}} {{Use American English\|date=January 2025}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=March 2021}} {{featured article}} {{Infobox station \| name = {{ST code\|1\|48}} {{nowrap\|University of Washington}} \| style = Sound Transit \| type = [[Link light rail]] station \| image = University of Washington Station entrance, Aug 2016 (29979336625).jpg \| alt = A two-story glass and metal building with stairs and escalators visible from a canopied entrance. \| image_caption = The station's surface entrance, viewed from the southwest \| address = 3720 Montlake Boulevard Northeast \| borough = [[Seattle]], Washington \| country = United States \| coordinates = {{coord\|47\|38\|59\|N\|122\|18\|14\|W\|display=inline,title}} \| line = <!-- The physical "line" is not the same as "services" which are detailed below --> \| connections = {{ubl\|[[King County Metro]]\|[[Sound Transit Express]]\|[[Community Transit]]}} \| structure = Underground \| platform = 1 [[island platform]] \| depth = {{Cvt\|95\|ft\|m}} \| tracks = 2 \| parking = Paid parking nearby \| bicycle = [[Bicycle parking rack\|Racks]] \| accessible = Yes \| opened = {{start date\|2016\|03\|19}} \| owned = [[Sound Transit]] \| passengers = {{Sound Transit ridership\|University of Washington weekday}} daily weekday boardings ({{Sound Transit ridership\|year}}){{Sound Transit ridership\|linkcitation}}<br />{{Sound Transit ridership\|University of Washington annual}} total boardings ({{Sound Transit ridership\|year}}){{Sound Transit ridership\|linkcitation}} \| services = {{Adjacent stations\|system1=Sound Transit\|header1=[[File:Sound Transit Link Light Rail logo.svg\|x15px\|center\|link=Link light rail\|alt=Link]] \|line1=1 Line\|left1=U District\|right1=Capitol Hill }} \| other_services = {{Adjacent stations\|system1=Sound Transit\|header1=[[File:Sound Transit Link Light Rail logo.svg\|x15px\|center\|link=Link light rail\|alt=Link]]\|line1=2 Line\|left1=U District\|right1=Capitol Hill}} \| other_services_header = Future service \| other_services_collapsible = yes \| mapframe = yes \| mapframe-custom = {{Infobox mapframe \|shape=none \|line=none \|marker=rail-light \|marker-color=#{{rcr\|Sound Transit\|1 Line}} \|zoom=15 }} }} '''University of Washington''' is a [[light rail]] station on the [[University of Washington]] campus in [[Seattle]], Washington, United States. The station is served by the [[1 Line (Sound Transit)\|1 Line]] of [[Sound Transit]]'s [[Link light rail]] system, which connects [[Northgate station (Sound Transit)\|Northgate]], [[Downtown Seattle]], and [[Seattle–Tacoma International Airport]]. University of Washington station is at the intersection of [[Washington State Route 513\|Montlake Boulevard Northeast]] and Northeast Pacific Street, adjacent to [[Husky Stadium]] and the [[University of Washington Medical Center]]. The station consists of an underground [[island platform]] connected to a surface entrance by elevators and escalators. A pedestrian bridge over Montlake Boulevard connects the station to the University of Washington campus and the [[Burke-Gilman Trail]]. University of Washington station was built as part of the [[University Link Extension]], which began construction in 2009 and opened on March 19, 2016. The station was the northern terminus of the 1 Line until the opening of the [[Northgate Link Extension]] on October 2, 2021. Light rail trains serve the station twenty hours a day on most days; the [[headway]] between trains is six minutes during peak periods with reduced frequency at other times. The station is served by a major bus hub; [[King County Metro]] and [[Sound Transit Express]] bus routes connect the University District to the [[Eastside (King County, Washington)\|Eastside]] region. ==Location== University of Washington station is located at the intersection of [[Washington State Route 513\|Montlake Boulevard Northeast]] and Northeast Pacific Street in the [[University District, Seattle\|University District]] of northern Seattle.<ref name="LMN">{{cite web \|title=Sound Transit U Link University of Washington Station \|url=https://lmnarchitects.com/project/sound-transit-university-of-washington-station \|publisher=[[LMN Architects]] \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910040248/https://lmnarchitects.com/project/sound-transit-university-of-washington-station \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> The station is situated in the parking lot of [[Husky Stadium]], immediately east of the [[University of Washington Medical Center]]. To the northwest is the [[University of Washington campus]], which is accessible via the Rainier Vista bridge, the [[Burke-Gilman Trail]], and Northeast Pacific Street.<ref name="Times-Preview">{{cite news \|last=Lindblom \|first=Mike \|date=March 13, 2016 \|title=Check out UW's new light-rail station – and how it could transform Seattle \|page=A1 \|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/check-out-uws-new-light-rail-station-and-how-it-could-transform-seattle/ \|work=[[The Seattle Times]] \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910041507/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/check-out-uws-new-light-rail-station-and-how-it-could-transform-seattle/ \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref><ref name="UWMap">{{cite map \|date=May 2016 \|title=University of Washington Campus & Vicinity \|url=https://www.washington.edu/visit/files/2016/06/UW-Campus-Map-5-16.pdf \|publisher=[[University of Washington]] \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622202612/http://www.washington.edu/visit/files/2016/06/UW-Campus-Map-5-16.pdf \|archive-date=June 22, 2017}}</ref> The surrounding area accommodates 15,511 jobs, constituting one of the Seattle region's major employment centers, as well as 488 residents in [[Montlake, Seattle\|Montlake]] to the south.<ref>{{cite web \|author=Growing Transit Communities Oversight Committee \|date=October 2013 \|title=UW Stadium: Future Light Rail/Bus \|url=https://www.psrc.org/sites/default/files/uw_stadium_sap.pdf \|work=The Growing Transit Communities Strategy \|publisher=[[Puget Sound Regional Council]] \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910082626/https://www.psrc.org/sites/default/files/uw_stadium_sap.pdf \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> The station is connected to the Montlake neighborhood by the [[Montlake Bridge]], which carries Montlake Boulevard towards a junction with [[Washington State Route 520\|State Route 520]], a major east–west freeway connecting Seattle to the [[Eastside (King County, Washington)\|Eastside]] suburbs.<ref>{{cite map \|date=January 2015 \|title=SR 520 and city of Seattle non-motorized connectivity network \|url=https://www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/CC9D2312-AA8F-4043-8692-B916508B3913/0/SR520_rest_west_multimodal_map.pdf \|publisher=[[Washington State Department of Transportation]] \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222122914/https://www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/CC9D2312-AA8F-4043-8692-B916508B3913/0/SR520_rest_west_multimodal_map.pdf \|archive-date=February 22, 2017}}</ref> The station is {{convert\|1\|mi\|km\|1\|spell=in}} south of the [[University Village, Seattle\|University Village]] shopping center and {{convert\|2\|mi\|km\|1\|spell=in}} southwest of [[Seattle Children's Hospital]].<ref name="Times-Preview"/><ref name="Metro-NW">{{cite map \|date=March 2017 \|title=Metro Transit System: Northwest Area \|url=http://kingcounty.gov/~/media/depts/transportation/metro/maps/system/03112017/metro-system-map-northwest.pdf \|publisher=King County Metro \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618101632/http://kingcounty.gov/~/media/depts/transportation/metro/maps/system/03112017/metro-system-map-northwest.pdf \|archive-date=June 18, 2017}}</ref> The University of Washington has long-term plans to redevelop its parking lots along Montlake Boulevard into additional office and classroom space, forming the new "East Campus" area.<ref>{{cite web \|date=October 5, 2016 \|title=Building 'up not out': Draft UW Campus Master Plan for 2018 now seeking public input \|url=http://www.washington.edu/news/2016/10/05/building-up-not-out-uw-campus-master-plan-for-2018-now-seeking-public-input/ \|publisher=University of Washington \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910040953/http://www.washington.edu/news/2016/10/05/building-up-not-out-uw-campus-master-plan-for-2018-now-seeking-public-input/ \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|date=October 2016 \|title=2018 Seattle Campus Master Plan \|pages=202–205 \|url=https://cpd.uw.edu/sites/default/files/master-plan/2016-cmp/2016-10-03-UW-CMP.pdf \|publisher=University of Washington \|access-date=March 10, 2018 \|archive-date=March 11, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311140746/https://cpd.uw.edu/sites/default/files/master-plan/2016-cmp/2016-10-03-UW-CMP.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref> ==History== ===Background and planning=== The University of Washington moved from its [[Metropolitan Tract (Seattle)\|downtown campus]] to the north side of [[Portage Bay]] in 1895, later expanding during the [[Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition]] of 1909 that was hosted at the site.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Duncan \|first=Don \|date=January 12, 1980 \|title=The U. District: Once a small village beside Portage Bay, this 'city' of 75,000 people still is growing, changing \|page=B1 \|work=The Seattle Times}}</ref> In 1911, urban planner [[Virgil Bogue]]'s rejected [[comprehensive plan]] for Seattle envisioned a citywide [[rapid transit\|subway]] system, including a line serving the east side of the university campus and connected to [[Ravenna, Seattle\|Ravenna]] and eastern [[Capitol Hill, Seattle\|Capitol Hill]].<ref>{{cite book \|last=Bogue \|first=Virgil \|author-link=Virgil Bogue \|year=1911 \|chapter=Appendix No. III – Proposed Rapid Transit System \|title=Plan of Seattle: Report of the Municipal Plans Commission \|location=Seattle, Washington \|publisher=Lowman & Hanford \|page=[https://archive.org/details/planseattlerepo00bogugoog/page/n222 183] \|oclc=1440455 \|url=https://archive.org/details/planseattlerepo00bogugoog \|via=[[Internet Archive]] \|access-date=September 9, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|date=February 25, 1945 \|title=Planners Do Go Wrong; But Some Good Ideas For City Were Advanced in 1911 \|pages=4–5 \|work=The Seattle Times}}</ref> The [[Forward Thrust]] Committee's planned regional rapid transit system, which was rejected by voters in 1968 and 1970,<ref>{{cite news \|date=May 22, 1970 \|title=Election Analysis: One Bit of Encouragement For Mass-Transit Planners \|page=B3 \|work=The Seattle Times}}</ref> included a subway station at the University Hospital near Husky Stadium, from where trains would continue south through Capitol Hill to [[Downtown Seattle]].<ref>{{cite book \|author=De Leuw, Cather & Company \|date=February 19, 1970 \|title=The Rapid Transit Plan for the Metropolitan Seattle Area \|chapter=Chapter 2: Design and Development \|page=16 \|publisher=[[Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle]] \|oclc=120953}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last=Lane \|first=Bob \|date=April 21, 1970 \|title=City's Rapid-Transit Dreams Still Just Lines on a Map; Downtown to N.E. 145th in 20 Minutes \|page=A5 \|work=The Seattle Times}}</ref> A 1986 regional transit plan from the [[Puget Sound Council of Governments]] proposed a light rail line through the University District, including a station at the University Hospital, continuing through [[Eastlake, Seattle\|Eastlake]] to Downtown Seattle.<ref>{{cite map \|date=November 1986 \|title=Multi-Corridor Project Summary Report \|map=LRT Trunk Route Schematic \|page=44 \|publisher=Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle and [[Puget Sound Council of Governments]] \|oclc=15608855}}</ref> In the 1990s, a regional transit authority—later [[Sound Transit]]—was formed to build a light rail system for the Seattle metropolitan area. The University District was named as a major destination for the system and given two stations at NE Pacific Street and NE 45th Street on the western side of the university campus, which would be connected to Downtown Seattle via a tunnel under Capitol Hill.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Schaefer \|first=David \|date=October 29, 1994 \|title=Rail system, with buses in suburbs, gets crucial OK \|page=A9 \|work=The Seattle Times}}</ref> The $6.7 billion proposal, including a light rail line continuing north from the University District to [[Northgate, Seattle\|Northgate]] and [[Lynnwood, Washington\|Lynnwood]],<ref>{{cite web \|date=February 1995 \|title=The Regional Transit System Proposal \|url=https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/projects/planning/1995_plan_subarea_proposals.pdf \|pages=1–2 \|publisher=Central Puget Sound Regional Transit Authority \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200958/http://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/projects/planning/1995_plan_subarea_proposals.pdf \|archive-date=September 30, 2015}}</ref> was rejected by voters in 1995 and replaced with a smaller plan.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Schaefer \|first=David \|date=January 11, 1996 \|title=RTA ready to unveil new plan: rapid transit proposal's cost, scope downsized \|page=A1 \|url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19960111/2308417/rta-ready-to-unveil-new-plan \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105235317/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19960111&slug=2308417 \|archive-date=January 5, 2017}}</ref> In November 1996, voters approved a condensed $3.9-billion regional transit plan that included a shorter light rail line from the University District to Downtown Seattle and [[SeaTac, Washington\|SeaTac]].<ref>{{cite news \|last=Schaefer \|first=David \|date=November 7, 1996 \|title=Transit plan can trace surprise success to suburbs \|page=B1 \|url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19961107/2358432/transit-plan-can-trace-surprise-success-to-suburbs \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=August 14, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105235304/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19961107&slug=2358432 \|archive-date=January 5, 2017}}</ref> A surface alignment through Eastlake was also proposed in the event boring a tunnel through Capitol Hill and under Portage Bay would be too expensive.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Schaefer \|first=David \|date=December 10, 1997 \|title=Residents debate light-rail route: Under or out of our neighborhood, some say \|page=B1 \|url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19971210/2577212/residents-debate-light-rail-route \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814135107/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19971210&slug=2577212 \|archive-date=August 14, 2017}}</ref> Sound Transit finalized its preferred alignment for the light rail project, which included stations at NE Pacific Street and NE 45th Street, in 1999.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Fryer \|first=Alex \|date=November 19, 1999 \|title=A milestone for light rail: Regional board selects station sites, alignment \|page=A1 \|work=The Seattle Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release \|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> \|date=November 18, 1999 \|title=Sound Transit Board achieves historic milestone by selecting route for central Link light rail \|url=http://www.soundtransit.org/About-Sound-Transit/News-and-events/News-releases/News-release-archive/Sound-Transit-Board-achieves-historic-milestone-by-selecting-route-for-central-Link-light-rail \|location=Seattle, Washington \|publisher=Sound Transit \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220828/http://www.soundtransit.org/About-Sound-Transit/News-and-events/News-releases/News-release-archive/Sound-Transit-Board-achieves-historic-milestone-by-selecting-route-for-central-Link-light-rail \|archive-date=March 3, 2016}}</ref> Sound Transit suspended planning for the Portage Bay tunnel in 2000 after it received construction bids that were $171 million higher than expected, blamed on a competitive labor market and [[soil test]]ing that indicated that a deeper tunnel was needed.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Dudley \|first=Brier \|date=November 18, 2000 \|title=Price puts tunnel on hold \|page=A1 \|url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20001117/4053431/price-puts-tunnel-on-hold \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814145208/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20001117&slug=4053431 \|archive-date=August 14, 2017}}</ref> Faced with budget issues and further schedule delays, Sound Transit deferred construction of the segment between Downtown Seattle and the University District in 2001 while re-evaluating alignment options.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Brunner \|first=Jim \|date=June 29, 2001 \|title=Sound Transit looks south for its first line \|page=B1 \|url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20010629/sound29m0/sound-transit-looks-south-for-its-first-line \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814145113/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20010629&slug=sound29m0 \|archive-date=August 14, 2017}}</ref> The alternatives were narrowed to two options in early 2002: a tunnel under the Ship Canal at [[University Bridge (Seattle)\|University Bridge]] with a single station at Northeast 45th Street; and a tunnel under the [[Montlake Cut]] and stations near Husky Stadium and at Northeast 45th Street.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Kelleher \|first=Susan \|date=April 21, 2001 \|title=Light rail under Montlake one possibility \|page=B2 \|work=The Seattle Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last=Pryne \|first=Eric \|date=February 15, 2002 \|title=Light-rail route options in north narrowed to 2 \|page=B1 \|work=The Seattle Times}}</ref> A Sound Transit study determined the Montlake route was the most cost-effective, and the University of Washington endorsed it as the least disruptive to its research buildings.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Pryne \|first=Eric \|date=November 14, 2003 \|title=Study picks cost-effective route \|page=B5 \|work=The Seattle Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last=Lindblom \|first=Mike \|date=December 10, 2003 \|title=UW considers new light-rail route \|page=B3 \|work=The Seattle Times}}</ref> In 2004, the Sound Transit Board confirmed this route, including an underground station at Husky Stadium with a subterranean pedestrian connection to the campus, as the new preferred alignment for the Link light rail project.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Pryne \|first=Eric \|date=April 23, 2004 \|title=Consensus reached on new light-rail line – But Sound Transit board splits on plans for Northgate route \|page=B1 \|url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20040423/rail23m/consensus-reached-on-new-light-rail-line \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810130606/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20040423&slug=rail23m \|archive-date=August 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|date=May 20, 2004 \|title=Sound Transit Resolution No. R2004-08 \|url=https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/about/board/resolutions/2004/r2004-08.pdf \|publisher=Sound Transit \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910041022/https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/about/board/resolutions/2004/r2004-08.pdf \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> The $1.9 billion University Link project, with the Husky Stadium station as the northern terminus, received final approval from Sound Transit and the [[Federal Transit Administration]] (FTA) in 2006.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Lindblom \|first=Mike \|date=November 28, 2006 \|title=Light-rail tunnel gets key support \|page=B1 \|url=http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2003450789_soundtransit28m.html \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=August 14, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814145436/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2003450789_soundtransit28m.html \|archive-date=August 14, 2017}}</ref> Under the plan approved in 2006, the Husky Stadium station would have three entrances connected via underground walkways or overpasses: on the east side of Montlake Boulevard adjacent to the stadium; on the north side of Pacific Place on the Burke-Gilman Trail; and on the west side of Montlake Boulevard near the University of Washington Medical Center.<ref>{{cite web \|date=April 27, 2006 \|title=Sound Transit Resolution No. R2006-07 \|url=https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/about/board/resolutions/2006/R2006-07.pdf \|publisher=Sound Transit \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814140144/https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/about/board/resolutions/2006/R2006-07.pdf \|archive-date=August 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite report \|date=March 2006 \|title=North Link Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement \|chapter=Chapter 2: Alternatives Considered \|page=17 \|chapter-url=https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/projects/link/nlinkseis_chapter2.pdf \|publisher=Sound Transit \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910040815/https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/projects/link/nlinkseis_chapter2.pdf \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> In 2007, the Seattle Design Commission recommended an overpass to cross Montlake Boulevard in lieu of the underground walkway, and Sound Transit updated the station's design plan accordingly, adding a bridge on the north side of the Montlake Triangle across from Rainier Vista.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Carlton Harrell \|first=Debera \|date=December 10, 2007 \|title=Design of UW light rail station on display \|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Design-of-UW-light-rail-station-on-display-1258377.php \|work=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910041649/http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Design-of-UW-light-rail-station-on-display-1258377.php \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> The University of Washington unveiled its plans to redevelop the Montlake Triangle into a landscaped park with a land bridge over Pacific Place, and requested Sound Transit to connect the station through a mid-block crosswalk instead of the bridge.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Lindblom \|first=Mike \|date=March 30, 2010 \|title=UW pushes for grander, costlier light-rail entrance \|page=A1 \|url=http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2011474918_montlake30m.html \|work=The Seattle Times \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910041652/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2011474918_montlake30m.html \|archive-date=September 10, 2017 \|access-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> The FTA rejected the mid-block crosswalk and a compromise pedestrian overpass connecting to the center of the Montlake Triangle from Rainier Vista was adopted in 2011.<ref>{{cite web \|date=December 16, 2010 \|title=University of Washington Station Presentation for Light Rail Review Panel, December 16, 2010 \|url=http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/AppDocs/GroupMeetings/DCPresentation1University-of-Washington-Light-Rail-StationAgendaID3127.pdf \|publisher=Sound Transit \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221165659/http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/AppDocs/GroupMeetings/DCPresentation1University-of-Washington-Light-Rail-StationAgendaID3127.pdf \|archive-date=February 21, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last=Lindblom \|first=Mike \|date=January 13, 2011 \|title=Light-rail plan gives UW a 'front porch' \|page=B1 \|url=http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2013921199_uwstation13m.html \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910041349/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2013921199_uwstation13m.html \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> The station was named "University of Washington" in 2012, leading to confusion with the existing [[University Street station]] in Downtown Seattle and the future [[U District station]] that would open west of the campus in 2021.<ref>{{cite web \|date=June 28, 2012 \|title=Sound Transit Motion No. M2012-36: Adopting Station and Facility Names for the North Link and University Link Projects (Staff Report) \|url=http://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/about/board/motions/2012/Motion_M2012-36sr.pdf \|publisher=Sound Transit \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909043241/http://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/about/board/motions/2012/Motion_M2012-36sr.pdf \|archive-date=September 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last=Radil \|first=Amy \|date=June 18, 2012 \|title=Naming Light Rail Stations Not As Simple As It Seems \|url=http://www2.kuow.org/program.php?id=27077 \|publisher=[[KUOW-FM\|KUOW]] \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910082722/http://www2.kuow.org/program.php?id=27077 \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> Other suggested names included Montlake, Husky Stadium, and UW Medical Center.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Lindblom \|first=Mike \|date=June 6, 2012 \|title=Sound Transit needs "U" to name this train station \|url=http://blogs.seattletimes.com/today/2012/06/sound-transit-needs-u-to-name-this-train-station/ \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910041735/http://blogs.seattletimes.com/today/2012/06/sound-transit-needs-u-to-name-this-train-station/ \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> In 2015, the [[Washington House of Representatives]] passed a transportation package with language that ordered Sound Transit to consider naming the station for state senator [[Scott White (politician)\|Scott White]], who died in office.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Lindblom \|first=Mike \|date=April 20, 2015 \|title=Scott White Station? Transportation bill would honor late senator \|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/scott-white-station-transpo-bill-would-honor-ex-senator/ \|work=The Seattle Times \|accessdate=July 13, 2025}}</ref> ===Construction and opening=== [[File:University Link Tunnel construction aerial 2012 (2).jpg\|thumb\|left\|Excavation of the University of Washington [[station box]], seen from above in February 2012\|alt=A construction site with several cranes and walls surrounding a long, rectangular hole in the ground.]] The University Link project received an $813 million grant from the federal government in January 2009, allowing it to move towards final design and construction.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Lindblom \|first=Mike \|date=January 16, 2009 \|title=Sound Transit gets $813 million federal grant for light-rail line \|page=B1 \|url=http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2008634660_soundtransit16m.html \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910041639/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2008634660_soundtransit16m.html \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> A [[groundbreaking]] ceremony was held at the future University of Washington station on March 6, 2009, marking the start of construction.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Lindblom \|first=Mike \|date=March 7, 2009 \|title=Sound Transit breaks ground on 3-mile light-rail tunnel in Seattle \|page=A1 \|url=http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2008824266_websoundtransit06m.html \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814145409/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2008824266_websoundtransit06m.html \|archive-date=August 14, 2017}}</ref> Utility relocation and site preparation at the station, consisting of the demolition and replacement of facilities at Husky Stadium—including two ticket offices, a concessions kitchen, and restrooms—had begun in February and continued until August.<ref>{{cite web \|date=September 3, 2009 \|title=Sound Transit Staff Report for Motion No. M2009-75 \|url=https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/about/board/motions/2009/Motion_M2009-75sr.pdf \|publisher=Sound Transit \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910040236/https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/about/board/motions/2009/Motion_M2009-75sr.pdf \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|date=February 2009 \|title=Early construction work is starting for UW light rail station \|publisher=Sound Transit \|url=http://www.soundtransit.org/x10514.xml \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070214/http://www.soundtransit.org/x10514.xml \|archive-date=February 11, 2009 \|access-date=September 9, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|date=February 6, 2009 \|title=Stadium remodel adds to light-rail cost \|page=B2 \|url=http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2008713821_webstadium06m.html \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910041551/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2008713821_webstadium06m.html \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> A new access road around Husky Stadium was built and part of the stadium's parking lot was closed and fenced off in early 2010.<ref>{{cite web \|date=March 2010 \|title=University Link Light Rail: Project Update, March 2010 \|publisher=Sound Transit \|url=http://projects.soundtransit.org/x7374.xml \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405025144/http://projects.soundtransit.org/x7374.xml \|archive-date=April 5, 2010 \|access-date=September 9, 2017}}</ref> Excavation of the [[station box]], along with [[shoring]] installation and [[jet grouting]] of the soil, began in June 2010.<ref name="UWCPO-2012">{{cite web \|year=2012 \|title=Projects: Sound Transit Husky Stadium \|publisher=University of Washington Capital Projects Office \|url=http://f2.washington.edu/cpo/projects/sound-transit/look-ahead \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010225907/http://f2.washington.edu/cpo/projects/sound-transit/look-ahead \|archive-date=October 10, 2012 \|access-date=September 9, 2017}}</ref> The platform level, at a depth of {{convert\|100\|ft\|m}}, was reached in late February 2011, allowing concrete pouring to commence.<ref name="UWCPO-2012"/> The project's two [[tunnel boring machine]]s arrived at University of Washington station for assembly in April 2011 and were dedicated by local and state politicians on May 16.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Lindblom \|first=Mike \|date=May 16, 2011 \|title=Boring to begin Monday on light-rail link to UW \|page=A1 \|url=http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2015064449_railtunnel16m.html \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910082524/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2015064449_railtunnel16m.html \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> The tunnel boring machines were launched in June and July towards [[Capitol Hill station]], arriving in spring 2012.<ref name="UWCPO-2012"/><ref>{{cite news \|last=Gutierrez \|first=Scott \|date=April 3, 2012 \|title=2nd light rail tunneling machine breaks through \|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/local/transportation/article/Second-light-rail-tunneling-machine-breaks-through-3454073.php \|work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823073958/http://www.seattlepi.com/local/transportation/article/Second-light-rail-tunneling-machine-breaks-through-3454073.php \|archive-date=August 23, 2017}}</ref> Station box excavation was completed in June 2012, and contractors [[Hoffman Construction Company]] moved on to steel erection and pouring of the station's upper levels.<ref name="UWCPO-2012"/><ref>{{cite web \|date=June 2012 \|title=Link Light Rail Progress Report, June 2012 \|page=10 \|url=https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/news/reports/apr/201206_linklightrail.pdf \|publisher=Sound Transit \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921005349/http://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/news/reports/apr/201206_linklightrail.pdf \|archive-date=September 21, 2015}}</ref> Station construction reached street level in late 2012, and structural elements of the [[headhouse]] and Montlake Boulevard overpass were installed.<ref>{{cite web \|date=December 2012 \|title=Link Light Rail Progress Report, December 2012 \|page=24 \|url=https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/news/reports/apr/201212_linklightrail.pdf \|publisher=Sound Transit \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001111715/http://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/news/reports/apr/201212_linklightrail.pdf \|archive-date=October 1, 2015}}</ref> The station's basic structure was finished in early 2014, and landscaping and road access around the entrance was restored while finishing work continued underground.<ref>{{cite web \|date=March 2014 \|title=Link Light Rail Progress Report, March 2014 \|page=20 \|url=https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/news/reports/apr/2014q1_linklightrail.pdf \|publisher=Sound Transit \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930231742/http://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/news/reports/apr/2014q1_linklightrail.pdf \|archive-date=September 30, 2015}}</ref> The station and overpass were declared substantially complete in November 2014, while work above ground continued.<ref>{{cite web \|date=March 2015 \|title=Link Light Rail Progress Report, March 2015 \|page=20 \|url=https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/2015_Q1_LinkLightRail.pdf \|publisher=Sound Transit \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217082153/http://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/2015_Q1_LinkLightRail.pdf \|archive-date=February 17, 2017}}</ref> The University of Washington completed work on the Montlake Triangle in July 2015,<ref>{{cite news \|last=Porter \|first=Lynn \|date=July 13, 2015 \|title=$27M project reconnects UW, Montlake Triangle \|url=https://www.djc.com/news/ae/12079547.html \|work=[[Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce]] \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910041439/https://www.djc.com/news/ae/12079547.html \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> and the Montlake Boulevard overpass opened to the public later that month.<ref>{{cite news \|date=July 23, 2015 \|title=Testing out new bridge near Husky Stadium \|page=B1 \|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/testing-out-new-bridge-near-husky-stadium/ \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910041629/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/testing-out-new-bridge-near-husky-stadium/ \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> Capitol Hill and University of Washington stations opened on March 19, 2016, during a community celebration that attracted 67,000 people;<ref>{{cite news \|last=Beekman \|first=Daniel \|date=March 19, 2016 \|title=Capitol Hill, UW light-rail stations open to big crowds \|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/capitol-hill-uw-light-rail-stations-open/ \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=March 19, 2016 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101203045/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/capitol-hill-uw-light-rail-stations-open/ \|archive-date=January 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last=Lindblom \|first=Mike \|date=March 24, 2016 \|title=Sound Transit to add longer trains to meet unexpected light-rail demand \|page=B1 \|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/sound-transit-to-add-bigger-trains-to-meet-ridership-demands/ \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=September 10, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911071146/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/sound-transit-to-add-bigger-trains-to-meet-ridership-demands/ \|archive-date=September 11, 2017}}</ref> the two stations opened six months ahead of schedule.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Lindblom \|first=Mike \|date=January 27, 2016 \|title=University Link light-rail service starts March 19 \|page=B4 \|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/university-link-light-rail-service-starts-march-19/ \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713045342/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/university-link-light-rail-service-starts-march-19/ \|archive-date=July 13, 2017}}</ref> The following week, several bus routes in Northeast Seattle were redirected to [[feeder line (network)\|feed]] the new station as part of a major restructuring of service brought on by the cancellation of downtown express routes from the University District.<ref name="Times-BusRest">{{cite news \|last=Lindblom \|first=Mike \|date=March 13, 2016 \|title=Metro shifts many bus routes into Montlake to feed light rail \|page=A11 \|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/is-your-bus-route-changing-metro-moves-lines-to-feed-uw-station-light-rail/ \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=March 27, 2016 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327021848/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/is-your-bus-route-changing-metro-moves-lines-to-feed-uw-station-light-rail/ \|archive-date=March 27, 2016}}</ref> By the end of the year, the station was averaging 9,300 daily boardings, placing it second among Link stations for ridership behind Westlake.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Johnson \|first=Matthew \|date=February 17, 2017 \|title=2016 – The Year of Link \|url=https://www.soundtransit.org/blog/platform/2016-year-link \|work=The Platform \|publisher=Sound Transit \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910040104/https://www.soundtransit.org/blog/platform/2016-year-link \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> The station has had long-term escalator outages that began soon after it was opened, blamed on components failing prematurely. In one incident on March 16, 2018, both of the station's down escalators were broken for three hours, forcing passengers to queue for the elevators.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Lindblom \|first=Mike \|date=March 16, 2018 \|title=UW train escalators re-started after 2-hour breakdown Friday \|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/escalators-break-down-at-uw-station/ \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=March 16, 2018}}</ref> The incident prompted Sound Transit to change their escalator protocol in April, allowing passengers to temporarily use the shut-off escalators as stairs and opening emergency stairways.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Lindblom \|first=Mike \|date=April 6, 2018 \|title=Sound Transit says stalled escalators might be used as stairs – under rare circumstances \|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/sound-transit-says-stalled-escalators-might-be-used-as-stairs-under-rare-circumstances/ \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=April 28, 2018}}</ref> The downward escalators failed again for an hour on April 27, during which the new escalator protocol was used to allow access to the emergency stairways.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Lindblom \|first=Mike \|date=April 27, 2018 \|title=Escalators fail again at UW light-rail station; emergency stairs opened for riders \|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/escalators-fail-again-at-uw-light-rail-station-emergency-stairs-opened-for-riders/ \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=April 28, 2018}}</ref> In October 2018, Sound Transit approved a $20 million contract to replace the station's 13 escalators, open one set of stairs to the public, and build a connection between the two sub-mezzanines above the platform.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Lindblom \|first=Mike \|date=October 25, 2018 \|title=Sound Transit will add stairs and stronger escalators to fix UW Station breakdowns \|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/sound-transit-will-add-stairs-and-stronger-escalators-to-fix-uw-station-breakdowns/ \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=October 25, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|date=October 25, 2018 \|title=For the record: fixing escalator reliability issues \|url=https://www.soundtransit.org/blog/platform/record-fixing-escalator-reliability-issues \|work=The Platform \|publisher=Sound Transit \|access-date=October 25, 2018}}</ref> The escalator replacement plan was later cancelled in October 2020 following improved performance due to preventative maintenance under a new contractor.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Merten \|first=Paxtyn \|date=October 7, 2020 \|title=Sound Transit scraps plans to replace UW Station escalators, citing performance improvements \|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2020/10/07/uw-light-rail-station-escalators-replacement.html \|work=Puget Sound Business Journal \|access-date=February 8, 2021}}</ref> Buses from the Eastside area using State Route 520 were redirected to the station beginning in March 2019 as part of a restructure of downtown bus service before the [[Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel\|downtown transit tunnel]] was closed to buses. A new set of bus stops and dedicated bus lanes on the east side of Montlake Boulevard were built to serve the redirected routes.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Millman \|first1=Zosha \|last2=Guevara \|first2=Natalie \|date=March 22, 2019 \|title=Bus tunnel no more: Routes using downtown transit tunnel to move outside Saturday \|url=https://www.seattlepi.com/local/transportation/article/Seattle-maximum-constraint-bus-tunnel-Saturday-13707009.php \|work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer \|access-date=January 17, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last=Lindblom \|first=Mike \|date=January 7, 2018 \|title=If you think Seattle traffic is bad now, just wait until these projects start \|page=A1 \|url=https://projects.seattletimes.com/2018/one-center-city/ \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=January 15, 2018 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111235139/https://projects.seattletimes.com/2018/one-center-city/ \|archive-date=January 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Link Connections: SR-520 \|url=http://kingcounty.gov/depts/transportation/metro/programs-projects/link-connections/sr-520.aspx \|publisher=King County Metro \|access-date=January 15, 2018 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710081623/http://kingcounty.gov/depts/transportation/metro/programs-projects/link-connections/sr-520.aspx \|archive-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref> University of Washington station served as the northern terminus of the 1 Line until October 2, 2021, when an [[Northgate Link extension\|extension]] to [[Northgate station (Sound Transit)\|Northgate station]] opened.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Lindblom \|first1=Mike \|last2=Baruchman \|first2=Michelle \|date=October 2, 2021 \|title=New light-rail stations now open at U District, Roosevelt and Northgate \|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/new-light-rail-stations-now-open-at-u-district-roosevelt-and-northgate/ \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=October 3, 2021}}</ref> Tunnel boring from U District station, located northwest of the university campus, was completed in September 2016.<ref>{{cite news \|date=September 2, 2016 \|title=Sound Transit wraps up tunneling from Husky Stadium to Northgate \|url=http://www.king5.com/news/traffic/sound-transit-wraps-up-tunneling-from-husky-stadium-to-northgate/313159045 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007144000/http://www.king5.com/news/traffic/sound-transit-wraps-up-tunneling-from-husky-stadium-to-northgate/313159045 \|archive-date=October 7, 2016 \|publisher=[[KING-TV\|KING 5 News]] \|access-date=September 9, 2017}}</ref> On September 17, 2024, a bent [[pantograph]] on a train damaged the overhead wire over the northbound track at the station and caused a stall that was not removed for the remainder of the day. Northbound trains have been limited to {{convert\|10\|mph\|kph}} on approach or departure from University of Washington station to prevent further damage to the wires, which was originally scheduled to be repaired in December. The slow order added an extra two minutes of travel time to Link trains through the area.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Lindblom \|first=Mike \|date=October 17, 2024 \|title=Why trains are 2 minutes slower at UW Station \|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/why-trains-are-2-minutes-slower-at-uw-station/ \|work=The Seattle Times \|accessdate=October 20, 2024}}</ref> The repair was delayed to February 2025 due to ongoing signaling issues that could have potentially disrupted the limited train schedule during reduced service.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Lindblom \|first=Mike \|date=December 6, 2024 \|title=Light rail problems compound to delay repair of UW Station power line \|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/light-rail-problems-compound-to-delay-repair-of-uw-station-power-line/ \|work=The Seattle Times \|accessdate=December 6, 2024}}</ref> ==Station layout== [[File:University of Washington Station escalator queue (30057632175).jpg\|thumb\|right\|The platform level at University of Washington station before a [[Washington Huskies football\|Huskies football]] game\|alt=A crowd of people queue before an escalator between a set of empty train tracks]] University of Washington station consists of a single, {{convert\|380\|ft\|m\|adj=mid\|-long}} [[island platform]] located {{convert\|95\|ft\|m}} below street level.<ref name="Times-Preview"/><ref>{{cite press release \|date=April 7, 2016 \|title=LMN-designed University of Washington transit hub opens for commuters \|url=https://lmnarchitects.com/lmn-designed-university-washington-transit-hub-opens-commuters \|publisher=LMN Architects \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910040723/https://lmnarchitects.com/lmn-designed-university-washington-transit-hub-opens-commuters \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> The station has a stated platform capacity of 1,600 people; it was designed to accommodate large crowds attending Husky Stadium events.<ref name="Times-Preview"/><ref>{{cite news \|last=Lindblom \|first=Mike \|date=November 23, 2013 \|title=UW light-rail station on fast track to open 6–9 months early \|page=A1 \|url=http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2022316088_soundtransituwstationxml.html \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910041604/http://old.seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2022316088_soundtransituwstationxml.html \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> The station has a {{convert\|55\|ft\|m\|adj=mid}} open [[mezzanine]] that is split between two stories and requires a change of escalators.<ref name="AIA2021">{{cite web \|date=April 2021 \|title=2021 AIA Awards - Architecture: Sound Transit University of Washington Station \|url=https://www.aia.org/showcases/6376087-sound-transit-university-of-washington-sta \|publisher=[[American Institute of Architects]] \|access-date=May 1, 2021}}</ref> The upper mezzanine contains [[ticket vending machine]]s and passenger information,<ref name="Times-Preview"/> and is decorated with ceramic tiles and fixtures with green and yellow accents.<ref name="DJC-LMN">{{cite news \|last=Reddington \|first=Mark \|date=March 25, 2016 \|title=University of Washington Station brings it all together \|url=http://www.djc.com/news/co/12087583.html \|work=Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910041216/http://www.djc.com/news/co/12087583.html \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref><ref name="SDC-2008">{{cite web \|date=September 4, 2008 \|title=Seattle Design Commission Approved Minutes of the Meeting, September 4, 2008 \|url=http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/cityplanning/designcommission/cs/groups/pan/@pan/@designcommission/documents/web_informational/s049055.pdf \|publisher=Seattle Design Commission \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228233723/http://www.seattle.gov/DPD/cityplanning/designcommission/cs/groups/pan/@pan/@designcommission/documents/web_informational/s049055.pdf \|archive-date=February 28, 2017}}</ref> The colors of the walls drew criticism from fans of the [[Washington Huskies football\|Huskies football team]] because they were similar to the neon yellow that was later adopted by the [[Oregon Ducks football\|Oregon Ducks]], a rival football team.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Porter \|first=Essex \|date=November 10, 2014 \|title=Are University of Oregon colors decorating the UW train station? \|url=http://www.kiro7.com/news/are-university-oregon-colors-decorating-uw-train-s/81764970 \|publisher=[[KIRO-TV\|KIRO 7 News]] \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910042203/http://www.kiro7.com/news/are-university-oregon-colors-decorating-uw-train-s/81764970 \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> The entrance is contained in a two-story glass building, the upper level of which leads to a bridge over Montlake Boulevard; the bridge is also connected via a ramp and stairway to street level adjacent to the station.<ref name="DJC-LMN"/> The surface plaza around the station includes bicycle racks under the bridge's ramp,<ref name="Times-Preview"/><ref name="SDC-2008"/> as well as pay parking in nearby lots owned by the university.<ref name="UWMap"/> The station's elevators lead directly from the platform to the surface entrance and pedestrian overpass levels.<ref name="SDC-2008"/> The station has 234 bicycle rack spaces and a [[bicycle locker]] with capacity for 60 bicycles.<ref>{{cite press release \|date=December 16, 2019 \|title=Installation of on-demand bike lockers starts this week at UW, SODO and Rainier Beach Stations \|url=https://www.soundtransit.org/get-to-know-us/news-events/news-releases/installation-demand-bike-lockers-starts-week-uw-sodo \|publisher=Sound Transit \|access-date=December 17, 2019}}</ref> The non-public areas of the station include a track [[crossover (rail)\|crossover]], maintenance spaces, and a smoke ventilation system assisted by two surface vents to the north and south of the complex.<ref name="DJC-LMN"/> University of Washington station was designed by [[LMN Architects]], a Seattle-based firm that also worked on thirteen other light rail stations on the future [[East Link Extension (Sound Transit)\|East Link]] and [[Lynnwood Link]] projects.<ref name="DJC-LMN"/> LMN received several design awards for their work on the station, including an [[American Institute of Architects]] 2021 Architecture Award,<ref name="AIA2021"/> an American Institute of Architects Honor Award for Interior Architecture in 2018,<ref>{{cite press release \|date=January 12, 2018 \|title=2018 AIA Institute Honor Awards recognize excellence in architecture, interior architecture, and regional & urban design \|url=https://www.aia.org/press-releases/172561-2018-aia-institute-honor-awards-recognize-e \|publisher=American Institute of Architects \|access-date=January 17, 2018 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117010055/https://www.aia.org/press-releases/172561-2018-aia-institute-honor-awards-recognize-e \|archive-date=January 17, 2018 }} ([https://www.aia.org/showcases/169531-sound-transit-university-of-washington-stat Recipient Profile] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118035858/https://www.aia.org/showcases/169531-sound-transit-university-of-washington-stat \|date=January 18, 2018 }})</ref> an [[International Architecture Awards\|International Architecture Award]] from the [[Chicago Athenaeum]],<ref>{{cite press release \|date=August 18, 2017 \|title=Texas Architects Award Over 70 Buildings And Urban Planning Projects From 28 Nations To Define The Standard For The Best New Global Design For 2017 \|url=https://chi-athenaeum.org/assets/IAA-2017/IA_2017_PRESS_RELEASE-UPDATE.pdf \|publisher=[[Chicago Athenaeum\|Chicago Athenaeum Museum of Architecture and Design]] \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908232339/https://chi-athenaeum.org/assets/IAA-2017/IA_2017_PRESS_RELEASE-UPDATE.pdf \|archive-date=September 8, 2017}}</ref> an Award of Merit from the Seattle chapter of the American Institute of Architects,<ref>{{cite news \|date=November 9, 2016 \|title=16 projects win AIA Seattle awards \|url=http://www.djc.com/news/ae/12094679.html \|work=Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910040458/http://www.djc.com/news/ae/12094679.html \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> and an Honorable Mention in the [[Fast Company (magazine)\|Fast Co.Design]] Innovation By Design Awards.<ref>{{cite news \|year=2016 \|title=Innovation By Design Awards 2016 \|url=https://www.fastcodesign.com/innovation-by-design/2016/category/spaces-places-cities \|publisher=[[Fast Company (magazine)\|Fast Co.Design]] \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910041004/https://www.fastcodesign.com/innovation-by-design/2016/category/spaces-places-cities \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> ===Public art=== One major component of the station's architecture is the chamber-like mezzanine, which contains the station's sole piece of public art, ''Subterraneum'' by Leo Saul Berk, funded by Sound Transit's system-wide public art program.<ref>{{cite web \|date=March 2016 \|title=Guide to art on Link light rail \|url=https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/2016_start-on-link-map.pdf \|publisher=Sound Transit \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511140229/https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/2016_start-on-link-map.pdf \|archive-date=May 11, 2017}}</ref> ''Subterraneum'' consists of 6,000 backlit LED panels lining the walls of the chamber. Berk took inspiration from the [[geological map]]s for the project and symbols representing the [[stratum\|strata]] of layers near the station, while adding some original creations.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Spain \|first=Monica \|date=March 18, 2016 \|title=Seattle Artist Lights Up UW Rail Station \|publisher=[[KNKX\|KPLU-FM]] \|url=http://www.kplu.org/post/seattle-artist-lights-uw-rail-station \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801223336/http://www.kplu.org/post/seattle-artist-lights-uw-rail-station \|archive-date=August 1, 2016 \|access-date=September 28, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last=Hickey \|first=Hannah \|date=March 25, 2016 \|title=Geology and art connect at UW light rail station \|url=http://www.washington.edu/news/2016/03/25/geology-and-art-connect-at-uw-light-rail-station/ \|work=UW Today \|publisher=University of Washington \|access-date=September 28, 2016 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929040938/http://www.washington.edu/news/2016/03/25/geology-and-art-connect-at-uw-light-rail-station/ \|archive-date=September 29, 2016}}</ref> The installation was praised for its scale and evocative staging by [[Gary Faigin]] of ''[[The Seattle Times]]'',<ref>{{cite news \|last=Faigin \|first=Gary \|author-link=Gary Faigin \|date=April 24, 2016 \|title=New light-rail stations show off energetic public art \|page=H5 \|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/visual-arts/art-on-the-go-a-look-at-the-energetic-public-art-in-seattles-new-light-rail-stations/ \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910041645/http://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/visual-arts/art-on-the-go-a-look-at-the-energetic-public-art-in-seattles-new-light-rail-stations/ \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> and dubbed an "underground planetarium" by the ''[[Huffington Post]]''.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Welton \|first=J. Michael \|date=August 18, 2017 \|title=Art and Architecture for a Transit Station \|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/art-and-architecture-for-a-transit-station_us_5997240de4b033e0fbdec395 \|work=[[Huffington Post]] \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116010912/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/art-and-architecture-for-a-transit-station_us_5997240de4b033e0fbdec395 \|archive-date=January 16, 2018}}</ref> Until 2024, the station was represented on maps and signage by a [[pictogram]] of a [[graduation cap]] with the University of Washington logo.<ref>{{cite web \|title=STart Art Guide: UW station \|url=https://www.soundtransit.org/node/13322 \|publisher=Sound Transit \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910041158/https://www.soundtransit.org/node/13322 \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> The pictogram series, part of the public art program, was retired in 2024 and replaced by [[Station numbering\|station number]]s.<ref>{{cite news \|date=August 29, 2024 \|title=Understanding Sound Transit's new three-digit Station Codes \|url=https://www.soundtransit.org/blog/platform/understanding-sound-transits-new-three-digit-station-codes \|work=The Platform \|publisher=Sound Transit \|accessdate=June 12, 2025}}</ref> During construction of the station from 2010 to 2014, a temporary piece of art known as the "Great Wall of Us" was installed on the fence surrounding the work site. The {{convert\|1,100\|ft\|m\|adj=mid\|-long}} wall featured 800 photographs of 1,500 people taken at university events and at [[Tukwila International Boulevard station]], interspersed with viewing windows into the work site and explanatory text.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Roseth \|first=Bob \|date=August 20, 2010 \|title=UW, Sound Transit build "Great Wall of Us" on construction site \|url=http://www.washington.edu/news/2010/08/20/uw-sound-transit-build-great-wall-of-us-on-construction-site/ \|work=UW Today \|publisher=University of Washington \|access-date=March 16, 2012 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011012351/http://www.washington.edu/news/2010/08/20/uw-sound-transit-build-great-wall-of-us-on-construction-site/ \|archive-date=October 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|date=January 27, 2011 \|title=Photo: UW's "Great Wall of Us" \|page=B1 \|url=http://old.seattletimes.com/flatpages/local/photouwsgreatwallofus.html \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910041633/http://old.seattletimes.com/flatpages/local/photouwsgreatwallofus.html \|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> ==Services== The station is served by the 1 Line, which runs between [[Lynnwood, Washington\|Lynnwood]], the University of Washington campus, Downtown Seattle, the [[Rainier Valley, Seattle\|Rainier Valley]], and [[Seattle–Tacoma International Airport]]. University of Washington station is the seventh southbound station from [[Lynnwood City Center station\|Lynnwood City Center]] and fifteenth northbound station from [[Angle Lake station\|Angle Lake]], the line's northern and southern termini, respectively. It is situated between [[U District station\|U District]] and Capitol Hill stations, connecting to the latter and Downtown Seattle via the [[University Link tunnel]].<ref>{{cite web \|date=January 2015 \|title=University Link Light Rail Fact Sheet \|url=https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/projects/link/north/ULink/May2015_FOLIO_ULink.pdf \|publisher=Sound Transit \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327072527/http://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/projects/link/north/ULink/May2015_FOLIO_ULink.pdf \|archive-date=March 27, 2016}}</ref> The 1 Line operates for twenty hours a day on weekdays and Saturdays, from 5:00 am to 1:00 am, and eighteen hours on Sundays, from 6:00 am to 12:00 am; during regular weekday service, trains operate roughly every eight to ten minutes during [[rush hour]] and midday operation, respectively, with longer [[headway]]s of twelve to fifteen minutes in the early morning and at night. During weekends, Link trains arrive at University of Washington station every ten minutes during midday hours and every twelve to fifteen minutes during mornings and evenings. The station is approximately 25 minutes from Lynnwood City Center station, 6 minutes from [[Westlake station (Sound Transit)\|Westlake station]] in Downtown Seattle, and 44 minutes from [[SeaTac/Airport station]].<ref>{{cite web \|date=August 2024 \|title=Line 1 Line: Lynnwood City Center — Angle Lake schedule \|url=https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/schedule-link-1-line.pdf \|publisher=Sound Transit \|access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> In 2023, an average of 5,390 passengers boarded Link trains at University of Washington stations on weekdays.<ref name="Ridership"/> University of Washington station is also a major bus station, with seven bus stops around the Montlake Triangle and nearby streets serving bus routes primarily from Northeast Seattle and the Eastside.<ref name="Times-BusRest"/><ref name="ST-RTW">{{cite book \|date=March 2017 \|title=Ride the Wave Transit Guide \|url=https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/ride-the-wave-transit-guide-march-2017.pdf \|pages=15–16 \|edition=March–September 2017 \|publisher=Sound Transit \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511163942/https://www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/ride-the-wave-transit-guide-march-2017.pdf \|archive-date=May 11, 2017}}</ref> [[King County Metro]] operates twelve routes that stop at the station and travel to the University District, [[Ballard, Seattle\|Ballard]], [[Roosevelt, Seattle\|Roosevelt]], Northgate, [[Green Lake, Seattle\|Green Lake]], [[Lake City, Seattle\|Lake City]], [[Sand Point, Seattle\|Sand Point]], [[Kenmore, Washington\|Kenmore]], [[Kirkland, Washington\|Kirkland]], [[Bellevue, Washington\|Bellevue]], and [[Issaquah, Washington\|Issaquah]].<ref name="Metro-Spider">{{cite map \|date=September 2024 \|title=Buses from Here: University of Washington Station \|url=https://kingcounty.gov/-/media/king-county/depts/metro/maps/boarding/09142024/pdf/uw_station_map \|publisher=[[King County Metro]] \|access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite map \|date=February 2016 \|title=Get Around U-District and Capitol Hill \|url=http://your.kingcounty.gov/ftp/gis/Web/VMC/transportation/GetAround_UDistrictCapitolHill_North_flat-GEO.pdf \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807050437/http://your.kingcounty.gov/ftp/gis/Web/VMC/transportation/GetAround_UDistrictCapitolHill_North_flat-GEO.pdf \|archive-date=August 7, 2017 \|publisher=King County Metro \|access-date=September 9, 2017}}</ref> Three [[Sound Transit Express]] routes connect the station with Bellevue, Issaquah, Kirkland, and [[Tacoma, Washington\|Tacoma]].<ref name="ST-RTW"/><ref name="Metro-Spider"/> Until 2021, six [[Community Transit]] commuter routes connected the station to areas in [[Snohomish County, Washington\|Snohomish County]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Bus Service to Northgate Station \|url=https://www.communitytransit.org/advertising/northgate \|publisher=[[Community Transit]] \|access-date=October 3, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite map \|date=March 2017 \|title=Community Transit System Map \|url=https://www.communitytransit.org/docs/default-source/bus-service/17mar/systemmappdfs/mapsystemmar17.pdf \|publisher=Community Transit \|access-date=September 9, 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909230323/https://www.communitytransit.org/docs/default-source/bus-service/17mar/systemmappdfs/mapsystemmar17.pdf \|archive-date=September 9, 2017}}</ref> The bus–rail transfer at University of Washington station has been criticized for its long walking distance and difficulty crossing Montlake Boulevard.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Baruchman \|first=Michelle \|date=October 15, 2018 \|title=U District plans for influx of light-rail passengers \|page=B1 \|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/with-light-rail-coming-in-2021-u-district-is-planning-for-more-people-moving-around-the-neighborhood/ \|work=The Seattle Times \|access-date=March 23, 2019}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * {{Commons-inline\|Category:University of Washington (Link station)\|University of Washington (Link station)}} * [https://www.soundtransit.org/ride-with-us/stops-stations/university-washington-station Sound Transit Rider Guide] {{University District, Seattle}} {{Sound Transit railway stations\|Blue=y\|Central=y\|state=collapsed}} {{Portal bar\|Trains\|United States}} [[Category:2016 establishments in Washington (state)]] [[Category:Link light rail stations in Seattle]] [[Category:Railway stations in Washington (state) at university and college campuses]] [[Category:Railway stations in the United States opened in 2016]] [[Category:Railway stations located underground in Seattle]] [[Category:University District, Seattle]] [[Category:University of Washington campus]] [[Category:Transit centers in the United States]]	1,306,855,762	[{"title": "General information", "data": {"Location": "3720 Montlake Boulevard Northeast \u00b7 Seattle, Washington \u00b7 United States", "Coordinates": "47\u00b038\u203259\u2033N 122\u00b018\u203214\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff47.64972\u00b0N 122.30389\u00b0W", "Owned by": "Sound Transit", "Platforms": "1 island platform", "Tracks": "2", "Connections": "- King County Metro - Sound Transit Express - Community Transit"}}, {"title": "Construction", "data": {"Structure type": "Underground", "Depth": "95 ft (29 m)", "Parking": "Paid parking nearby", "Bicycle facilities": "Racks", "Accessible": "Yes"}}, {"title": "History", "data": {"Opened": "March 19, 2016"}}, {"title": "Passengers", "data": {"Passengers": "5,214 daily weekday boardings (2024) \u00b7 1,497,787 total boardings (2024)"}}, {"title": "Services", "data": {"Preceding station": "Sound Transit \u00b7 Following station", "U Districttoward Lynnwood City Center": "1 Line \u00b7 Capitol Hilltoward Angle Lake"}}, {"title": "Preceding station", "data": {"Preceding station": "Sound Transit \u00b7 Following station"}}, {"title": "Link", "data": {"U Districttoward Lynnwood City Center": "2 Line \u00b7 Capitol Hilltoward Downtown Redmond"}}]	false
# Alan Class Comics Alan Class Comics was a British comics publishing company that operated between 1959 and 1989. The company produced anthology titles, reprinting comics stories from many U.S. publishers of the 1940s to 1960s in a black and white digest size format for a UK audience. During the 1960s and 1970s, these reprints were the main medium through which British children were introduced to American monster and mystery comics, as well as most non-DC or Marvel superheroes. The various Alan Class titles contained reprints of stories originally from such U.S. comics publishers as Timely, Atlas (and their later incarnation, Marvel Comics) American Comics Group (ACG), Charlton Comics, Archie Comics (and their Red Circle Comics and MLJ imprints), Fawcett Comics, Lev Gleason Publications, and Sterling Comics, as well as King Features comics and newspaper strips. Included in these reprints were many early mystery, superhero, and monster stories by artists such as Steve Ditko and Jack Kirby that are now regarded as classics of the 1950s and early 1960s. Although Alan Class put out more than 25 titles in all, the company's six core titles — Astounding Stories, Creepy Worlds, Secrets of the Unknown, Sinister Tales, Suspense Stories, and Uncanny Tales — lasted almost the entire publishing history of the company. ## History Alan Class (born in London, England, 21 July 1937) began as an importer of remaindered copies of American movie, romance, and detective magazines for UK distribution. (After World War II, the U.K. was intent on promoting homegrown publishers, and thus banned the direct importation of American periodicals.) To avoid the cost, supply, and importation difficulties he had encountered, in 1958 Class set up a publishing business, Alan Class and Co. Ltd, to produce his own magazines, and entered into an agreement with an American comic and comic strip syndication company for the rights to reproduce U.S. comic books and strips under their control for a U.K audience. (Coincidentally, in 1959, the U.K. lifted the previous ban on importing foreign publications.) The company's first offering was the one-shot Race for the Moon (1959), anthologizing Harvey science fiction reprints. Other one-shots and short series followed, and in the summer of 1962, the first of the Alan Class core titles, Creepy Worlds debuted; followed shortly thereafter by the debut of another long-running title, Secrets of the Unknown. Core titles Suspense Stories and Uncanny Tales debuted in 1963, Sinister Tales in 1964, and finally Astounding Stories in 1966. In 1963, Alan Class bought the inventory of L. Miller & Son, Ltd., a UK publisher since the 1940s that had also reprinted many U.S. comics in black-and-white format. This purchase included the asbestos printing plates from which Miller had produced their comics. However, it is unclear what inventory titles this gave Alan Class. Many of the companies that Miller had published material from, such as Charlton and Fawcett, had already been reprinted by Class; and most of the Fawcett superhero material in which Miller had specialized — Captain Marvel, Captain Marvel Jr. and the rest of the Marvel Family especially — were not reprinted as a result of the long-running legal case between National/D.C. and Fawcett over Captain Marvel. Alan Class Comics lost the right to its leased Marvel Comics characters after 1966, when Odhams Press began publishing its Power Comics line in January 1967, and licensed the Marvel Comics superheroes for their own titles. There was some overlap, with both companies reprinting Marvel superhero stories for some time. The available reprint material was reduced even further when, sometime between 1968 and 1971, King Features Syndicate sued Alan Class over publishing rights to its titles and characters, including The Phantom. As a result of this diminution of the accessible stories, by the early 1970s the Alan Class titles began to issue more and more reprints of material already printed in earlier issues. ### Demise and legacy By the late 1980s, slow sales and distribution problems, combined with the rise of the specialist comic shop and the decline of newsagent purchases, together with the easy availability of new U.S. comics and back issues, signaled the end of the line for the business. As Class himself said, "The reality was ... costs were escalating, sales were falling — Marvels were on everybody's wish-list, and my comics were at 55p which I didn’t feel could be increased — enough was enough!" Alan Class Comics shut down in 1989. During 30 years of publishing, the company produced 26 black-and-white anthology reprint titles comprising 1,472 individual issues (plus four issues of the Ally Sloper comic magazine). On 15 May 2005, 30th Century Comics in London announced that it had obtained the rights to sell Alan Class's personal collection, including the original printing plates for the comics range. ## Overview ### Format and price Alan Class Comics began as 68-page titles, containing a mix of stories reproduced in black and white with colour covers, and selling for 1 shilling. Each issue measured 235mm × 185mm (91⁄4" × 71⁄4"), slightly wider than the original American versions, allowing for all of the original cover art to be seen (which was cut in the originals). By the late 1960s, the company's standard 68-page format began to vary, with page counts ranging from 48 to 100 pages, and cover prices from 10p to 55p, with the company's six long-running titles settling for a while at 48 pages for 25p, before continuing an inexorable upward increase in price to 55p in the 1980s. #### Covers Across Alan Class Comics titles, the cover art ranged from only slightly adapted versions of the original comics from which the stories came to new covers, many produced from adapted pages or panels within the stories or pasted-up montages of various panels. Many of these covers were originally illustrated by classic comics artists of the time, especially Ditko and Kirby. Since the books were wider than the American originals, all the cover art was visible where American printings were cut-off. The reason for this was by the 1960s the width of American comics had shrunk, while artists continued to use the same size artboards. As a result, American covers from this era look cut-off while Alan Class covers didn't. Variations on these covers were often used more than once across the titles, as were the stories. #### Issue dating (or lack thereof) To complicate things further, none of the Alan Class Comics line had anything to identify their date of issue on the cover, (or inside the comic in many cases), and many were not even numbered. This was a deliberate company policy to extend the shelf life of the titles: Alan Class Comics often remained on the racks longer than dated issues from other companies. Additionally, it led Alan Class to devise a system to maximize profits: warehouse stocks of unsold comics were returned to him; these were later re-issued over a number of years' summer seasons to capture the market for reading material during the summer holidays. As Class said in an interview: "Every copy was of value to me, and some wholesale houses wanted to 'shred' unsold copies. I insisted that all unsold copies were returned back to me complete ... because during the summer period, May–September, a new market would become available. Beach and coastal resorts were thronged with thousands of holidaymakers with their children, who at certain times had to be kept quiet and happy, and what better way than to read a comic." ### Superheroes As well as monster, horror and mystery story reprints, many Alan Class comics featured superheroes. Early Marvel Comics tales of Fantastic Four and The Amazing Spider-Man by Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko respectively, Giant-Man, Ant-Man and The Wasp, the Human Torch, S.H.I.E.L.D. by Jim Steranko, odd issues of Iron Man, X-Men, Captain America and Doctor Strange were published in random order with no regard to continuity — any references to next issue's story in the original run were often covered over before printing, and there was no guarantee that any character would appear in consecutive issues of a title, or even in the same title. (One of the few exceptions to this was when Alans Class' Creepy Worlds #32-38 reprinted nearly the first Fantastic Four stories in sequence, missing only #7). Archie/Radio Comics' characters Jaguar, The Fly and Mighty Crusaders; Charlton's Captain Atom and Judomaster; ACG's Magicman and Nemesis; King Features' Flash Gordon by Reed Crandall, "The Phantom" and Mandrake the Magician, among others, also appeared on a random basis across many titles. Golden Age superheroes such as Novelty Press's Blue Bolt and the 1940s Timely Captain America and Human Torch tales were similarly treated. Only characters published by National Comics (now DC Comics) were unrepresented, as the syndicated merchandising deal did not include them. The balance of each comic was made up of short stories from other comic book titles and the occasional text story. Superheroes did not necessarily get cover billing in any issue — they were treated with the same importance as any other story. ### Short-run/one-off issues A number of Alan Class titles were un-numbered short-run or one-off issues. These were experimental titles testing the market for different genres, such as romance (My Secret Confessions, which anthologised American Comics Group love story reprints, and Uncensored Love), war titles (Journey Into Danger #1-8, reprinting Atlas war stories, and two issues of Tales Of Action), and westerns (three issues of Blazing Trails featuring Charlton and Fawcett western stories, and one issue of Hell-Fire Raiders (1966) reprinting Fawcett Tom Mix, Tex Ritter and Lash LaRue stories). None of these went on to become longer-running titles; Alan Class would later say of the whole line, "Only the suspense/space stories stood the test of time." Class also issued several short-run titles in the humour and crime genres. There were five issues of Just Dennis (1965), with reprints of the American version of Dennis the Menace together with Atomic Mouse and Atom the Cat reprints (the series was not titled Dennis the Menace to avoid copyright issues with DC Thomson's British Dennis the Menace character), and two issues of Super Mouse featuring Charlton humour reprints. Alan Class' one attempt at a crime comics — Tales of the Underworld, featuring Charlton and Fawcett crime stories — only lasted 10 issues. ### Science fiction Although many of the reprints scattered across the successful anthologies were science-fiction stories, titles themed solely on science fiction were comparative failures. Class tried first with one issue of Race for the Moon (1959), anthologising Harvey science fiction reprints, followed by Outer Space (1961), featuring mainly Charlton reprints, which ran only 10 issues, and Race Into Space the same year, which again only lasted one issue. The same year Class published probably the only science fiction title that was a deliberate one-off — Space Adventures Presents Space Trip To The Moon (1961), which was mainly a reprint of Fawcett's 1950 one-shot Destination Moon, itself an adaptation of the 1950 film of the same name with short story fillers. It is possible that this was part of Class's license for the Charlton inventory, as that company had reprinted the tale in Space Adventures #20 (March 1956). Later in the 1960s, the science fiction title Out of This World ran for two separate series, the first run of 23 issues — advertised as a "new Mystery Space series" — mainly reprinting Charlton stories (including the "Tales of the Mysterious Traveler" by Steve Ditko), and a 10-issue run in the 1970s. ### Ally Sloper The list of Alan Class Comics titles in themselves did not directly reflect that Class himself was interested in comics above and beyond his publishing them. However, in late 1976/early 1977, Alan Class published four issues of Ally Sloper, a monthly magazine in a totally different style from other Alan Class publications. Edited by comics historian Denis Gifford and named after one of the earliest comic characters, Ally Sloper demonstrated great affection for old British comics, comic strips, and artists. With the cover tagline, "First British comic hero 1867, First British comic magazine 1976," Ally Sloper contained an eclectic mix of strips and articles. Some were in the style of British comic strips from the early 20th century, while others were created by classic artists such as Frank Hampson's "Dawn O'Dare" and Frank Bellamy, who provided Swade, a three-page black-and-white wordless western story, for issue #1 (his last work as he died before completing the second strip). Also featured were newer British artists such as Kevin O'Neill (issue #2) and Hunt Emerson (issue #4). Although the Alley Sloper comic magazine was critically acclaimed by the fan press, it suffered from poor distribution and insufficient public interest, and the title disappeared from the market after only four issues. ## Titles published Most Alan Class comics were undated, and many un-numbered. The following is a list of the Alan Class titles, with dates of first publication when known: ### Core titles - Astounding Stories – #1–195 plus 3 'S' issues (February 1966–April 1989) - Creepy Worlds – #1–249 plus 3 'S' issues (August 1962–April 1989) - Secrets of the Unknown – #1–-249 plus 3 'S' issues (October 1962–March 1989) - Sinister Tales – #1–227 plus 2 'S' issues (January 1964–January 1989) - Suspense Stories – #1–241 plus 3 'S' issues (May 1963–March 1989) - Uncanny Tales – #1–187 plus 2 'S' issues, and 1 issue with no indicator (May 1963–c. 1989) ### Other titles - Ally Sloper #1-4 (October 1976–January 1977) — mix of articles and comics on classic British strips - Amazing Stories – 2 issues (mid-1960s) — Charlton and American Comics Group (ACG) science fiction comics - Blazing Trails – #1-3 (mid-1960s) — Charlton and Fawcett western comics - Journey Into Danger #1-8 (mid-1960s) — Atlas Comics war stories - Just Dennis – 5 issues (mid-1960s) — Dennis the Menace, Atomic Mouse, and Atom the Cat - Out of This World - series 1 #1-23 (June 1963–mid-1960s) — mainly Charlton science fiction stories - series 2 #1-10 (early 1980s) — science fiction - Outer Space – 10 issues (1961?) — mainly Charlton science fiction stories - Super Mouse – 2 issues (1960?) — Charlton humor comics - Tales of Action – 2 issues (mid-1960s) — war comics - Tales of the Underworld – #1-10 (1960) — Charlton and Fawcett crime comics - Weird Planets – #1-23 (1962–1963) — Charlton and Marvel science fiction comics ### One-shots and specials - Astonishing Stories (1962?) — mainly ACG science fiction comics - Blazing Frontiers (1965?) — Charlton western comics - Eerie Tales (1962) — ACG and Charlton fantasy/horror comics - Hell-Fire Raiders (1966) — mainly Charlton western comics - My Secret Confessions (mid-1960s) — ACG romance comics - Race for the Moon (1959) — Harvey science fiction comics - Race Into Space (1961) — Charlton science fiction comics - (Space Adventures Presents) Space Trip To The Moon (1961) — mainly a reprint of Fawcett's 1950 one-shot Destination Moon, with some Charlton science fiction backup stories - Tales of the Supernatural (1964) — mainly ACG fantasy/horror comics - Uncensored Love (mid-1960s) — ACG romance comics	enwiki/25597467	enwiki	25,597,467	Alan Class Comics	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Class_Comics	2025-04-05T19:06:52Z	en	Q4706379	80,959	{{Short description\|Defunct British comic book publisher}} {{more citations needed\|date=May 2022}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2022}} {{Infobox publisher \| name = Alan Class and Co. Ltd \| founder = Alan Class \| founded = {{start date and age\|1959}} \| defunct = {{end date and age\|1989\|04}} \| headquarters = [[London]] \| country = England \| genre = [[Science fiction comics\|Science fiction]], [[Horror comics\|horror]], [[Crime comics\|crime]], [[Superhero comics\|superhero]] \| publications = [[Comics anthology]] reprints of U.S. [[comic book]]s from the 1940s–1960s }} '''Alan Class Comics''' was a British [[comics]] publishing company that operated between 1959 and 1989. The company produced [[comics anthology\|anthology]] titles, reprinting comics stories from many U.S. publishers of the 1940s to 1960s in a [[black and white]] [[digest size]] format for a UK audience. During the 1960s and 1970s, these reprints were the main medium through which British children were introduced to American monster and mystery comics, as well as most non-[[DC Comics\|DC]] or Marvel superheroes. The various Alan Class titles contained reprints of stories originally from such U.S. comics publishers as [[Timely Comics\|Timely]], [[Atlas Comics\|Atlas]] (and their later incarnation, [[Marvel Comics]])<ref name=CBR /> [[American Comics Group]] (ACG), [[Charlton Comics]], [[Archie Comics]] (and their [[Red Circle Comics]] and MLJ imprints), [[Fawcett Comics]], [[Lev Gleason Publications]], and [[Sterling Comics]], as well as [[King Features]] comics and newspaper strips. Included in these reprints were many early mystery, superhero, and monster stories by artists such as [[Steve Ditko]] and [[Jack Kirby]] that are now regarded as classics of the 1950s and early 1960s. Although Alan Class put out more than 25 titles in all, the company's six core titles — ''Astounding Stories'',<ref name=CBR>Cronin, Brian. [https://www.cbr.com/astounding-tales-marvel-british-reprints-alan-class/ "The Oddity of Astounding Stories' Marvel Reprints,"] ''CBR''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s "Comic Book Legends Revealed" (SEP 01, 2019).</ref> ''Creepy Worlds'', ''Secrets of the Unknown'', ''Sinister Tales'', ''Suspense Stories'', and ''Uncanny Tales'' — lasted almost the entire publishing history of the company. == History == Alan Class (born in [[London]], England, 21 July 1937)<ref name=interview /> began as an importer of [[Remaindered book\|remaindered]] copies of American movie, romance, and detective magazines for UK distribution. (After [[World War II]], the U.K. was intent on promoting homegrown publishers, and thus banned the ''direct'' importation of [[United States\|American]] periodicals.)<ref name=Chibnall>Chibnall, Steve. "The Sign of the Tee Pee: The Story of Thorpe & Porter," ''Paperback, Pulp and Comic Collector'' Vol. 1: "SF Crime Horror Westerns & Comics" (Wilts, UK: Zeon Publishing / Zardoz Books, 1993), pp. 16–29. [https://app.box.com/s/3eandnz45jpohh8gn1xbq8vz3lm1ipxc Archived] at [[Box.com]]. Retrieved Dec. 28, 2020.</ref> To avoid the cost, supply, and importation difficulties he had encountered, in 1958 Class set up a publishing business, '''Alan Class and Co. Ltd''', to produce his own magazines, and entered into an agreement with an American comic and comic strip syndication company{{which\|date=May 2022}} for the rights to reproduce U.S. comic books and strips under their control for a U.K audience.<ref name=interview>{{cite web \|first= \|last= \|url=http://www.comicbitsonline.com/2007/08/04/exclusive-an-interview-with-alan-class/ \|title=An Interview with Alan Class by Terry Hooper \|publisher=ComicBitsOnline \|date= \|accessdate= \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817195520/http://www.comicbitsonline.com/2007/08/04/exclusive-an-interview-with-alan-class \|archive-date=2009-08-17 \|url-status=usurped }}</ref> (Coincidentally, in 1959, the U.K. lifted the previous ban on importing foreign publications.)<ref name=Chibnall /> The company's first offering was the one-shot ''Race for the Moon'' (1959), anthologizing [[Harvey Comics\|Harvey]] science fiction reprints. Other one-shots and short series followed, and in the summer of 1962, the first of the Alan Class core titles, ''Creepy Worlds'' debuted; followed shortly thereafter by the debut of another long-running title, ''Secrets of the Unknown''. Core titles ''Suspense Stories'' and ''Uncanny Tales'' debuted in 1963, ''Sinister Tales'' in 1964, and finally ''Astounding Stories'' in 1966. In 1963, Alan Class bought the inventory of [[L. Miller & Son, Ltd.]], a UK publisher since the 1940s that had also reprinted many U.S. comics in black-and-white format. This purchase included the [[asbestos]] printing plates from which Miller had produced their comics.<ref name=Depelley2>(French) Depelley, Jean. [http://bdzoom.com/72380/comic-books/miller-son-2eme-et-derniere-partie/ "Miller & Son (2ème et dernière partie),"] BDZoom.com (March 18, 2014).</ref> However, it is unclear what inventory titles this gave Alan Class. Many of the companies that Miller had published material from, such as Charlton and Fawcett, had already been reprinted by Class; and most of the Fawcett superhero material in which Miller had specialized — [[Captain Marvel (DC Comics)\|Captain Marvel]], [[Captain Marvel Junior\|Captain Marvel Jr.]] and the rest of the [[Marvel Family]] especially — were not reprinted as a result of the long-running [[National Comics Publications, Inc. v. Fawcett Publications, Inc.\|legal case between National/D.C. and Fawcett]] over Captain Marvel. Alan Class Comics lost the right to its leased Marvel Comics characters after 1966,{{citation needed\|date=May 2022}} when [[Odhams Press]] began publishing its [[Power Comics]] line in January 1967, and licensed the Marvel Comics superheroes for their own titles. There was some overlap, with both companies reprinting Marvel superhero stories for some time.<ref name=CBR /> The available reprint material was reduced even further when, sometime between 1968 and 1971, [[King Features Syndicate]] sued Alan Class over publishing rights to its titles and characters, including [[The Phantom]].{{citation needed\|date=May 2022}} As a result of this diminution of the accessible stories, by the early 1970s the Alan Class titles began to issue more and more reprints of material already printed in earlier issues.<ref name=CBR /> === Demise and legacy === By the late 1980s, slow sales and distribution problems, combined with the rise of the [[direct market\|specialist comic shop]] and the decline of newsagent purchases, together with the easy availability of new U.S. comics and back issues, signaled the end of the line for the business.<ref name=CBR /> As Class himself said, "The reality was ... costs were escalating, sales were falling — Marvels were on everybody's wish-list, and my comics were at 55p which I didn’t feel could be increased — enough was enough!"<ref name=interview /> Alan Class Comics shut down in 1989. During 30 years of publishing, the company produced 26 black-and-white anthology reprint titles comprising 1,472 individual issues (plus four issues of the ''[[Ally Sloper]]'' comic magazine). On 15 May 2005, 30th Century Comics in London announced that it had obtained the rights to sell Alan Class's personal collection, including the original printing plates for the comics range.<ref>[https://30thcenturycomics.co.uk/extras/alan-class/ "Alan Class & His Comics,"] 30thCenturyComics website. Retrieved Dec. 27, 2020.</ref> == Overview == === Format and price === Alan Class Comics began as 68-page titles, containing a mix of stories reproduced in black and white with colour covers, and selling for 1 [[shilling]]. Each issue measured 235mm × 185mm (9{{fraction\|1\|4}}" × 7{{fraction\|1\|4}}"), slightly wider than the original American versions, allowing for all of the original cover art to be seen (which was cut in the originals). By the late 1960s, the company's standard 68-page format began to vary, with page counts ranging from 48 to 100 pages, and cover prices from 10p to 55p, with the company's six long-running titles settling for a while at 48 pages for 25p, before continuing an inexorable upward increase in price to 55p in the 1980s. ==== Covers ==== Across Alan Class Comics titles, the cover art ranged from only slightly adapted versions of the original comics from which the stories came to new covers, many produced from adapted pages or panels within the stories or pasted-up montages of various panels. Many of these covers were originally illustrated by classic comics artists of the time, especially Ditko and Kirby. Since the books were wider than the American originals, all the cover art was visible where American printings were cut-off. The reason for this was by the 1960s the width of American comics had shrunk, while artists continued to use the same size artboards.{{citation needed\|date=May 2022}} As a result, American covers from this era look cut-off while Alan Class covers didn't. Variations on these covers were often used more than once across the titles, as were the stories. ==== Issue dating (or lack thereof) ==== To complicate things further, none of the Alan Class Comics line had anything to identify their date of issue on the cover, (or inside the comic in many cases), and many were not even numbered. This was a deliberate company policy to extend the shelf life of the titles: Alan Class Comics often remained on the racks longer than dated issues from other companies. Additionally, it led Alan Class to devise a system to maximize profits: warehouse stocks of unsold comics were returned to him; these were later re-issued over a number of years' summer seasons to capture the market for reading material during the summer holidays. As Class said in an interview: {{cquote\|"Every copy was of value to me, and some wholesale houses wanted to 'shred' unsold copies. I insisted that all unsold copies were returned back to me complete ... because during the summer period, May–September, a new market would become available. Beach and coastal resorts were thronged with thousands of holidaymakers with their children, who at certain times had to be kept quiet and happy, and what better way than to read a comic."<ref name=summer_specials>{{cite news \|title=What became of comics' summer specials? \|first=David \|last=Barnett \|publisher=[[The Guardian]] \|work=Book Blog \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/jul/13/comics-summer-specials \|date= 2009-07-13\|accessdate= 2010-04-23\| location=London}}</ref>}} === Superheroes === As well as monster, horror and mystery story reprints, many Alan Class comics featured superheroes. Early Marvel Comics tales of ''[[Fantastic Four]]'' and ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man]]'' by [[Jack Kirby]] and [[Steve Ditko]] respectively, ''[[Giant-Man]]'', ''[[Ant-Man]] and [[Wasp (comics)\|The Wasp]]'', the ''[[Human Torch]]'', ''[[S.H.I.E.L.D.]]'' by [[Jim Steranko]], odd issues of ''[[Iron Man]]'', ''[[X-Men]]'', ''[[Captain America]]'' and ''[[Doctor Strange]]'' were published in random order with no regard to continuity — any references to next issue's story in the original run were often covered over before printing, and there was no guarantee that any character would appear in consecutive issues of a title, or even in the same title. (One of the few exceptions to this was when Alans Class' ''Creepy Worlds'' #32-38 reprinted nearly the first Fantastic Four stories in sequence, missing only #7). [[Archie Comics\|Archie]]/[[Radio Comics]]' characters ''[[Jaguar (Archie Comics)\|Jaguar]]'', ''[[Fly (Archie Comics)\|The Fly]]'' and ''[[Mighty Crusaders]]''; Charlton's ''[[Captain Atom]]'' and ''[[Judomaster]]''; ACG's ''[[Magicman]]'' and ''[[American Comics Group#Independent publishing\|Nemesis]]''; [[King Features Syndicate\|King Features]]' ''[[Flash Gordon]]'' by [[Reed Crandall]], "[[The Phantom]]" and ''[[Mandrake the Magician]]'', among others, also appeared on a random basis across many titles. [[Golden Age of Comic Books\|Golden Age]] superheroes such as [[Novelty Press]]'s [[Blue Bolt]] and the 1940s Timely [[Captain America]] and [[Human Torch]] tales were similarly treated. Only characters published by National Comics (now [[DC Comics]]) were unrepresented, as the syndicated merchandising deal did not include them.{{citation needed\|date=May 2022}} The balance of each comic was made up of short stories from other comic book titles and the occasional text story. Superheroes did not necessarily get cover billing in any issue — they were treated with the same importance as any other story. === Short-run/one-off issues === A number of Alan Class titles were un-numbered short-run or one-off issues. These were experimental titles testing the market for different genres, such as [[Romance comics\|romance]] (''My Secret Confessions'', which anthologised [[American Comics Group]] love story reprints, and ''Uncensored Love''), [[War comics\|war]] titles (''Journey Into Danger'' #1-8, reprinting Atlas war stories, and two issues of ''Tales Of Action''), and [[Western comics\|westerns]] (three issues of ''Blazing Trails'' featuring [[Charlton Comics\|Charlton]] and [[Fawcett Publications\|Fawcett]] western stories, and one issue of ''Hell-Fire Raiders'' (1966) reprinting Fawcett [[Tom Mix]], [[Tex Ritter]] and [[Lash LaRue]] stories). None of these went on to become longer-running titles;<ref name=interview /> Alan Class would later say of the whole line, "Only the suspense/space stories stood the test of time."<ref>''[[Fantasy Advertiser]]'' #91 (June 1985).</ref> Class also issued several short-run titles in the humour and crime genres. There were five issues of ''Just Dennis'' (1965), with reprints of the American version of [[Dennis the Menace (U.S.)\|Dennis the Menace]] together with [[Atomic Mouse]] and Atom the Cat reprints (the series was not titled ''Dennis the Menace'' to avoid copyright issues with [[DC Thomson]]'s British ''[[Dennis the Menace (UK)\|Dennis the Menace]]'' character), and two issues of ''Super Mouse'' featuring Charlton humour reprints. Alan Class' one attempt at a crime comics — ''Tales of the Underworld'', featuring Charlton and Fawcett crime stories — only lasted 10 issues. === Science fiction === Although many of the reprints scattered across the successful anthologies were science-fiction stories, titles themed solely on science fiction were comparative failures. Class tried first with one issue of ''Race for the Moon'' (1959), anthologising [[Harvey Comics\|Harvey]] science fiction reprints, followed by ''Outer Space'' (1961), featuring mainly Charlton reprints, which ran only 10 issues, and ''Race Into Space'' the same year, which again only lasted one issue. The same year Class published probably the only science fiction title that was a deliberate one-off — ''Space Adventures Presents Space Trip To The Moon'' (1961), which was mainly a reprint of Fawcett's 1950 one-shot ''Destination Moon'', itself an adaptation of the [[Destination Moon (film)\|1950 film]] of the same name with short story fillers. It is possible that this was part of Class's license for the Charlton inventory,{{citation needed\|date=May 2022}} as that company had reprinted the tale in ''[[Space Adventures]]'' #20 (March 1956). Later in the 1960s, the science fiction title ''Out of This World'' ran for two separate series, the first run of 23 issues — advertised as a "new Mystery Space series" — mainly reprinting Charlton stories (including the "Tales of the Mysterious Traveler" by [[Steve Ditko]]), and a 10-issue run in the 1970s. === ''Ally Sloper'' === The list of Alan Class Comics titles in themselves did not directly reflect that Class himself was interested in comics above and beyond his publishing them. However, in late 1976/early 1977, Alan Class published four issues of ''Ally Sloper'', a monthly magazine in a totally different style from other Alan Class publications. Edited by comics historian [[Denis Gifford]] and named after one of the [[Ally Sloper\|earliest comic characters]], ''Ally Sloper'' demonstrated great affection for old British comics, comic strips, and artists. With the cover [[tagline]], "First British comic hero 1867, First British comic magazine 1976," ''Ally Sloper'' contained an eclectic mix of strips and articles. Some were in the style of British comic strips from the early 20th century, while others were created by classic artists such as [[Frank Hampson]]'s "[[Dan Dare\|Dawn O'Dare]]" and [[Frank Bellamy]], who provided ''Swade'', a three-page black-and-white wordless western story, for issue #1 (his last work as he died before completing the second strip). Also featured were newer British artists such as [[Kevin O'Neill (comics)\|Kevin O'Neill]] (issue #2) and [[Hunt Emerson]] (issue #4). Although the ''Alley Sloper'' comic magazine was critically acclaimed by the fan press,<ref name=interview /> it suffered from poor distribution and insufficient public interest, and the title disappeared from the market after only four issues. == Titles published == Most Alan Class comics were undated, and many un-numbered.{{efn\|A definitive catalog of the contents of each issue has never been published. 30th Century Comics website has probably the most complete information publicly available on Alan Class Comics contents.<ref>[https://30thcenturycomics.co.uk/extras/alan-class/alan-class-guide/ "A Rough Guide To Alan Class Reprints,"] 30thCenturyComics website. Retrieved Dec. 27, 2020.</ref>}} The following is a list of the Alan Class titles, with dates of first publication when known: === Core titles === * ''Astounding Stories'' – #1–195 plus 3 'S' issues (February 1966–April 1989) * ''Creepy Worlds'' – #1–249 plus 3 'S' issues (August 1962–April 1989) * ''Secrets of the Unknown'' – #1–-249 plus 3 'S' issues (October 1962–March 1989) * ''Sinister Tales'' – #1–227 plus 2 'S' issues (January 1964–January 1989) * ''Suspense Stories'' – #1–241 plus 3 'S' issues (May 1963–March 1989) * ''Uncanny Tales'' – #1–187 plus 2 'S' issues, and 1 issue with no indicator (May 1963–{{circa}} 1989) === Other titles === * ''Ally Sloper'' #1-4 (October 1976–January 1977) — mix of articles and comics on classic British strips * ''Amazing Stories'' – 2 issues (mid-1960s) — [[Charlton Comics\|Charlton]] and [[American Comics Group]] (ACG) science fiction comics * ''Blazing Trails'' – #1-3 (mid-1960s) — Charlton and [[Fawcett Comics\|Fawcett]] western comics * ''Journey Into Danger'' #1-8 (mid-1960s) — [[Atlas Comics (1950s)\|Atlas Comics]] war stories * ''Just Dennis'' – 5 issues (mid-1960s) — [[Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)\|Dennis the Menace]], [[Atomic Mouse]], and Atom the Cat * ''Out of This World'' series 1 #1-23 (June 1963–mid-1960s) — mainly Charlton science fiction stories series 2 #1-10 (early 1980s) — science fiction * ''Outer Space'' – 10 issues (1961?) — mainly Charlton science fiction stories * ''Super Mouse'' – 2 issues (1960?) — Charlton humor comics * ''Tales of Action'' – 2 issues (mid-1960s) — war comics * ''Tales of the Underworld'' – #1-10 (1960) — Charlton and Fawcett crime comics * ''Weird Planets'' – #1-23 (1962–1963) — Charlton and Marvel science fiction comics === One-shots and specials === * ''Astonishing Stories'' (1962?) — mainly ACG science fiction comics * ''Blazing Frontiers'' (1965?) — Charlton western comics * ''Eerie Tales'' (1962) — ACG and Charlton fantasy/horror comics * ''Hell-Fire Raiders'' (1966) — mainly Charlton western comics * ''My Secret Confessions'' (mid-1960s) — ACG romance comics * ''Race for the Moon'' (1959) — [[Harvey Comics\|Harvey]] science fiction comics * ''Race Into Space'' (1961) — Charlton science fiction comics * ''(Space Adventures Presents) Space Trip To The Moon'' (1961) — mainly a reprint of Fawcett's 1950 one-shot ''Destination Moon'', with some Charlton science fiction backup stories * ''Tales of the Supernatural'' (1964) — mainly ACG fantasy/horror comics * ''Uncensored Love'' (mid-1960s) — ACG romance comics == See also == * [[Arnold Book Company]] * [[Thorpe & Porter]] == References == === Notes === {{notelist}} ===Citations=== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== {{Refbegin}} {{gcdb publisher\|id=3391\|title=Alan Class Comics}} {{Refend}} == External links == [http://themagicrobot.wordpress.com/category/alan-class-comics/ Alan Class] at The Magic Robot * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100213204302/http://www.mightycrusaders.net/uk.htm List of Archie/Red Circle superhero characters appearance in Alan Class comics] at Mighty Crusaders Network * [http://www.deepwoods.org/alan_class.html List of Alan Class comics containing stories featuring King Comics characters] * [http://www.taint-the-meat.com/comics/alan-class-comics Alan Class Comics at "Taint The Meat] website {{Authority control}} [[Category:Comic book publishing companies of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Defunct comics and manga publishing companies]] [[Category:1959 establishments in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:1989 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Publishing companies established in 1959]] [[Category:Mass media companies disestablished in 1989]]	1,284,131,644	[{"title": "Alan Class and Co. Ltd", "data": {"Founded": "1959", "Founder": "Alan Class", "Defunct": "April 1989", "Country of origin": "England", "Headquarters location": "London", "Publication types": "Comics anthology reprints of U.S. comic books from the 1940s\u20131960s", "Fiction genres": "Science fiction, horror, crime, superhero"}}]	false
# David Allen Lucas David Allen Lucas (born 1956) is an American serial killer who committed between three and six murders in San Diego County, California from 1979 to 1984. Due to the fact that all the victims had their throats slashed, the case was dubbed The Throat-Slash Murders. After one of the most prolonged trials in the city's history, Lucas was found guilty of three of the murders and sentenced to death, and remains on death row. ## Early life Not much is known about the early life of Lucas. Born in 1956 on an American military installation in the Philippines, he was one of three children born to naval officer Clarence Lucas and his wife Patricia Katzenmeier, who moved back to the United States when David was still young. From an early age, David began to experience health problems, being diagnosed with bronchial asthma and nocturnal enuresis. His childhood was fraught by the destructive behavior of his father, who physically and sexually abused his children and spouse. According to the Lucas children's recollections, Clarence would fly into fits of rage and destroy furniture, have frequent arguments with their mother and would frequently beat them with a belt, telephone cable or his bare hands. David's siblings would later claim that most of this abuse was centered around him, a claim which he would confirm later on in life, stating that his father frequently subjected him to various other forms of humiliation. One such incident included forcing his sister to eat her own vomit after she became nauseous at a family dinner. In 1971, David's parents divorced, after he, his siblings and their mother moved away. Two years later, when he was 18 years old, he was arrested for raping a 21-year-old maid who worked for a family friend and was incarcerated for an unknown amount of time. After his release, Lucas married a woman named Shannon and moved to Spring Valley, where he opened his own carpet cleaning business with the help of his friend, Frank William Clark. ## Murders ### Suzanne and Colin Jacobs According to investigators, Lucas committed his first murders on May 4, 1979, with his victims being 31-year-old Suzanne Camille Jacobs and her 3-year-old son, Colin, who resided in Normal Heights. On the day of the murder, Suzanne's husband Michael woke up in the morning and went to work, leaving the house at 6:00 AM. Margaret Harris, a neighbor of the family who lived across the street from the Jacobs household, later stated that after Michael left, between 8:00 and 9:00 AM, a dark maroon colored sports car with a black top pulled up to the house. Between approximately 11:00 and 11:30 AM, Harris made a telephone call to Suzanne Jacobs to invite her to go bicycling, which went unanswered. At approximately the same time, Michael called her workplace, but also received no response. At 12:30 AM, a courier named Louis Hoeniger showed up at the Jacobs' home to deliver a dinette set that they had ordered the previous day. Without waiting for them to answer, he left the package on the porch and left. At about 5:00 PM, Michael Jacobs returned home, and upon entering the house, he discovered the body of his son. Shocked, he ran to the Harrises' house, and after explaining what he had seen, they returned to the Jacobs home, where they found Suzanne's body in the bedroom. After arriving on the scene, police officers found a significant amount of blood in the bathroom and in the hallway. While inspecting the bathroom, officers noticed that the mat had been folded, and that there was a torn piece of paper. There were two things handwritten inside, one saying "Love Insurance" and the other "280–1700". During the investigation, police determined that the killer had slit Colin's throat in the bathroom, but that the boy did not lose consciousness immediately - he managed to make it to the hallway, where he collapsed on the floor and died. Suzanne, on the other hand, was likely killed in the bedroom, due to the amount of broken furniture and other signs of a struggle. Coroners noted that she fiercely resisted her attacker, as they found large strands of blonde hair in both of her hands, which she likely pulled out of from the killer's hair. Suzanne had been stabbed twice in the back and once in the abdomen, damaging her liver, but was left fully clothed and did not seem to be sexually assaulted. She was killed when the killer slit her throat, leaving splotches of blood on the adjacent furniture, floor, sheets and even the door. While examining the crime scene, law enforcement officers found several bloody footprints on the floor with the distinctive tread of men's shoes with a distinctive sole belonging to the Vibram brand. All the footprints were the same size and had the same pattern, leading investigators to conclude that the killer likely acted alone. According to forensic pathologist David Katsuyama, the perpetrator slit the victims' throats with such force that he left gaping wounds that exposed their spines. In Katsuyama's opinion, the wounds were inflicted with a medium-length knife with a sharp, relatively stiff blade. On May 11, 1979, laboratory technician Pat Stewart took several photographs of the torn piece of paper and applied ninhydrin, a chemical used to detect partial fingerprints. Three days later, the San Diego Police Department fingerprint examiner Leigh Emmerson examined a partial fingerprint on this piece of paper and found five or six identifiable dots, which he felt were insufficient to determine who the print belonged to, but could be used to eliminate potential suspects. ### Gayle Garcia On December 8, 1981, the body of 29-year-old realtor Gayle Roberta Garcia was found in a vacant property in Spring Valley, having evidently been killed by having her throat cut. On that day, she had driven to the property intent on showing it to at least three potential renters, one of whom was never identified. The similarity of her murder led some to believe that she was killed by the same man who had killed the Jacobses and the latter victims. ### Assault on Jodie Santiago On the evening of June 8, 1984, Lucas, according to investigators, assaulted 34-year-old Jodie Santiago Robertson, a visitor from Seattle, Washington, who was visiting friends in El Cajon. That evening, Santiago left a restaurant sometime between 10:30 and 11:00 PM and walked to her vehicle in the parking lot in order to return to her brother's apartment. At that time, Lucas, whom Santiago would later positively identify as her attacker, approached her from behind, put a knife to her throat and began threatening to kill her. Lucas took her to his dark maroon colored sports car and then drove to his house, where he dragged her to the bedroom, tied her hands behind her back and placed her on the bed. Lucas then raped the woman and began strangling her until she lost consciousness. After untying the victim, Lucas placed her in his car and then dumped her in some bushes on the side of a road about a kilometer away from his house. Before driving away, Lucas slit her throat. The woman's half-naked body was discovered the following morning by two local women who immediately called the police, after which Santiago was taken to a nearby hospital for treatment, thanks to which she survived. The extent of the injuries left permanent damage to Santiago's vocal cords, vertebral bones, and left jugular vein, as well as sustaining a severe skull fracture, pieces of skin from her head being scalped and deep cuts to the fingers of her right hands which went through her tendons. Santiago had to undergo several surgeries and was eventually released 18 days later, after which she gave a statement to police, describing her attacker and the exterior of his car. In her testimony, Santiago stated that her attacker drove a car that resembled a Datsun 280ZX with a manual transmission, which had a license plate consisting of three numbers and three letters. She also claimed that the assailant lived in a house that had a semi-circular driveway in front of it. ### Rhonda Strang and Amber Fisher On August 3, investigators claimed that Lucas again committed a double murder, with his victims being 24-year-old Rhonda Strang and 3-year-old Amber Fisher, whom Rhonda had been babysitting at her home in Lakeside. At the time of her death, Rhonda was married to Robert Strang, a drug addict who was a regular user of drugs such as marijuana, cocaine and methamphetamine. Relatives and acquaintances of the family repeatedly witnessed numerous arguments between the couple after Robert began selling drugs in their house. Lucas' friend and co-worker, Richard Adler, was Rhonda's brother and introduced him to the pair. Lucas was known to have visited the Strangs on numerous occasions to purchase drugs, as several friends and acquaintances of Robert had seen him. According to her family members, Rhonda was constantly depressed and stressed, as she feared what her husband's clients could possibly do - because of this, she kept the doors and windows locked at all times and took steps to verify the identity of anybody who wanted to enter. According to her relatives, shortly before her death, Rhonda had considered divorcing Robert and kept a diary of his financial dealings with both consumers and suppliers. Robert was eventually apprehended and interrogated but claimed that he was at his workplace when the murders occurred. It was later confirmed by his foreman, William Ralls, who stated that he paid special attention to Strang, as he had a reputation for leaving the worksite without proper authorization - as a result, Robert was dismissed as a suspect and released. After this, investigators considered that Rhonda and Fisher were likely killed by one of Robert's clients or drug suppliers. Detective Dale Kitts said that in the summer of 1984, Rhonda began cooperating with him about her husband's drug business, offering information about his supplier. According to Kitts, Rhonda secretly monitored Robert's activities by keeping her diary, phone records, a list of known drug dealers, customers, and financial transactions. In the weeks before the murders, she repeatedly expressed the belief that she was being watched and was going to be killed because she knew too much. After the murders, authorities searched Strang's house but did not find the diary or any other records naming people involved in Robert's drug business. ### Anne Swanke According to investigators, Lucas committed his last murder on November 19, killing 22-year-old Anne Catherine Swanke. On that evening, Swanke was visiting her boyfriend, Gregory Oberle, near the San Diego State University campus. Before Swanke left Oberle's apartment between 12:30 and 1:00 AM on November 20, she had mentioned to him that her Dodge Colt had run out of gas. Later that night, her vehicle stalled midway to her home, whereupon she walked to a gas station near La Mesa, purchased gasoline, and successfully walked back to her car before disappearing. The car was found abandoned in the early morning hours of the following day by police officer Charles Drake. When he approached the car, he found that the driver's door was unlocked and that Swanke's wallet was on one of the car seats. Drake examined the car further, finding the car keys, a flashlight, and a gas tank cap on the driver's side trunk lid of the car. The gas tank itself was open, and the gasoline canister was lying on the ground. Swanke's body was found four days later in a remote, rocky area approximately two miles away from Lucas' home in Spring Valley. She was naked below her waist, had her throat cut, and a silver lanyard chain used to tether dogs was found around her neck. The top of her clothes had been cut open, exposing her upper torso. ## Arrest Based on various evidence and testimony, Lucas was indicted in late 1984 for the Strang-Fisher and Swanke murders, and the assault on Santiago, who had positively identified him as her attacker after she was shown a photo of him. He was additionally investigated as a suspect in the murder of Gayle Garcia, as it closely resembled the three killings he was charged with. In the meantime, Lucas was sued by Clark, who attempted to dissolve the partnership on claims that he was unable to run the business due to his arrest. In early 1985, David Lucas was indicted for the murders of Garcia and the Jacobses. Initially, San Diego police had arrested another man for the murders of Suzanne and Colin Jacobs - 30-year-old Johnny Massingale of Harlan, Kentucky, a vagrant who lived in San Diego at the time. Massingale was arrested in March 1984, after which he confessed to killing the Jacobses and spent 10 months in the San Diego County Jail. After establishing Lucas' involvement in the murders, the San Diego County District Attorney's Office dropped all charges against Massingale and was released from custody in January 1985, after which he sued the District Attorney's Office for $3,000,000 in financial compensation. In his claim, Massingale - who was illiterate, did not know how to write and studied only until the fourth grade - said that Denny Pace, an investigator with the Kentucky State Police, had threatened him with the death penalty if he did not confess. ## Trial Because of the large number of murders and the lengthy investigation, by the end of 1985, the criminal cases amounted to several dozen volumes for Lucas and his attorneys to review, so that preliminary hearings did not begin until January 1986. Initially, several trials were scheduled to examine Lucas' involvement in the murders on a case-by-case basis, but the San Diego County District Attorney's Office filed a motion with the court to consolidate all the criminal cases into a single trial, which was granted. Jury selection began in August 1986, after which the trial's opening date was set for early 1987. ### Defense in the Jacobs case The defense's main explanation was to accuse Johnny Massingale of being the actual killer. To corroborate this, they brought forward Denny Pace, the investigator from Kentucky to whom Massingale had originally confessed. In his testimony, Pace said that had known Massingale's family for years and that he knew he often did drugs and prostituted himself to other men for money. According to him, Massingale admitted that he had met a woman named Suzanne at a bar and that they left together in a taxi, but was unable what happened clearly because he was high on LSD. When cross-examined, Pace did admit that he had mentioned to Massingale that he could receive the death penalty if convicted, but claimed that he had advised him that if he confessed, the court might go easy on him. Also, whilst he initially denied having shown photographs of the crime scene, he did eventually admit to showing one - that of the Jacobses' bedroom, where Colin was believed to have died. Finally, when asked if he believed that Massingale was a liar who would say anything to satisfy a police officer, he replied in the positive. Another witness brought forward on the defense's behalf was former Circuit Court Judge Sidney Douglass, who noted that Pace had a good reputation and was a competent police officer who had participated in many bootlegging raids. ## Death sentence and status Ultimately, on June 21, 1989, after eight days of deliberations, a jury found Lucas guilty of committing the murders of the Jacobses and Anne Swanke, as well as kidnapping and assaulting Jodie Santiago. Due to insufficient evidence, he was acquitted of the murder of Gayle Garcia, and was similarly acquitted for the murders of Rhonda Strang and Amber Fisher, as those charged resulted in a hung jury. He showed no emotion during sentencing, but his mother said that she loved him, burst into tears, and ran out of the courtroom and down the hallway. On September 19, despite passionate pleas from his lawyer and mother, Lucas was sentenced to death for the three murder convictions. The verdict was welcomed by the deceased victims' family members and Jodie Robertson, who felt that the brutality of Lucas' crimes warranted the death penalty. A new trial date was set for the Strang-Fisher murders, but the charges were later dropped on the grounds that he was already sentenced to death. ### Appeals Since his conviction, Lucas has repeatedly attempted to overturn his convictions, citing errors in the trial and penalty phases. His appeal was denied by the Supreme Court of California in 2014, which concluded that any possible errors were not prejudicial, and he was thus not entitled to a retrial. As of September 2023, Lucas remains on California's death row.	enwiki/74873880	enwiki	74,873,880	David Allen Lucas	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Allen_Lucas	2025-05-10T21:49:29Z	en	Q122749997	78,726	{{Short description\|American serial killer}} {{Infobox serial killer \| name = David Allen Lucas \| image = DavidAllenLucas.jpg \| image_size = \| caption = \| alt = \| birth_name = \| alias = \| birth_date = {{Birth year and age\|1956}} \| birth_place = [[Philippines]] \| death_date = \| death_place = \| cause = \| conviction = [[Murder\|First degree murder]] with [[Special circumstances (criminal law)\|special circumstances]] x3<br>Rape \| sentence = [[Death]] x3 \| victims = 3–6 \| beginyear = 1979 \| endyear = 1984 \| country = United States \| states = [[California]] \| apprehended = December 1984 \| imprisoned = [[San Quentin State Prison]], [[San Quentin, California]] }} '''David Allen Lucas''' (born 1956) is an American [[serial killer]] who committed between three and six murders in [[San Diego County, California]] from 1979 to 1984. Due to the fact that all the victims had their throats slashed, the case was dubbed '''The Throat-Slash Murders'''. After one of the most prolonged trials in the city's history, Lucas was found guilty of three of the murders and [[Capital punishment\|sentenced to death]], and remains on [[death row]]. == Early life == Not much is known about the early life of Lucas. Born in 1956 on an American military installation in the [[Philippines]], he was one of three children born to [[Officer (armed forces)\|naval officer]] Clarence Lucas and his wife Patricia Katzenmeier, who moved back to the United States when David was still young.<ref name=PvL>People v. Lucas (2014)</ref> From an early age, David began to experience health problems, being diagnosed with [[Asthma\|bronchial asthma]] and [[nocturnal enuresis]]. His childhood was fraught by the destructive behavior of his father, who physically and sexually abused his children and spouse. According to the Lucas children's recollections, Clarence would fly into fits of rage and destroy furniture, have frequent arguments with their mother and would frequently beat them with a belt, telephone cable or his bare hands.<ref name=PvL/> David's siblings would later claim that most of this abuse was centered around him, a claim which he would confirm later on in life, stating that his father frequently subjected him to various other forms of humiliation. One such incident included forcing his sister to eat her own vomit after she became nauseous at a family dinner.<ref name=PvL/> In 1971, David's parents divorced, after he, his siblings and their mother moved away. Two years later, when he was 18 years old, he was arrested for raping a 21-year-old maid who worked for a family friend and was incarcerated for an unknown amount of time.<ref name=up>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/sdut-state-supreme-court-upholds-death-penalty-lucas-2014aug22-htmlstory.html\|title=Death penalty upheld in throat-slashing serial murders\|author=Susan Shroder\|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]\|date=August 22, 2014\|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230919045948/https://www.chicagotribune.com/sdut-state-supreme-court-upholds-death-penalty-lucas-2014aug22-htmlstory.html\|archivedate=September 19, 2023}}</ref> After his release, Lucas married a woman named Shannon and moved to [[Spring Valley, San Diego County, California\|Spring Valley]], where he opened his own carpet cleaning business with the help of his friend, Frank William Clark.<ref name=PvL/> == Murders == === Suzanne and Colin Jacobs === According to investigators, Lucas committed his first murders on May 4, 1979, with his victims being 31-year-old Suzanne Camille Jacobs and her 3-year-old son, Colin, who resided in [[Normal Heights, San Diego\|Normal Heights]].<ref name=":0"/> On the day of the murder, Suzanne's husband Michael woke up in the morning and went to work, leaving the house at 6:00 AM. Margaret Harris, a neighbor of the family who lived across the street from the Jacobs household, later stated that after Michael left, between 8:00 and 9:00 AM, a dark maroon colored sports car with a black top pulled up to the house. Between approximately 11:00 and 11:30 AM, Harris made a telephone call to Suzanne Jacobs to invite her to go bicycling, which went unanswered.<ref name=shoes>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-01-05-me-105-story.html\|title=Prosecution Tries to Put Lucas in Killer's Shoes at the Scene of Slayings\|author=Jenifer Warren\|work=Los Angeles Times\|date=January 5, 1989\|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230919045855/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-01-05-me-105-story.html\|archivedate=September 19, 2023}}</ref> At approximately the same time, Michael called her workplace, but also received no response. At 12:30 AM, a courier named Louis Hoeniger showed up at the Jacobs' home to deliver a dinette set that they had ordered the previous day. Without waiting for them to answer, he left the package on the porch and left.<ref name=shoes/> At about 5:00 PM, Michael Jacobs returned home, and upon entering the house, he discovered the body of his son. Shocked, he ran to the Harrises' house, and after explaining what he had seen, they returned to the Jacobs home, where they found Suzanne's body in the bedroom. After arriving on the scene, police officers found a significant amount of blood in the bathroom and in the hallway.<ref name=shoes/> While inspecting the bathroom, officers noticed that the mat had been folded, and that there was a torn piece of paper. There were two things handwritten inside, one saying "Love Insurance" and the other "280–1700".<ref name=PvL/> During the investigation, police determined that the killer had slit Colin's throat in the bathroom, but that the boy did not lose consciousness immediately - he managed to make it to the hallway, where he collapsed on the floor and died.<ref name=PvL/> Suzanne, on the other hand, was likely killed in the bedroom, due to the amount of broken furniture and other signs of a struggle. Coroners noted that she fiercely resisted her attacker, as they found large strands of blonde hair in both of her hands, which she likely pulled out of from the killer's hair. Suzanne had been stabbed twice in the back and once in the [[abdomen]], damaging her [[liver]], but was left fully clothed and did not seem to be sexually assaulted.<ref name=PvL/> She was killed when the killer slit her throat, leaving splotches of blood on the adjacent furniture, floor, sheets and even the door. While examining the crime scene, law enforcement officers found several bloody footprints on the floor with the distinctive tread of men's shoes with a distinctive sole belonging to the [[Vibram]] brand. All the footprints were the same size and had the same pattern, leading investigators to conclude that the killer likely acted alone.<ref name=PvL/> According to forensic pathologist David Katsuyama, the perpetrator slit the victims' throats with such force that he left gaping wounds that exposed their spines. In Katsuyama's opinion, the wounds were inflicted with a medium-length knife with a sharp, relatively stiff blade. On May 11, 1979, laboratory technician Pat Stewart took several photographs of the torn piece of paper and applied [[ninhydrin]], a chemical used to detect partial fingerprints. Three days later, the San Diego Police Department fingerprint examiner Leigh Emmerson examined a partial fingerprint on this piece of paper and found five or six identifiable dots, which he felt were insufficient to determine who the print belonged to, but could be used to eliminate potential suspects.<ref name=PvL/> === Gayle Garcia === On December 8, 1981, the body of 29-year-old realtor Gayle Roberta Garcia was found in a vacant property in Spring Valley, having evidently been killed by having her throat cut. On that day, she had driven to the property intent on showing it to at least three potential renters, one of whom was never identified.<ref name=":0"/> The similarity of her murder led some to believe that she was killed by the same man who had killed the Jacobses and the latter victims.<ref name=":0"/> ===Assault on Jodie Santiago=== On the evening of June 8, 1984, Lucas, according to investigators, assaulted 34-year-old Jodie Santiago Robertson, a visitor from [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)\|Washington]], who was visiting friends in [[El Cajon, California\|El Cajon]].<ref name=h>{{Cite news \|date=December 17, 1984 \|title=San Diego police hold throat-slashing suspect \|work=[[Billings Gazette]] \|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-billings-gazette-sk-david-lucas/84388119/ \|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> That evening, Santiago left a restaurant sometime between 10:30 and 11:00 PM and walked to her vehicle in the parking lot in order to return to her brother's apartment. At that time, Lucas, whom Santiago would later positively identify as her attacker, approached her from behind, put a knife to her throat and began threatening to kill her. Lucas took her to his dark maroon colored sports car and then drove to his house, where he dragged her to the bedroom, tied her hands behind her back and placed her on the bed.<ref name=PvL/> Lucas then raped the woman and began strangling her until she lost consciousness. After untying the victim, Lucas placed her in his car and then dumped her in some bushes on the side of a road about a kilometer away from his house. Before driving away, Lucas slit her throat. The woman's half-naked body was discovered the following morning by two local women who immediately called the police, after which Santiago was taken to a nearby hospital for treatment, thanks to which she survived.<ref name=PvL/> The extent of the injuries left permanent damage to Santiago's vocal cords, vertebral bones, and left jugular vein, as well as sustaining a severe skull fracture, pieces of skin from her head being [[Scalping\|scalped]] and deep cuts to the fingers of her right hands which went through her [[Tendon\|tendons]].<ref name=PvL/> Santiago had to undergo several surgeries and was eventually released 18 days later, after which she gave a statement to police, describing her attacker and the exterior of his car. In her testimony, Santiago stated that her attacker drove a car that resembled a [[Nissan Fairlady Z (S130)\|Datsun 280ZX]] with a manual transmission, which had a license plate consisting of three numbers and three letters. She also claimed that the assailant lived in a house that had a semi-circular driveway in front of it.<ref name=PvL/> === Rhonda Strang and Amber Fisher === On August 3, investigators claimed that Lucas again committed a double murder, with his victims being 24-year-old Rhonda Strang and 3-year-old Amber Fisher, whom Rhonda had been babysitting at her home in [[Lakeside, California\|Lakeside]].<ref name=h/> At the time of her death, Rhonda was married to Robert Strang, a drug addict who was a regular user of drugs such as [[Cannabis (drug)\|marijuana]], [[cocaine]] and [[methamphetamine]]. Relatives and acquaintances of the family repeatedly witnessed numerous arguments between the couple after Robert began selling drugs in their house. Lucas' friend and co-worker, Richard Adler, was Rhonda's brother and introduced him to the pair.<ref name=PvL/> Lucas was known to have visited the Strangs on numerous occasions to purchase drugs, as several friends and acquaintances of Robert had seen him. According to her family members, Rhonda was constantly depressed and stressed, as she feared what her husband's clients could possibly do - because of this, she kept the doors and windows locked at all times and took steps to verify the identity of anybody who wanted to enter. According to her relatives, shortly before her death, Rhonda had considered divorcing Robert and kept a diary of his financial dealings with both consumers and suppliers.<ref name=PvL/> Robert was eventually apprehended and interrogated but claimed that he was at his workplace when the murders occurred. It was later confirmed by his foreman, William Ralls, who stated that he paid special attention to Strang, as he had a reputation for leaving the worksite without proper authorization - as a result, Robert was dismissed as a suspect and released. After this, investigators considered that Rhonda and Fisher were likely killed by one of Robert's clients or drug suppliers. Detective Dale Kitts said that in the summer of 1984, Rhonda began cooperating with him about her husband's drug business, offering information about his supplier.<ref name=PvL/> According to Kitts, Rhonda secretly monitored Robert's activities by keeping her diary, phone records, a list of known drug dealers, customers, and financial transactions. In the weeks before the murders, she repeatedly expressed the belief that she was being watched and was going to be killed because she knew too much. After the murders, authorities searched Strang's house but did not find the diary or any other records naming people involved in Robert's drug business.<ref name=PvL/> === Anne Swanke === According to investigators, Lucas committed his last murder on November 19, killing 22-year-old Anne Catherine Swanke. On that evening, Swanke was visiting her boyfriend, Gregory Oberle, near the [[San Diego State University]] campus. Before Swanke left Oberle's apartment between 12:30 and 1:00 AM on November 20, she had mentioned to him that her [[Dodge Colt]] had run out of gas.<ref name=PvL/> Later that night, her vehicle stalled midway to her home, whereupon she walked to a gas station near [[La Mesa, California\|La Mesa]], purchased gasoline, and successfully walked back to her car before disappearing. The car was found abandoned in the early morning hours of the following day by police officer Charles Drake.<ref name=PvL/> When he approached the car, he found that the driver's door was unlocked and that Swanke's wallet was on one of the car seats. Drake examined the car further, finding the car keys, a flashlight, and a gas tank cap on the driver's side trunk lid of the car. The gas tank itself was open, and the gasoline canister was lying on the ground.<ref name=PvL/> Swanke's body was found four days later in a remote, rocky area approximately two miles away from Lucas' home in Spring Valley.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news \|title=Jury Selection Begins in Trial of David Lucas, Accused of Killing 6 \|work=Los Angeles Times \|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-08-23-me-924-story.html \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230919045841/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-08-23-me-924-story.html \|archive-date=September 19, 2023}}</ref> She was naked below her waist, had her throat cut, and a silver [[lanyard]] chain used to tether dogs was found around her neck. The top of her clothes had been cut open, exposing her upper torso.<ref name=PvL/> ==Arrest== Based on various evidence and testimony, Lucas was indicted in late 1984 for the Strang-Fisher and Swanke murders, and the assault on Santiago, who had positively identified him as her attacker after she was shown a photo of him.<ref name=h/> He was additionally investigated as a suspect in the murder of Gayle Garcia, as it closely resembled the three killings he was charged with.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news \|last=H. G. Reza \|date=January 11, 1985 \|title=Officers Probe Similarities in Slayings \|work=[[Los Angeles Times]] \|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times/79217987/ \|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> In the meantime, Lucas was sued by Clark, who attempted to dissolve the partnership on claims that he was unable to run the business due to his arrest.<ref name=":0"/> In early 1985, David Lucas was indicted for the murders of Garcia and the Jacobses. Initially, San Diego police had arrested another man for the murders of Suzanne and Colin Jacobs - 30-year-old Johnny Massingale of [[Harlan, Kentucky]], a vagrant who lived in San Diego at the time.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=April 23, 1985 \|title=Suspect now witness in murder hearing \|work=[[Daily Times-Advocate]] \|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-advocate/111396623/ \|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Massingale was arrested in March 1984, after which he confessed to killing the Jacobses and spent 10 months in the San Diego County Jail. After establishing Lucas' involvement in the murders, the San Diego County District Attorney's Office dropped all charges against Massingale and was released from custody in January 1985, after which he sued the District Attorney's Office for $3,000,000 in financial compensation. In his claim, Massingale - who was illiterate, did not know how to write and studied only until the fourth grade - said that Denny Pace, an investigator with the Kentucky State Police, had threatened him with the death penalty if he did not confess.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=July 3, 1985 \|title=Kentuckian says fear led to false confessions \|work=[[Courier Journal]] \|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-courier-journal-false-confession-cou/33695726/ \|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> ==Trial== Because of the large number of murders and the lengthy investigation, by the end of 1985, the criminal cases amounted to several dozen volumes for Lucas and his attorneys to review, so that preliminary hearings did not begin until January 1986.<ref name=":1" /> Initially, several trials were scheduled to examine Lucas' involvement in the murders on a case-by-case basis, but the San Diego County District Attorney's Office filed a motion with the court to consolidate all the criminal cases into a single trial, which was granted. Jury selection began in August 1986, after which the trial's opening date was set for early 1987.<ref name=":1" /> ===Defense in the Jacobs case=== The defense's main explanation was to accuse Johnny Massingale of being the actual killer. To corroborate this, they brought forward Denny Pace, the investigator from Kentucky to whom Massingale had originally confessed.<ref name=ad>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-04-25-me-1575-story.html\|title=Lucas Witness Says Another Admitted Guilt\|work=Los Angeles Times\|date=April 25, 1989\|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230919045908/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-04-25-me-1575-story.html\|archivedate=September 19, 2023}}</ref> In his testimony, Pace said that had known Massingale's family for years and that he knew he often did drugs and prostituted himself to other men for money. According to him, Massingale admitted that he had met a woman named Suzanne at a bar and that they left together in a taxi, but was unable what happened clearly because he was high on [[LSD]].<ref name=ad/> When cross-examined, Pace did admit that he had mentioned to Massingale that he could receive the death penalty if convicted, but claimed that he had advised him that if he confessed, the court might go easy on him.<ref name=ad/> Also, whilst he initially denied having shown photographs of the crime scene, he did eventually admit to showing one - that of the Jacobses' bedroom, where Colin was believed to have died. Finally, when asked if he believed that Massingale was a liar who would say anything to satisfy a police officer, he replied in the positive.<ref name=ad/> Another witness brought forward on the defense's behalf was former Circuit Court Judge Sidney Douglass, who noted that Pace had a good reputation and was a competent police officer who had participated in many [[Bootlegging (business)\|bootlegging]] raids.<ref name=ad/> == Death sentence and status == Ultimately, on June 21, 1989, after eight days of deliberations, a jury found Lucas guilty of committing the murders of the Jacobses and Anne Swanke, as well as kidnapping and assaulting Jodie Santiago.<ref name=ds>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-08-03-mn-700-story.html\|title=S.D. Jury Says Lucas Should Die for Killings\|author=Alan Abrahamson\|work=Los Angeles Times\|date=August 3, 1989\|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230919045914/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-08-03-mn-700-story.html\|archivedate=September 19, 2023}}</ref> Due to insufficient evidence, he was acquitted of the murder of Gayle Garcia, and was similarly acquitted for the murders of Rhonda Strang and Amber Fisher, as those charged resulted in a [[hung jury]]. He showed no emotion during sentencing, but his mother said that she loved him, burst into tears, and ran out of the courtroom and down the hallway.<ref name=ds/> On September 19, despite passionate pleas from his lawyer and mother, Lucas was sentenced to death for the three murder convictions.<ref name=sen>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-09-20-me-68-story.html\|title=Lucas Sentenced to Die for 3 Slashing Murders\|author=Alan Abrahamson\|work=Los Angeles Times\|date=September 20, 1989\|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210626084354/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-09-20-me-68-story.html\|archivedate=June 26, 2021}}</ref> The verdict was welcomed by the deceased victims' family members and Jodie Robertson, who felt that the brutality of Lucas' crimes warranted the death penalty.<ref name=sen/> A new trial date was set for the Strang-Fisher murders, but the charges were later dropped on the grounds that he was already sentenced to death.<ref name=sen/> ===Appeals=== Since his conviction, Lucas has repeatedly attempted to overturn his convictions, citing errors in the trial and penalty phases.<ref name=up/> His appeal was denied by the [[Supreme Court of California]] in 2014, which concluded that any possible errors were not prejudicial, and he was thus not entitled to a retrial.<ref name=up/> As of September 2023, Lucas remains on California's death row. == See also == * [[Capital punishment in California]] * [[List of death row inmates in the United States#California\|List of death row inmates in California]] * [[List of serial killers in the United States]] == References == {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://caselaw.findlaw.com/court/ca-supreme-court/1676157.html People v. Lucas (2014)] {{DEFAULTSORT:Lucas, David Allen}} [[Category:1956 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:20th-century American criminals]] [[Category:American male criminals]] [[Category:American murderers of children]] [[Category:American people convicted of murder]] [[Category:American people convicted of rape]] [[Category:American prisoners sentenced to death]] [[Category:American people acquitted of murder]] [[Category:People convicted of murder by California]] [[Category:Prisoners sentenced to death by California]] [[Category:Serial killers from California]] [[Category:Violence against women in California]]	1,289,791,959	[{"title": "David Allen Lucas", "data": {"Born": "1956 (age 68\u201369) \u00b7 Philippines", "Convictions": "First degree murder with special circumstances x3 \u00b7 Rape", "Criminal penalty": "Death x3"}}, {"title": "Details", "data": {"Victims": "3\u20136", "Span of crimes": "1979\u20131984", "Country": "United States", "State": "California", "Date apprehended": "December 1984", "Imprisoned at": "San Quentin State Prison, San Quentin, California"}}]	false
# 2016 Campeonato Paraibano The 2016 Campeonato Paraibano de Futebol was the 106th edition of Paraíba's top professional football league. The competition began on 30 January and ended on 15 June. Campinense were champions, for the 20th time. ## Format The competition was divided into three stages. In the first stage, the ten teams were split into two groups. Each team played all the teams from the other group, home and away, for a total of ten games. In the second stage, the top three teams from each group played off in a single round over two legs. The draw was pre–determined based on finishing positions in the first stage. The bottom two teams from each group played each other home and away, for a total of six games, with the bottom two teams in this phase relegated to the second division. In the final stage, the three winning teams in the second stage, along with the eliminated team with the best overall record in the competition, played the Semi Final over two legs, and the winners played the final over two legs. ### Qualification The champions qualify to participate in the 2017 Copa do Brasil. The two best placed teams (other than Botafogo-PB) qualify to participate in the 2016 Campeonato Brasileiro Série D and 2017 Campeonato Brasileiro Série D. The two finalists qualify to participate in the 2017 Copa do Nordeste. ## Participating teams \| Club \| Home city \| 2015 result \| \| --------------------- \| -------------- \| ------------------ \| \| Atlético Cajazeirense \| Cajazeiras \| 7th \| \| Auto Esporte \| João Pessoa \| 4th \| \| Botafogo-PB \| João Pessoa \| 2nd \| \| Campinense \| Campina Grande \| 1st \| \| CSP \| João Pessoa \| 5th \| \| Esporte \| Patos \| 2nd (2nd division) \| \| Paraíba \| Cajazeiras \| 1st (2nd division) \| \| Santa Cruz-PB \| Santa Rita \| 8th \| \| Sousa \| Sousa \| 6th \| \| Treze \| Campina Grande \| 3rd \| ## First stage ### Standings #### Group A \| Pos \| Team \| Pld \| W \| D \| L \| GF \| GA \| GD \| Pts \| Qualification \| \| --- \| ------------- \| --- \| - \| - \| - \| -- \| -- \| --- \| --- \| ------------------------------ \| \| 1 \| Campinense \| 10 \| 6 \| 4 \| 0 \| 20 \| 3 \| +17 \| 22 \| Qualification for Second stage \| \| 2 \| Paraíba \| 10 \| 4 \| 3 \| 3 \| 13 \| 11 \| +2 \| 15 \| Qualification for Second stage \| \| 3 \| Sousa \| 10 \| 3 \| 5 \| 2 \| 12 \| 9 \| +3 \| 14 \| Qualification for Second stage \| \| 4 \| Auto Esporte \| 10 \| 3 \| 3 \| 4 \| 10 \| 19 \| −9 \| 12 \| Entered into Relegation stage \| \| 5 \| Santa Cruz-PB \| 10 \| 2 \| 2 \| 6 \| 6 \| 12 \| −6 \| 8 \| Entered into Relegation stage \| #### Group B \| Pos \| Team \| Pld \| W \| D \| L \| GF \| GA \| GD \| Pts \| Qualification \| \| --- \| --------------------- \| --- \| - \| - \| - \| -- \| -- \| --- \| --- \| ------------------------------ \| \| 1 \| Botafogo-PB \| 10 \| 6 \| 4 \| 0 \| 19 \| 3 \| +16 \| 22 \| Qualification for Second stage \| \| 2 \| CSP \| 10 \| 3 \| 4 \| 3 \| 11 \| 9 \| +2 \| 13 \| Qualification for Second stage \| \| 3 \| Treze \| 10 \| 3 \| 4 \| 3 \| 11 \| 11 \| 0 \| 13 \| Qualification for Second stage \| \| 4 \| Esporte \| 10 \| 2 \| 3 \| 5 \| 10 \| 24 \| −14 \| 9 \| Entered into Relegation stage \| \| 5 \| Atlético Cajazeirense \| 10 \| 1 \| 2 \| 7 \| 3 \| 14 \| −11 \| 5 \| Entered into Relegation stage \| ## Second stage The top three teams from each group in the first stage play each other over two legs. In each tie, the better performing team will have home advantage in the second leg. The first legs will be played on 10 April 2016, the second legs on 24 April 2016. \| Team 1 \| Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score \| Team 2 \| 1st leg \| 2nd leg \| Match ID \| \| ------ \| --------------------------- \| ----------- \| ------- \| ------- \| -------- \| \| Treze \| 1–2 \| Campinense \| 0–0 \| 1–2 \| C \| \| CSP \| 2–0 \| Paraíba \| 2–0 \| 0–0 \| D \| \| Sousa \| 3–6 \| Botafogo-PB \| 3–1 \| 0–5 \| E \| ## Relegation stage The bottom two teams from each group in the first stage play in league tournament, home and away, with the two worst performing teams being relegated to the Second Division. \| Pos \| Team \| Pld \| W \| D \| L \| GF \| GA \| GD \| Pts \| Qualification \| \| --- \| --------------------- \| --- \| - \| - \| - \| -- \| -- \| -- \| --- \| ---------------------------- \| \| 1 \| Auto Esporte \| 6 \| 4 \| 1 \| 1 \| 8 \| 3 \| +5 \| 13 \| \| \| 2 \| Atlético Cajazeirense \| 6 \| 4 \| 0 \| 2 \| 6 \| 5 \| +1 \| 12 \| \| \| 3 \| Santa Cruz-PB (R) \| 6 \| 3 \| 1 \| 2 \| 7 \| 5 \| +2 \| 10 \| Relegated to Second Division \| \| 4 \| Esporte (R) \| 6 \| 0 \| 0 \| 6 \| 1 \| 9 \| −8 \| 0 \| Relegated to Second Division \| ## Final stage In each tie, the team which has the best record so far in the competition has home advantage in the second leg. Sousa qualified as the "lucky loser" for being losing team in the second stage with the best overall record in the competition. Semi Final first leg games were scheduled to take place on 1 May and 8 May 2016, with Second leg games scheduled to take place on 8 and 11 May 2016. However, an injunction filed by Treze at the Superior Tribunal de Justiça Desportiva (STJD) the Superior Court of Sports Justice, caused the first leg of the game between Campinense and CSP to be postponed until after a hearing at the Tribunal de Justiça Desportiva da Paraíba (TJD-PB) (Sports Court of Paraíba) on 11 May. ### Bracket \| \| Semi Final \| Semi Final \| Semi Final \| Semi Final \| Semi Final \| \| \| Final \| Final \| Final \| Final \| Final \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| CSP \| CSP \| 0 \| 1 \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| CSP \| CSP \| 0 \| 1 \| 1 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Campinense \| Campinense \| 1 \| 1 \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Campinense \| Campinense \| 1 \| 1 \| 2 \| \| Campinense \| Campinense \| 3 \| 0 \| 3 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Campinense \| Campinense \| 3 \| 0 \| 3 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Botafogo-PB \| Botafogo-PB \| 2 \| 1 \| 3 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Sousa \| Sousa \| Botafogo-PB \| Botafogo-PB \| 2 \| 1 \| 3 \| 2 \| 0 \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| \| Sousa \| Sousa \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2 \| \| \| \| \| \| Botafogo-PB \| Botafogo-PB \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|	enwiki/49376948	enwiki	49,376,948	2016 Campeonato Paraibano	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Campeonato_Paraibano	2019-09-14T00:50:33Z	en	Q24060512	107,572	{{Infobox football league season \|competition = [[Campeonato Paraibano\|Campeonato Paraibano de Futebol]] \|season = [[2016 in Brazilian football\|2016]] \|winners = [[Campinense Clube\|Campinense]] \|relegated = [[Esporte Clube de Patos\|Esporte]]<br />[[Santa Cruz Recreativo Esporte Clube\|Santa Cruz-PB]] \|continentalcup1 = [[2017 Copa do Brasil\|Copa do Brasil]] \|continentalcup1 qualifiers = [[Campinense Clube\|Campinense]]<br />[[Botafogo Futebol Clube (PB)\|Botafogo-PB]] \|continentalcup2 = [[2016 Campeonato Brasileiro Série D\|Série D]] \|continentalcup2 qualifiers = [[Campinense Clube\|Campinense]]<br />[[Sousa Esporte Clube\|Sousa]] \|continentalcup3 = [[2017 Copa do Nordeste\|Copa do Nordeste]] \|continentalcup3 qualifiers = [[Campinense Clube\|Campinense]]<br />[[Botafogo Futebol Clube (PB)\|Botafogo-PB]] \|league topscorer = 9 goals ([[Rodrigo Gomes dos Santos\|Rodrigão]], [[Campinense Clube\|Campinense]]) \|biggest home win = [[Campinense Clube\|Campinense]] 7–1 [[Esporte Clube de Patos\|Esporte]],<br>Round 7, 6 March 2016 \|biggest away win = [[Atlético Cajazeirense de Desportos\|Atlético Cajazeirense]] 0-4 [[Campinense Clube\|Campinense]],<br>Round 3, 6 February 2016 \|highest scoring = 8 goals ([[Campinense Clube\|Campinense]] 7–1 [[Esporte Clube de Patos\|Esporte]]),<br>Round 7, 6 March 2016 \|matches = 70 \|total goals = 161 \|longest wins = 3 ([[Campinense Clube\|Campinense]]) \|longest unbeaten = 15 ([[Campinense Clube\|Campinense]]) \|longest winless = 8 ([[Atlético Cajazeirense de Desportos\|Atlético Cajazeirense]]) \|longest losses = 7 ([[Esporte Clube de Patos\|Esporte]]) \|highest attendance = \|lowest attendance = \|average attendance = \|prevseason = [[2015 Campeonato Paraibano\|2015]] \|nextseason = [[2017 Campeonato Paraibano\|2017]] }} The '''2016 [[Campeonato Paraibano\|Campeonato Paraibano de Futebol]]''' was the 106th edition of [[Paraíba]]'s top professional football league. The competition began on 30 January and ended on 15 June. [[Campinense Clube\|Campinense]] were champions, for the 20th time. ==Format== The competition was divided into three stages. In the first stage, the ten teams were split into two groups. Each team played all the teams from the other group, home and away, for a total of ten games.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.federacaoparaibana.com.br/tabela-do-campeonato-paraibano-2016/\|title=REGULAMENTO DO CAMPEONATO PARAIBANO DE FUTEBOL PROFISSIONAL 2016 – PRIMEIRA DIVISÃO (Artigo 10)\|trans-title=Rules of the Paraíba Professional Football Championship 2016 (Article 10)\|language=Portuguese\|accessdate=9 February 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204093838/http://www.federacaoparaibana.com.br/tabela-do-campeonato-paraibano-2016/\|archive-date=2016-02-04\|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the second stage, the top three teams from each group played off in a single round over two legs. The draw was pre–determined based on finishing positions in the first stage. The bottom two teams from each group played each other home and away, for a total of six games, with the bottom two teams in this phase relegated to the second division.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.federacaoparaibana.com.br/tabela-do-campeonato-paraibano-2016/\|title=REGULAMENTO DO CAMPEONATO PARAIBANO DE FUTEBOL PROFISSIONAL 2016 – PRIMEIRA DIVISÃO (Artigo 11)\|trans-title=Rules of the Paraíba Professional Football Championship 2016 (Article 11)\|language=Portuguese\|accessdate=9 February 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204093838/http://www.federacaoparaibana.com.br/tabela-do-campeonato-paraibano-2016/\|archive-date=2016-02-04\|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the final stage, the three winning teams in the second stage, along with the eliminated team with the best overall record in the competition, played the Semi Final over two legs, and the winners played the final over two legs.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.federacaoparaibana.com.br/tabela-do-campeonato-paraibano-2016/\|title=REGULAMENTO DO CAMPEONATO PARAIBANO DE FUTEBOL PROFISSIONAL 2016 – PRIMEIRA DIVISÃO (Artigo 12/13)\|trans-title=Rules of the Paraíba Professional Football Championship 2016 (Article 12/13)\|language=Portuguese\|accessdate=9 February 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204093838/http://www.federacaoparaibana.com.br/tabela-do-campeonato-paraibano-2016/\|archive-date=2016-02-04\|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Qualification=== The champions qualify to participate in the [[2017 Copa do Brasil]]. The two best placed teams (other than [[Botafogo Futebol Clube (PB)\|Botafogo-PB]]) qualify to participate in the [[2016 Campeonato Brasileiro Série D]] and [[2017 Campeonato Brasileiro Série D]]. The two finalists qualify to participate in the [[2017 Copa do Nordeste]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.federacaoparaibana.com.br/tabela-do-campeonato-paraibano-2016/\|title=REGULAMENTO DO CAMPEONATO PARAIBANO DE FUTEBOL PROFISSIONAL 2016 – PRIMEIRA DIVISÃO (Artigo 6)\|trans-title=Rules of the Paraíba Professional Football Championship 2016 (Article 6)\|language=Portuguese\|accessdate=9 February 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204093838/http://www.federacaoparaibana.com.br/tabela-do-campeonato-paraibano-2016/\|archive-date=2016-02-04\|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Participating teams== {\| class="wikitable sortable" \|- ! Club !! Home city !! 2015 result \|- \| [[Atlético Cajazeirense de Desportos\|Atlético Cajazeirense]] \|\| [[Cajazeiras]] \|\| {{sort\|07\|7th}} \|- \| [[Auto Esporte Clube\|Auto Esporte]] \|\| [[João Pessoa, Paraíba\|João Pessoa]] \|\| {{sort\|04\|4th}} \|- \| [[Botafogo Futebol Clube (PB)\|Botafogo-PB]] \|\| [[João Pessoa, Paraíba\|João Pessoa]] \|\| {{sort\|02\|2nd}} \|- \| [[Campinense Clube\|Campinense]] \|\| [[Campina Grande]] \|\| {{sort\|01\|1st}} \|- \| [[Centro Sportivo Paraibano\|CSP]] \|\| [[João Pessoa, Paraíba\|João Pessoa]] \|\| {{sort\|05\|5th}} \|- \| [[Esporte Clube de Patos\|Esporte]] \|\| [[Patos, Paraíba\|Patos]] \|\| {{sort\|10\|2nd (2nd division)}} \|- \| [[Paraíba Sport Clube\|Paraíba]] \|\| [[Cajazeiras]] \|\| {{sort\|09\|1st (2nd division)}} \|- \| [[Santa Cruz Recreativo Esporte Clube\|Santa Cruz-PB]] \|\| [[Santa Rita, Paraiba\|Santa Rita]] \|\| {{sort\|08\|8th}} \|- \| [[Sousa Esporte Clube\|Sousa]] \|\| [[Sousa, Paraíba\|Sousa]] \|\| {{sort\|06\|6th}} \|- \| [[Treze Futebol Clube\|Treze]] \|\| [[Campina Grande]] \|\| {{sort\|03\|3rd}} \|} ==First stage== ===Standings=== ====Group A==== {{#invoke:Sports table\|main\|style=WDL <!--Update date and source--> \|update=complete \|source=[http://globoesporte.globo.com/pb/futebol/campeonato-paraibano/] <!--Team names--> \|name_AEC=[[Auto Esporte Clube\|Auto Esporte]] \|name_CAM=[[Campinense Clube\|Campinense]] \|name_PAR=[[Paraíba Sport Clube\|Paraíba]] \|name_STC=[[Santa Cruz Recreativo Esporte Clube\|Santa Cruz-PB]] \|name_SOU=[[Sousa Esporte Clube\|Sousa]] <!--Positions--> \|team1=CAM \|team5=STC \|team4=AEC \|team3=SOU \|team2=PAR <!--stats--> \|win_AEC=3 \|draw_AEC=3 \|loss_AEC=4 \|gf_AEC=10 \|ga_AEC=19 \|win_CAM=6 \|draw_CAM=4 \|loss_CAM=0 \|gf_CAM=20 \|ga_CAM=3 \|win_PAR=4 \|draw_PAR=3 \|loss_PAR=3 \|gf_PAR=13 \|ga_PAR=11 \|win_STC=2 \|draw_STC=2 \|loss_STC=6 \|gf_STC=6 \|ga_STC=12 \|win_SOU=3 \|draw_SOU=5 \|loss_SOU=2 \|gf_SOU=12 \|ga_SOU=9 <!--qualifications--> \|result1=SS \|result2=SS \|result3=SS \|result4=RQ \|result5=RQ \|res_col_header=Q \|col_SS=green1\|text_SS=Qualification for [[2016 Campeonato Paraibano#Second stage\|Second stage]] \|col_RQ=red2\|text_RQ=Entered into [[2016 Campeonato Paraibano#Relegation stage\|Relegation stage]] \|class_rules=1) points; 2) wins; 3) goal difference; 4) number of goals scored; 5) least red cards; 6) least yellow cards; 7) Seeding by FPF }} ====Group B==== {{#invoke:Sports table\|main\|style=WDL <!--Update date and source--> \|update=complete \|source=[http://globoesporte.globo.com/pb/futebol/campeonato-paraibano/] <!--Team names--> \|name_ATL=[[Atlético Cajazeirense de Desportos\|Atlético Cajazeirense]] \|name_BOT=[[Botafogo Futebol Clube (PB)\|Botafogo-PB]] \|name_CSP=[[Centro Sportivo Paraibano\|CSP]] \|name_ESP=[[Esporte Clube de Patos\|Esporte]] \|name_TRE=[[Treze Futebol Clube\|Treze]] <!--Positions--> \|team1=BOT \|team2=CSP \|team3=TRE \|team4=ESP \|team5=ATL <!--stats--> \|win_ATL=1 \|draw_ATL=2 \|loss_ATL=7 \|gf_ATL=3 \|ga_ATL=14 \|win_BOT=6 \|draw_BOT=4 \|loss_BOT=0 \|gf_BOT=19 \|ga_BOT=3 \|win_CSP=3 \|draw_CSP=4 \|loss_CSP=3 \|gf_CSP=11 \|ga_CSP=9 \|win_ESP=2 \|draw_ESP=3 \|loss_ESP=5 \|gf_ESP=10 \|ga_ESP=24 \|win_TRE=3 \|draw_TRE=4 \|loss_TRE=3 \|gf_TRE=11 \|ga_TRE=11 <!--qualifications--> \|result1=SS \|result2=SS \|result3=SS \|result4=RQ \|result5=RQ \|res_col_header=Q \|col_SS=green1\|text_SS=Qualification for [[2016 Campeonato Paraibano#Second stage\|Second stage]] \|col_RQ=red2\|text_RQ=Entered into [[2016 Campeonato Paraibano#Relegation stage\|Relegation stage]] \|class_rules=1) points; 2) wins; 3) goal difference; 4) number of goals scored; 5) least red cards; 6) least yellow cards; 7) Seeding by FPF }} ==Second stage== The top three teams from each group in the first stage play each other over two legs. In each tie, the better performing team will have home advantage in the second leg. The first legs will be played on 10 April 2016, the second legs on 24 April 2016. {{TwoLegStart \|extra=Match ID}} {{TwoLegResult\|[[Treze Futebol Clube\|Treze]]\|\| 1–2 \|'''[[Campinense Clube\|Campinense]]'''\|\| 0–0 \| 1–2 \|C}} {{TwoLegResult\|'''[[Centro Sportivo Paraibano\|CSP]]''' \|\| 2–0 \|[[Paraíba Sport Clube\|Paraíba]]\|\| 2–0 \| 0–0 \|D}} {{TwoLegResult\|[[Sousa Esporte Clube\|Sousa]] \|\| 3–6 \|'''[[Botafogo Futebol Clube (PB)\|Botafogo-PB]]'''\|\| 3–1 \| 0–5 \|E }} \|} ==Relegation stage== The bottom two teams from each group in the first stage play in league tournament, home and away, with the two worst performing teams being relegated to the Second Division. {{#invoke:Sports table\|main\|style=WDL <!--Update date and source--> \|update=complete <!--date--> \|source=[http://globoesporte.globo.com/pb/futebol/campeonato-paraibano/] <!--Team names--> \|name_AEC=[[Auto Esporte Clube\|Auto Esporte]] \|name_ATL=[[Atlético Cajazeirense de Desportos\|Atlético Cajazeirense]] \|name_ESP=[[Esporte Clube de Patos\|Esporte]] \|name_STC=[[Santa Cruz Recreativo Esporte Clube\|Santa Cruz-PB]] <!--Positions--> \|team1=AEC \|team2=ATL \|team4=ESP \|team3=STC <!--Status--> \|status_ESP=R \|status_STC=R <!--stats--> \|win_AEC=4 \|draw_AEC=1 \|loss_AEC=1 \|gf_AEC=8 \|ga_AEC=3 \|win_ATL=4 \|draw_ATL=0 \|loss_ATL=2 \|gf_ATL=6 \|ga_ATL=5 \|win_ESP=0 \|draw_ESP=0 \|loss_ESP=6 \|gf_ESP=1 \|ga_ESP=9 \|win_STC=3 \|draw_STC=1 \|loss_STC=2 \|gf_STC=7 \|ga_STC=5 <!--qualifications--> \|result3=R \|result4=R \|res_col_header=Q \|col_R=red2\|text_R=Relegated to Second Division \|class_rules=1) points; 2) wins; 3) goal difference; 4) number of goals scored; 5) least red cards; 6) least yellow cards; 7) Seeding by FPF }} ==Final stage== In each tie, the team which has the best record so far in the competition has home advantage in the second leg. [[Sousa Esporte Clube\|Sousa]] qualified as the "lucky loser" for being losing team in the second stage with the best overall record in the competition. Semi Final first leg games were scheduled to take place on 1 May and 8 May 2016, with Second leg games scheduled to take place on 8 and 11 May 2016. However, an injunction filed by Treze at the ''Superior Tribunal de Justiça Desportiva (STJD)'' the Superior Court of Sports Justice, caused the first leg of the game between Campinense and CSP to be postponed until after a hearing at the ''Tribunal de Justiça Desportiva da Paraíba (TJD-PB)'' (Sports Court of Paraíba) on 11 May.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://globoesporte.globo.com/pb/noticia/2016/05/tjd-pb-convoca-sessao-extraordinaria-para-decidir-o-desfecho-do-paraibano.html\|title=TJD-PB convoca sessão extraordinária para decidir o desfecho do Paraibano\|publisher=globoesporte.com\|language=pt\|accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref> ===Bracket=== {{4TeamBracket-2legs \| RD1= Semi Final \| RD2= Final \| RD1-seed1= \| RD1-team1= [[Centro Sportivo Paraibano\|CSP]] \| RD1-score1-1= 0 \| RD1-score1-2= 1 \| RD1-score1-A= 1 \| RD1-seed2= \| RD1-team2= '''[[Campinense Clube\|Campinense]]''' \| RD1-score2-1= 1 \| RD1-score2-2= 1 \| RD1-score2-A= 2 \| RD1-seed3= \| RD1-team3= [[Sousa Esporte Clube\|Sousa]] \| RD1-score3-1= 2 \| RD1-score3-2= 0 \| RD1-score3-A= 2 \| RD1-seed4= \| RD1-team4= '''[[Botafogo Futebol Clube (PB)\|Botafogo-PB]]''' \| RD1-score4-1= 1 \| RD1-score4-2= 2 \| RD1-score4-A= 3 \| RD2-seed1= \| RD2-team1= '''[[Campinense Clube\|Campinense]]''' \| RD2-score1-1= 3 \| RD2-score1-2= 0 \| RD2-score1-A= 3 \| RD2-seed2= \| RD2-team2= [[Botafogo Futebol Clube (PB)\|Botafogo-PB]] \| RD2-score2-1= 2 \| RD2-score2-2= 1 \| RD2-score2-A= 3 }} ==References== {{reflist}} {{2016 in Brazilian football}} [[Category:2016 in Brazilian football leagues\|Paraíba]] [[Category:Campeonato Paraibano seasons\|2016]]	915,562,464	[{"title": "Campeonato Paraibano de Futebol", "data": {"Season": "2016", "Champions": "Campinense", "Relegated": "Esporte \u00b7 Santa Cruz-PB", "Copa do Brasil": "Campinense \u00b7 Botafogo-PB", "S\u00e9rie D": "Campinense \u00b7 Sousa", "Copa do Nordeste": "Campinense \u00b7 Botafogo-PB", "Matches played": "70", "Goals scored": "161 (2.3 per match)", "Top goalscorer": "9 goals (Rodrig\u00e3o, Campinense)", "Biggest home win": "Campinense 7\u20131 Esporte, \u00b7 Round 7, 6 March 2016", "Biggest away win": "Atl\u00e9tico Cajazeirense 0-4 Campinense, \u00b7 Round 3, 6 February 2016", "Highest scoring": "8 goals (Campinense 7\u20131 Esporte), \u00b7 Round 7, 6 March 2016", "Longest winning run": "3 (Campinense)", "Longest unbeaten run": "15 (Campinense)", "Longest winless run": "8 (Atl\u00e9tico Cajazeirense)", "Longest losing run": "7 (Esporte)"}}]	false
# 1994–95 FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup The 1994/95 FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup was the 4th in a row (2nd official) Continental Cup winter season in ski jumping for men. Other competitive circuits this season included the World Cup and Grand Prix. ## Calendar ### Men \| Num \| Season \| Date \| Place \| Hill \| Size \| Winner \| \| --- \| ------ \| ------- \| ------------- \| -------------------------------------- \| ---- \| -------------------------------- \| \| 78 \| 1 \| 1994/95 \| Lillehammer \| Lysgårdsbakken K90 \| NH \| Lasse Ottesen \| \| 79 \| 2 \| 1994/95 \| Lillehammer \| Lysgårdsbakken K120 \| LH \| Roberto Cecon \| \| 80 \| 3 \| 1994/95 \| Jyväskylä \| Matti Nykäsen Mäki K90 \| NH \| Jani Soininen \| \| 81 \| 4 \| 1994/95 \| Lahti \| Salpausselkä K114 \| LH \| Andreas Goldberger \| \| 82 \| 5 \| 1994/95 \| Lahti \| Salpausselkä K90 \| NH \| Kazuyoshi Funaki \| \| 83 \| 6 \| 1994/95 \| St. Moritz \| Olympiaschanze K95 \| NH \| Stefan Siebert \| \| 84 \| 7 \| 1994/95 \| Lake Placid \| MacKenzie Intervale K120 \| LH \| Knut Müller \| \| 85 \| 8 \| 1994/95 \| Lake Placid \| MacKenzie Intervale K90 \| NH \| Knut Müller \| \| 86 \| 9 \| 1994/95 \| Planica \| Srednja Bloudkova K90 \| NH \| Sven Hannawald \| \| 87 \| 10 \| 1994/95 \| Planica \| Bloudkova velikanka K120 \| LH \| Ronny Hornschuh \| \| 88 \| 11 \| 1994/95 \| Sapporo \| Ōkurayama K115 \| LH \| Kazuyoshi Funaki \| \| 89 \| 12 \| 1994/95 \| Sapporo \| Ōkurayama K115 \| LH \| Kazuyoshi Funaki \| \| 90 \| 13 \| 1994/95 \| Sapporo \| Miyanomori K90 \| NH \| Naoki Yasuzaki \| \| 91 \| 14 \| 1994/95 \| Courchevel \| Tremplin du Praz K90 \| NH \| Primož Kopač \| \| 92 \| 15 \| 1994/95 \| Courchevel \| Tremplin du Praz K120 \| LH \| Lucas Chevalier-Girod Jérôme Gay \| \| 93 \| 16 \| 1994/95 \| Štrbské Pleso \| MS 1970 B K90 \| NH \| Martin Höllwarth \| \| 94 \| 17 \| 1994/95 \| Zakopane \| Średnia Krokiew K85 \| NH \| František Jež \| \| 95 \| 18 \| 1994/95 \| Zakopane \| Wielka Krokiew K116 \| LH \| Arve Vorvik \| \| 96 \| 19 \| 1994/95 \| Gallio \| Trampolino di Pakstall K92 \| NH \| Reinhard Schwarzenberger \| \| 97 \| 20 \| 1994/95 \| Gallio \| Trampolino di Pakstall K92 \| NH \| Roberto Cecon \| \| 98 \| 21 \| 1994/95 \| Liberec \| Ještěd B K90 \| NH \| Ingemar Mayr \| \| 99 \| 22 \| 1994/95 \| Liberec \| Ještěd B K90 \| NH \| Sturle Holseter \| \| 100 \| 23 \| 1994/95 \| Astún \| Trampolín de Saltos Valle de Astún K90 \| NH \| Ruddy Jardin \| \| 101 \| 24 \| 1994/95 \| Reit im Winkl \| Franz-Haslberger-Schanze K90 \| NH \| Arve Vorvik \| \| 102 \| 25 \| 1994/95 \| Saalfelden \| Bibergschanze K85 \| NH \| Arve Vorvik \| \| 103 \| 26 \| 1994/95 \| Ruhpolding \| Große Zirmbergschanze K108 \| LH \| Sturle Holseter \| \| 104 \| 27 \| 1994/95 \| Westby \| Snowflake K106 \| LH \| Steve Delaup \| \| 105 \| 28 \| 1994/95 \| Iron Mountain \| Pine Mountain Ski Jump K120 \| LH \| Ladislav Dluhoš \| \| 106 \| 29 \| 1994/95 \| Ishpeming \| Suicide Hill K90 \| NH \| Tomáš Goder \| \| 107 \| 30 \| 1994/95 \| Sapporo \| Ōkurayama K115 \| LH \| Naoto Itō \| \| 108 \| 31 \| 1994/95 \| Zaō \| Yamagata K85 \| NH \| Kazuhiro Higashi \| \| 109 \| 32 \| 1994/95 \| Zaō \| Yamagata K85 \| NH \| Kazuhiro Higashi \| \| 110 \| 33 \| 1994/95 \| Schönwald \| Adlerschanzen Schönwald K84 \| NH \| Martin Höllwarth \| \| 111 \| 34 \| 1994/95 \| Schönwald \| Adlerschanzen Schönwald K84 \| NH \| Martin Höllwarth \| \| 112 \| 35 \| 1994/95 \| Sprova \| Steinfjellbakken K85 \| NH \| Olli Happonen \| \| 113 \| 36 \| 1994/95 \| Sprova \| Steinfjellbakken K85 \| NH \| Olli Happonen \| \| 114 \| 37 \| 1994/95 \| Kuusamo \| Rukatunturi K120 \| LH \| Arve Vorvik \| \| 115 \| 38 \| 1994/95 \| Gällivare \| Dundretkullen K90 \| NH \| Arve Vorvik \| \| 116 \| 39 \| 1994/95 \| Rovaniemi \| Ounasvaara K90 \| NH \| Mika Laitinen \| \| 117 \| 40 \| 1994/95 \| Rovaniemi \| Ounasvaara K90 \| NH \| Martin Höllwarth \| ## Standings ### Men \| Rank \| after 40 events \| \| ---- \| ----------------- \| \| 1 \| Olli Happonen \| \| 2 \| Martin Höllwarth \| \| 3 \| Risto Jussilainen \| ## Europa Cup vs. Continental Cup This was originally last Europa Cup season and is also recognized as the first Continental Cup season by International Ski Federation although under this name began its first official season in 1993/94.	enwiki/50926782	enwiki	50,926,782	1994–95 FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_FIS_Ski_Jumping_Continental_Cup	2023-11-17T22:54:15Z	en	Q30914729	130,389	{{Short description\|none}} {{Infobox winter sport world cup \|competition = Continental Cup 1994/95 \|competition1 = Winter \|competition1winner = {{flagicon\|FIN}} Olli Happonen \|venues = 25 \|individual = 40 \|cancelled = \|previous = [[1993–94 FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup\|1993/94]] \|following = [[1995–96 FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup\|1995/96]] }} The '''1994/95 FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup''' was the 4th in a row (2nd official) [[FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup\|Continental Cup]] winter season in [[ski jumping]] for men.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.skisprungschanzen.com/files/SJ_20120415.pdf\|title=FIS Ski Jumping Europa (Continental) Cup competitions\|publisher=[[International Ski Federation]]\|accessdate=10 June 2016}}</ref> Other competitive circuits this season included the [[1994–95 FIS Ski Jumping World Cup\|World Cup]] and [[1994 FIS Ski Jumping Grand Prix\|Grand Prix]]. == Calendar == === Men === {\|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="background:#fff; font-size:86%; line-height:16px; border:grey solid 1px; border-collapse:collapse;" \|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" !scope="col" style="background:#ccc; width=20 px;"\|{{Abbr\|Num\|Overall competition number}} !scope="col" style="background:#ccc; width=30 px;"\|{{Abbr\|Season\|Season number}} !scope="col" style="background:#ccc; width:80px;" \|Date !scope="col" style="background:#ccc; width:200px;"\|Place !scope="col" style="background:#ccc; width:240px;"\|Hill !scope="col" style="background:#ccc; width:40px;" \|Size !scope="col" style="background:#ccc; width:185px;"\|Winner \|- \| align=center\|78 \| align=center\|1 \| rowspan=40 align=right\|1994/95   \| {{flagicon\|NOR}} [[Lillehammer]] \| [[Lysgårdsbakken]] K90 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|NOR}} [[Lasse Ottesen]] \|- \| align=center\|79 \| align=center\|2 \| {{flagicon\|NOR}} [[Lillehammer]] \| [[Lysgårdsbakken]] K120 \| align=center\|LH \| {{flagicon\|ITA}} [[Roberto Cecon]] \|- \| align=center\|80 \| align=center\|3 \| {{flagicon\|FIN}} [[Jyväskylä]] \| Matti Nykäsen Mäki K90 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|FIN}} [[Jani Soininen]] \|- \| align=center\|81 \| align=center\|4 \| {{flagicon\|FIN}} [[Lahti]] \| [[Salpausselkä (ski jump)\|Salpausselkä]] K114 \| align=center\|LH \| {{flagicon\|AUT}} [[Andreas Goldberger]] \|- \| align=center\|82 \| align=center\|5 \| {{flagicon\|FIN}} [[Lahti]] \| [[Salpausselkä (ski jump)\|Salpausselkä]] K90 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|JPN}} [[Kazuyoshi Funaki]] \|- \| align=center\|83 \| align=center\|6 \| {{flagicon\|SUI}} [[St. Moritz]] \| [[Olympiaschanze]] K95 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|GER}} Stefan Siebert \|- \| align=center\|84 \| align=center\|7 \| {{flagicon\|USA}} [[Lake Placid, New York\|Lake Placid]] \| [[Lake Placid Olympic Ski Jumping Complex\|MacKenzie Intervale]] K120 \| align=center\|LH \| {{flagicon\|NOR}} Knut Müller \|- \| align=center\|85 \| align=center\|8 \| {{flagicon\|USA}} [[Lake Placid, New York\|Lake Placid]] \| [[Lake Placid Olympic Ski Jumping Complex\|MacKenzie Intervale]] K90 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|NOR}} Knut Müller \|- \| align=center\|86 \| align=center\|9 \| {{flagicon\|SLO}} [[Planica]] \| [[Srednja Bloudkova]] K90 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|GER}} [[Sven Hannawald]] \|- \| align=center\|87 \| align=center\|10 \| {{flagicon\|SLO}} [[Planica]] \| [[Bloudkova velikanka]] K120 \| align=center\|LH \| {{flagicon\|GER}} [[Ronny Hornschuh]] \|- \| align=center\|88 \| align=center\|11 \| {{flagicon\|JPN}} [[Sapporo]] \| [[Okurayama Ski Jump Stadium\|Ōkurayama]] K115 \| align=center\|LH \| {{flagicon\|JPN}} [[Kazuyoshi Funaki]] \|- \| align=center\|89 \| align=center\|12 \| {{flagicon\|JPN}} [[Sapporo]] \| [[Okurayama Ski Jump Stadium\|Ōkurayama]] K115 \| align=center\|LH \| {{flagicon\|JPN}} [[Kazuyoshi Funaki]] \|- \| align=center\|90 \| align=center\|13 \| {{flagicon\|JPN}} [[Sapporo]] \| [[Miyanomori Ski Jump Stadium\|Miyanomori]] K90 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|JPN}} [[Naoki Yasuzaki]] \|- \| align=center\|91 \| align=center\|14 \| {{flagicon\|FRA}} [[Courchevel]] \| [[Tremplin du Praz]] K90 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|SLO}} [[Primož Kopač]] \|- \| align=center\|92 \| align=center\|15 \| {{flagicon\|FRA}} [[Courchevel]] \| [[Tremplin du Praz]] K120 \| align=center\|LH \| {{flagicon\|FRA}} Lucas Chevalier-Girod<br>{{flagicon\|FRA}} Jérôme Gay \|- \| align=center\|93 \| align=center\|16 \| {{flagicon\|SVK}} [[Štrbské Pleso]] \| [[MS 1970\|MS 1970 B]] K90 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|AUT}} [[Martin Höllwarth]] \|- \| align=center\|94 \| align=center\|17 \| {{flagicon\|POL}} [[Zakopane]] \| [[Średnia Krokiew]] K85 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|CZE}} [[František Jež]] \|- \| align=center\|95 \| align=center\|18 \| {{flagicon\|POL}} [[Zakopane]] \| [[Wielka Krokiew]] K116 \| align=center\|LH \| {{flagicon\|NOR}} [[Arve Vorvik]] \|- \| align=center\|96 \| align=center\|19 \| {{flagicon\|ITA}} [[Gallio, Veneto\|Gallio]] \| [[Trampolino di Pakstall]] K92 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|AUT}} [[Reinhard Schwarzenberger]] \|- \| align=center\|97 \| align=center\|20 \| {{flagicon\|ITA}} [[Gallio, Veneto\|Gallio]] \| [[Trampolino di Pakstall]] K92 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|ITA}} [[Roberto Cecon]] \|- \| align=center\|98 \| align=center\|21 \| {{flagicon\|TCH}} [[Liberec]] \| [[Ještěd ski jumping hills\|Ještěd B]] K90 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|AUT}} Ingemar Mayr \|- \| align=center\|99 \| align=center\|22 \| {{flagicon\|TCH}} [[Liberec]] \| [[Ještěd ski jumping hills\|Ještěd B]] K90 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|ITA}} [[Sturle Holseter]] \|- \| align=center\|100 \| align=center\|23 \| {{flagicon\|ESP}} [[Astún]] \| Trampolín de Saltos Valle de Astún K90 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|FRA}} Ruddy Jardin \|- \| align=center\|101 \| align=center\|24 \| {{flagicon\|GER}} [[Reit im Winkl]] \| Franz-Haslberger-Schanze K90 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|NOR}} [[Arve Vorvik]] \|- \| align=center\|102 \| align=center\|25 \| {{flagicon\|AUT}} [[Saalfelden]] \| [[Felix Gottwald Ski Jumping Stadium\|Bibergschanze]] K85 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|NOR}} [[Arve Vorvik]] \|- \| align=center\|103 \| align=center\|26 \| {{flagicon\|GER}} [[Ruhpolding]] \| [[Große Zirmbergschanze]] K108 \| align=center\|LH \| {{flagicon\|ITA}} [[Sturle Holseter]] \|- \| align=center\|104 \| align=center\|27 \| {{flagicon\|USA}} [[Westby, Wisconsin\|Westby]] \| [[Snowflake Ski Jump\|Snowflake]] K106 \| align=center\|LH \| {{flagicon\|FRA}} [[Steve Delaup]] \|- \| align=center\|105 \| align=center\|28 \| {{flagicon\|USA}} [[Iron Mountain, Michigan\|Iron Mountain]] \| [[Pine Mountain Ski Jump]] K120 \| align=center\|LH \| {{flagicon\|CZE}} [[Ladislav Dluhoš]] \|- \| align=center\|106 \| align=center\|29 \| {{flagicon\|USA}} [[Ishpeming, Michigan\|Ishpeming]] \| [[Suicide Hill Ski Jump\|Suicide Hill]] K90 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|CZE}} [[Tomáš Goder]] \|- \| align=center\|107 \| align=center\|30 \| {{flagicon\|JPN}} [[Sapporo]] \| [[Okurayama Ski Jump Stadium\|Ōkurayama]] K115 \| align=center\|LH \| {{flagicon\|JPN}} [[Naoto Itō]] \|- \| align=center\|108 \| align=center\|31 \| {{flagicon\|JPN}} [[Zaō Onsen\|Zaō]] \| [[Yamagata (ski jump hill)\|Yamagata]] K85 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|JPN}} Kazuhiro Higashi \|- \| align=center\|109 \| align=center\|32 \| {{flagicon\|JPN}} [[Zaō Onsen\|Zaō]] \| [[Yamagata (ski jump hill)\|Yamagata]] K85 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|JPN}} Kazuhiro Higashi \|- \| align=center\|110 \| align=center\|33 \| {{flagicon\|GER}} [[Schönwald im Schwarzwald\|Schönwald]] \| Adlerschanzen Schönwald K84 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|AUT}} [[Martin Höllwarth]] \|- \| align=center\|111 \| align=center\|34 \| {{flagicon\|GER}} [[Schönwald im Schwarzwald\|Schönwald]] \| Adlerschanzen Schönwald K84 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|AUT}} [[Martin Höllwarth]] \|- \| align=center\|112 \| align=center\|35 \| {{flagicon\|NOR}} Sprova \| Steinfjellbakken K85 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|FIN}} Olli Happonen \|- \| align=center\|113 \| align=center\|36 \| {{flagicon\|NOR}} Sprova \| Steinfjellbakken K85 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|FIN}} Olli Happonen \|- \| align=center\|114 \| align=center\|37 \| {{flagicon\|FIN}} [[Kuusamo]] \| [[Rukatunturi ski jumping hill\|Rukatunturi]] K120 \| align=center\|LH \| {{flagicon\|NOR}} [[Arve Vorvik]] \|- \| align=center\|115 \| align=center\|38 \| {{flagicon\|SWE}} [[Gällivare]] \| Dundretkullen K90 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|NOR}} [[Arve Vorvik]] \|- \| align=center\|116 \| align=center\|39 \| {{flagicon\|FIN}} [[Rovaniemi]] \| Ounasvaara K90 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|FIN}} [[Mika Laitinen]] \|- \| align=center\|117 \| align=center\|40 \| {{flagicon\|FIN}} [[Rovaniemi]] \| Ounasvaara K90 \| align=center\|NH \| {{flagicon\|AUT}} [[Martin Höllwarth]] \|} == Standings == === Men === {\| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="3" style="border:1px solid #AAAAAA;font-size:86%" \|-bgcolor="#E4E4E4" !style="border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA" width=10\|Rank !style="border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA" width=200\|''after 40 events'' \|- \| align=center\|1 \|\| align=left\|{{flagicon\|FIN}} Olli Happonen \|- \| align=center\|2 \|\| align=left\|{{flagicon\|AUT}} [[Martin Höllwarth]] \|- \| align=center\|3 \|\| align=left\|{{flagicon\|FIN}} [[Risto Jussilainen]] \|} == Europa Cup vs. Continental Cup == This was originally last Europa Cup season and is also recognized as the first Continental Cup season by [[International Ski Federation]] although under this name began its first official season in 1993/94. ==References== {{reflist\|30em}} {{FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup seasons\|state=collapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1994-95 FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup}} [[Category:FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup]] [[Category:1994 in ski jumping]] [[Category:1995 in ski jumping]]	1,185,618,795	[{"title": "Continental Cup 1994/95", "data": {"Winter": "Olli Happonen"}}, {"title": "Competitions", "data": {"Venues": "25", "Individual": "40"}}]	false
# Première Ligue The Première Ligue (French: [pʁəmjɛʁ liɡ]), officially known as Arkema Première Ligue for sponsorship reasons, is a professional women's association football league at the highest level of the French football league system, and is run by the Ligue féminine de football professionnel (LFFP). Its annual competition features twelve teams playing two series of round-robin matches from September to June, to determine the four participants of a single-elimination tournament. The winners of the tournament are crowned champions of France, and contest the Trophée des Championnes match the following season. At the end of each season, the top three teams qualify for the UEFA Women's Champions League, while the two bottom teams are relegated to the Seconde Ligue. The "Première Ligue" is the latest iteration of a competition founded in 1975 by the French Football Federation (FFF) as the amateur Division 1 Féminine. Professionalism was introduced for the first time in the 2009–10 season. The competition was ranked the best women's league in Europe according to UEFA 2019–20 women's association club coefficients. Olympique Lyonnais have won the league the most times (18), and also hold the record for consecutive wins (14). ## History The first women's association football league in France was founded in 1919 by the Fédération des Sociétés Féminines Sportives de France (FSFSF), a women's football organization in France that was led by women's football pioneer Alice Milliat. The league lasted for twelve seasons before disbanding due to the prohibition of women's football. In this context, women replaced the men who left for the war in the industries and on the farms, in addition, they invested in the sport field, thus in soccer too. The very first match of the French women's championship took place on the morning of March 23, 1919, at the Brancion stadium in Paris between "Fémina Sport" and "En Avant". Fémina Sport would have won 2-0[1],[2], with a score of 3-1 also being mentioned[3]. The first two editions of the championship only involved Parisian teams. In April 1933, football was officially removed from sports organized by the FSFSF, due to the growing disinterest of women in the sport, which was subject to strong criticism following this detachment. The Paris Women's Football League, created in 1933, took over and on November 26, 1933, organized a Paris women's championship with ten clubs that lasted until 1937. In 1975, women's football was officially re-instated and a new league, the Division 1 Féminine, was established by the governing body of football in France, the French Football Federation. Professionalism was introduced in 2009–10 season and female football players in France began signing professional contracts with their clubs at the same season, the most notable of which is Olympique Lyonnais. In July 2022, it was announced that the Division 1 Féminine will feature in the FIFA 23 video game. Before the beginning of the 2024–25 season, the league's name changed from Division 1 to Première Ligue. ## Competition format There are 12 clubs in the "Première Ligue". During the course of a season, usually from September to June, each club plays the others twice, once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents, for a total of 22 games, though clubs are allowed to host "big" matches at the home venues of their male counterparts, such as when Paris Saint-Germain hosted Juvisy at the Parc des Princes during the 2009–10 season. The female leagues, until the 2016–17 season, were run similarly to the men's amateur leagues in France with teams receiving four points for a win and two points for a draw. one point was awarded for a loss however, the league now adopts the 3-1-0 system. the Teams are ranked by total points, then goal difference, and then goals scored. At the end of each season, the club with the most points is crowned champion. If points are equal, the goal difference and then goals scored determine the winner. If still equal, teams are deemed to occupy the same position. If there is a tie for the championship, for relegation, or for qualification to other competitions, a play-off match at a neutral venue decides rank. The two lowest placed teams are relegated to the Seconde Ligue (formerly known as Division 2 Féminine) and the winners of the two groups in D2 Féminine are promoted in their place. From 1974 to 1992, the league consisted of several groups with the winners of each group entering a play-off phase to determine the champion. Between the years 2001–2004, a play-off system was re-adopted. The top four clubs in the league table were inserted into a play-off bracket following the completion of the season with the winner being crowned champions. The play-offs among the four best teams were reintroduced beginning with the 2023–24 season. ### European qualification Until the 2019–2020 edition, only the top two teams in the Division 1 Féminine qualify for the round of 32 of the UEFA Women's Champions League. Since the 2020–2021 edition, as determined by the UEFA women's coefficient, the winner of the Division 1 directly qualifies for the group stage of the UEFA Women's Champions League, whereas the second team qualifies for the second round and the third team qualifies for the first round. As of today, the winner of the Coupe de France féminine, the female equivalent of the Coupe de France, does not qualify for European competition. Starting with the 2021–22 edition, as determined by the UEFA women's coefficient, the top three teams will qualify for the UEFA Women's Champions League. ## Clubs \| Team \| 2024–25 \| Location \| Venue \| \| ---------------------- \| -------- \| --------------------- \| ------------------------------------ \| \| AS Saint-Étienne \| 10th \| Saint-Étienne \| Stade Etivallière \| \| Dijon FCO \| 4th \| Dijon \| Stade Gaston Gérard \| \| FC Fleury 91 \| 5th \| Bondoufle \| Stade Robert Bobin \| \| FC Nantes \| 7th \| Nantes \| Stade Marcel-Saupin \| \| Le Havre AC \| 8th \| Le Havre \| Stade Océane \| \| Montpellier HSC \| 6th \| Montpellier \| Centre d'entrainement Bernard Gasset \| \| Olympique de Marseille \| 1st (D2) \| Marseille \| La Commanderie \| \| OL Lyonnes \| 1st \| Décines-Charpieu \| Parc Olympique Lyonnais \| \| Paris FC \| 3rd \| Paris \| Stade Sébastien Charléty \| \| Paris Saint-Germain \| 2nd \| Saint-Germain-en-Laye \| Stade Georges Lefèvre \| \| RC Lens \| 2nd (D2) \| Arras \| Stade Degouve-Brabant \| \| RC Strasbourg Alsace \| 9th \| Strasbourg \| Stade Jean Nicolas Muller \| ## Top scorers Included in the table below is a list of the top scorers of each season, starting from the 2001–02 season. Information for previous seasons unavailable. \| Season \| Goals scored \| Player \| \| ------- \| ------------ \| --------------------------------------------- \| \| 2001–02 \| 22 \| Marinette Pichon (Saint-Memmie Olympique) \| \| 2002–03 \| 26 \| Sandrine Brétigny (Lyon) \| \| 2003–04 \| 18 \| Claire Morel (Lyon) \| \| 2004–05 \| 38 \| Marinette Pichon (Juvisy) \| \| 2005–06 \| 36 \| Marinette Pichon (Juvisy) \| \| 2006–07 \| 42 \| Sandrine Brétigny (Lyon) \| \| 2007–08 \| 27 \| Laëtitia Tonazzi (Juvisy) \| \| 2008–09 \| 27 \| Kátia (Lyon) \| \| 2009–10 \| 19 \| Eugénie Le Sommer (Saint-Brieuc) \| \| 2010–11 \| 20 \| Laëtitia Tonazzi (Juvisy) \| \| 2011–12 \| 22 \| Eugénie Le Sommer (Lyon) \| \| 2012–13 \| 24 \| Lotta Schelin (Lyon) \| \| 2013–14 \| 25 \| Gaëtane Thiney (Juvisy) \| \| 2014–15 \| 34 \| Lotta Schelin (Lyon) \| \| 2015–16 \| 33 \| Ada Hegerberg (Lyon) \| \| 2016–17 \| 20 \| Ada Hegerberg (Lyon) Eugénie Le Sommer (Lyon) \| \| 2017–18 \| 31 \| Ada Hegerberg (Lyon) \| \| 2018–19 \| 22 \| Marie-Antoinette Katoto (Paris Saint-Germain) \| \| 2019–20 \| 16 \| Marie-Antoinette Katoto (Paris Saint-Germain) \| \| 2020–21 \| 22 \| Khadija Shaw (Bordeaux) \| \| 2021–22 \| 18 \| Marie-Antoinette Katoto (Paris Saint-Germain) \| \| 2022–23 \| 17 \| Kadidiatou Diani (Paris Saint-Germain) \| \| 2023–24 \| 18 \| Tabitha Chawinga (Paris Saint-Germain) \| \| 2024–25 \| 18 \| Clara Mateo (Paris FC) \| ## Awards In addition to the winner's trophy and the individual winner's medal players receive, the National Union of Professional Footballers (UNFP) awards the UNFP Female Player of the Year award to the top female player of the league. The current winner of the award is German international and Lyon midfielder Dzsenifer Marozsán. Following the 2009–10 season, the French Football Federation, who oversee the league, also began awarding a Player of the Year trophy. The jury panel who decided the winner consists of the twelve managers in the D1 Féminine. The Division 1 Féminine Player of the Month award was added in 2020.	enwiki/2036531	enwiki	2,036,531	Première Ligue	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_Ligue	2025-07-02T18:59:21Z	en	Q1231102	178,201	{{Short description\|Women's association football league in France}} {{For\|the Quebec league formerly known as the Première ligue de soccer du Québec\|Ligue1 Québec}} {{Use British English\|date=June 2024}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2021}} {{Infobox football league \| logo = Première Ligue.png \| upright = 0.6 \| organiser = [[Ligue féminine de football professionnel\|LFFP]] \| country = France \| confed = [[UEFA]] \| founded = {{start date and age\|1975}} \| teams = 12 \| levels = 1 \| relegation = [[Seconde Ligue]] \| domest_cup = {{Ubl\|[[Coupe de France Féminine]]\|[[Trophée des Championnes]]}} \| confed_cup = [[UEFA Women's Champions League]] \| champions = [[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin\|Olympique Lyonnais]] (18th) \| most_champs = Olympique Lyonnais (18) \| tv = {{Hlist\|[[Canal+ (French TV channel)\|Canal+]]\|[[DAZN]]\|[[France Télévisions]]\|[[Groupe M6]]}} \| current = [[2025–26 Première Ligue\|2025–26 season]] }} The '''Première Ligue''' ({{IPA\|fr\|pʁəmjɛʁ liɡ\|lang}}), officially known as '''[[Arkema]] Première Ligue''' for [[Naming rights\|sponsorship reasons]], is a professional [[women's association football]] league at the highest level of the [[French football league system]], and is run by the [[Ligue féminine de football professionnel]] (LFFP). Its annual competition features twelve teams playing two series of [[Round-robin tournament\|round-robin]] matches from September to June, to determine the four participants of a [[single-elimination tournament]]. The winners of the tournament are crowned [[List of French women's football champions\|champions of France]], and contest the [[Trophée des Championnes]] match the following season. At the end of each season, the top three teams qualify for the [[UEFA Women's Champions League]], while the two bottom teams are [[promotion and relegation\|relegated]] to the [[Seconde Ligue]]. The "Première Ligue" is the latest iteration of a competition founded in 1975 by the [[French Football Federation]] (FFF) as the amateur '''Division 1 Féminine'''. Professionalism was introduced for the first time in the [[2009–10 Division 1 Féminine\|2009–10 season]]. The competition was ranked the best women's league in [[Europe]] according to [[UEFA]] 2019–20 women's association club coefficients.<ref name="Women association club coefficients">{{cite web \|title=Women's association club coefficients \|url=https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/womenscountry/#/yr/2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030202925/https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/womenscountry/#/yr/2020 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=30 October 2018 \|publisher=UEFA \|access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref> [[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin\|Olympique Lyonnais]] have won the league the most times (18), and also hold the record for consecutive wins (14). == History == The first women's association football league in France was founded in 1919 by the ''[[Fédération des Sociétés Féminines Sportives de France]]'' (FSFSF), a women's football organization in France that was led by women's football pioneer [[Alice Milliat]]. The league lasted for twelve seasons before disbanding due to the prohibition of women's football. In this context, women replaced the men who left for the war in the industries and on the farms, in addition, they invested in the sport field, thus in soccer too. The very first match of the French women's championship took place on the morning of March 23, 1919, at the Brancion stadium in Paris between "Fémina Sport" and "En Avant". Fémina Sport would have won 2-0[1],[2], with a score of 3-1 also being mentioned[3]. The first two editions of the championship only involved Parisian teams. In April 1933, football was officially removed from sports organized by the FSFSF, due to the growing disinterest of women in the sport, which was subject to strong criticism following this detachment. The Paris Women's Football League, created in 1933, took over and on November 26, 1933, organized a Paris women's championship with ten clubs that lasted until 1937. In 1975, women's football was officially re-instated and a new league, the Division 1 Féminine, was established by the governing body of football in France, the [[French Football Federation]]. Professionalism was introduced in [[2009–10 Division 1 Féminine\|2009–10 season]] and female football players in France began signing professional contracts with their clubs at the same season, the most notable of which is [[Olympique Lyonnais (Women)\|Olympique Lyonnais]].<ref>{{cite news \|title=Statut pro pour ces dames \|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/breves2009/20090306_081943_statut-pro-pour-ces-dames.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307101100/http://www.lequipe.fr/Football/breves2009/20090306_081943_statut-pro-pour-ces-dames.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=7 March 2009 \|work=L'Équipe\|date=6 March 2009\|access-date=16 June 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=Foot féminin, la lueur d'un statut professionnel\|url=http://footamat.fr/foot-feminin-statut-professionnel_2001.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314000705/http://www.footamat.fr/foot-feminin-statut-professionnel_2001.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=14 March 2009 \|publisher=FootAmat \|date=14 March 2009\|access-date=16 June 2010 }}</ref> In July 2022, it was announced that the Division 1 Féminine will feature in the [[FIFA 23]] video game.<ref>{{cite web \|url= https://www.theguardian.com/games/2022/jul/20/fifa-23-to-add-womens-club-football-for-first-time \|title= Fifa 23 to add women's club football for first time \|last= Stuart \|first= Keith \|date= 20 July 2022 \|website= The Guardian \|access-date= 3 August 2022}}</ref> Before the beginning of the [[2024–25 Première Ligue\|2024–25 season]], the league's name changed from ''Division 1'' to ''Première Ligue''.<ref>{{cite web \|title=ARKEMA PREMIÈRE LIGUE \|url=https://www.tntsports.co.uk/football/d1-arkema/2023-2024/standings.shtml \|access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref> == Competition format == There are 12 clubs in the "Première Ligue". During the course of a season, usually from September to June, each club plays the others twice, once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents, for a total of 22 games, though clubs are allowed to host "big" matches at the home venues of their male counterparts, such as when [[Paris Saint-Germain FC (women)\|Paris Saint-Germain]] hosted [[Paris FC (women)\|Juvisy]] at the [[Parc des Princes]] during the [[2009–10 Division 1 Féminine\|2009–10 season]]. The female leagues, until the 2016–17 season, were run similarly to the men's amateur leagues in France with teams receiving four points for a win and two points for a draw. one point was awarded for a loss however, the league now adopts the [[Three points for a win\|3-1-0 system]]. the Teams are ranked by total points, then [[goal difference]], and then goals scored. At the end of each season, the club with the most points is crowned champion. If points are equal, the goal difference and then goals scored determine the winner. If still equal, teams are deemed to occupy the same position. If there is a tie for the championship, for relegation, or for qualification to other competitions, a play-off match at a neutral venue decides rank. The two lowest placed teams are relegated to the [[Seconde Ligue]] (formerly known as Division 2 Féminine) and the winners of the two groups in D2 Féminine are promoted in their place. From 1974 to 1992, the league consisted of several groups with the winners of each group entering a play-off phase to determine the champion. Between the years 2001–2004, a play-off system was re-adopted. The top four clubs in the league table were inserted into a play-off bracket following the completion of the season with the winner being crowned champions. The play-offs among the four best teams were reintroduced beginning with the 2023–24 season.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Saison 2024-2025 : le calendrier \|url=https://www.fff.fr/article/12890-saison-2024-2025-le-calendrier.html \|access-date=25 July 2024 \|publisher=[[French Football Federation\|FFF]] \|date=17 July 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721224333/https://www.fff.fr/article/12890-saison-2024-2025-le-calendrier.html \|archive-date=21 July 2024 \|language=fr}}</ref> ===European qualification=== Until the 2019–2020 edition, only the top two teams in the Division 1 Féminine qualify for the round of 32 of the [[UEFA Women's Champions League]]. Since the 2020–2021 edition, as determined by the [[UEFA coefficient\|UEFA women's coefficient]], the winner of the Division 1 directly qualifies for the group stage of the [[UEFA Women's Champions League]], whereas the second team qualifies for the second round and the third team qualifies for the first round. As of today, the winner of the [[Coupe de France féminine]], the female equivalent of the [[Coupe de France]], does not qualify for European competition. Starting with the [[2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League\|2021–22]] edition, as determined by the [[UEFA coefficient\|UEFA women's coefficient]], the top three teams will qualify for the [[UEFA Women's Champions League]]. ==Clubs== {\| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%" \|+ style="text-align: left;" \| 2025–26 Première Ligue teams ! scope="col" \| Team ! scope="col" \| {{Tooltip\|2024–25\|Position in the 2024–25 season}} ! scope="col" class="unsortable" \| Location ! scope="col" class="unsortable" \| Venue \|- ! scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa" \| '''[[AS Saint-Étienne (women)\|AS Saint-Étienne]]''' \| 10th \|\| [[Saint-Étienne]] \|\| [[Stade Etivallière]] \|- ! scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa" \| '''[[Dijon FCO (women)\|Dijon FCO]]''' \| 4th \|\| [[Dijon]] \|\| [[Stade Gaston Gérard]] \|- ! scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa" \| '''[[FC Fleury 91 (women)\|FC Fleury 91]]''' \| 5th \|\| [[Bondoufle]] \|\| [[Stade Robert Bobin]] \|- ! scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa" \| '''[[FC Nantes (women)\|FC Nantes]]''' \| 7th \|\| [[Nantes]] \|\| [[Stade Marcel-Saupin]] \|- ! scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa" \| '''[[Le Havre AC (women)\|Le Havre AC]]''' \| 8th \|\| [[Le Havre]] \|\| [[Stade Océane]] \|- ! scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa" \| '''[[Montpellier HSC (women)\|Montpellier HSC]]''' \| 6th \|\| [[Montpellier]] \|\| Centre d'entrainement Bernard Gasset \|- ! scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa" \| '''[[Olympique de Marseille (women)\|Olympique de Marseille]]''' \| 1st ([[2024-25 Seconde Ligue\|D2]]) \|\| [[Marseille]] \|\| [[La Commanderie]] \|- ! scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa" \| '''[[OL Lyonnes]]''' \| 1st \|\| [[Décines-Charpieu]] \|\| [[Parc Olympique Lyonnais]] \|- ! scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa" \| '''[[Paris FC (women)\|Paris FC]]''' \| 3rd \|\| [[Paris]] \|\| [[Stade Sébastien Charléty]] \|- ! scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa" \| '''[[Paris Saint-Germain FC (women)\|Paris Saint-Germain]]''' \| 2nd \|\| [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] \|\| [[Stade Georges Lefèvre]] \|- ! scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa" \| '''[[RC Lens Féminin\|RC Lens]]''' \| 2nd ([[2024-25 Seconde Ligue\|D2]]) \|\| [[Arras]] \|\| [[Stade Degouve-Brabant]] \|- ! scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa" \| '''[[RC Strasbourg Alsace (women)\|RC Strasbourg Alsace]]''' \| 9th \|\| [[Strasbourg]] \|\| Stade Jean Nicolas Muller \|- \|} ==Previous winners== {{main\|List of French women's football champions}} ==Top scorers== Included in the table below is a list of the top scorers of each season, starting from the 2001–02 season. Information for previous seasons unavailable. {\| class="wikitable sortable" \|- !Season !Goals scored !Player \|- \|{{center\|2001–02}}\|\|{{center\|22}}\|\| {{flagicon\|FRA}} [[Marinette Pichon]] (Saint-Memmie Olympique) \|- \|{{center\|2002–03}}\|\|{{center\|26}}\|\| {{flagicon\|FRA}} [[Sandrine Brétigny]] ([[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin\|Lyon]]) \|- \|{{center\|2003–04}}\|\|{{center\|18}}\|\| {{flagicon\|FRA}} [[Claire Morel]] ([[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin\|Lyon]]) \|- \|{{center\|2004–05}}\|\|{{center\|38}}\|\| {{flagicon\|FRA}} [[Marinette Pichon]] ([[Paris FC (women)\|Juvisy]]) \|- \|{{center\|2005–06}}\|\|{{center\|36}}\|\| {{flagicon\|FRA}} [[Marinette Pichon]] ([[Paris FC (women)\|Juvisy]]) \|- \|{{center\|2006–07}}\|\|{{center\|42}}\|\| {{flagicon\|FRA}} [[Sandrine Brétigny]] ([[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin\|Lyon]]) \|- \|{{center\|2007–08}}\|\|{{center\|27}}\|\| {{flagicon\|FRA}} [[Laëtitia Tonazzi]] ([[Paris FC (women)\|Juvisy]]) \|- \|{{center\|[[2008–09 Division 1 Féminine\|2008–09]]}}\|\|{{center\|27}}\|\| {{flagicon\|BRA}} [[Kátia (footballer)\|Kátia]] ([[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin\|Lyon]]) \|- \|{{center\|[[2009–10 Division 1 Féminine\|2009–10]]}}\|\|{{center\|19}}\|\| {{flagicon\|FRA}} [[Eugénie Le Sommer]] ([[En Avant de Guingamp (women)\|Saint-Brieuc]]) \|- \|{{center\|[[2010–11 Division 1 Féminine\|2010–11]]}}\|\|{{center\|20}}\|\| {{flagicon\|FRA}} [[Laëtitia Tonazzi]] ([[Paris FC (women)\|Juvisy]]) \|- \|{{center\|[[2011–12 Division 1 Féminine\|2011–12]]}}\|\|{{center\|22}}\|\| {{flagicon\|FRA}} [[Eugénie Le Sommer]] ([[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin\|Lyon]]) \|- \|{{center\|[[2012–13 Division 1 Féminine\|2012–13]]}}\|\|{{center\|24}}\|\| {{flagicon\|SWE}} [[Lotta Schelin]] ([[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin\|Lyon]]) \|- \|{{center\|[[2013–14 Division 1 Féminine\|2013–14]]}}\|\|{{center\|25}}\|\| {{flagicon\|FRA}} [[Gaëtane Thiney]] ([[Paris FC (women)\|Juvisy]]) \|- \|{{center\|[[2014–15 Division 1 Féminine\|2014–15]]}}\|\|{{center\|34}}\|\| {{flagicon\|SWE}} [[Lotta Schelin]] ([[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin\|Lyon]]) \|- \|{{center\|[[2015–16 Division 1 Féminine\|2015–16]]}}\|\|{{center\|33}}\|\| {{flagicon\|NOR}} [[Ada Hegerberg]] ([[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin\|Lyon]]) \|- \|{{center\|[[2016–17 Division 1 Féminine\|2016–17]]}}\|\|{{center\|20}}\|\| {{flagicon\|NOR}} [[Ada Hegerberg]] ([[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin\|Lyon]]) <br> {{flagicon\|FRA}} [[Eugénie Le Sommer]] ([[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin\|Lyon]]) \|- \|{{center\|[[2017–18 Division 1 Féminine\|2017–18]]}}\|\|{{center\|31}}\|\| {{flagicon\|NOR}} [[Ada Hegerberg]] ([[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin\|Lyon]]) \|- \|{{center\|[[2018–19 Division 1 Féminine\|2018–19]]}}\|\|{{center\|22}}\|\| {{flagicon\|FRA}} [[Marie-Antoinette Katoto]] ([[Paris Saint-Germain FC (women)\|Paris Saint-Germain]]) \|- \|{{center\|[[2019–20 Division 1 Féminine\|2019–20]]}}\|\|{{center\|16}}\|\| {{flagicon\|FRA}} [[Marie-Antoinette Katoto]] ([[Paris Saint-Germain FC (women)\|Paris Saint-Germain]]) \|- \|{{center\|[[2020–21 Division 1 Féminine\|2020–21]]}}\|\|{{center\|22}}\|\| {{flagicon\|JAM}} [[Khadija Shaw]] ([[FC Girondins de Bordeaux (women)\|Bordeaux]]) \|- \|{{center\|[[2021–22 Division 1 Féminine\|2021–22]]}}\|\|{{center\|18}}\|\| {{flagicon\|FRA}} [[Marie-Antoinette Katoto]] ([[Paris Saint-Germain FC (women)\|Paris Saint-Germain]]) \|- \|{{center\|[[2022–23 Division 1 Féminine\|2022–23]]}}\|\|{{center\|17}}\|\| {{flagicon\|FRA}} [[Kadidiatou Diani]] ([[Paris Saint-Germain FC (women)\|Paris Saint-Germain]]) \|- \|{{center\|[[2023–24 Division 1 Féminine\|2023–24]]}}\|\|{{center\|18}}\|\| {{flagicon\|MWI}} [[Tabitha Chawinga]] ([[Paris Saint-Germain FC (women)\|Paris Saint-Germain]]) \|- \|{{center\|[[2024–25 Première Ligue\|2024–25]]}}\|\|{{center\|18}}\|\| {{flagicon\|FRA}} [[Clara Mateo]] ([[Paris FC (women)\|Paris FC]]) \|} ==Awards== {{Main\|Trophées UNFP du football}} In addition to the winner's trophy and the individual winner's medal players receive, the [[National Union of Professional Footballers]] (UNFP) awards the [[Trophées UNFP du football#Player of the Year 3\|UNFP Female Player of the Year]] award to the top female player of the league. The current winner of the award is [[Germany women's national football team\|German international]] and [[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin\|Lyon]] [[Midfielder#Attacking midfielder\|midfielder]] [[Dzsenifer Marozsán]]. Following the 2009–10 season, the French Football Federation, who oversee the league, also began awarding a Player of the Year trophy. The jury panel who decided the winner consists of the twelve managers in the D1 Féminine.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://fff.fr/champ/femininesD1/actualite/530580.shtml \| title = Challenge de la meilleure joueuse de D1 \| access-date = 1 June 2010 \| publisher = French Football Federation \| language = fr \| url-status = dead \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100530000617/http://www.fff.fr/champ/femininesD1/actualite/530580.shtml \| archive-date = 30 May 2010 }}</ref> The [[Division 1 Féminine Player of the Month]] award was added in 2020.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Diani, Player of the Month for September \|url=https://www.fff.fr/article/1609-diani-joueuse-du-mois-de-septembre.html \|publisher=French Football Federation \|access-date=18 April 2021 \|date=7 October 2020}}</ref> ==See also== [[Women's sports]] [[Women's football in France]] [[List of foreign Division 1 Féminine players]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{in lang\|fr}} {{official website\|https://www.fff.fr/competition/engagement/374265-d1-arkema/phase/1/index.html}} * {{in lang\|fr}} [http://www.statsfootofeminin.fr/d1.php FootoFéminin] * {{in lang\|fr}} [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuxiacueNMDlnjIaqwzRh8A Official channel] on [[YouTube]] {{Première Ligue}} {{Football in France}} {{Top sport leagues in France}} {{UEFA women's leagues}} {{Top level women's association football leagues around the world}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Première Ligue}} [[Category:Première Ligue\| ]] [[Category:Football leagues in France]] [[Category:Top-level women's association football leagues in Europe\|Fra]] [[Category:Women's football competitions in France]] [[Category:Professional sports leagues in France]] [[Category:Sports leagues established in 1974]] [[Category:1974 establishments in France]]	1,298,475,080	[{"title": "Premi\u00e8re Ligue", "data": {"Organising body": "LFFP", "Founded": "1975", "Country": "France", "Confederation": "UEFA", "Number of clubs": "12", "Level on pyramid": "1", "Relegation to": "Seconde Ligue", "Domestic cup(s)": "- Coupe de France F\u00e9minine - Troph\u00e9e des Championnes", "International cup(s)": "UEFA Women's Champions League", "Current champions": "Olympique Lyonnais (18th)", "Most championships": "Olympique Lyonnais (18)", "Broadcaster(s)": "Canal+ DAZN France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions Groupe M6"}}]	false
# F for Fake F for Fake (French: Vérités et mensonges, "Truths and lies"; Spanish: Fraude, "Fraud") is a 1973 docudrama film co-written, directed by, and starring Orson Welles who worked on the film alongside François Reichenbach, Oja Kodar, and Gary Graver. Initially released in 1973, it focuses on Elmyr de Hory's recounting of his career as a professional art forger; de Hory's story serves as the backdrop for a meandering investigation of the natures of authorship and authenticity, as well as the basis of the value of art. Far from serving as a traditional documentary on de Hory, the film also incorporates Welles's companion Oja Kodar, hoax biographer Clifford Irving, and Orson Welles as himself. F for Fake is sometimes considered an example of a film essay. In addition to the 88-minute film, in 1976, Welles also shot and edited a self-contained nine-minute short film as a "trailer", almost entirely composed of original material not found in the main film itself. ## Plot The film opens with Welles performing magic tricks for some children while Kodar watches nearby. Welles quotes Robert-Houdin to the effect that a magician is just an actor. Welles promises that for the next hour everything in the film will be based on solid fact. Kodar is then shown strolling around a street in a miniskirt while being ogled by the men on the street. Welles reveals the footage is taken from another experiment about girl-watching, where Kodar deliberately drew attention to herself and the men were unaware they were being filmed. Welles says her story will continue later in the film, and then narrates the story of Elmyr de Hory, an art forger who sold many fake paintings to museums and collectors all over the world. De Hory is shown throwing a dinner party at his home in Ibiza and being feted by European society, although he dances around the question of whether he is guilty or not. One of those filmed is Clifford Irving, who had published a biography of de Hory called Fake, and was later revealed to have been the forger of a fake "authorized biography" of Howard Hughes. Welles discusses the irony of Irving commenting on de Hory's forgery, while having committed a version of it himself (Welles states his belief that Irving must have been in the process of working on the hoax at the time he was filmed for the de Hory project). Irving and de Hory tell about the art dealers who were fooled by the forgeries, and Welles considers the question whether this means art dealers and appraisers are fake also. Welles presents more of Irving's story of having had secret contact with Hughes, and the odd stories of Hughes's behavior that may or may not have been true. He wonders if believing such stories makes a person credulous or not, and questions the true wisdom of so-called experts, who verified Irving's forgery as authentic. Reichenbach is shown telling how de Hory provided him with several paintings of questionable authenticity, but the art dealers he gave them to were willfully blind to it. Welles notes that de Hory does not even own the house he lives in; it is provided for him by an art dealer. Welles recounts his own past use of fakery: how he got a job in Ireland by falsely claiming to be a famous New York actor, and how his broadcast of The War of the Worlds made deliberate use of fake news to enhance the story. He also notes the coincidence that his first film Citizen Kane was originally going to be a fictionalized version of Howard Hughes. Irving describes how de Hory was nearly destitute when younger and subsisted in America by making and selling forgeries that were indistinguishable from the real works, while remaining one step ahead of the law through frequent relocations. He finally moved to Ibiza, but was not prosecuted for lack of witnesses to the actual forging, as well as the scandal that might be aroused by revealing the depth of the art market's complicity in the deception. De Hory insists he never signed any forgery, and Welles wonders whether, given the fact that all art eventually falls away to ruin, a signature truly matters to any art work. He illustrates the point by shots of the cathedral of Chartres, pointing out that the names of the men who created the magnificent building and the sculptures which adorn it are unknown. They did not sign their work, but it has endured. Welles finally presents Kodar's story: she holidayed in the same village as Picasso, who noticed her and painted 22 pieces with her as the model. She insisted she be allowed to keep the paintings, but later when Picasso read about an acclaimed exhibit of 22 new pieces of his, he flew there in a rage, only to discover the pieces were all forgeries. Kodar took Picasso to her grandfather, the forger. In a verbal re-enactment by Welles (grandfather) and Kodar (Picasso), the forger defended his work with pride, saying he invented a new Picasso period. The grandfather suggests that the forgeries go un-reported, to allow him an artistic legacy that Picasso already has. Picasso angrily demanded the paintings back, which is impossible because the grandfather had burned them. Welles then confesses that he had promised everything in the "next hour" was true, and that hour had already passed. He admits the entire story of Kodar, her grandfather, and Picasso was made up. He apologizes, quotes Picasso's statement that art is a lie that makes us see the truth, and bids the audience good evening. ## Cast - Orson Welles – Himself - Elmyr de Hory – The Art Forger - Oja Kodar – The Girl - Joseph Cotten – Special Participant - François Reichenbach – Special Participant - Richard Wilson – Special Participant - Paul Stewart – Special Participant - Mark Forgy – Assistant to Elmyr de Hory - Alexander Welles – Special Participant (as Sasa Devcic) - Gary Graver – Special Participant - Andrés Vicente Gómez – Special Participant - Julio Palinkas – Special Participant - Christian Odasso – Special Participant - Françoise Widhoff – Special Participant ### Others - Peter Bogdanovich – Special Participant (voice) - William Alland – Special Participant (voice) - Howard Hughes - Himself (uncredited) - Jean-Pierre Aumont – Himself (uncredited) - Laurence Harvey – Himself (uncredited) - Clifford Irving – Himself (uncredited) - Nina van Pallandt – Herself (uncredited) ## Production ### Background Orson Welles was hired to edit a documentary by François Reichenbach about the art forger Elmyr de Hory. The film grew over time to encompass de Hory, as well as de Hory's biographer Clifford Irving, who was revealed to be a forger himself. Keith Woodward explains: "following Irving’s hoax, Welles and his cinematographer, Gary Graver, shifted gears, scrambling to keep up with the Hughes affair, adding new shots, re-thinking the narrative, re-editing, re-combining different themes, incorporating emerging material." Welles used these circumstances to produce a meditation on the nature of fakery, which he called "a new kind of movie … it’s a form, in other words, the essay, the personal essay, as opposed to the documentary." Several storylines are presented in the film, including those of de Hory, Irving, Welles, Howard Hughes and Kodar. About de Hory, we learn that he was a struggling artist who turned to forgery out of desperation, only to see the greater share of the profits from his deceptions go to doubly unscrupulous art dealers. As partial compensation for that injustice, he is maintained in a villa in Ibiza by one of his dealers. What is only hinted at in Welles's documentary is that de Hory had recently served a two-month sentence in a Spanish prison for homosexuality and consorting with criminals. (de Hory would commit suicide two years after the initial release of Welles's film, on hearing that Spain had agreed to turn him over to the French authorities.) Irving's original part in F for Fake was as de Hory's biographer, but his part grew unexpectedly at some point during production. There has not always been agreement among commentators over just how that production unfolded, but the now-accepted story is that the director François Reichenbach shot a documentary about de Hory and Irving before giving his footage to Welles, who then shot additional footage with Reichenbach as his cinematographer. In the time between the shooting of Reichenbach's documentary and the finishing of Welles's, it became known that Irving had perpetrated a hoax of his own, namely a fabricated "authorized biography" of Howard Hughes (the hoax was later fictionalized in The Hoax). This discovery prompted the shooting of still more footage, which then got woven into F for Fake. Interweaving the narratives even more, there are several pieces of footage in the film showing Welles at a party with De Hory, and, at one point, De Hory even signs a painting with a forgery of Welles's signature. Some of Hughes's career is outlined in the form of a parody of the "News on the March" sequence in Citizen Kane. Welles also draws parallels between the De Hory and Irving hoaxes and his own brush with early notoriety by including a recreation of part of his 1938 War of the Worlds radio drama, which had simulated a newscast about a Martian invasion and sparked panic among some listeners. The story about Kodar, her grandfather, and Picasso and some forger paintings that the grandfather supposedly made is presented at the end of the film before Welles reminds the viewer that he only promised to tell the truth for an hour, and that "for the last 17 minutes, I've been lying my head off." In the commentary to the Criterion Collection DVD release of F for Fake, Kodar claims the idea for this segment as her own. She also claims credit for the movie's opening sequence, which consists of shots of a miniskirt-clad Kodar walking down streets while rubbernecking male admirers (unaware that they are being filmed) stop and openly stare. This sequence is described by Kodar as inspired by her feminism; in his narration, Welles claims the footage was originally shot for an unrelated production. ### Filming locations - Rome, Italy – Girl-watching sequence - Ibiza, Spain – 16 mm elements from the original Reichenbach documentary - Paris, France – Gare d'Austerlitz, Champ de Mars, art gallery on left bank, La Méditerranée seafood restaurant - Las Vegas - Los Angeles – The Beverly Hills Hotel – The ham sandwich of Howard Hughes[7] - Chartres Cathedral – France - Orvilliers, France – Orson Welles and Oja Kodar house—editing-room scenes, set for various indoor scenes - Houdan, France – Oja and Picasso story - Paris-Orly Airport – South terminal terrace and main hall ## Release ### Trailer F for Fake was not released in the USA until 1976. When it finally came out, Welles produced a preview "trailer" for it, which was effectively a wholly original nine-minute film, shot and edited in a similar style to the film itself. Apart from some very brief split-second camera shots, the entire film is a self-contained short containing original material starring Welles, Gary Graver and Oja Kodar. The trailer raises new questions about key people in the main film: Picasso, Kodar, Elmyr, and others. These allegations are supposedly revealed in the main film. They include a wig, Oja Kodar's fake name, her tiger (not shown in the film at all), and extraterrestrial sponsors of Welles's War of the Worlds broadcast. The trailer has subsequently been restored in colour, and is included as an extra on some DVD versions of the film. ### Critical reception F for Fake faced widespread popular rejection. Critical reaction ranged from praise to confusion and hostility, with many finding the work to be self-indulgent or incoherent. F for Fake has grown in stature over the years. The film embraces ideas from the self-conscious notation of the film process to the ironic employment of 1950s-era B movie footage (Earth vs. the Flying Saucers). Welles thought he was creating a new form of cinema. When writer Jonathan Rosenbaum asked Welles if he was creating a documentary, he replied: “No, not a documentary—a new kind of film." On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 88% based on 50 reviews, with an average rating of 7.79/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "F for Fake playfully poses intriguing questions while proving that even Orson Welles' minor works contain their share of masterful moments." In July 2021, the film was shown in the Cannes Classics section at the 2021 Cannes Film Festival. #### Questions of truthfulness Author Robert Anton Wilson, a great fan of the film, argued in Cosmic Trigger III: My Life After Death that the film was itself largely an intentional effort at fakery by Welles in support of the film's themes. Most directly, Wilson reports that in the BBC documentary Orson Welles: Stories of a Life in Film, Welles stated that "everything in that film was a trick." Secondly, many of the interviews in the film were with people who were themselves directly involved with forgery in one way or another, often making statements that would have been known by the filmmakers to be false, but which were allowed to pass without comment in the film. Similarly, Welles himself made numerous false statements about Oja Kodar in the film. Finally, Wilson points out several scenes which, while presented in a way that implies they were filmed in real time, were upon further inspection clearly fabricated from unrelated pieces of footage in a way guaranteed to mislead the casual viewer. An example of this appears with a series of near-wordless shots of Irving and de Hory seemingly in debate as to whether de Hory ever signed his forgeries; the shots of Irving and de Hory were in fact taken at different times. Welles's autobiographical asides in the film reflect on his 1938 radio adaptation of The War of the Worlds, which he alleges caused a nationwide panic with its fake news broadcast. In introducing this chapter of his life, Welles declares his uncertainty as to his own authenticity, as he believes he too has engaged in fraud. While the basic facts of The War of the Worlds incident are correctly given, the apparent excerpts from the play featured in the movie are fabrications, including a scene in which President Roosevelt meets the Martian invaders—something which did not happen in the original broadcast. ### Home media releases - 1995 Home Vision Cinema, Janus Films VHS (FAK 010), 25 July 1995[14] - 1995 The Criterion Collection, Laserdisc (Spine #260), 27 July 1995 – Single disc edition, with the special feature of the Theatrical Trailer contained after the film - 2005 The Criterion Collection, Region 1 DVD (Spine #288), 26 April 2005 – Two-disc special edition including audio commentary by Oja Kodar and Gary Graver, an introduction by Peter Bogdanovich, and the documentary Orson Welles: One-Man Band (1995)[15] - 2009 Madman Entertainment Directors Suite, Region 4 DVD, 20 May 2009 – Special features include audio commentary by Adrian Martin, Monash University, and the documentary Orson Welles: One-Man Band (1995)[16] - 2010 Eureka Video: Masters of Cinema, Region 2 DVD (Spine #31) – Special features include audio commentary by cinematographer Gary Graver and Bill Krohn, and Jonathan Rosenbaum on F For Fake[17] ## Bibliography - Claudia Thieme, F for Fake: And the Growth in Complexity of Orson Welles' Documentary Form (Peter Lang Pub., 1997) 174pp.	enwiki/1492011	enwiki	1,492,011	F for Fake	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_for_Fake	2025-07-04T18:06:10Z	en	Q2251852	117,183	{{Short description\|1973 film by Orson Welles}} {{Use American English\|date=January 2025}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=March 2018}} {{Infobox film \| name = F for Fake \| image = F for Fake (1973 poster).jpg \| alt = Black and white image of Orson Welles, dark hat covering his brow and his dark beard both blending into the dark background \| caption = US theatrical release poster \| director = {{Plainlist\| * [[Orson Welles]] * [[François Reichenbach]] }} \| producer = {{Plainlist\| * François Reichenbach * Dominique Antoine * Richard Drewett }} \| writer = {{Plainlist\| * Orson Welles * [[Oja Kodar]] }} \| starring = {{Plainlist\| * Orson Welles * [[Oja Kodar]] * [[Elmyr de Hory]] * [[Clifford Irving]] * Edith Irving * [[François Reichenbach]] }} \| narrator = \| music = [[Michel Legrand]] \| cinematography = {{Plainlist\| * [[François Reichenbach]] (France) * Gary Graver (United States) }} \| editing = {{Plainlist\| * [[Marie-Sophie Dubus]] * Dominique Engerer * Gary Graver <small>(uncredited)</small> }} \| distributor = Planfilm<br>Specialty Films \| released = {{Film date\|1973\|\|\|San Sebastián Film Festival}} \| runtime = 88 minutes \| country = France<br />Iran<br />West Germany \| language = English \| budget = \| gross = 182,857 admissions (France)<ref name="france">[http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com.au&sl=fr&u=http://www.boxofficestory.com/box-office-orson-welles-c25320542&usg=ALkJrhhxH2PrC9aZtsMZPjsNZBUe3iaBhw Orson Welles box office information in France] at Box Office Story</ref> }} '''''F for Fake''''' ({{langx\|fr\|link=no\|Vérités et mensonges}}, "Truths and lies"; {{langx\|es\|link=no\|Fraude}},<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/es/75-editions/retrospective/2021/actualites/articles/f-for-fake-orson-welles-tente-de-demeler-le-vrai-du-faux-2\|title=Fraude (F for Fake): Orson Welles trata de discernir lo verdadero de lo falso\|last=Khaldi\|first=Tarik\|date=14 July 2021\|website=[[Cannes Film Festival]]\|access-date=26 December 2022}}</ref> "Fraud") is a 1973 [[docudrama]] film co-written, directed by, and starring [[Orson Welles]] who worked on the film alongside [[François Reichenbach]], [[Oja Kodar]], and [[Gary Graver]]. Initially released in 1973, it focuses on [[Elmyr de Hory]]'s recounting of his career as a professional [[art forger]]; de Hory's story serves as the backdrop for a meandering investigation of the natures of [[authorship]] and [[Authenticity in art\|authenticity]], as well as the basis of the value of art. Far from serving as a traditional documentary on de Hory, the film also incorporates Welles's companion [[Oja Kodar]], hoax biographer [[Clifford Irving]], and Orson Welles as himself. ''F for Fake'' is sometimes considered an example of a [[Video essay\|film essay]]. In addition to the 88-minute film, in 1976, Welles also shot and edited a self-contained nine-minute short film as a "[[F for Fake#Trailer\|trailer]]", almost entirely composed of original material not found in the main film itself. == Plot == {{Long plot\|date=March 2024}} The film opens with Welles performing magic tricks for some children while Kodar watches nearby. Welles quotes [[Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin\|Robert-Houdin]] to the effect that a magician is just an actor. Welles promises that for the next hour everything in the film will be based on solid fact. Kodar is then shown strolling around a street in a miniskirt while being ogled by the men on the street. Welles reveals the footage is taken from another experiment about girl-watching, where Kodar deliberately drew attention to herself and the men were unaware they were being filmed. Welles says her story will continue later in the film, and then narrates the story of Elmyr de Hory, an art forger who sold many fake paintings to museums and collectors all over the world. De Hory is shown throwing a dinner party at his home in [[Ibiza]] and being feted by European society, although he dances around the question of whether he is guilty or not. One of those filmed is [[Clifford Irving]], who had published a biography of de Hory called ''Fake'', and was later revealed to have been the forger of a fake "authorized biography" of [[Howard Hughes]]. Welles discusses the irony of Irving commenting on de Hory's forgery, while having committed a version of it himself (Welles states his belief that Irving must have been in the process of working on the hoax at the time he was filmed for the de Hory project). Irving and de Hory tell about the art dealers who were fooled by the forgeries, and Welles considers the question whether this means art dealers and appraisers are fake also. Welles presents more of Irving's story of having had secret contact with Hughes, and the odd stories of Hughes's behavior that may or may not have been true. He wonders if believing such stories makes a person credulous or not, and questions the true wisdom of so-called experts, who verified Irving's forgery as authentic. Reichenbach is shown telling how de Hory provided him with several paintings of questionable authenticity, but the art dealers he gave them to were willfully blind to it. Welles notes that de Hory does not even own the house he lives in; it is provided for him by an art dealer. Welles recounts his own past use of fakery: how he got a job in Ireland by falsely claiming to be a famous New York actor, and how his broadcast of ''[[The War of the Worlds (1938 radio drama)\|The War of the Worlds]]'' made deliberate use of fake news to enhance the story. He also notes the coincidence that his first film ''[[Citizen Kane]]'' was originally going to be a fictionalized version of Howard Hughes.<ref>This contradicts published accounts that the film was inspired by the life of [[William Randolph Hearst]].</ref> Irving describes how de Hory was nearly destitute when younger and subsisted in America by making and selling forgeries that were indistinguishable from the real works, while remaining one step ahead of the law through frequent relocations. He finally moved to Ibiza, but was not prosecuted for lack of witnesses to the actual forging, as well as the scandal that might be aroused by revealing the depth of the art market's complicity in the deception. De Hory insists he never signed any forgery, and Welles wonders whether, given the fact that all art eventually falls away to ruin, a signature truly matters to any art work. He illustrates the point by shots of the [[Chartres Cathedral\|cathedral of Chartres]], pointing out that the names of the men who created the magnificent building and the sculptures which adorn it are unknown. They did not sign their work, but it has endured. Welles finally presents Kodar's story: she holidayed in the same village as [[Picasso]], who noticed her and painted 22 pieces with her as the model. She insisted she be allowed to keep the paintings, but later when Picasso read about an acclaimed exhibit of 22 new pieces of his, he flew there in a rage, only to discover the pieces were all forgeries. Kodar took Picasso to her grandfather, the forger. In a verbal re-enactment by Welles (grandfather) and Kodar (Picasso), the forger defended his work with pride, saying he invented a new Picasso period. The grandfather suggests that the forgeries go un-reported, to allow him an artistic legacy that Picasso already has. Picasso angrily demanded the paintings back, which is impossible because the grandfather had burned them. Welles then confesses that he had promised everything in the "next hour" was true, and that hour had already passed. He admits the entire story of Kodar, her grandfather, and Picasso was made up. He apologizes, quotes Picasso's statement that art is a lie that makes us see the truth, and bids the audience good evening. == Cast == [[File:Elmyr de hory.jpg\|thumb\|Elmyr de Hory]] * [[Orson Welles]] – Himself * [[Elmyr de Hory]] – The Art Forger * [[Oja Kodar]] – The Girl * [[Joseph Cotten]] – Special Participant * [[François Reichenbach]] – Special Participant * [[Richard Wilson (producer)\|Richard Wilson]] – Special Participant * [[Paul Stewart (actor)\|Paul Stewart]] – Special Participant * Mark Forgy – Assistant to Elmyr de Hory * Alexander Welles – Special Participant (as Sasa Devcic) * [[Gary Graver]] – Special Participant * [[Andrés Vicente Gómez]] – Special Participant * Julio Palinkas – Special Participant * Christian Odasso – Special Participant * Françoise Widhoff – Special Participant === Others === * [[Peter Bogdanovich]] – Special Participant (voice) * [[William Alland]] – Special Participant (voice) * [[Howard Hughes]] - Himself (uncredited) * [[Jean-Pierre Aumont]] – Himself (uncredited) * [[Laurence Harvey]] – Himself (uncredited) * [[Clifford Irving]] – Himself (uncredited) * [[Nina, Baroness van Pallandt\|Nina van Pallandt]] – Herself (uncredited) ==Production== ===Background=== Orson Welles was hired to edit a documentary by François Reichenbach about the art forger Elmyr de Hory. The film grew over time to encompass de Hory, as well as de Hory's biographer Clifford Irving, who was revealed to be a forger himself. Keith Woodward explains: "following Irving’s hoax, Welles and his cinematographer, Gary Graver, shifted gears, scrambling to keep up with the Hughes affair, adding new shots, re-thinking the narrative, re-editing, re-combining different themes, incorporating emerging material."<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Woodward\|first=Keith\|date=2016\|title=The Speculative Geography of Orson Welles\|journal=Cultural Geographies\|volume=23\|issue=2\|pages=347\|doi=10.1177/1474474015588709\|bibcode=2016CuGeo..23..337W \|s2cid=148242632}}</ref> Welles used these circumstances to produce a meditation on the nature of fakery, which he called "a new kind of movie … it’s a form, in other words, the [[Film essay\|essay]], the personal essay, as opposed to the documentary."<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Ayres\|first=Jackson\|date=2012\|title=Orson Welles's 'Complicitous Critique': Postmodern Paradox in 'F for Fake'\|journal=Literature/Film Quarterly\|volume=40\|issue=1\|pages=11}}</ref> Several storylines are presented in the film, including those of de Hory, Irving, Welles, Howard Hughes and Kodar. About de Hory, we learn that he was a struggling artist who turned to forgery out of desperation, only to see the greater share of the profits from his deceptions go to doubly unscrupulous art dealers. As partial compensation for that injustice, he is maintained in a villa in Ibiza by one of his dealers. What is only hinted at in Welles's documentary is that de Hory had recently served a two-month sentence in a Spanish prison for [[homosexuality]] and consorting with criminals. (de Hory would commit [[suicide]] two years after the initial release of Welles's film, on hearing that Spain had agreed to turn him over to the French authorities.) Irving's original part in ''F for Fake'' was as de Hory's biographer, but his part grew unexpectedly at some point during production. There has not always been agreement among commentators over just how that production unfolded, but the now-accepted story<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.thewag.net/film/f_for_fake.html\| title=Hanky-Panky Men: Orson Welles' F for Fake\| author=Childers, Doug\| date=21 June 2005\| access-date=24 February 2010}}</ref> is that the director François Reichenbach shot a documentary about de Hory and Irving before giving his footage to Welles, who then shot additional footage with Reichenbach as his cinematographer. In the time between the shooting of Reichenbach's documentary and the finishing of Welles's, it became known that Irving had perpetrated a hoax of his own, namely a [[Clifford Irving#Fake autobiography of Howard Hughes\|fabricated "authorized biography"]] of [[Howard Hughes]] (the hoax was later fictionalized in ''[[The Hoax]]''). This discovery prompted the shooting of still more footage, which then got woven into ''F for Fake''. Interweaving the narratives even more, there are several pieces of footage in the film showing Welles at a party with De Hory, and, at one point, De Hory even signs a painting with a forgery of Welles's signature. Some of Hughes's career is outlined in the form of a parody of the "News on the March" sequence in ''[[Citizen Kane]]''. Welles also draws parallels between the De Hory and Irving hoaxes and his own brush with early notoriety by including a recreation of part of his 1938 ''[[The War of the Worlds (1938 radio drama)\|War of the Worlds]]'' radio drama, which had simulated a newscast about a Martian invasion and sparked panic among some listeners. The story about Kodar, her grandfather, and Picasso and some forger paintings that the grandfather supposedly made is presented at the end of the film before Welles reminds the viewer that he only promised to tell the truth for an hour, and that "for the last 17 minutes, I've been lying my head off." In the commentary to the Criterion Collection DVD release of ''F for Fake'', Kodar claims the idea for this segment as her own. She also claims credit for the movie's opening sequence, which consists of shots of a miniskirt-clad Kodar walking down streets while rubbernecking male admirers (unaware that they are being filmed) stop and openly stare. This sequence is described by Kodar as inspired by her feminism; in his narration, Welles claims the footage was originally shot for an unrelated production. ===Filming locations=== [[File:Houdan Donjon1.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|The [[Donjon de Houdan]], seen in the Oja and Picasso story.]] * Rome, Italy – Girl-watching sequence * [[Ibiza]], Spain – [[16 mm film\|16 mm]] elements from the original Reichenbach documentary * Paris, France – [[Gare d'Austerlitz]], [[Champ de Mars, Paris\|Champ de Mars]], art gallery on [[Rive Gauche\|left bank]], ''La Méditerranée'' seafood restaurant * [[Las Vegas]] * Los Angeles – [[The Beverly Hills Hotel]] – The ham sandwich of Howard Hughes<ref>{{cite book \|last=Thieme \|first=Claudia \|title=F for fake, and the growth in complexity of Orson Welles' documentary form \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j0QcAQAAIAAJ&q=ham+sandwich \|publisher=P. Lang\|year=1997 \|page=95 \|isbn= 0-8204-3253-9}}</ref> * [[Chartres Cathedral]] – France * [[Orvilliers]], France – Orson Welles and Oja Kodar house—editing-room scenes, set for various indoor scenes * [[Houdan]], France – Oja and Picasso story * [[Paris-Orly Airport]] – South terminal terrace and main hall ==Release== ===Trailer=== ''F for Fake'' was not released in the USA until 1976. When it finally came out, Welles produced a preview "trailer" for it, which was effectively a wholly original nine-minute film, shot and edited in a similar style to the film itself. Apart from some very brief split-second camera shots, the entire film is a self-contained short containing original material starring Welles, [[Gary Graver]] and [[Oja Kodar]]. The trailer raises new questions about key people in the main film: Picasso, Kodar, Elmyr, and others. These allegations are supposedly revealed in the main film. They include a [[wig]], Oja Kodar's fake name, her tiger (not shown in the film at all), and [[Extraterrestrial intelligence\|extraterrestrial]] sponsors of Welles's War of the Worlds broadcast. The trailer has subsequently been restored in colour, and is included as an extra on some DVD versions of the film.<ref>[[Gary Graver]] and Andrew J. Rausch, ''Making Movies With Orson Welles: A Memoir'' (Scarecrow Press, New York, 2008) p.170</ref> ===Critical reception=== ''F for Fake'' faced widespread popular rejection. Critical reaction ranged from praise to confusion and hostility, with many finding the work to be self-indulgent or incoherent. ''F for Fake'' has grown in stature over the years.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-2596622281/orson-welles-s-complicitous-critique-postmodern \| title=Orson Welles's: "Complicitous Critique: Postmodern Paradox in ''F for Fake'' \| last=Jackson \| first=Ayres \| access-date=27 April 2014 \| archive-date=8 March 2016 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308042920/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-2596622281/orson-welles-s-complicitous-critique-postmodern \| url-status=dead }}</ref> The film embraces ideas from the self-conscious notation of the film process to the ironic employment of 1950s-era [[B movie]] footage (''[[Earth vs. the Flying Saucers]]''). Welles thought he was creating a new form of cinema. When writer [[Jonathan Rosenbaum]] asked Welles if he was creating a documentary, he replied: “No, not a documentary—a new kind of film."<ref name="Rosenbaum">{{cite web \|url=http://www.criterion.com/current/posts/364\| title=Orson Welles's Purloined Letter: ''F For Fake''\| last=Rosenbaum \|first= Jonathan\| date=25 April 2005\| access-date=24 February 2010}}</ref> On [[review aggregator]] [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has an approval rating of 88% based on 50 reviews, with an average rating of 7.79/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "''F for Fake'' playfully poses intriguing questions while proving that even Orson Welles' minor works contain their share of masterful moments."<ref>{{cite web \|title=F for Fake (1974) \|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/f_for_fake \|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> In July 2021, the film was shown in the Cannes Classics section at the [[2021 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://thefilmstage.com/2021-cannes-classic-lineup-includes-orson-welles-powell-and-pressburger-tilda-swinton-more/ \|title=2021 Cannes Classics Lineup Includes Orson Welles, Powell and Pressburger, Tilda Swinton & More \|work=The Film Stage \|date=23 June 2021 \|access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref> ====Questions of truthfulness==== Author [[Robert Anton Wilson]], a great fan of the film, argued in ''[[Cosmic Trigger III: My Life After Death]]'' that the film was itself largely an intentional effort at fakery by Welles in support of the film's themes. Most directly, Wilson reports that in the BBC documentary ''Orson Welles: Stories of a Life in Film'', Welles stated that "everything in that film was a trick." Secondly, many of the interviews in the film were with people who were themselves directly involved with forgery in one way or another, often making statements that would have been known by the filmmakers to be false, but which were allowed to pass without comment in the film. Similarly, Welles himself made numerous false statements about Oja Kodar in the film. Finally, Wilson points out several scenes which, while presented in a way that implies they were filmed in real time, were upon further inspection clearly fabricated from unrelated pieces of footage in a way guaranteed to mislead the casual viewer. An example of this appears with a series of near-wordless shots of Irving and de Hory seemingly in debate as to whether de Hory ever signed his forgeries; the shots of Irving and de Hory were in fact taken at different times.<ref name="Bromley, Patrick">{{cite web \|url=http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/fforfake.php\| title=Review of ''F For Fake'': Criterion Collection\| author=Bromley, Patrick\| date=6 June 2005\| work=DVD Verdict\| access-date=24 February 2010}}</ref> Welles's autobiographical asides in the film reflect on his [[The War of the Worlds (radio)\|1938 radio adaptation]] of ''[[The War of the Worlds]]'', which he alleges caused a nationwide panic with its fake news broadcast. In introducing this chapter of his life, Welles declares his uncertainty as to his own authenticity, as he believes he too has engaged in fraud. While the basic facts of ''The War of the Worlds'' incident are correctly given, the apparent excerpts from the play featured in the movie are fabrications, including a scene in which President Roosevelt meets the Martian invaders—something which did not happen in the original broadcast. ===Home media releases=== * 1995 Home Vision Cinema, Janus Films VHS (FAK 010), 25 July 1995<ref>Liebenson, David, [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-07-23-ca-26847-story.html "Video: 'F for Fake' Joins Orson Welles Rarities"]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 23 July 1995</ref> * 1995 [[The Criterion Collection]], Laserdisc (Spine #260), 27 July 1995 – Single disc edition, with the special feature of the Theatrical Trailer contained after the film * 2005 [[The Criterion Collection]], Region 1 DVD (Spine #288), 26 April 2005 – Two-disc special edition including audio commentary by Oja Kodar and Gary Graver, an introduction by Peter Bogdanovich, and the documentary ''Orson Welles: One-Man Band'' (1995)<ref>[http://www.criterion.com/films/908-f-for-fake ''F for Fake''] at The Criterion Collection</ref> * 2009 [[Madman Entertainment]] Directors Suite, Region 4 DVD, 20 May 2009 – Special features include audio commentary by Adrian Martin, Monash University, and the documentary ''Orson Welles: One-Man Band'' (1995)<ref>[http://www.madman.com.au/catalogue/view/9072/f-for-fake ''F for Fake''] at Madman Entertainment</ref> * 2010 Eureka Video: Masters of Cinema, Region 2 DVD (Spine #31) – Special features include audio commentary by cinematographer [[Gary Graver]] and Bill Krohn, and [[Jonathan Rosenbaum]] on ''F For Fake''<ref>[http://eurekavideo.co.uk/moc/catalogue/f-for-fake/ ''F for Fake''] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616002516/http://eurekavideo.co.uk/moc/catalogue/f-for-fake/ \|date=16 June 2012 }} at Masters of Cinema</ref> ==See also== * ''[[Me and Orson Welles]]'' - a fictionalized retelling of the life of Orson Welles. Directed by Richard Linklater, starring Zac Efron * ''[[Someone to Love (1987 film)\|Someone to Love]]'' - a 1987 pseudo-documentary directed by [[Henry Jaglom]] about a filmmaker who throws a Valentine's Day party at an old movie theater that is about to be demolished and then quizzes his guests on camera about their lives. * ''[[Filming Othello]]'' – a 1978 documentary film directed by and starring Orson Welles about the making of his 1951 production ''[[Othello (1951 film)\|Othello]]''. * ''[[Hello Cinema]]'' – a 1995 Iranian docufiction film that shows various everyday people being auditioned and explaining their reason for wanting to act in a film. == Bibliography == * Claudia Thieme, ''F for Fake: And the Growth in Complexity of Orson Welles' Documentary Form'' (Peter Lang Pub., 1997) 174pp. == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Commons category}} {{wikiquote}} * {{IMDb title\|id=0072962}} * {{TCMDb title\|id=486939}} * {{rotten-tomatoes\|f_for_fake}} * {{cite news \|url=http://movies2.nytimes.com/mem/movies/review.html?_r=1&res=9A00EEDE123AE333A2575BC2A96F9C946490D6CF \|title=''F for Fake'' Is an Illusionist's Trick With Bogus Heroes and Expert Villains \|first=Vincent \|last=Canby \|author-link=Vincent Canby \|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] \|date=28 September 1975}} * [http://www.brightlightsfilm.com/45/fake.php#.U7ZcIrGTGM0 "''F for Fake'': The Ultimate Mirror of Orson Welles"] Article by Robert Castle, August 2004 * [https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/364-f-for-fake-orson-welles-s-purloined-letter ''F for Fake: Orson Welles’s Purloined Letter''] an essay by [[Jonathan Rosenbaum]] at the [[Criterion Collection]] {{Orson Welles}} [[Category:1973 films]] [[Category:1973 documentary films]] [[Category:American avant-garde and experimental films]] [[Category:1970s French-language films]] [[Category:1970s Spanish-language films]] [[Category:Documentary films about the visual arts]] [[Category:Films about con artists]] [[Category:Films directed by Orson Welles]] [[Category:Films shot in France]] [[Category:Films shot in Germany]] [[Category:Films about art forgery]] [[Category:Literary forgeries]] [[Category:Document forgery]] [[Category:Fiction with unreliable narrators]] [[Category:Films scored by Michel Legrand]] [[Category:Films shot in Almería]] [[Category:1970s avant-garde and experimental films]] [[Category:1970s English-language films]] [[Category:1970s American films]] [[Category:English-language documentary films]]	1,298,788,567	[{"title": "F for Fake", "data": {"Directed by": "- Orson Welles - Fran\u00e7ois Reichenbach", "Written by": "- Orson Welles - Oja Kodar", "Produced by": "- Fran\u00e7ois Reichenbach - Dominique Antoine - Richard Drewett", "Starring": "- Orson Welles - Oja Kodar - Elmyr de Hory - Clifford Irving - Edith Irving - Fran\u00e7ois Reichenbach", "Cinematography": "- Fran\u00e7ois Reichenbach (France) - Gary Graver (United States)", "Edited by": "- Marie-Sophie Dubus - Dominique Engerer - Gary Graver (uncredited)", "Music by": "Michel Legrand", "Distributed by": "Planfilm \u00b7 Specialty Films", "Release date": "- 1973 (San Sebasti\u00e1n Film Festival)", "Running time": "88 minutes", "Countries": "France \u00b7 Iran \u00b7 West Germany", "Language": "English", "Box office": "182,857 admissions (France)"}}]	false
# Paid news in India In India, paid news is the practice of cash payment or equivalent to journalists and media organizations by individuals and organizations so as to appear in their news articles and to "ensure sustained positive coverage". This practice started in the 1950s and has become a widespread organized activity in India through formal contracts and "private treaties". Pioneered by Bennett, Coleman & Company, Ltd. (B.C.C.L.) group through their Times of India publication and widely adopted by groups such as The Hindustan Times, Outlook and others, the practice was brought to Western media attention in 2010. Paid news financially benefits the "individual journalists and specific media organizations" such as newspapers, magazines and television channels according to a 2010 investigative report of the Press Council of India. It is paid for by politicians, organizations (for profit and non-profit), brands, movies and celebrities who seek to improve their public image, increase favorable coverage and suppress unfavorable information. The widespread "paid news" practice in India has been criticized because it diverts the coverage to whoever is willing to pay and selectively presents information that makes the paying customer appear in a favorable light, instead of presenting everything that is significant and necessary for the public to obtain a complete understanding. The information which needs to be delivered to the audience is somehow changed . Paid news corrupts the information and deceives the newspaper-magazine reader or the television audience, particularly given the Indian practice of "not making it clear that the news item has been paid for", state James Painter and John Lloyd. ## Press Council of India The Press Council of India – the official Indian watchdog on media ethics – conducted a limited study of the widespread practice of "paid news" in India in 2010. In a report issued in July 2010, it stated that "paid news" is a pervasive, structured and highly organized practice in Indian newspapers and other media outlets, where news space and favorable coverage is exchanged for money. It wrote, "paid news is a complex phenomenon and has acquired different forms over the last six decades [1950–2010]. It ranges from accepting gifts on various occasions, foreign and domestic junkets [trips], various monetary and non-monetary benefits, besides direct payment of money. Another form of paid news that has been brought to the notice of the Press Council of India by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is in the form of "private treaties" between media companies and corporate entities. Private treaty is a formal agreement between the media company and another non-media company in which the latter transfers certain shares of the company to the former in exchange for advertisement space and favorable coverage." In recent years, corruption in the Indian media has gone way beyond the corruption of individual journalists and specific media organizations – from "planting" information and views in lieu of favours received in cash or kind, to more institutionalized and organized forms of corruption wherein newspapers and television channels receive funds for publishing or broadcasting information in favour of particular individuals, corporate entities, representatives of political parties and candidates contesting elections, that is sought to be disguised as "news". — Paranjoy G Thakurta, Kalimekolan S Reddy, Press Council of India, April 2010 The 2010 investigation was limited to the 2009 elections by the Press Council of India. It found substantial evidence of corrupt practices and collusion between the Indian media, various politicians and political parties. It ruled that newspapers should not carry articles that report "enmity or hatred between people on the ground of religion, race, caste, community or language", refrain from critical statements on "personal character and conduct of a political candidate", refuse financial or indirect forms of compensation for political coverage among other voluntary guidelines. The Council's detailed report on "paid news" was suppressed by the Press Council after its members voted to "not forward the detailed report on paid news prepared by the sub-committee" it had previously appointed. According to J Balaji, some of the members objected to the specific names of media organizations that were mentioned in the detailed 2010 report. A partial summary report was released by the Press Council of India instead, omitting the 71-page annexure of the original report. A majority of the Press Council of India membership consists of journalists and representatives of the media houses. ## Sponsors of paid news ### Politicians sponsoring paid news The Election Commission of India has detected hundreds of cases where politicians paid newspapers or TV channels to carry favorable reports. - Ashok Chavan, a former chief minister of an Indian National Congress-led government in Maharashtra used campaign funds for paid news. He was questioned by the Election Commission of India in 2010. The Commission stated that "[t]he complaint against Mr. Chavan was that he arranged publication of news items, masquerading as advertisements, in newspapers praising him in the 2009 State Assembly elections and he had not properly accounted for the expenses in his election expenditure accounts. But he claimed that the newspapers on their own might have published complimentary stories on him."[13] According to The Hindu, its 2009 investigation found evidence that "paid news" was used to benefit Chavan, because an identical word-for-word hagiographic article appeared in three different newspapers as news on the same day under different titles and authors.[14] - Narottam Mishra, a cabinet minister in a Bharatiya Janata Party-led government in Madhya Pradesh, was accused by the Election Commission of India, allegedly "failed to lodge his accounts of his election expenses in the manner prescribed by law" and was linked to 42 news items on him during the November 2008 state elections which "read more like election advertisements in favor of [him] alone rather than as news reports."[14][15] - In 2009, Bhupinder Singh Hooda – then the chief minister of Congress-led government of Haryana, acknowledged that he offered money to the newspapers in his state to stop printing unfavorable "paid news" he alleged was funded by his opposition, and to print favorable news and the "right picture" in his view.[7] According to Anuradha Raman, the regional newspaper Punjab Kesri stated that they earned ₹10 crore (US$1.2 million) during the 2009 elections through "paid news" and the marketing of editorial space to politicians willing to pay for coverage, that they did this because all Indian media was doing this with "the so-called national English dailies who had their packages and were mopping up revenue. We could not have missed out on the opportunity."[7] - In 2009, according to an article by Anuradha Raman, Sandeep Dikshit – a Congress party member of parliament acknowledged paid news and stated he was surprised when approached by a Delhi-based television channel with "a package deal to cover Rahul Gandhi’s visit to the East Delhi constituency during the 2009 Lok Sabha elections" and the channel offered to "arrange the crowds" for Gandhi's visit for a fee.[7] According to Dikshit, states Raman, "You watch your opponent misusing the media and you’re forced to part with the money. I won’t take names but everyone is involved".[7] - In 2009, Akhilesh Das – a politician belonging to the Bahujan Samaj Party, stated that "I don't blame my party if it pays for news in its favor, there is a general media bias against his party". Das alleged, states Anuradha Raman, that the Congress-party politician Raj Babbar graced the front pages of local newspapers, and "paid news" is a growing trend in Indian elections.[7] - In April 2009, on the day of the election in Varanasi, the Hindi edition of the Hindustan newspaper, published by The Hindustan Times group, carried a front-page article that deceptively looked like news. The article stated that there was a popular voter "wave in favor of the Congress party". The next day, after the voting was over, the newspaper admitted and printed an apology that it was not news, but a paid item.[16] - The politician P.K. Rama Rao of Loksatta party alleged that he paid ₹50,000 (US$590) for favorable state assembly time election time coverage to a representative of Eenadu – a newspaper in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states of India. The Eenadu Group denied that it had accepted any money, states Thakurta in an article on Manufacturing News, but added in its response that "favorable coverage in the press and the capacity to spend big money in poll campaign became the sole eligibility on the basis of which political parties chose their candidates [...]".[16] - In October 2011, Umlesh Yadav became the first ever sitting Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) to be disqualified for not declaring the expenditure incurred on advertising during her election campaign. Yadav, a member of Rashtriya Parivartan Dal, had been elected from Bisauli, Uttar Pradesh, in 2007. She was banned from contesting election for a period of three years by the Election Commission of India.[17] The Election Commission is reported to have identified more than 1,400 cases of paid news between 2009 and 2013, during which elections were held in 17 states of India. One person involved, Deepak Chaurasia, host of India News, is accused of being a promoter of paid news in India. In a video Aam Aadmi Party leader Arvind Kejriwal was seen as playing the role of a part-time editor and advising the journalist on which part of the interview should be played up more. ### Businesses and celebrities sponsoring paid news and 'private treaties' Bennett, Coleman and Co. Ltd, which owns the Times of India, is reported to have asked celebrities and the wealthy to pay for favorable coverage. They have offered a "private treaty" agreement, which accepts an equity stake in a company in return for favorable coverage. The New York Times described "private treaties" as an example of the commodification of business news. A New Yorker article says that the Times of India "have been dismantling the wall between the newsroom and the sales department" with Times MediaNet. Similar practices by other media companies came to light as Jindal Steel sued the media company Zee News for allegedly demanding advertisements so as not to telecast shows in relation to the Indian coal allocation scam. An older report by media critic The Hoot identified how "private treaties" influence reporting. However, the CEO designate of Times private treaties, in an interview with MediaNama, justified the practices as "there are two currencies for advertising – cash and treaties". The Hoot's report named several companies besides Sobha Developers and Pyramid Saimira (now defunct) that participated in Times private treaties: Birla Power Solutions Ltd, Deccan Aviation, Pantaloon, Provogue, Spice Mobiles Limited, Videocon Industries Ltd, Deccan Aviation, India Infoline, The Home Store, Amity Education, Paramount Airways, Future Group, Sahara One, Precept Pictures etc. ### 2018 Cobrapost allegations According to Cobrapost.com, in its 2018 undercover operation it approached the Times Group – the publisher of The Times of India, the India Today group, the Hindustan Times group, the Zee group, the New Indian Express group and other media houses – where it posed as a preacher of a fictitious organization named Srimad Bhagavad Gita Prachaar Samiti. It offered a payment of up to ₹500 crore (US$59 million) in cash to publish stories on Krishna and the Bhagavad Gita to first indirectly and later directly promote Hindutva ideology, communal and political gains. All three media houses agreed to the offer to plug paid news, alleged Cobrapost, but mentioned that they may editorially criticize the activities. The groups discussed ways to make large cash payments, alleged Cobrapost. According to Cobrapost, the owners, as well as the senior executives, of these and other major Indian media houses consented to engage in campaigns to induce communal discord and polarize the Indian electorate. It alleged that the undercover sting show twenty-seven media houses and organizations in India were willing to plug "paid content". Its alleged list included leading newspapers, magazines and television outlets such as those of the Times of India group, India Today group, Hindustan Times group, Zee News group, Network 18 group, Star India, Paytm, Dainik Jagaran, New Indian Express group, Lokmat, Radio One, Suvarna News, Indigo 91.9FM, Bharat Samachar, Swaraj Express News, Sun Group, ABN Andhrajyothi, TV5 News, Dinamalar, Big FM, K News, India Voice, MVTV News, Open Media Network and others. The Cobrapost sting alleged, reports The Indian Express, that senior executives involved in paid news included Kalli Purie, Vineet Jain, Ajay Shekhar Sharma, Brijesh Mishra, Anil Dua, Purushottam Vaishnava, Rajiv Hegde from various major media groups in India. According to Rajalakshmi, the Cobrapost 2018 sting operation neither led to any real cash payments nor actual publication of any paid news by any media group, but it "revealed the clear intent of the majority to go along with the proposals of the undercover reporter" by numerous media groups in India. Further, by promising a large payment for plugging content, the undercover reporter was "able to access top levels of management and had repeated audiences with some owner-editors", states Rajalakshmi. After the release of the Cobrapost.com report on "paid news", the Times Group in a 26 May 2018 response called the report a "false, malicious, dishonest", manufactured "fictitious scandal" presented with doctored quotes, and that the allegations do not reflect what actually happened. The Times Group alleged that its journalists were involved in a sting on the Cobrapost.com team to uncover "imposters" and "criminals on bail with a past record of fraud and forgery" they suspected were posing as businessmen and organization trying to push a political ideology. No cash or payment was ever exchanged during this operation to or from Cobrapost.com, stated the Times Group. The India Group similarly denied Cobrapost.com claims, stated that its editorial team never met the Cobrapost.com personnel, its advertisement group listens to all those who approach them, they condemn paid news, and consider Cobrapost.com's claim of paid news at India Today to be malicious. These and other media groups responded that large advertisers get access to their senior management in the sales department, but there is a wall between the sales department and their journalists and editorial department. Further, they said, all advertisements are checked by their staff before its publication, but the actual content in an ad is decided by the paying client. The New Indian Express Group denied the Cobrapost.com 2018 allegations, stated that they only met with the advertisement team who never promised "news" coverage and only discussed "advertisements", and alleged that their report had "conveniently buried" the cautionary statements about "legal vetting", checks and approval told to Cobrapost.com. The Zee group similarly stated that the Cobrapost.com report presents a "deliberate and fraudulent misinterpretation and concoction of actual facts", by "craftily editing the video clips, the essence of the conversation has been distorted in a manner that the truth is compromised and a different issue is portrayed in order to harm and hurt the reputation of Zee Media". In June 2018, Cobrapost.com denied Zee's statements and alleged that it "has not falsified, fabricated, concocted, tampered, doctored or altered in any manner whatsoever". ## Criticism of paid news Author Chandrahas Choudhury wrote in 2011 that paid news "is rotting India's democracy." The Analytic Monthly Review states that paid news is a fraud on its readers and the public, a tax fraud, as well as improperly manipulates the financial and real estate market. In 2010, a two-person panel of the Press Council of India investigated the phenomenon of paid news in India. This resulted in a detailed 72-page report citing names and instances where information that had been paid for had been passed off as genuine news. However, the Press council voted to not release the full report, and published a shorter watered down version of the report.	enwiki/40397037	enwiki	40,397,037	Paid news in India	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paid_news_in_India	2025-07-22T05:33:27Z	en	Q17081303	157,064	{{Use dmy dates\|date=February 2022}} {{Short description\|Payment for positive media coverage}} {{Update\|date=September 2021}} In India, paid news is the practice of cash payment or equivalent to journalists and media organizations by individuals and organizations so as to appear in their news articles and to "ensure sustained positive coverage".<ref name="RodriguesRanganathan2014">{{cite book\|author1=Usha M. Rodrigues\|author2=Maya Ranganathan\|title=Indian News Media: From Observer to Participant\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RqJCwAAQBAJ \|year=2014\|publisher=SAGE Publications\|isbn=978-93-5150-158-9\|pages=121–127\|chapter=Paid News: Cocktail of Media, Business and Politics}}</ref><ref name="Mudgal 2015 pp. 100–120"/> This practice started in the 1950s and has become a widespread organized activity in India through formal contracts and "private treaties".<ref name=pcoi2010/><ref name=pcscreport/> Pioneered by Bennett, Coleman & Company, Ltd. (B.C.C.L.) group through their ''[[The Times of India\|Times of India]]'' publication and widely adopted by groups such as ''The Hindustan Times'', ''Outlook'' and others,<ref name="newyorker"/> the practice was brought to Western media attention in 2010.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/jan/04/india-paid-news-scandal India : 'Paid news' scandal hits major newspapers] The Guardian, UK, 4 January 2010.</ref> Paid news financially benefits the "individual journalists and specific media organizations" such as newspapers, magazines and television channels according to a 2010 investigative report of the [[Press Council of India]].<ref name=pcscreport/> It is paid for by politicians, organizations (for profit and non-profit), brands, movies and celebrities who seek to improve their public image, increase favorable coverage and suppress unfavorable information.<ref name="newyorker">{{cite web \| url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/08/citizens-jain \| title=Citizens Jain Why India's newspaper industry is thriving. \| publisher=New Yorker \| work=Ken Auletta \| date=8 October 2012 \| access-date=20 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="Mudgal 2015 pp. 100–120">{{cite book \| last=Mudgal \| first=Vipul \| title=Media Ethics and Justice in the Age of Globalization \| chapter=News for Sale: ‘Paid News’, Media Ethics, and India’s Democratic Public Sphere \| publisher=Palgrave Macmillan \| publication-place=London \| year=2015 \| isbn=978-1-349-50520-3 \| doi=10.1057/9781137498267_6 \| pages=100–120}}</ref><ref name=raman2009>[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?263242 "News You can Abuse"] Outlook, Anuradha Raman (December 2009)</ref> The widespread "paid news" practice in India has been criticized because it diverts the coverage to whoever is willing to pay and selectively presents information that makes the paying customer appear in a favorable light, instead of presenting everything that is significant and necessary for the public to obtain a complete understanding. The information which needs to be delivered to the audience is somehow changed . Paid news corrupts the information and deceives the newspaper-magazine reader or the television audience, particularly given the Indian practice of "not making it clear that the ''news'' item has been paid for", state James Painter and John Lloyd.<ref>{{cite book\|title=India's Media Bloom: The Good News and the Bad\|author=John Lloyd\|editor= James Painter\|publisher= Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford\|year=2013\|pages=xii, 14–15, 19–20}}</ref><ref name="Mudgal 2015 pp. 100–120" /> ==Press Council of India== The [[Press Council of India]] – the official Indian watchdog on media ethics – conducted a limited study of the widespread practice of "paid news" in India in 2010. In a report issued in July 2010, it stated that "paid news" is a pervasive, structured and highly organized practice in Indian newspapers and other media outlets, where news space and favorable coverage is exchanged for money.<ref name=pcoi2010/> It wrote, "paid news is a complex phenomenon and has acquired different forms over the last six decades [1950–2010]. It ranges from accepting gifts on various occasions, foreign and domestic junkets [trips], various monetary and non-monetary benefits, besides direct payment of money. Another form of paid news that has been brought to the notice of the Press Council of India by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is in the form of "private treaties" between media companies and corporate entities. Private treaty is a formal agreement between the media company and another non-media company in which the latter transfers certain shares of the company to the former in exchange for advertisement space and favorable coverage."<ref name=pcoi2010/> {{quote\| In recent years, corruption in the Indian media has gone way beyond the corruption of individual journalists and specific media organizations – from "planting" information and views in lieu of favours received in cash or kind, to more institutionalized and organized forms of corruption wherein newspapers and television channels receive funds for publishing or broadcasting information in favour of particular individuals, corporate entities, representatives of political parties and candidates contesting elections, that is sought to be disguised as "news". \| Paranjoy G Thakurta, Kalimekolan S Reddy\|Press Council of India, April 2010<ref name=pcscreport>[https://dataspace.princeton.edu/jspui/bitstream/88435/dsp019k41zd56n/1/Press-Council-of-India-Sub-CommitteeReport_on_PaidNews.pdf How corruption in the Indian media undermines democracy], Paranjoy Guha Thakurta and Kalimekolan Sreenivas Reddy, Press Council of India (April 2010)</ref> }} The 2010 investigation was limited to the 2009 elections by the Press Council of India. It found substantial evidence of corrupt practices and collusion between the Indian media, various politicians and political parties.<ref name=pcoi2010/> It ruled that newspapers should not carry articles that report "enmity or hatred between people on the ground of religion, race, caste, community or language", refrain from critical statements on "personal character and conduct of a political candidate", refuse financial or indirect forms of compensation for political coverage among other voluntary guidelines.<ref name=pcoi2010>[http://www.presscouncil.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/CouncilReport.pdf Report on Paid News], The Press Council of India (30 July 2010)</ref> The Council's detailed report on "paid news" was suppressed by the Press Council after its members voted to "not forward the detailed report on paid news prepared by the sub-committee" it had previously appointed. According to J Balaji, some of the members objected to the specific names of media organizations that were mentioned in the detailed 2010 report. A partial summary report was released by the Press Council of India instead, omitting the 71-page annexure of the original report.<ref name="thehindu.com">[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/PCI-sidelines-sub-committee-report-on-ldquopaid-newsrdquo/article16215657.ece PCI sidelines sub-committee report on paid news], The Hindu, J Balaji (30 July 2010)</ref> A majority of the Press Council of India membership consists of journalists and representatives of the media houses.<ref name=pcoi2017>[http://www.presscouncil.nic.in/Content/1_1_Introduction.aspx Press Council of India, Introduction], National Informatics Centre, Government of India (2017)</ref><ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/press-council-of-india-reconstituted/article24047497.ece Press Council of India reconstituted], The Hindu (31 May 2018)</ref> ==Sponsors of paid news== ===Politicians sponsoring paid news=== The [[Election Commission of India]] has detected hundreds of cases where politicians paid newspapers or TV channels to carry favorable reports.<ref name="scmp">[http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1274036/media-collusion-politicians-business-weakens-indian Media collusion with politicians, business weakens Indian democracy] South China Morning Post, 3 July 2013</ref> * [[Ashok Chavan]], a former chief minister of an [[Indian National Congress]]-led government in [[Maharashtra]] used campaign funds for paid news. He was questioned by the [[Election Commission of India]] in 2010. The Commission stated that "[t]he complaint against Mr. Chavan was that he arranged publication of news items, masquerading as advertisements, in newspapers praising him in the 2009 State Assembly elections and he had not properly accounted for the expenses in his election expenditure accounts. But he claimed that the newspapers on their own might have published complimentary stories on him."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100725015914/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/21/stories/2010072162131500.htm Maharashtra CM Chavan Challenges EC on Paid News] The Hindu, 21 July 2010</ref> According to ''The Hindu'', its 2009 investigation found evidence that "paid news" was used to benefit Chavan, because an identical word-for-word hagiographic article appeared in three different newspapers as news on the same day under different titles and authors.<ref name=th2013/> * [[Narottam Mishra]], a cabinet minister in a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]-led government in [[Madhya Pradesh]], was accused by the [[Election Commission of India]], allegedly "failed to lodge his accounts of his election expenses in the manner prescribed by law" and was linked to 42 news items on him during the November 2008 state elections which "read more like election advertisements in favor of [him] alone rather than as news reports."<ref name=th2013>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/yes-we-spent-money-on-paid-news-ads/article4354575.ece 'Yes, we spent money on paid news ads'] The Hindu, 30 January 2013</ref><ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/madhya-pradesh-minister-narottam-mishra-disqualified-by-election-body-gets-clean-chit-from-delhi-hig-1854204 Madhya Pradesh Minister, Disqualified By Election Body, Gets Clean Chit From Court], NDTV (19 May 2018)</ref> * In 2009, [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]] – then the chief minister of Congress-led government of [[Haryana]], acknowledged that he offered money to the newspapers in his state to stop printing unfavorable "paid news" he alleged was funded by his opposition, and to print favorable news and the "right picture" in his view.<ref name=raman2009/> According to Anuradha Raman, the regional newspaper ''Punjab Kesri'' stated that they earned {{INRConvert\|10\|c}} during the 2009 elections through "paid news" and the marketing of editorial space to politicians willing to pay for coverage, that they did this because all Indian media was doing this with "the so-called national English dailies who had their packages and were mopping up revenue. We could not have missed out on the opportunity."<ref name=raman2009/> In 2009, according to an article by Anuradha Raman, [[Sandeep Dikshit]] – a Congress party member of parliament acknowledged paid news and stated he was surprised when approached by a Delhi-based television channel with "a package deal to cover [[Rahul Gandhi]]’s visit to the East Delhi constituency during the 2009 Lok Sabha elections" and the channel offered to "arrange the crowds" for Gandhi's visit for a fee.<ref name=raman2009/> According to Dikshit, states Raman, "You watch your opponent misusing the media and you’re forced to part with the money. I won’t take names but everyone is involved".<ref name=raman2009/> In 2009, [[Akhilesh Das]] – a politician belonging to the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]], stated that "I don't blame my party if it pays for news in its favor, there is a general media bias against his party". Das alleged, states Anuradha Raman, that the Congress-party politician [[Raj Babbar]] graced the front pages of local newspapers, and "paid news" is a growing trend in Indian elections.<ref name=raman2009/> * In April 2009, on the day of the election in [[Varanasi]], the Hindi edition of the [[Hindustan (newspaper)\|Hindustan]] newspaper, published by ''The Hindustan Times'' group, carried a front-page article that deceptively looked like news. The article stated that there was a popular voter "wave in favor of the Congress party". The next day, after the voting was over, the newspaper admitted and printed an apology that it was not news, but a paid item.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal \|author=P G Thakurta \|year=2011 \|title=Manufacturing 'News' \|journal=Economic and Political Weekly \|volume=46 \|pages=13-14 \|jstor=41152044 \|number=14}}</ref> * The politician P.K. Rama Rao of Loksatta party alleged that he paid {{INRConvert\|50000}} for favorable state assembly time election time coverage to a representative of [[Eenadu]] – a newspaper in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states of India. The Eenadu Group denied that it had accepted any money, states Thakurta in an article on ''Manufacturing News'', but added in its response that "favorable coverage in the press and the capacity to spend big money in poll campaign became the sole eligibility on the basis of which political parties chose their candidates [...]".<ref name=":0" /> * In October 2011, [[Umlesh Yadav]] became the first ever sitting [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) to be disqualified for not declaring the expenditure incurred on advertising during her election campaign. Yadav, a member of [[Rashtriya Parivartan Dal]], had been elected from [[Bisauli]], [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly\|Uttar Pradesh]], in 2007. She was banned from contesting election for a period of three years by the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref name="Why paid news is a threat to Indian democracy">{{cite news\|title=Why paid news is a threat to Indian democracy\|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/why-paid-news-is-a-threat-to-indian-democracy-1268751.html\|access-date=14 December 2013\|date=5 December 2013}}</ref> The [[Election Commission of India\|Election Commission]] is reported to have identified more than 1,400 cases of paid news between 2009 and 2013, during which elections were held in 17 states of India.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.lensonnews.com/lensonnews/1/59/48201/1/ec-detected-over-1400-paid-news-cases-during-assembly-polls.html \|title="EC detected over 1,400 paid news cases during Assembly polls", Lens On News, September 2013 \|access-date=9 September 2013 \|archive-date=14 December 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214125613/http://www.lensonnews.com/lensonnews/1/59/48201/1/ec-detected-over-1400-paid-news-cases-during-assembly-polls.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Congress goes buying reporters in Chhattisgarh, offers ours Rs 25,000">{{cite news\|title=Congress goes buying reporters in Chhattisgarh, offers ours Rs 25,000\|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/congress-goes-buying-reporters-in-chhattisgarh-offers-ours-rs-25000/1207579/0\|access-date=14 December 2013\|newspaper=Indian Express\|date=14 December 2013}}</ref> One person involved, [[Deepak Chaurasia]], host of India News, is accused of being a promoter of paid news in India.<ref>{{Cite web \| url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/defending-kejriwal-aap-claims-3-news-channels-are-paid-media-1434437.html \| title=Defending Kejriwal, AAP claims 3 news channels are 'paid media'\| date=14 March 2014}}</ref> In a video [[Aam Aadmi Party]] leader [[Arvind Kejriwal]] was seen as playing the role of a part-time editor and advising the journalist on which part of the interview should be played up more.<ref>{{Cite web \| url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-on-arvind-kejriwal-s-revolutionary-media-fixing-video-1969044 \| title=On Arvind Kejriwal's 'revolutionary' media fixing video\| date=13 March 2014}}</ref> ===Businesses and celebrities sponsoring paid news and 'private treaties'=== [[The Times Group\|Bennett, Coleman and Co. Ltd]], which owns the ''[[Times of India]]'', is reported to have asked celebrities and the wealthy to pay for favorable coverage. They have offered a "private treaty" agreement, which accepts an equity stake in a company in return for favorable coverage.<ref name="scmp" /> The New York Times described "private treaties" as an example of the commodification of business news.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/08/world/asia/08iht-letter.html?_r=0 "In India, Sometimes News Is Just a Product Placement"], Akash Kapur, 7 May 2010, The New York Times</ref> A ''New Yorker'' article says that the ''Times of India'' "have been dismantling the wall between the newsroom and the sales department" with Times MediaNet.<ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/10/08/121008fa_fact_auletta "Citizens Jain: Why India’s newspaper industry is thriving"], Ken Auletta 8 October 2012, The New Yorker</ref> Similar practices by other media companies came to light as [[Jindal Steel]] sued the media company [[Zee News]] for allegedly demanding advertisements so as not to telecast shows in relation to the [[Indian coal allocation scam]].<ref>[http://www.livemint.com/Politics/3ELPLCt9OgGceFmZSejplJ/Jindal-distributed-CDs-of-the-sting-operation.html Steel company says it is suing the Subhash Chandra-owned network for Rs 200 crore], LiveMint.com</ref> An older report by media critic ''The Hoot'' identified how "private treaties" influence reporting.<ref name="the hoot">[http://www.thehoot.org/web/home/story.php?storyid=3174&sectionId=4 "How private treaties influence reporting"] Clifton D'Rozario, The Hoot, 17 June 2008</ref> However, the CEO designate of Times private treaties, in an interview with [[MediaNama]], justified the practices as "there are two currencies for advertising – cash and treaties".<ref>[http://www.medianama.com/2008/06/223-there-are-two-currencies-for-advertising-cash-and-treaties-were-not-buying-to-sell-s-sivakumar-ceo-designate-times-private-treaties/ "There Are Two Currencies For Advertising – Cash And Treaties; We’re Not Buying To Sell"] Sivakumar, CEO Designate of Times Private Treaties, in an interview with MediaNama. June 2008</ref> The Hoot's report named several companies besides Sobha Developers and [[Pyramid Saimira]] (now defunct) that participated in ''Times private treaties'': Birla Power Solutions Ltd, Deccan Aviation, Pantaloon, Provogue, Spice Mobiles Limited, Videocon Industries Ltd, Deccan Aviation, India Infoline, The Home Store, Amity Education, Paramount Airways, Future Group, Sahara One, Precept Pictures etc.<ref name="the hoot"/> === 2018 Cobrapost allegations === According to [[Cobrapost\|Cobrapost.com]], in its 2018 undercover operation it approached the [[Times Group]] – the publisher of ''The Times of India'', the ''[[India Today]]'' group, the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' group, the [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises\|Zee]] group, the ''New Indian Express'' group and other media houses – where it posed as a preacher of a fictitious organization named Srimad Bhagavad Gita Prachaar Samiti.<ref name=fline062018/> It offered a payment of up to {{INRConvert\|500\|c}} in cash to publish stories on [[Krishna]] and the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' to first indirectly and later directly promote Hindutva ideology, communal and political gains.<ref name=tw05262018/> All three media houses agreed to the offer to plug paid news, alleged Cobrapost, but mentioned that they may editorially criticize the activities. The groups discussed ways to make large cash payments, alleged Cobrapost.<ref name=tw05262018/> According to Cobrapost, the owners, as well as the senior executives, of these and other major Indian media houses consented to engage in campaigns to induce communal discord and polarize the Indian electorate.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/cobrapost-sting-operation-136-shows-some-media-houses-ready-to-polarize-voters-for-money/03270035\|title=Cobrapost sting Operation 136 shows some media houses ready to polarize voters for money\|work=Nagpur Today\|date=27 March 2018\|access-date=24 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="The ugly phenomenon of paid news">{{Cite news\|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/the-ugly-phenomenon-of-paid-news/596898.html\|title=The ugly phenomenon of paid news\|work=The Tribune\|date=30 May 2018\|access-date=30 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="bbc.com">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-44280188\|title=The story barely reported by Indian media\|work=BBC\|date=28 May 2018\|access-date=30 May 2018}}</ref> It alleged that the undercover sting show twenty-seven media houses and organizations in India were willing to plug "paid content". Its alleged list included leading newspapers, magazines and television outlets such as those of the [[Times of India]] group, [[India Today]] group, [[Hindustan Times]] group, [[Zee News]] group, [[Network 18]] group, [[Star India]], [[Paytm]], [[Dainik Jagaran]], [[New Indian Express]] group, Lokmat, Radio One, Suvarna News, Indigo 91.9FM, Bharat Samachar, Swaraj Express News, Sun Group, ABN Andhrajyothi, TV5 News, Dinamalar, Big FM, K News, India Voice, MVTV News, Open Media Network and others.<ref name=ie5192702>[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cobrapost-sting-media-houses-open-to-paid-hindutva-content-firms-call-it-misleading-times-group-india-today-ht-paytm-5192702/ Cobrapost: Sting claims media houses open to ‘paid Hindutva content’, firms call it misleading], Krishn Kaushik, The Indian Express (27 May 2018)</ref><ref name=tw05262018/><ref name=fline062018>[https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/under-the-scanner/article10108713.ece Under the scanner], Frontline, T.K. Rajalakshmi (22 June 2018)</ref> The Cobrapost sting alleged, reports ''The Indian Express'', that senior executives involved in paid news included Kalli Purie, Vineet Jain, Ajay Shekhar Sharma, Brijesh Mishra, Anil Dua, Purushottam Vaishnava, Rajiv Hegde from various major media groups in India.<ref name=ie5192702/> According to Rajalakshmi, the Cobrapost 2018 sting operation neither led to any real cash payments nor actual publication of any paid news by any media group, but it "revealed the clear intent of the majority to go along with the proposals of the undercover reporter" by numerous media groups in India.<ref name=fline062018/> Further, by promising a large payment for plugging content, the undercover reporter was "able to access top levels of management and had repeated audiences with some owner-editors", states Rajalakshmi.<ref name=fline062018/> After the release of the Cobrapost.com report on "paid news", the Times Group in a 26 May 2018 response called the report a "false, malicious, dishonest", manufactured "fictitious scandal" presented with doctored quotes, and that the allegations do not reflect what actually happened.<ref name=tw05262018/> The Times Group alleged that its journalists were involved in a sting on the Cobrapost.com team to uncover "imposters" and "criminals on bail with a past record of fraud and forgery" they suspected were posing as businessmen and organization trying to push a political ideology. No cash or payment was ever exchanged during this operation to or from Cobrapost.com, stated the Times Group.<ref name=tw05262018>[https://thewire.in/media/cobrapost-sting-big-media-houses-say-yes-to-hindutva-black-money-paid-news Cobrapost Sting: Big Media Houses Say Yes to Hindutva, Black Money, Paid News], The Wire (26 May 2018)</ref> The ''India Group'' similarly denied Cobrapost.com claims, stated that its editorial team never met the Cobrapost.com personnel, its advertisement group listens to all those who approach them, they condemn paid news, and consider Cobrapost.com's claim of paid news at ''India Today'' to be malicious.<ref name=tw05262018/> These and other media groups responded that large advertisers get access to their senior management in the sales department, but there is a wall between the sales department and their journalists and editorial department. Further, they said, all advertisements are checked by their staff before its publication, but the actual content in an ad is decided by the paying client.<ref name=fline062018/> The New Indian Express Group denied the Cobrapost.com 2018 allegations, stated that they only met with the advertisement team who never promised "news" coverage and only discussed "advertisements", and alleged that their report had "conveniently buried" the cautionary statements about "legal vetting", checks and approval told to Cobrapost.com.<ref name=tw05262018/> The Zee group similarly stated that the Cobrapost.com report presents a "deliberate and fraudulent misinterpretation and concoction of actual facts", by "craftily editing the video clips, the essence of the conversation has been distorted in a manner that the truth is compromised and a different issue is portrayed in order to harm and hurt the reputation of Zee Media".<ref name=tw06062018/> In June 2018, Cobrapost.com denied Zee's statements and alleged that it "has not falsified, fabricated, concocted, tampered, doctored or altered in any manner whatsoever".<ref name=tw06062018>[https://thewire.in/media/zee-media-legal-notice-cobrapost-sting-operation As Zee Threatens Defamation on Sting, Cobrapost Sees Attack on Media Freedom], The Wire (6 June 2018)</ref> ==Criticism of paid news== Author Chandrahas Choudhury wrote in 2011 that paid news "is rotting India's democracy."<ref>Chandrahas Choudhury, [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-25/-paid-news-is-rotting-India-s-democracy-choudhury.html 'Paid News' Is Rotting India's Democracy] Bloomberg, 25 October 2011.</ref> The ''Analytic Monthly Review'' states that paid news is a fraud on its readers and the public, a tax fraud, as well as improperly manipulates the financial and real estate market.<ref name="AMR">[http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2013/amr160813.html "The Reality of Media in India "] Analytical Monthly Review, Aug 2013</ref> In 2010, a two-person panel of the [[Press Council of India]] investigated the phenomenon of paid news in India.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Report on paid news (30 July 2010) \|url=http://www.presscouncil.nic.in/OldWebsite/CouncilReport.pdf \|website=www.presscouncil.nic.in \|publisher=Press council of India \|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref> This resulted in a detailed 72-page report citing names and instances where information that had been paid for had been passed off as genuine news.<ref name="rpt">{{cite news \|last1=Thakurta \|first1=P.J. \|last2=Sreenivas Reddy \|first2=K \|title='Paid News': The Buried Report \|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/paid-news-the-buried-report/266542 \|access-date=3 July 2018 \|publisher=Outlook \|date=8 August 2010}}</ref> However, the Press council voted to not release the full report, and published a shorter watered down version of the report.<ref>[https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/06/18/india-media-buries-paid-news-report/ India Media Buries Paid News Report] India Real Time - WSJ, 18 June 2013.</ref><ref name="thehindu.com"/> ==See also== * [[Paid news\|Advertorials]] * [[Press Council of India]] ==References== {{reflist\|2}} ==External links== *[https://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/parliament_or_policy_pdfs/1369825896_SC%20summary%20-%20Paid%20News.pdf Standing Committee Report Summary: Issues Related To Paid News], PRS Legislative Research, Alok Rawat (May 2013) {{Media of India}} {{Indianscience}} {{Social issues in India}} [[Category:Mass media in India]] [[Category:Elections in India]] [[Category:Mass media-related controversies in India]] [[Category:News media manipulation]] [[Category:Corruption in India]]	1,301,877,466	[]	false
# Stour Valley Line The Stour Valley Line is the present-day name given to the railway line between Birmingham and Wolverhampton, in England. It was authorised as the Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Stour Valley Railway in 1836; the title was often shortened to the Stour Valley Railway. The line opened in 1852, and the line is now the main line between those places. Associated with its construction was the building of the major passenger station that was later named New Street station, and also lines in tunnel each side of the station, connecting to the existing routes. The station was opened in 1854. Before completion, the company became controlled by the London and North Western Railway, which used dubious methods to harm competitor railways that were to be dependent on its completion. The line was electrified in 1966 and now forms part of the Rugby–Birmingham–Stafford line, an important and very heavily used part of the railway network. ## Origins Birmingham's first main railway passenger terminal was Curzon Street station; it opened in 1838, although it was not given that name until 1852; at first it was simply the Birmingham station. The Grand Junction Railway opened to a temporary station at Vauxhall on 4 July 1837, approaching by curving round the north and north-west of the city by way of Bescot and Aston. The London and Birmingham Railway opened to Curzon Street station from the south on 9 April 1838, completing its line to London on 24 June 1838. Through communication between London and Lancashire was achieved. The London and Birmingham Railway and the Grand Junction Railway were not always harmonious allies, and the L&BR courted alternative means of connecting with the industries of Lancashire. However, on 1 January 1846 they, and the Manchester and Birmingham Railway, amalgamated to form the London and North Western Railway. Birmingham was a major centre of industry and the workshops and manufactories of the district proliferated. The L&BR and the GJR had been planned as inter-city railways, and numerous locations that had gained in importance now demanded rail connection. The GJR route passed more than a mile from Wolverhampton, although there was a Wolverhampton station. So it was that the LNWR projected a direct line between Birmingham and Wolverhampton. ## Promoted in Parliament In the 1846 session of Parliament, the Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Stour Valley Railway was promoted. Its concept had originally included a branch towards Stourbridge; this was now omitted, but the reference to the Stour in the title remained. In fact the company was colloquially referred to as the Stour Valley Railway. The route was to run between a new central station at Birmingham, and Wolverhampton, joining the Grand Junction Railway at Bushbury, north of Wolverhampton. The line was to start in central Birmingham and run broadly north-west, following the Birmingham Canal, which had already attracted much industry to adjacent areas. This meant avoiding the Grand Junction Railway's sweep through Aston, and instead cutting through the high ground in central Birmingham. There was to be a Dudley branch, though this was not built in the form originally authorised. There were sixteen railways proposed in the immediate area in the 1846 session, and there was much controversy over which of them should be authorised. There was a strong body of opinion that only one line between Birmingham and Wolverhampton was justified. As well as the Stour Valley Railway, two other lines between Birmingham and Wolverhampton were proposed in the same session: the Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Dudley Railway, taking a more northerly route, and joining the (proposed) Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway at Priestfield; and the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway. During the parliamentary process the S&BR was induced to omit the section of its line south of Wolverhampton, taking instead a one-quarter share in the Stour Valley Railway; the LNWR had a quarter, as did the Birmingham Canal; private investors collectively took the other quarter. Finally, despite the earlier presumption that only one connecting line was needed, both the Stour Valley Railway and the Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Stour Valley Railway (Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Dudley Lines) Act 1846 (9 & 10 Vict. c. cccxxviii) received royal assent, on 3 August 1846. ## New Street station The Stour Valley Railway would need a connection at the Birmingham end; this was authorised separately after considerable debate over the preferred site; opinion at first was that there would only be one main station. The station selected was what became New Street station, although that name was not used at first. It too was authorised on 3 August 1846, by the London and Birmingham Railway (New Street Station) Act 1846 (9 & 10 Vict. c. ccclix), which included nearly a mile of route from near Curzon Street, as well as the new station. The authorised capital was £35,000. ## Construction of the Stour Valley Line So the Stour Valley Line was authorised, with the LNWR, the Birmingham Canal and the S&BR having large holdings. However the London and Birmingham Railway and Birmingham Canal Arrangement Act 1846 (9 & 10 Vict. c. ccxliv) gave the LNWR control of the Birmingham Canal Navigations company's system, so that the LNWR at once became the majority shareholder of the Stour Valley Railway. A further act of Parliament Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Stour Valley Railway (No. 1) (Smethwick Deviation) Act 1847 (10 & 11 Vict. c. cxx) permitted the LNWR to lease the (unbuilt) Stour Valley Line. The LNWR embarked on a prolonged and underhand attack on the S&BR, which it saw as a competing line for Lancashire and Cheshire traffic that the LNWR wished to have exclusively. It purposely delayed completing the line, in order to disadvantage the S&BR, which it now saw as a competitor for traffic for the north west. The S&BR had opened its line as far as Wolverhampton on 12 November 1849, but was unable to get access to Birmingham. Perkins wrote in 1952, referring to the Shrewsbury and Birmingham and the Shrewsbury and Chester companies: [The LNWR] became the bitter enemy of both of the smaller systems, and strove to crush them by every means in its power. The story is sordid and remarkable, and it seems almost incredible that a great public institution should have descended to such paltry devices to injure or destroy its competitors. The Stour Valley line was practically complete in 1851, but the LNWR made no attempt to finalise the work or prepare it for opening. In response to an application to Parliament by the S&BR, the LNWR announced that the Stour Valley Railway was ready for opening by 1 December 1852, but the LNWR refused the S&BR access, on the grounds that the S&BR had announced its intention to amalgamate with the GWR. It had not actually done so, merely announced the intention, but this gave the LNWR the opportunity to prevaricate. When judgment in Chancery was found against the LNWR, it refused to open the line to the S&BR, stating that it would be unsafe, as certain safety undertakings had not been formalised by the S&BR. The latter company then announced its intention of running a train anyway, on 1 December 1851. However the running powers held by the S&BR were for the Stour Valley line, which did not include entry to New Street station, which was part of a separate construction, and the LNWR physically obstructed the running of the train. The S&BR threatened a parliamentary bill to resolve the matter, and in February 1852 the LNWR opened the Stour Valley Railway to its own goods trains, and to passenger trains on 1 July 1852. Still the LNWR found reasons to exclude the running of S&BR trains, and it was only on 4 February 1854 that this usage started. ## Opening of the Birmingham station The station was opened on 1 June 1854. The Midland Railway had been using Curzon Street and that company transferred its trains to the new station on 1 July 1854. On 14 November 1854 the Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Dudley Railway opened for traffic. This was a rival scheme in GWR hands, and the S&BR, now amalgamated with the GWR, transferred its trains to the friendly line, which used the GWR stations in both Wolverhampton and Birmingham. The Birmingham station was known at first by the title Navigation Street Station. Some years before this the Midland Railway and the LNWR had both given guarantees of dividend to the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway. In time the B&GR company was absorbed by the Midland Railway, and the LNWR guarantee remained as that company's obligation. On the opening of New Street station, an agreement was reached that the guarantee from the LNWR would be cancelled, and in return the Midland Railway was given access to New Street station. (It had been using Curzon Street station.) ## After opening The allegiance of the two lines between Birmingham and Wolverhampton was entirely polarised, the Stour Valley Line being in the LNWR group and the BW&DR being a Great Western Railway line. Both had been formally leased or absorbed. The Stour Valley Line became an important trunk route, but it also served numerous communities and industrial centres in its short length. As Birmingham itself grew in importance, and as the residential districts and neighbouring towns grew in prosperity, the suburban traffic using New Street station expanded considerably. ## New Street Station widening The approach to Birmingham New Street station from the east became very congested, with the LNWR's own main line traffic, supplemented by that from the Aston lines, as well as the Midland Railway's use of the station. A scheme for widening the approaches was undertaken at the end of the nineteenth century, duplicating the tunnel section and diverting the Midland lines from Derby and Gloucester (via Camp Hill). This work was completed in May 1896. The Midland Railway had their own part of New Street station from 8 February 1885, and the entire station was made joint between the LNWR and the Midland Railway from 1 April 1897. ## After 1923 Most of the main line railway companies of Great Britain were "grouped" following the Railways Act 1921, into one or other of four new large companies. The LNWR and the Midland Railway were constituents of the new London, Midland and Scottish Railway (the LMS), which from 1923 operated the Stour Valley Line and New Street station. In 1948 the railways were nationalised, following the Transport Act 1947 and British Railways were the new owner. ## Electrification and modernisation In the 1960s a major scheme of modernisation was undertaken on British Railways. Part of the scheme was the electrification at 25 kV overhead, 50 Hz, of the West Coast Main Line and certain branches. The main line itself came first, but electrification on the Rugby—Coventry—Birmingham—Wolverhampton—Stafford route followed. On 6 December 1966 the Birmingham—Wolverhampton section was inaugurated. The Grand Junction route via Bescot had become important for freight, and as a diversionary route for through passenger services, and it too was electrified: Bescot—Bushbury—Stafford was opened to electric trains on 24 January 1966, and Stechford—Bescot on 15 August 1966. A major modernisation of Birmingham New Street station was undertaken as part of the work. In the 1960s a number of branch lines had been closed as road-based passenger transport, and private car ownership, increased. It was considered useful to have an intermediate passenger railhead without entering the centres of Birmingham and Wolverhampton, and Oldbury station was selected for development. It was retitled Sandwell and Dudley, and opened on 14 May 1984. Selected main line trains called there. The original connection between the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway and the LNWR route at Wolverhampton had been closed in 1859, when the S&BR was given a better route over the GWR line. In 1966 it was reopened for the electrification, giving access for Shrewsbury trains to Wolverhampton High Level station, and electric train access to the important carriage sidings at Oxley, on the S&BR line. ## New Street station in the twenty-first century The 1960s modernisation of Birmingham New Street station was considered by many to be unsatisfactory; the platform areas were dark and cold, and access to the platforms was congested. In 2006 Network Rail announced a regeneration scheme and work started in 2010. The shopping area above the station was extended and upgraded, and re-opened with the title Grand Central. It was completed in 2015. The new concourse is three times larger than the former, and is enclosed by a large atrium, allowing natural light throughout the station. ## The present day Electrification in the 1960s meant concentration of all through passenger traffic on the Stour Valley route; most freight continued to use the Grand Junction Railway route via Bescot. There is a heavy passenger service on the Stour Valley line; twelve passenger trains are indicated in the Network Rail journey planner from Birmingham New Street to Wolverhampton in the hour from 11:00 to 11:59 on a weekday in June 2019. ## Location list - Bushbury; station on Grand Junction Railway; opened 2 August 1852; closed 1 May 1912; - Wolverhampton (temporary), opened 1849, closed 1852 (replaced by Wolverhampton High Level) - Wolverhampton; opened 1 July 1852; sometimes called Mill Street; later called High Level; still open; divergence of line to Walsall 1872 -; - Monmore Green; opened 1 December 1863; closed 1 January 1917; - Ettingshall Road; opened 1 July 1852; closed 15 June 1964; - Deepfields and Coseley; opened 1 July 1852; closed 10 March 1902; - Coseley; opened 10 March 1902; still open; - Spur diverged to OW&WR; 1853 – 1983; - Bloomfield Junction; diverging line to Wednesbury, South Staffordshire Railway 1863 – 1981; - Tipton Junction; converging line from Wednesbury 1883 – 1980; - Tipton; opened 1 July 1852; renamed Tipton Owen Street 1953 – 1968; still open; - Dudley Port; opened 1 May 1850; renamed Dudley Port High Level after opening of GWR line; closed 6 July 1964; converging spur from SSR line 1854 – 1964; - Albion; opened 1 May 1853; closed 1 February 1960; - Oldbury and Bromford Lane; opened 1 July 1852; renamed Sandwell & Dudley 1984; still open; - Spon Lane; opened 1 July 1852; closed 15 June 1964; - Smethwick Galton Bridge; opened September 1995 (replacing Smethwick West on Stourbridge line); - Galton Junction; convergence of line from Stourbridge 1867 -; - Smethwick; opened 1 July 1852; renamed Smethwick Rolfe Street 1963; still open; - Soho; opened May 1853; relocated 1884 – 1887; closed 23 May 1949; - Soap Works Junction; divergence of Soho connecting line; - Winson Green Junction; convergence of Soho connecting line; - Soho TMD: accessed between the above two junctions. - Winson Green; opened 1 November 1876; closed 16 September 1957; - Harborne Junction; convergence of line from Harborne 1874 – 1963; - Monument Lane; opened July 1854; renamed Edgbaston soon after opening; renamed Monument Lane 1874; relocated 1886; closed 17 November 1958; - Birmingham; temporary platform at western end for Stour Valley trains opened 1 July 1852; full station opened 1 June 1854; later renamed Birmingham New Street; still open; - Proof House Junction; convergence of Curzon Street line.	enwiki/6657347	enwiki	6,657,347	Stour Valley Line	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stour_Valley_Line	2025-07-28T06:26:56Z	en	Q7620573	76,138	{{Short description\|Railway line between Birmingham and Wolverhampton in England}} {{About\|the history of the Birmingham to Wolverhampton line in the West Midlands\|the services today\|Rugby–Birmingham–Stafford line\|the railway in East Anglia\|Stour Valley Railway}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=November 2017}} {{Use British English\|date=November 2017}} The '''Stour Valley Line''' is the present-day name given to the railway line between [[Birmingham]] and [[Wolverhampton]], in England. It was authorised as the '''Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Stour Valley Railway''' in 1836; the title was often shortened to the '''Stour Valley Railway'''. The line opened in 1852, and the line is now the main line between those places. Associated with its construction was the building of the major passenger station that was later named New Street station, and also lines in tunnel each side of the station, connecting to the existing routes. The station was opened in 1854. Before completion, the company became controlled by the [[London and North Western Railway]], which used dubious methods to harm competitor railways that were to be dependent on its completion. The line was electrified in 1966 and now forms part of the [[Rugby–Birmingham–Stafford line]], an important and very heavily used part of the railway network. ==Origins== [[File:Stour valley line.png\|thumb\|The Stour Valley line]]Birmingham's first main railway passenger terminal was [[Birmingham Curzon Street railway station (1838–1966)\|Curzon Street station]]; it opened in 1838, although it was not given that name until 1852; at first it was simply the Birmingham station. The [[Grand Junction Railway]] opened to a temporary station at Vauxhall on 4 July 1837, approaching by curving round the north and north-west of the city<ref group = note>Birmingham did not become a city until 1889.</ref> by way of [[Bescot]] and [[Aston]].<ref name = christiansen30>Rex Christiansen, ''A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain: volume 7: the West Midlands'', David & Charles Publishers, Newton Abbot, 1973, 0 7110 6093 0, page 30</ref> The ''London and Birmingham Railway'' opened to Curzon Street station from the south on 9 April 1838, completing its line to London on 24 June 1838. Through communication between London and Lancashire was achieved.<ref name = christiansen37>Christiansen, page 37</ref> The London and Birmingham Railway and the Grand Junction Railway were not always harmonious allies, and the L&BR courted alternative means of connecting with the industries of Lancashire. However, on 1 January 1846 they, and the [[Manchester and Birmingham Railway]], amalgamated to form the London and North Western Railway.<ref name = carter115>Ernest F Carter, ''An Historical Geography of the Railways of the British Isles'', Cassell, London, 1959, page 115</ref> Birmingham was a major centre of industry and the workshops and manufactories of the district proliferated. The L&BR and the GJR had been planned as inter-city railways, and numerous locations that had gained in importance now demanded rail connection. The GJR route passed more than a mile from Wolverhampton, although there was a Wolverhampton station. So it was that the LNWR projected a direct line between Birmingham and Wolverhampton.<ref group = note>The planning had been done by the L&BR in the previous year, before formal creation of the LNWR.</ref><ref name = christiansen103>Christiansen, page 103</ref> ==Promoted in Parliament== In the 1846 session of Parliament, the Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Stour Valley Railway was promoted. Its concept had originally included a branch towards [[Stourbridge]]; this was now omitted, but the reference to the [[River_Stour,_Worcestershire\|Stour]] in the title remained. In fact the company was colloquially referred to as the Stour Valley Railway. The route was to run between a new central station at Birmingham, and Wolverhampton, joining the Grand Junction Railway at [[Bushbury]], north of Wolverhampton. The line was to start in central Birmingham and run broadly north-west, following the [[BCN Main Line\|Birmingham Canal]], which had already attracted much industry to adjacent areas. This meant avoiding the Grand Junction Railway's sweep through Aston, and instead cutting through the high ground in central Birmingham. There was to be a [[Dudley]] branch, though this was not built in the form originally authorised.<ref name =christiansen103/> There were sixteen railways proposed in the immediate area in the 1846 session, and there was much controversy over which of them should be authorised. There was a strong body of opinion that only one line between Birmingham and Wolverhampton was justified. As well as the Stour Valley Railway, two other lines between Birmingham and Wolverhampton were proposed in the same session: the [[Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Dudley Railway]], taking a more northerly route, and joining the (proposed) [[Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway]] at Priestfield; and the [[Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway]]. During the parliamentary process the S&BR was induced to omit the section of its line south of Wolverhampton, taking instead a one-quarter share in the Stour Valley Railway; the LNWR had a quarter, as did the Birmingham Canal; private investors collectively took the other quarter. {{Infobox UK legislation \| short_title = Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Stour Valley Railway (Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Dudley Lines) Act 1846 \| type = Act \| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom \| long_title = An Act for making a Railway from Birmingham to Wolverhampton, and to the Grand Junction Railway in the Parish of Bushbury, with a Branch to Dudley. \| year = 1846 \| citation = [[9 & 10 Vict.]] c. cccxxviii \| introduced_commons = \| introduced_lords = \| territorial_extent = \| royal_assent = 3 August 1846 \| commencement = \| expiry_date = \| repeal_date = \| amends = \| replaces = \| amendments = \| repealing_legislation = \| related_legislation = \| status = \| legislation_history = \| theyworkforyou = \| millbankhansard = \| original_text = \| revised_text = \| use_new_UK-LEG = \| UK-LEG_title = \| collapsed = yes }} Finally, despite the earlier presumption that only one connecting line was needed, both the Stour Valley Railway and the '''{{visible anchor\|Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Stour Valley Railway (Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Dudley Lines) Act 1846}}''' ([[9 & 10 Vict.]] c. cccxxviii) received [[royal assent]], on 3 August 1846.<ref name = grant48>Donald J Grant, ''Directory of the Railway Companies of Great Britain'', Matador Publishers, Kibworth Beauchamp, 2017, {{ISBN\|978 1785893 537}}, page 35, pages 48 and 49</ref><ref name = carter116>Carter, page 116</ref><ref name = reed43>M C Reed, ''The London & North Western Railway: A History'', Atlantic Transport Publishers, Penryn, 1996, {{ISBN\|0 906899 66 4}}, page 43</ref><ref name = perkins>T R Perkins, ''The Railways of Wolverhampton: I: The Stour Valley and the Shrewsbury Lines'', in Railway Magazine, July 1952</ref> ==New Street station== {{main\|Birmingham New Street railway station}} [[File:Birmingham New Street station in 1854.jpg\|thumb\|Birmingham New Street station in 1854]]The Stour Valley Railway would need a connection at the Birmingham end; this was authorised separately after considerable debate over the preferred site; opinion at first was that there would only be one main station. The station selected was what became New Street station, although that name was not used at first. It too was authorised on 3 August 1846, by the [[London and Birmingham Railway (New Street Station) Act 1846]] ([[9 & 10 Vict.]] c. ccclix), which included nearly a mile of route from near Curzon Street, as well as the new station. The authorised capital was £35,000.<ref name = grant35>Grant, page 35</ref><ref name = carter115/><ref name = christiansen41>Christiansen, pages 41 to 43</ref> ==Construction of the Stour Valley Line== So the Stour Valley Line was authorised, with the LNWR, the Birmingham Canal and the S&BR having large holdings. However the [[London and Birmingham Railway and Birmingham Canal Arrangement Act 1846]] ([[9 & 10 Vict.]] c. ccxliv) gave the LNWR control of the Birmingham Canal Navigations company's system, so that the LNWR at once became the majority shareholder of the Stour Valley Railway. A further act of Parliament [[Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Stour Valley Railway (No. 1) (Smethwick Deviation) Act 1847]] ([[10 & 11 Vict.]] c. cxx) permitted the LNWR to lease the (unbuilt) Stour Valley Line.<ref name = reed43/> The LNWR embarked on a prolonged and underhand attack on the S&BR, which it saw as a competing line for Lancashire and Cheshire traffic that the LNWR wished to have exclusively. It purposely delayed completing the line, in order to disadvantage the S&BR, which it now saw as a competitor for traffic for the north west. The S&BR had opened its line as far as Wolverhampton on 12 November 1849, but was unable to get access to Birmingham.<ref name = christiansen80>Christiansen, pages 80, 82 to 84</ref> Perkins wrote in 1952, referring to the Shrewsbury and Birmingham and the Shrewsbury and Chester companies: <blockquote>[The LNWR] became the bitter enemy of both of the smaller systems, and strove to crush them by every means in its power. The story is sordid and remarkable, and it seems almost incredible that a great public institution should have descended to such paltry devices to injure or destroy its competitors.<ref name = perkins/></blockquote> The Stour Valley line was practically complete in 1851, but the LNWR made no attempt to finalise the work or prepare it for opening. In response to an application to Parliament by the S&BR, the LNWR announced that the Stour Valley Railway was ready for opening by 1 December 1852, but the LNWR refused the S&BR access, on the grounds that the S&BR had announced its intention to amalgamate with the GWR. It had not actually done so, merely announced the intention, but this gave the LNWR the opportunity to prevaricate. When judgment in Chancery was found against the LNWR, it refused to open the line to the S&BR, stating that it would be unsafe, as certain safety undertakings had not been formalised by the S&BR. The latter company then announced its intention of running a train anyway, on 1 December 1851. However the running powers held by the S&BR were for the Stour Valley line, which did not include entry to New Street station, which was part of a separate construction, and the LNWR physically obstructed the running of the train.<ref name = christiansen104>Christiansen, pages 104 to 106</ref><ref name = reed63>Reed, page 63</ref><ref name = perkins/> The S&BR threatened a parliamentary bill to resolve the matter, and in February 1852 the LNWR opened the Stour Valley Railway to its own goods trains, and to passenger trains on 1 July 1852. Still the LNWR found reasons to exclude the running of S&BR trains, and it was only on 4 February 1854 that this usage started.<ref name = christiansen104/><ref name = perkins/> ==Opening of the Birmingham station== The station was opened on 1 June 1854. The Midland Railway had been using Curzon Street and that company transferred its trains to the new station on 1 July 1854.<ref name = christiansen41/> On 14 November 1854 the Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Dudley Railway opened for traffic. This was a rival scheme in GWR hands, and the S&BR, now amalgamated with the GWR, transferred its trains to the friendly line, which used the GWR stations in both Wolverhampton and Birmingham. The Birmingham station was known at first by the title Navigation Street Station.<ref name = philip>S M Philip, ''New Street Station, Birmingham'', in the Railway Magazine, April 1900</ref> Some years before this the [[Midland Railway]] and the LNWR had both given guarantees of dividend to the [[Birmingham and Gloucester Railway]]. In time the B&GR company was absorbed by the Midland Railway, and the LNWR guarantee remained as that company's obligation. On the opening of New Street station, an agreement was reached that the guarantee from the LNWR would be cancelled, and in return the Midland Railway was given access to New Street station. (It had been using Curzon Street station.)<ref name = philip/> ==After opening== The allegiance of the two lines between Birmingham and Wolverhampton was entirely polarised, the Stour Valley Line being in the LNWR group and the BW&DR being a [[Great Western Railway]] line. Both had been formally leased or absorbed. The Stour Valley Line became an important trunk route, but it also served numerous communities and industrial centres in its short length. As Birmingham itself grew in importance, and as the residential districts and neighbouring towns grew in prosperity, the suburban traffic using New Street station expanded considerably. ==New Street Station widening== [[File:Victorian New Street.jpg\|thumb\|New Street station in the late nineteenth century]]The approach to Birmingham New Street station from the east became very congested, with the LNWR's own main line traffic, supplemented by that from the Aston lines, as well as the Midland Railway's use of the station. A scheme for widening the approaches was undertaken at the end of the nineteenth century, duplicating the tunnel section and diverting the Midland lines from [[Derby]] and [[Gloucester]] (via Camp Hill). This work was completed in May 1896.<ref name = philip/> The Midland Railway had their own part of New Street station from 8 February 1885, and the entire station was made joint between the LNWR and the Midland Railway from 1 April 1897.<ref name = quick>Michael Quick, ''Railway Passenger Stations in England, Scotland and Wales: A Chronology'', the Railway and Canal Historical Society, Richmond, Surrey, 2002</ref> ==After 1923== [[File:Stewart Aqueduct BCN with train.jpg\|right\|thumb\|The Stour Valley Line running parallel to the [[BCN New Main Line]] canal, crossing the BCN Old Main Line canal and then under the [[M5 motorway]] near Smethwick]]Most of the main line railway companies of Great Britain were "grouped" following the [[Railways Act 1921]], into one or other of four new large companies. The LNWR and the Midland Railway were constituents of the new [[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]] (the LMS), which from 1923 operated the Stour Valley Line and New Street station. In 1948 the railways were nationalised, following the [[Transport Act 1947]] and British Railways were the new owner. ==Electrification and modernisation== In the 1960s a major scheme of modernisation was undertaken on British Railways. Part of the scheme was the electrification at 25 kV overhead, 50 Hz, of the [[West Coast Main Line]] and certain branches. The main line itself came first, but electrification on the Rugby—Coventry—Birmingham—Wolverhampton—Stafford route followed. On 6 December 1966 the Birmingham—Wolverhampton section was inaugurated. The Grand Junction route via Bescot had become important for freight, and as a diversionary route for through passenger services, and it too was electrified: Bescot—Bushbury—Stafford was opened to electric trains on 24 January 1966, and Stechford—Bescot on 15 August 1966. A major modernisation of Birmingham New Street station was undertaken as part of the work.<ref name = gillham169>{{Gillham-Electric\|page=169}}</ref> In the 1960s a number of branch lines had been closed as road-based passenger transport, and private car ownership, increased. It was considered useful to have an intermediate passenger railhead without entering the centres of Birmingham and Wolverhampton, and Oldbury station was selected for development. It was retitled [[Sandwell & Dudley railway station\|Sandwell and Dudley]], and opened on 14 May 1984. Selected main line trains called there.<ref name = gillham170>Gillham, page 170</ref> The original connection between the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway and the LNWR route at Wolverhampton had been closed in 1859, when the S&BR was given a better route over the GWR line. In 1966 it was reopened for the electrification, giving access for Shrewsbury trains to Wolverhampton High Level station, and electric train access to the important carriage sidings at Oxley, on the S&BR line.<ref name = forgotten40>Rex Christiansen, ''Forgotten Railways: volume 10: the West Midlands'', David St John Thomas, Newton Abbot, 1985, {{ISBN\|0 946537 01 1}}, page 40</ref> ==New Street station in the twenty-first century== [[File:Birmingham New Street atrium, May19.jpg\|thumb\|Concourse at Birmingham New Street in 2019]] The 1960s modernisation of Birmingham New Street station was considered by many to be unsatisfactory; the platform areas were dark and cold, and access to the platforms was congested. In 2006 Network Rail announced a regeneration scheme and work started in 2010. The shopping area above the station was extended and upgraded, and re-opened with the title [[Grand Central, Birmingham\|Grand Central]]. It was completed in 2015. The new concourse is three times larger than the former, and is enclosed by a large atrium, allowing natural light throughout the station.<ref name = bns>Network Rail, New Street has seen significant changes in its history, at https://www.networkrail.co.uk/who-we-are/our-history/iconic-infrastructure/the-history-of-birmingham-new-street-station/</ref> ==The present day== Electrification in the 1960s meant concentration of all through passenger traffic on the Stour Valley route; most freight continued to use the Grand Junction Railway route via Bescot. There is a heavy passenger service on the Stour Valley line; twelve passenger trains are indicated in the Network Rail journey planner from Birmingham New Street to Wolverhampton in the hour from 11:00 to 11:59 on a weekday in June 2019. ==Location list== [[File:Aerial Photo - raf 540 78 sffo 0003 (Soho Triangle).png\|thumb\|Goods yard (now Soho Soho TMD), with Winson Green Junction (nearest camera) and Soho Soap Works Junction (top left), from a photograph taken by the [[Royal Air Force\|RAF]] in August 1948, The line to Perry Barr branches off to the right at Soho East Junction. ]] * {{rws\|Bushbury}}; station on Grand Junction Railway; opened 2 August 1852; closed 1 May 1912; * [[Wolverhampton Temporary railway station\|Wolverhampton]] (temporary), opened 1849, closed 1852 (replaced by Wolverhampton High Level) * '''{{rws\|Wolverhampton}}'''; opened 1 July 1852; sometimes called Mill Street; later called High Level; still open; divergence of line to Walsall 1872 -; * {{rws\|Monmore Green}}; opened 1 December 1863; closed 1 January 1917; * {{rws\|Ettingshall Road}}; opened 1 July 1852; closed 15 June 1964; * {{rws\|Deepfields and Coseley}}; opened 1 July 1852; closed 10 March 1902; * '''{{rws\|Coseley}}'''; opened 10 March 1902; still open; * ''Spur diverged to OW&WR''; 1853 – 1983; * ''Bloomfield Junction''; diverging line to Wednesbury, South Staffordshire Railway 1863 – 1981; * ''Tipton Junction''; converging line from Wednesbury 1883 – 1980; * '''{{rws\|Tipton}}'''; opened 1 July 1852; renamed Tipton Owen Street 1953 – 1968; still open; * {{rws\|Dudley Port}}; opened 1 May 1850; renamed Dudley Port High Level after opening of GWR line; closed 6 July 1964; converging spur from SSR line 1854 – 1964; * {{rws\|Albion\|England}}; opened 1 May 1853; closed 1 February 1960; * Oldbury and Bromford Lane; opened 1 July 1852; renamed '''{{rws\|Sandwell & Dudley}}''' 1984; still open; * {{rws\|Spon Lane}}; opened 1 July 1852; closed 15 June 1964; * {{rws\|Smethwick Galton Bridge}}; opened September 1995 (replacing {{rws\|Smethwick West}} on Stourbridge line); * ''Galton Junction''; convergence of line from Stourbridge 1867 -; * Smethwick; opened 1 July 1852; renamed '''{{rws\|Smethwick Rolfe Street}}''' 1963; still open; * [[Soho railway station\|Soho]]; opened May 1853; relocated 1884 – 1887; closed 23 May 1949; * ''Soap Works Junction''; divergence of Soho connecting line; * ''Winson Green Junction''; convergence of Soho connecting line; * Soho TMD: accessed between the above two junctions. * {{rws\|Winson Green}}; opened 1 November 1876; closed 16 September 1957; * ''Harborne Junction''; convergence of line from Harborne 1874 – 1963; * {{rws\|Monument Lane}}; opened July 1854; renamed Edgbaston soon after opening; renamed Monument Lane 1874; relocated 1886; closed 17 November 1958; * Birmingham; temporary platform at western end for Stour Valley trains opened 1 July 1852; full station opened 1 June 1854; later renamed '''Birmingham New Street'''; still open; * ''Proof House Junction''; convergence of Curzon Street line. ==Notes== {{reflist \| group = note}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Railway lines in the West Midlands (region)]] [[Category:Rail transport in the West Midlands (county)]] [[Category:Railway lines opened in 1852]]	1,302,938,040	[{"title": "Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Stour Valley Railway (Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Dudley Lines) Act 1846", "data": {"Long title": "An Act for making a Railway from Birmingham to Wolverhampton, and to the Grand Junction Railway in the Parish of Bushbury, with a Branch to Dudley.", "Citation": "9 & 10 Vict. c. cccxxviii"}}, {"title": "Dates", "data": {"Royal assent": "3 August 1846"}}]	false
# VDL Nedcar VDL Nedcar is an automotive manufacturing company in Born, Netherlands. It is the largest automotive factory in the country, with a production capacity of 240,000 vehicles a year. Since December 2012 it has been owned by the Dutch industrial conglomerate VDL Groep. Previous owners were Mitsubishi Motors and Volvo Cars. The company had its origins in a DAF car factory which opened in 1968. VDL Nedcar currently is closed, because the contract with BMW Group was not renewed. ## Location VDL Nedcar in Born is located in Limburg, a province in the south of the Netherlands. VDL Nedcar has direct access to the ports of Rotterdam, Zeebrugge, Antwerp and Hamburg. Nearby is an inland barge terminal and a rail terminal, supported by airports such as Maastricht/Aachen, Amsterdam, Eindhoven, Brussels, Cologne and Düsseldorf. Area development and expansion of VDL Nedcar In 2019, VDL Nedcar and the province of Limburg signed an agreement on the sale of land around the factory, increasing the total site to about 1,500,000 square meters. Permits are expected to be granted in late 2021 for another expansion of 59 hectares, allowing up to 400,000 vehicles a year to be produced. ## History The factory was founded in 1967 by the former Van Doorne's Automobiel Fabriek (DAF), and continued after the takeover of its parent by Volvo in 1972–1975. When financial difficulties threatened to close it down in the early 1990s the Dutch government stepped in to ensure its survival. A joint venture between the Dutch State, Volvo and Mitsubishi Motors began in August 1991, although it was 1996 before the name was officially changed from Volvo Car B.V. to Netherlands Car B.V. On 15 February 1999 the Dutch government sold its shares to its two partners, which then owned 50 percent each. Later, on 30 March 2001, Volvo sold its shares to Mitsubishi, which then owned 100 percent. The plant's long-term survival was in question from 2001, when then Mitsubishi Motors Chief Operating Officer Rolf Eckrodt stated that its annual vehicle production capacity had to increase to 280,000 if it wished to remain economically viable. The last Volvo automobiles were built in 2004. Between 2004 and 2012 the Mitsubishi Colt was built at Nedcar. The factory also produced the Colt's sister vehicle, the Smart Forfour, for DaimlerChrysler until production ceased in mid-2006. Industrial action was taken in 2005 in protest against the discontinuation of the Smart Forfour, although Mitsubishi confirmed its commitment to keeping the factory open as far as the end of the Colt's life cycle in 2009. Since then, European market versions of the Mitsubishi Outlander have had their production transferred from Japan to the Netherlands from 2008, while the Outlander-based Citroën C-Crosser and Peugeot 4007 were also planned to be assembled at Born for the European market, but this was postponed indefinitely because of slow sales of these models. Labour union FNV, NedCar COO Joost Goovaarts and the works council have said it is a step towards securing the future of the plant. In 2012, Mitsubishi announced it would stop producing cars in the Netherlands. Dutch industrial group VDL acquired the factory in December 2012 and renamed it VDL Nedcar. VDL entered negotiations with BMW which resulted in the announcement that certain Mini models would be produced in the Limburg factory from 2014 onwards. Since 2017, the BMW X1 (F48) has been produced at VDL Nedcar, which shares production with the BMW Group plant at Regensburg. In October 2020, VDL Nedcar announced that it would not receive a follow-up order for the Mini Countryman from BMW Group for the longer term, leaving it to search for another manufacturer to fill production capacity. In June 2021, U.S. EV startup Canoo announced it would use VDL for its first run of the Lifestyle Vehicle starting in 2022, an interim measure as it builds its Oklahoma factory. Member of parliament Silvio Erkens of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) suggested in 2024 that the site could be used to produce defense materiel, when the Netherlands expanded its defense budget following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The Ministry of Defence later disclosed it was talking with VDL. ## Production After the cessation of Mitsubishi manufacturing in 2012, production restarted in 2014 with the new Mini Hatch model. ### Final production On February 16, 2024, the last car, a silver-grey Mini convertible, ran off the production line, two weeks prior to the end of BMW's contract. It is uncertain if car production will ever commence again. ### Reopening as military drone factory On July 2, 2025, the Dutch Ministry of Defense signed off on a reopening as a military drone-factory ### Past models and production years - DAF 33 (1967–1972) - DAF 44 (1967–1975) - DAF 55 (1968–1972) - DAF 66 (1972–1975) - DAF 46 (1975–1976) - Volvo 66 (1975–1981) - Volvo 340/360 (1976–1991) - Volvo 480 (1986–1995) - Volvo 440/460 (1987–1997) - Volvo S40/V40 (1995–2004) - Mitsubishi Carisma (1995–2004) - Mitsubishi Space Star (1998–2005) - Smart Forfour (2004–2006) - Mitsubishi Colt (2004–2012) - Mitsubishi Outlander (2008–2012) - Mini Hatch 3-door (2014–2024)[27] - Mini Convertible (2015–2024), the only plant that assembled the Mini Convertible[28] - BMW X1 (F48) (2017–2022)[29][30] - Mini Countryman (2017–2023) ### Annual output \| Year \| Units \| Models \| \| ---- \| ------- \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| \| 1992 \| 94,019 \| Volvo 440/460, Volvo 480 \| \| 1993 \| 80,246 \| Volvo 440/460, Volvo 480 \| \| 1994 \| 92,044 \| Volvo 440/460, Volvo 480 \| \| 1995 \| 98,454 \| Volvo 440/460, Volvo 480, Volvo S40/V40, Mitsubishi Carisma \| \| 1996 \| 145,090 \| Volvo 440/460, Volvo S40/V40, Mitsubishi Carisma \| \| 1997 \| 197,225 \| Volvo S40/V40, Mitsubishi Carisma \| \| 1998 \| 242,804 \| Volvo S40/V40, Mitsubishi Carisma, Mitsubishi Space Star \| \| 1999 \| 262,196 \| Volvo S40/V40, Mitsubishi Carisma, Mitsubishi Space Star \| \| 2000 \| 214,974 \| Volvo S40/V40, Mitsubishi Carisma, Mitsubishi Space Star \| \| 2001 \| 189,188 \| Volvo S40/V40, Mitsubishi Carisma, Mitsubishi Space Star \| \| 2002 \| 182,368 \| Volvo S40/V40, Mitsubishi Carisma, Mitsubishi Space Star \| \| 2003 \| 163,130 \| Volvo S40/V40, Mitsubishi Carisma, Mitsubishi Space Star \| \| 2004 \| 187,600 \| Volvo S40/V40, Mitsubishi Carisma, Mitsubishi Colt, Mitsubishi Space Star, Smart Forfour \| \| 2005 \| 115,079 \| Mitsubishi Colt, Mitsubishi Space Star, Smart Forfour \| \| 2006 \| 87,332 \| Mitsubishi Colt, Smart Forfour \| \| 2007 \| 61,912 \| Mitsubishi Colt \| \| 2008 \| 59,223 \| Mitsubishi Colt, Mitsubishi Outlander \| \| 2009 \| 50,620 \| Mitsubishi Colt, Mitsubishi Outlander \| \| 2010 \| 48,025 \| Mitsubishi Colt, Mitsubishi Outlander \| \| 2011 \| 40,772 \| Mitsubishi Colt, Mitsubishi Outlander \| \| 2012 \| 24,895 \| Mitsubishi Colt, Mitsubishi Outlander \| \| 2013 \| 0 \| \| \| 2014 \| 29,196 \| MINI Hatch 3-door (assembly contract BMW) \| \| 2015 \| 57,019 \| MINI Hatch 3-door and Convertible (assembly contract BMW) \| \| 2016 \| 87,609 \| MINI Hatch 3-door, MINI Convertible and MINI Countryman (assembly contract BMW) \| \| 2017 \| 168,969 \| BMW X1, MINI Hatch 3-door, Convertible, Countryman, and Countryman Hybrid (assembly contract BMW) \| In 2011, the Nedcar factory produced 4.3% of the global output of Mitsubishi. However, vehicle assembly for Mitsubishi came to an end during 2012. ## NedCar Access NedCar displayed the Access concept car at the 1996 Geneva Motor Show to demonstrate the company's product design and engineering capabilities. It was a 5-door hatchback, 4.25 m (13.9 ft) long and fitted with a four-cylinder petrol engine. It was constructed with a mix of aluminium and plastics.	enwiki/2642626	enwiki	2,642,626	VDL Nedcar	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VDL_Nedcar	2025-08-01T10:53:05Z	en	Q167158	169,157	{{Short description\|Automotive manufacturing company}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=October 2020}} {{Infobox company \| name = VDL Nedcar B.V. \| logo = \| logo_size = 150px \| logo_caption = \| image = VDL Nedcar Factory at Born Netherlands.jpg \| image_size = \| image_caption = VDL Nedcar Factory at Born, Netherlands \| type = [[Besloten vennootschap]] \| traded_as = \| predecessor = DAF Car B.V. (1968–1975)<br />[[Volvo Cars\|Volvo Car]] B.V. (1975–1992)<br />NedCar B.V. (1992–2012) \| area_served = Worldwide \| founder = \| key_people = Willem van der Leegte<br><small>([[Chairman of the board\|Chairman VDL Groep B.V.]])</small><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.vdlgroep.com/en/vdl-groep/about-vdl \|title=About VDL \|website=VDL Groep \|access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref> Paul van Vroonhoven<br> <small>(Managing director)</small><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.vdlgroep.com/_asset/_public/__site_1/VDL_JV-2019-UK_Versie_screen.pdf \|title=Annual financial report VDL Groep \|date=4 June 2020 \|website=VDL Groep \|access-date=23 May 2021 \|page=68}}</ref> John van Soerland<br><small>([[Chief executive officer\|CEO VDL Nedcar B.V.]])</small>{{Citation needed\|date=May 2021}} \| industry = [[Automotive industry\|Automotive]] \| products = [[Automobile]]s<br />{{Collapsible list\| [[Mini Hatch]] (2014–2024) Mini Convertible (2015–2024) [[Mini Countryman]] (2016–2023) [[BMW X1 (F48)]] (2017–2022) }} \| production = {{decrease}} 125,666 vehicles (2020)<ref name="2020 report p94">{{cite web \|url=https://report.bmwgroup.com/data/pdf/en/BMW-Group-Bericht-2020-EN.pdf \|title=BMW Group Report 2020 \|date=March 2021 \|website=BMW Group \|page=94 \|access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref> \| revenue = {{decrease}} [[Euro\|€]]2,3 billion (2017)<ref name="AR2017">{{cite web \|url=https://www.vdlgroep.com/_asset/_public/Brochure/VDL_JV-2017-NL_Versie_screen_DEF.pdf \|title=Annual Report 2017 \|access-date=3 January 2019 \|publisher=VDL Groep \|archive-date=4 January 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104072910/https://www.vdlgroep.com/_asset/_public/Brochure/VDL_JV-2017-NL_Versie_screen_DEF.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Update inline\|reason=More recent figure needed \|date=May 2021}}{{dead link\|date=May 2021}}{{clarify\|date=May 2021 \|reason=Was this the figure for just VDL Nederland, or for VDL Groep as a whole?}} \| operating_income = \| net_income = \| assets = \| equity = \| owner = [[VDL Groep\|VDL Groep B.V.]] \| num_employees = {{decrease}} 4,951 (2019)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.vdlgroep.com/_asset/_public/__site_1/VDL_JV-2019-UK_Versie_screen.pdf \|title=Annual financial report VDL Groep \|date=4 June 2020 \|website=VDL Groep \|access-date=23 May 2021 \|page=16}}</ref> \| brands = \| subsid = \| homepage = [http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/ www.vdlnedcar.nl] \| foundation = 1967 \| location_city = [[Born, Netherlands\|Born]] \| location_country = Netherlands }} '''VDL Nedcar''' is an automotive manufacturing company in [[Born, Netherlands\|Born]], [[Netherlands]]. It is the largest automotive factory in the country, with a production capacity of 240,000 vehicles a year.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.vdlgroep.com/_asset/_public/__site_1/VDL_JV-2019-UK_Versie_screen.pdf \|title=Annual financial report VDL Groep \|date=4 June 2020 \|website=VDL Groep \|access-date=23 May 2021 \|page=73 }}</ref> Since December 2012 it has been owned by the Dutch industrial conglomerate [[VDL Groep]]. Previous owners were [[Mitsubishi Motors]] and [[Volvo Cars]]. The company had its origins in a [[DAF Trucks\|DAF]] car factory which opened in 1968. VDL Nedcar currently{{when\|date=July 2025}} is closed, because the contract with BMW Group was not renewed. ==Location== {{Unreferenced section\|date=May 2021}} VDL Nedcar in Born is located in [[Limburg (Netherlands)\|Limburg]], a province in the south of the Netherlands. VDL Nedcar has direct access to the ports of [[Rotterdam]], [[Zeebrugge]], [[Antwerp]] and [[Hamburg]]. Nearby is an inland barge terminal and a rail terminal, supported by airports such as [[Maastricht Aachen Airport\|Maastricht/Aachen]], [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol\|Amsterdam]], [[Eindhoven Airport\|Eindhoven]], [[Zaventem\|Brussels]], [[Cologne Bonn Airport\|Cologne]] and [[Düsseldorf Airport\|Düsseldorf]]. '''Area development and expansion of VDL Nedcar''' [[File:VDL Nedcar drone .jpg\|left\|thumb\|VDL Nedcar Factory in Born, the Netherlands]] In 2019, VDL Nedcar and the province of Limburg signed an agreement on the sale of land around the factory, increasing the total site to about 1,500,000 square meters. Permits are expected to be granted in late 2021 for another expansion of 59 hectares, allowing up to 400,000 vehicles a year to be produced. ==History== The factory was founded in 1967 by the former [[DAF Trucks\|Van Doorne's Automobiel Fabriek]] (DAF), and continued after the takeover of its parent by Volvo in 1972–1975.<ref>{{cite web \| url=http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/?page/4842402/Profile.aspx \| title=Home }}</ref> When financial difficulties threatened to close it down in the early 1990s the Dutch government stepped in to ensure its survival.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/data/uploads/VDL_Nedcar/history_en.pdf \|title=Archived copy \|access-date=2014-01-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219062009/http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/data/uploads/VDL_Nedcar/history_en.pdf \|archive-date=2014-02-19 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> A joint venture between the Dutch State, Volvo and Mitsubishi Motors began in August 1991, although it was 1996 before the name was officially changed from ''Volvo Car B.V.'' to ''Netherlands Car B.V.'' On 15 February 1999 the Dutch government sold its shares to its two partners, which then owned 50 percent each. Later, on 30 March 2001, Volvo sold its shares to Mitsubishi, which then owned 100 percent.<ref>[http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/corporate/detail472.html "Netherlands Car B.V. to become MMC subsidiary after acquisition of additional shares"] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201211209/http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/corporate/detail472.html \|date=2014-02-01 }}, Mitsubishi Motors press release, 4 April 2001</ref> The plant's long-term survival was in question from 2001, when then Mitsubishi Motors Chief Operating Officer Rolf Eckrodt stated that its annual vehicle production capacity had to increase to 280,000 if it wished to remain economically viable.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050216173623/http://meuse-rhine-journal.com/October1.htm "NedCar production target"], Meuse-Rhine Journal, 22 September 2001</ref> The last Volvo automobiles were built in 2004. [[File:Smart forfour2.jpg\|thumb\|left\|NedCar produced the [[Smart Forfour]] from 2004 to 2006]] Between 2004 and 2012 the [[Mitsubishi Colt]]<ref>[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/motorshow/detail985.html "Mitsubishi Motors to Unveil New European Colt at Geneva Motor Show"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, 26 January 2004</ref> was built at Nedcar. The factory also produced the Colt's sister vehicle, the [[Smart Forfour]], for [[DaimlerChrysler]] until production ceased in mid-2006. Industrial action was taken in 2005 in protest against the discontinuation of the Smart Forfour, although Mitsubishi confirmed its commitment to keeping the factory open as far as the end of the Colt's life cycle in 2009.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120708145616/http://geo.channel4.com/4car/news/news-story.jsp?news_id=14425 "Strike at Mitsubishi factory"], 4Car, 21 April 2006</ref> Since then, European market versions of the [[Mitsubishi Outlander]] have had their production transferred from Japan to the Netherlands from 2008,<ref name="outlander">[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail1675.html "Mitsubishi Motors transfers Outlander production for Europe"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, 18 September 2007</ref> while the Outlander-based [[Citroën C-Crosser]] and [[Peugeot 4007]] were also planned to be assembled at Born for the European market,<ref name="psa">[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail1748.html "Mitsubishi Motors transfers production of SUV for PSA Peugeot Citroën"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, 27 March 2008</ref> but this was postponed indefinitely because of slow sales of these models.<ref>{{cite web\|title=What next for Mitsubishi's NedCar and Normal plants?\|url=http://www.automotiveworld.com/analysis/84332-mitsubishi-ads-signal-shift-in-production-strategy/\|work=Automotive World\|date=21 October 2010 \|access-date=2015-07-30}}</ref> [[Labour union]] [[Federatie Nederlandse Vakbeweging\|FNV]], NedCar [[Chief operating officer\|COO]] Joost Goovaarts and the [[works council]] have said it is a step towards securing the future of the plant.<ref name="nrc">[http://www.nrc.nl/economie/article770700.ece/Nedcar_mag_SUVs_gaan_bouwen "SUV redt Nedcar voor een paar jaar"]. Frits Baltesen, ''[[NRC Handelsblad]]'', 18 September 2007</ref> In 2012, Mitsubishi announced it would stop producing cars in the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Notice regarding conclusion of a principal agreement on share transfer of the European subsidiary production site\|url=http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/content/dam/com/ir_en/pdf/irtop/2012/20120711-01.pdf\|publisher=Mitsubishi Motors\|access-date=20 January 2014\|date=11 July 2012\|archive-date=1 February 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201211206/http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/content/dam/com/ir_en/pdf/irtop/2012/20120711-01.pdf\|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dutch industrial group [[VDL Groep\|VDL]] acquired the factory in December 2012 and renamed it VDL Nedcar. VDL entered negotiations with [[BMW]] which resulted in the announcement that certain [[Mini (marque)\|Mini]] models would be produced in the Limburg factory from 2014 onwards.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Nedcar rescue deal finalised\|url=http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2012/10/nedcar_rescue_deal_finalised.php\|work=dutchnews\|date=October 2012 \|access-date=1 October 2012}}</ref> Since 2017, the [[BMW X1 (F48)]] has been produced at VDL Nedcar, which shares production with the BMW Group plant at [[Regensburg]]. In October 2020, VDL Nedcar announced that it would not receive a follow-up order for the Mini Countryman from BMW Group for the longer term, leaving it to search for another manufacturer to fill production capacity.<ref>{{cite web\|title=VDL Nedcar: no new follow-up order for MINI Countryman\|url=https://www.vdlgroep.com/en/news/vdl-nedcar-no-new-follow-up-order-for-mini-countryman\|publisher=VDL Nedcar\|access-date=3 May 2021\|date=15 October 2020}}</ref> In June 2021, U.S. EV startup [[Canoo]] announced it would use VDL for its first run of the Lifestyle Vehicle starting in 2022, an interim measure as it builds its Oklahoma factory.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=GmbH\|first=finanzen net\|title=Canoo Names VDL Nedcar as Contract Manufacturing Partner\|url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/canoo-names-vdl-nedcar-as-contract-manufacturing-partner-1030532735\|access-date=2021-06-19\|website=markets.businessinsider.com\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=O'Kane\|first=Sean\|date=2021-06-17\|title=Canoo will build its electric vehicles at a new Oklahoma factory\|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/17/22538811/canoo-ev-factory-oklahoma-electric-vehicles-vdl-nedcar\|access-date=2021-06-19\|website=The Verge\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Estrada\|first=Zac\|date=2021-06-17\|title=Canoo Will Build Its New Electric Vehicles At Two Plants In 2022\|url=https://dot.la/canoo-van-2653421967.html/\|access-date=2021-06-19\|website=dot.LA\|language=en}}</ref> Member of parliament [[Silvio Erkens]] of the [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]] (VVD) suggested in 2024 that the site could be used to produce [[Materiel\|defense materiel]], when the Netherlands expanded its defense budget following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. The [[Ministry of Defence (Netherlands)\|Ministry of Defence]] later disclosed it was talking with VDL.<ref>{{Cite news \|url = https://fd.nl/politiek/1517590/vvd-wil-nedcar-terrein-bestemmen-voor-defensiebedrijven \|url-access = subscription \|date = 26 May 2024 \|last = De Horde \|first = Cor \|access-date = 26 May 2024 \|language = nl \|website = [[Het Financieele Dagblad]] \|title = VVD wil Nedcar-terrein bestemmen voor defensiebedrijven \|trans-title = VVD wants to repurpose Nedcar premises for defense companies }}</ref> ==Production== After the cessation of Mitsubishi manufacturing in 2012, production restarted in 2014 with the new [[Mini Hatch]] model.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Official start to Mini production in the Netherlands\|url=http://www.automotivelogisticsmagazine.com/news/official-start-to-mini-production-at-vdl-nedcar-plant\|website=Automotive Logistics\|access-date=3 October 2014\|date=22 July 2014\|archive-date=23 September 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923180452/http://www.automotivelogisticsmagazine.com/news/official-start-to-mini-production-at-vdl-nedcar-plant\|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Final production=== On February 16, 2024, the last car, a silver-grey Mini convertible, ran off the production line, two weeks prior to the end of BMW's contract. It is uncertain if car production will ever commence again.<ref>{{Cite web\|url= https://newmobility.news/2024/02/16/last-mini-rolls-of-vdl-nedcar-production-lines-in-born/\|title = Last MINI rolls of VDL Nedcar production lines in Born\|date = 16 February 2024}}</ref> ===Reopening as military drone factory=== On July 2, 2025, the Dutch Ministry of Defense signed off on a reopening as a military drone-factory <ref>{{Cite web\|url= https://www.l1nieuws.nl/nieuws/2944285/minister-zet-handtekening-defensie-gaat-flink-opschalen-in-hallen-van-vdl-in-born/\|title = Minister zet handtekening. Defensie gaat flink opschalen in hallen van VDL in Born (in Dutch)\|date = 2 July 2025}}</ref> ===Past models and production years=== [[File:Volvo 480ES in Schaffen-Diest in profile.JPG\|right\|thumb\|300px\|Volvo 480]] * [[DAF 33]] (1967–1972) * [[DAF 44]] (1967–1975) * [[DAF 55]] (1968–1972) * [[DAF 66]] (1972–1975) * [[DAF 46]] (1975–1976) * [[Volvo 66]] (1975–1981) * [[Volvo 300 Series\|Volvo 340/360]] (1976–1991) * [[Volvo 480]] (1986–1995) * [[Volvo 440/460]] (1987–1997) * [[Volvo S40\|Volvo S40/V40]] (1995–2004) * [[Mitsubishi Carisma]] (1995–2004) * [[Mitsubishi Space Star]] (1998–2005) * [[Smart Forfour]] (2004–2006) * [[Mitsubishi Colt]] (2004–2012) * [[Mitsubishi Outlander]] (2008–2012) [[Mini Hatch]] 3-door (2014–2024)<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.telegraaf.nl/autovisie/autovisie_nieuws/mini/22378329/__Mini_voor_Amerika_ook_uit_Nederland__.html\|title = Mini voor Amerika ook uit Nederland\|date = 13 March 2014}}</ref> Mini Convertible (2015–2024), the only plant that assembled the Mini Convertible<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://nu.nl/auto/4150602/vdl-nedcar-gaat-nieuwe-mini-cabrio-maken.html\|title = VDL Nedcar gaat de nieuwe Mini Cabrio maken\|date = 23 October 2015}}</ref> * [[BMW X1 (F48)]] (2017–2022)<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/article/detail/T0267512EN/bmw-group-confirms-additional-production-of-bmw-x1-at-vdl-nedcar?language=en\|title=BMW Group confirms additional production of BMW X1 at VDL Nedcar\|website=www.press.bmwgroup.com\|language=en\|access-date=2017-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Klap voor VDL Nedcar! BMW stopt Nederlandse productie - AutoReview.nl \|url=https://www.autoreview.nl/nieuws/autonieuws/id/29782/klap-voor-vdl-nedcar-bmw-stopt-nederlandse-productie \|website=Auto Review \|date=16 October 2020 \|access-date=28 March 2023 \|language=nl}}</ref> * [[Mini Countryman]] (2017–2023) ===Annual output=== {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! style="width:5em" \| Year ! style="width:10em" \| Units ! Models \|- \| align="center" \| 1992 \| align="center" \| 94,019 \| Volvo 440/460, Volvo 480 \|- \| align="center" \| 1993 \| align="center" \| 80,246 \| Volvo 440/460, Volvo 480 \|- \| align="center" \| 1994 \| align="center" \| 92,044 \| Volvo 440/460, Volvo 480 \|- \| align="center" \| 1995 \| align="center" \| 98,454 \| Volvo 440/460, Volvo 480, Volvo S40/V40, Mitsubishi Carisma \|- \| align="center" \| 1996 \| align="center" \| 145,090 \| Volvo 440/460, Volvo S40/V40, Mitsubishi Carisma \|- \| align="center" \| 1997 \| align="center" \| 197,225 \| Volvo S40/V40, Mitsubishi Carisma \|- \| align="center" \| 1998 \| align="center" \| 242,804 \| Volvo S40/V40, Mitsubishi Carisma, Mitsubishi Space Star \|- \| align="center" \| 1999 \| align="center" \| 262,196 \| Volvo S40/V40, Mitsubishi Carisma, Mitsubishi Space Star \|- \| align="center" \| 2000 \| align="center" \| 214,974 \| Volvo S40/V40, Mitsubishi Carisma, Mitsubishi Space Star \|- \| align="center" \| 2001 \| align="center" \| 189,188 \| Volvo S40/V40, Mitsubishi Carisma, Mitsubishi Space Star \|- \| align="center" \| 2002 \| align="center" \| 182,368 \| Volvo S40/V40, Mitsubishi Carisma, Mitsubishi Space Star \|- \| align="center" \| 2003 \| align="center" \| 163,130 \| Volvo S40/V40, Mitsubishi Carisma, Mitsubishi Space Star \|- \| align="center" \| 2004 \| align="center" \| 187,600 \| Volvo S40/V40, Mitsubishi Carisma, Mitsubishi Colt, Mitsubishi Space Star, Smart Forfour \|- \| align="center" \| 2005 \| align="center" \| 115,079 \| Mitsubishi Colt, Mitsubishi Space Star, Smart Forfour \|- \| align="center" \| 2006 \| align="center" \| 87,332 \| Mitsubishi Colt, Smart Forfour \|- \| align="center" \| 2007 \| align="center" \| 61,912 \| Mitsubishi Colt \|- \| align="center" \| 2008 \| align="center" \| 59,223 \| Mitsubishi Colt, Mitsubishi Outlander \|- \| align="center" \| 2009 \| align="center" \| 50,620<ref>{{cite web\|title=What Next For Mitsubishi's NedCar And Normal Plants?\|url=http://www.automotiveworld.com/comment/84332-mitsubishi-ads-signal-shift-in-production-strategy/\|work=Automotive World\|access-date=8 February 2013\|date=21 October 2010}}</ref> \| Mitsubishi Colt, Mitsubishi Outlander \|- \| align="center" \| 2010 \| align="center" \| 48,025 \| Mitsubishi Colt, Mitsubishi Outlander \|- \| align="center" \| 2011 \| align="center" \| 40,772<ref name=VDLCompRep201206>{{cite web\|title=Kengetallen / Key figures .... Productievolume (stuks) / Production volume (units)\|page=6\|publisher=VDL Nedcar (previously Netherlands Car B.V. – NedCar for short –)\|url=http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/data/uploads/VDL_Nedcar/VDL_Nedcar_JV-2015_UK_screen.pdf\|work=Financieel jaarverslag - Annual report 2012\|access-date=19 July 2015\|date=24 May 2013\|archive-date=10 May 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510080253/http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/data/uploads/VDL_Nedcar/VDL_Nedcar_JV-2015_UK_screen.pdf\|url-status=dead}}</ref> \| Mitsubishi Colt, Mitsubishi Outlander \|- \| align="center" \| 2012 \| align="center" \| 24,895<ref name=VDLCompRep201504/> \| Mitsubishi Colt, Mitsubishi Outlander \|- \| align="center" \| 2013 \| align="center" \| 0<ref name=VDLCompRep201504/> \| \|- \| align="center" \| 2014 \| align="center" \| 29,196<ref name=VDLCompRep201504>{{cite web \|title=KEY FIGURES ... Production volume (units) \|page=4 \|publisher=VDL Nedcar B.V. (VDL Nedcar) \|url=http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/data/uploads/VDL_Nedcar/VDL_Nedcar_JV-2015_UK_screen.pdf \|work=ANNUAL REPORT 2015 \|access-date=19 July 2015 \|date=18 April 2016 \|archive-date=10 May 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510080253/http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/data/uploads/VDL_Nedcar/VDL_Nedcar_JV-2015_UK_screen.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref> \| MINI Hatch 3-door (assembly contract BMW) \|- \| align="center" \| 2015 \| align="center" \| 57,019 <ref name=VDLCompRep201508>{{cite web\|title=REPORT OF THE MANAGEMENT BOARD ... Products and production volume\|page=8\|publisher=VDL Nedcar B.V. (VDL Nedcar)\|url=http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/data/uploads/VDL_Nedcar/VDL_Nedcar_JV-2015_UK_screen.pdf\|work=ANNUAL REPORT 2015\|access-date=19 July 2015\|date=18 April 2016\|archive-date=10 May 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510080253/http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/data/uploads/VDL_Nedcar/VDL_Nedcar_JV-2015_UK_screen.pdf\|url-status=dead}}</ref> \| MINI Hatch 3-door and Convertible (assembly contract BMW) \|- \| align="center" \| 2016 \| align="center" \| 87,609 <ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/data/uploads/vdl_nedcar/VDL_Nedcar_JV-2016_UK_screen2.pdf\|website=VDL Annual Report 2016\|title=Products and production volume, Page 9\|access-date=10 March 2018}}</ref> \| MINI Hatch 3-door, MINI Convertible and MINI Countryman (assembly contract BMW) \|- \| align="center" \| 2017 \| align="center" \| 168,969 <ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.vdlgroep.com/_asset/_public/Brochure/VDL_JV-2017-UK_screen.pdf\|website=VDL Annual Report 2017\|title=Products and production volume, Page 14\|access-date=8 Dec 2018}}</ref> \| BMW X1, MINI Hatch 3-door, Convertible, Countryman, and Countryman Hybrid (assembly contract BMW) \|} In 2011, the Nedcar factory produced 4.3% of the global output of Mitsubishi. However, vehicle assembly for Mitsubishi came to an end during 2012.<ref name=VDLCompRep201503>{{cite web \|title=PROFILE OF VDL NEDCAR \|page=3 \|publisher=VDL Nedcar B.V. (VDL Nedcar) \|url=http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/data/uploads/VDL_Nedcar/VDL_Nedcar_JV-2015_UK_screen.pdf \|work=ANNUAL REPORT 2015 \|access-date=19 July 2015 \|date=18 April 2016 \|archive-date=10 May 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510080253/http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/data/uploads/VDL_Nedcar/VDL_Nedcar_JV-2015_UK_screen.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref> ==NedCar Access== NedCar displayed the Access concept car at the 1996 [[Geneva Motor Show]] to demonstrate the company's product design and engineering capabilities. It was a 5-door hatchback, {{cvt\|4.25\|m}} long and fitted with a four-cylinder petrol engine. It was constructed with a mix of aluminium and plastics. ==References== {{reflist\|2}} ==External links== {{commons category\|VDL NedCar}} [http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/ NedCar] [https://www.linkedin.com/company/vdl-nedcar Nedcar] at [[LinkedIn\|Linkedin]] {{Automotive industry in the Netherlands}} {{Volvo cars}} {{Mitsubishi Motors companies}} {{DEFAULTSORT:VDL Nedcar}} [[Category:VDL Nedcar\| ]] [[Category:Car manufacturers of the Netherlands]] [[Category:Motor vehicle assembly plants in the Netherlands]] [[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1967]] [[Category:Companies based in Limburg (Netherlands)\|VDL Nedcar]] [[Category:South Limburg (Netherlands)\|VDL Nedcar]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Sittard-Geleen\|VDL Nedcar]] [[Category:Contract vehicle manufacturers]] [[Category:Dutch companies established in 1967]]	1,303,669,450	[{"title": "VDL Nedcar B.V.", "data": {"Company type": "Besloten vennootschap", "Industry": "Automotive", "Predecessor": "DAF Car B.V. (1968\u20131975) \u00b7 Volvo Car B.V. (1975\u20131992) \u00b7 NedCar B.V. (1992\u20132012)", "Founded": "1967", "Headquarters": "Born, Netherlands", "Area served": "Worldwide", "Key people": "Willem van der Leegte \u00b7 (Chairman VDL Groep B.V.) Paul van Vroonhoven \u00b7 (Managing director) John van Soerland \u00b7 (CEO VDL Nedcar B.V.)", "Products": "Automobiles \u00b7 List - - Mini Hatch (2014\u20132024) - Mini Convertible (2015\u20132024) - Mini Countryman (2016\u20132023) - BMW X1 (F48) (2017\u20132022)", "Production output": "125,666 vehicles (2020)", "Revenue": "\u20ac2,3 billion (2017)", "Owner": "VDL Groep B.V.", "Number of employees": "4,951 (2019)", "Website": "www.vdlnedcar.nl"}}]	false
# Rojas Rojas is a surname found throughout the Spanish-speaking world, especially in Latin America. Rojas may refer to: ## People ### A - Adrián Rojas (born 1977), Chilean professional football player and father - Aguelmis Rojas (born 1978), Cuban long-distance runner - Agustín de Rojas Villandrando (1572–1618), Spanish writer and actor - Alberto Müller Rojas (1935–2010), Venezuelan politician and general - Alberto Rojas (born 1965), Mexican-born prelate of the Catholic Church - Alberto Rojas Jiménez (1900–1934), Chilean poet and journalist - Alejandro González Rojas (born 1955), former Costa Rican goalkeeper - Alexis Rojas (born 1972), Colombian road cyclist - Alfredo Rojas (Argentine footballer) (1937–2023) - Alfredo Rojas (Peruvian footballer) (born 1991) - Anderson Rojas, amateur boxer from Ecuador - Andrea Rojas, fictional character from DC Comics - Andres Almonaster y Rojas (1724–1798), Spanish civil servant of New Orleans - Ángel Clemente Rojas (born 1944), former Argentine footballer - Ángel Dolores Rojas (1851–1918), Argentine politician - Ángel Rojas (born 1985), Chilean footballer who plays as midfielder - Antonio Domingo Rojas Melero (born 1984), Spanish football player - Ariel Rojas (born 1986), Argentine football midfielder - Arístides Rojas, Venezuelan writer - Arturo Montiel Rojas (born 1943), Mexican politician ### B - Benigno Filomeno de Rojas (1821–1865), lawyer and Dominican politician - Benjamin Rojas (born 1985), Argentine actor and singer - Bernardo de Sandoval y Rojas (1546–1618), Spanish bishop and cardinal, Grand Inquisitor of Spain from 1608 to 1618 - Bruno Rojas (born 1993), Bolivian sprinter ### C - Carlos Rojas (footballer) (1928–1963), Chilean football midfielder - Carmine Rojas, bass player and Rod Stewart's bass player and music director - Christopher Rojas (born 1982), composer, musician, songwriter, and record producer - Clare Rojas (born 1976), American artist - Clara Rojas (born 1964), Colombian tax lawyer, university lecturer, and campaign manager - Claudio Rojas (born 1973), retired Guatemalan football midfielder - Clemente Rojas (born 1952), Colombian boxer - Cookie Rojas (born 1939), former Major League Baseball player, manager and coach - Cristián Rojas (born 1985), Chilean footballer - Cristóbal Rojas (artist) (1857–1890), Venezuelan painter - Cristóbal de Rojas (1555–1614), a Spanish military engineer and architect ### D - Darío Rojas (born 1960), retired Bolivian football goalkeeper - Diego de Rojas (died 1544), 16th-century Spanish Conquistador - Diego Rojas (born 1995), Chilean footballer - Don Rojas (born 1949), journalist and political commentator from St. Vincent ### E - Eladio Rojas (1934–1991), former Chilean footballer - Elio Rojas (born 1982), featherweight boxer from the Dominican Republic - Eloy Rojas (born 1967), professional boxer in the Featherweight division - Emilio Rojas (born 1984), American recording artist and rapper from Rochester, New York - Esteban Rojas Tovar, Colombian educator, philanthropist, bishop of the diocese of Garzón - Euclides Rojas (born 1967), Cuban-born coach and player development official in Major League Baseball ### F - Felipe Rojas (born 1986), Chilean footballer - Fernando de Rojas (c. 1465 – 1541), Castilian author - Francisca Rojas, believed to be the first criminal found guilty through fingerprint evidence - Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla (1607–1660), Spanish dramatist - Francisco Goméz de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Lerma, Duke of Lerma (1552/1553–1625) - Francisco Rojas Rojas (born 1974), Chilean football defender - Francisco Rojas Tollinchi (1911–1965), Puerto Rican poet, civic leader and journalist - Francisco Rojas Toledo (born 1956), Mexican politician ### G - Genaro Vázquez Rojas (1931–1972), former school teacher, militant and guerrilla fighter - Geraldin Rojas (born 1981), contemporary Argentine tango dancer, also known as Geraldin Paludi - Gonzalo Rojas (1916–2011), Chilean poet - Guadalupe Pérez Rojas (born 1994), Argentine tennis player - Guillermo Rojas (born 1983), Mexican football left back - Gustavo Andrés Rojas (born 1988), Colombian football defender - Gustavo Rojas (footballer) (born 1988), Colombian football defender - Gustavo Rojas (golfer) (born 1967), Argentine professional golfer - Gustavo Rojas Pinilla (1900–1975), Colombian General, military dictator of Colombia from 1953 to 1957 - Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport, international airport on the San Andrés Island, Colombia ### H - Héctor Rojas Herazo (1920–2002), Colombian writer - Henry Rojas (born 1987), football striker from Colombia - Heriberto Rojas, former Costa Rican footballer - Hernando de Manrique de Rojas, commander of Spanish forces sent in late 1562 to destroy the French fort at Port Royal - Homar Rojas (born 1964), former player and a manager in Minor League Baseball - Hugo Ballivian Rojas (1901–1993), de facto President of Bolivia 1951–1952 ### I - Ibrahim Rojas (born 1975), Cuban sprint canoeist - Isaac Rojas (1906–1993), Argentine Admiral of the Navy and de facto Vice President - Iván Guzmán de Rojas (1934–2022), Bolivian research scientist and the creator of Atamiri ### J - Jesús Kiki Rojas (born 1964), former professional boxer in the super flyweight division - Jesus Rojas (1950–1991), Nicaraguan and a major leader of the FMLN resistance movement in El Salvador - Joao Rojas (born 1997), Ecuadorian footballer - Joao Rojas (born 1989), Ecuadorian footballer - Joaquín Rojas (1938–2018), Filipino former basketball player - Joel Humberto Rojas Pérez (born 1968), Cuban painter - Johan Rojas (born 2000), Dominican baseball player - John Rojas, Jr. (died 2000), founder of the Chula Vista Historical Society - Jorge A. Rojas (born 1940), general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1991 to 1996 - Jorge Alberto Rojas (born 1977), Venezuelan football midfielder - Jorge Rojas (footballer) (born 1993), Paraguayan international footballer - Jorge Rojas Justicia (born 1983), Spanish footballer - José Antonio Rojas (born 1987), Chilean footballer - José Domingo Gómez Rojas (1896–1920), Chilean poet - José Joaquín Rojas (born 1985), Spanish professional road bicycle racer - José López Portillo y Rojas (1850–1923), Mexican lawyer, politician and man-of-letters - José Manuel Rojas (born 1983), Chilean defender who currently plays for Universidad de Chile - José María Rojas Garrido (1824–1883), Colombian Senator - José Manuel Rojas (footballer, born 1952), football player from Costa Rica - José Rojas (baseball) (born 1993), American baseball player - Jose Rojas (racquetball) (born 1990), professional racquetball player - Josh Rojas (born 1994), American baseball player - Juan Carlos Rojas (born 1984), Mexican footballer - Juan Fernández de Rojas (1750–1819), Spanish historian, writer and humorist - Juan Pablo Rojas Paúl (1826–1905), President of Venezuela from 1888 to 1890 - Juan Rodrigo Rojas (born 1988), Paraguayan football midfielder - Julian Guillermo Rojas (born 1990), Colombian footballer ### L - Leonardo Ly Rojas (born 1985), Costa Rican footballer - Leonel Herrera Rojas (born 1978), former Chilean footballer - Liberato Marcial Rojas (1870–1922), provisional President of Paraguay July 6, 1911 – February 28, 1912 - Lorena Rojas (born 1972), Mexican actress and singer best known for soap operas - Luis Giampietri Rojas (born 1940), retired admiral of the Peruvian Navy - Luis Rojas (disambiguation), several people - Luis Rojas Mena (1917–2009), Mexican Bishop of the Roman Catholic Church ### M - Manuel Antonio Hermoso Rojas (born 1935), Canarian politician - Manuel Rojas (Author) (1896–1973), Chilean writer and journalist - Manuel Rojas (footballer) (born 1954), retired football midfielder from Chile - Manuel Rojas (independence leader) (1820–18??), Commander of the Liberation Army against Spanish rule in Puerto Rico - Manuel L. Rojas, assassinated Filipino mayor of Cavite City - Marco Antonio Rojas, Costa Rican goalkeeper - Marco Rojas, (born 1991), New Zealand footballer - Marcus Rojas (born 1962), tubist from New York City, best known for his work in jazz - Margot Rojas Mendoza (1903–1996), Mexican pianist and teacher - María Eugenia Rojas Correa (born 1932), retired Colombian political figure - Marielys Rojas (born 1986), Venezuelan athlete specializing in the high jump - Marlon Rojas (born 1979), Trinidad and Tobago soccer player - Marta Rojas (1928–2021), Cuban journalist and novelist - Matías Rojas (disambiguation), multiple people - Mauricio Rojas (born 1950), Swedish politician, political economist, member of the Riksdag since 2002 - Mauricio Rojas Toro (born 1978), Chilean football (soccer) player - Mel Rojas (born 1966), pitcher with a 10-year career from 1990 to 1999 - Memo Rojas, Mexican-born race car driver - Michelle Rojas, (born 1987), American voice actress affiliated with Funimation - Miguel Rojas (footballer), Colombian football defender - Miguel Rojas (baseball), Venezuelan baseball player - Mike Rojas (born 1963), American professional baseball coach and player development official - Minnie Rojas (1933–2002), relief pitcher in Major League Baseball - Moisés Rojas Alou (born 1966), former Dominican-American outfielder in Major League Baseball ### N - Nerio Rojas (1890–1971), Argentine physician and writer on forensic medicine - Nicolas Nunez Rojas (born 1984), Chilean football (soccer) midfielder - Nicolás Rojas Acosta (1873–1946), Argentine botanist and pteridologist - Noel Guzmán Boffil Rojas (1954–2021), Cuban painter - Nydia Rojas (born 1980), American singer of Mexican/Cuban/Yaqui Indian heritage - Nydia Rojas (album) (1996), the first album released by American singer Nydia Rojas ### O - Octavio Beras Rojas (1906–1990), Dominican prelate of the Roman Catholic Church - Omaira Rojas Cabrera (born 1967), FARC guerrilla - Oscar Rojas (Chilean footballer) (born 1958), Chilean football defender - Óscar Rojas (Costa Rican footballer) (born 1979), Costa Rican footballer - Óscar Rojas (Mexican footballer) (born 1981), Mexican football player - Oscar Emilio Rojas (born 1979), Costa Rican-Mexican naturalized football midfielder - Óscar Pérez Rojas (born 1973), Mexican football goalkeeper - Óscar Ricardo Rojas (born 1988), Mexican footballer ### P - Pablo Rojas Paz (1896–1956), Argentine writer born in Tucumán - Paola Rojas (born 1976), Mexico City television news anchor - Pedro Jose Rojas, Venezuelan politician - Pedro de Rojas, Spanish lawyer and colonial official in the Philippines and New Spain - Percy Rojas (born 1949), retired football midfielder from Peru - Peter Rojas (born 1975), the co-founder of technology blogs Gizmodo and Engadget ### R - Rafael Hernández Rojas (born 1946), Mexican former swimmer - Rafael Rojas (actor) (born 1961), Mexican male fashion model and actor - Raúl Rojas (born 1955), professor of informatics and mathematics at the Free University of Berlin - Raul Rojas (1941–2012), Mexican American featherweight boxer - René Rojas Galdames (1919–1988), Chilean lawyer and diplomat - Ricardo Francisco Rojas (born 1974), Chilean football (soccer) player - Ricardo Ismael Rojas (born 1971), Argentine born former football defender - Ricardo Rojas (boxer) (born 1955), retired boxer from Cuba - Ricardo Rojas (writer) (1882–1957), Argentine journalist and writer - Ricardo Rojas Frías (born 1955), retired boxer from Cuba - Richard Rojas (born 1975), Bolivian football midfielder - Roberto Rojas (born 1957), Chilean goalkeeper - Roberto Rojas (Peruvian footballer) (1955–1991), Peruvian football defender - Roberto Rojas (politician) (1966–2022), Bolivian politician - Roberto Rojas (Spanish footballer) (born 1974), Spanish footballer - Rodrigo Rojas (Paraguayan footballer) (born 1988), Paraguayan footballer - Rodrigo Rojas DeNegri (1967–1986), young photographer burnt alive in Chile - Roger Rojas, Honduran football player (Rojas) Producer ### S - Samuel Moreno Rojas (born 1960), Colombian American politician - Sandra Rojas (born 1973), Mexican sprint canoeist - Sergio Rojas (Argentine footballer) (born 1973), Argentine former football player - Sergio Rojas (Paraguayan footballer) (1940–2010), Paraguayan football player - Simón de Rojas (1552–1624), Spanish priest of the Trinitarian Order - Simon de Rojas Clemente y Rubio (1777–1827), Spanish botanist - Sixto Rojas (1982–2007), Paraguayan footballer ### T - Teodoro Rojas (1877–1954), Paraguayan botanist - Tito Rojas a.k.a. "El Gallo" (The Rooster) (1955–2020), salsa singer and bandleader - Tomás Rojas (disambiguation), several people - Tony Rojas (born 2005), American football player - Toribio Rojas, former coach of the Puerto Rico Islanders, a USL soccer team ### V - Vicente Rojas Lizcano (1879–1943), aka Biófilo Panclasta, individualist anarchist writer and activist - Victor Joy Way Rojas (born 1945), former Peruvian politician - Víctor Julio Suárez Rojas (1953–2010), high-ranking member of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) - Victor Rojas (born 1968), former member of the Texas Rangers radio broadcast team ### Y - Yulimar Rojas (born 1995), Venezuelan track and field athlete	enwiki/21685866	enwiki	21,685,866	Rojas	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojas	2025-08-04T18:28:28Z	en	Q20994990	64,194	{{Short description\|Spanish surname}} {{other uses}} {{Infobox family \|name = Rojas \|coat_of_arms = Coats of arms of Rojas.svg \|origin = [[Spain]]}} {{wiktionary\|Rojas\|rojas}} '''Rojas''' is a surname found throughout the Spanish-speaking world, especially in Latin America. {{compactTOC}} '''Rojas''' may refer to: {{TOCright}} ==People== ===A=== [[Adrián Rojas]] (born 1977), Chilean professional football player and father [[Aguelmis Rojas]] (born 1978), Cuban long-distance runner [[Agustín de Rojas Villandrando]] (1572–1618), Spanish writer and actor [[Alberto Müller Rojas]] (1935–2010), Venezuelan politician and general [[Alberto Rojas]] (born 1965), Mexican-born prelate of the Catholic Church [[Alberto Rojas Jiménez]] (1900–1934), Chilean poet and journalist [[Alejandro González Rojas]] (born 1955), former Costa Rican goalkeeper [[Alexis Rojas]] (born 1972), Colombian road cyclist [[Alfredo Rojas (Argentine footballer)]] (1937–2023) [[Alfredo Rojas (Peruvian footballer)]] (born 1991) [[Anderson Rojas]], amateur boxer from Ecuador [[Andrea Rojas]], fictional character from DC Comics [[Andres Almonaster y Rojas]] (1724–1798), Spanish civil servant of New Orleans [[Ángel Clemente Rojas]] (born 1944), former Argentine footballer [[Ángel Dolores Rojas]] (1851–1918), Argentine politician [[Ángel Rojas (footballer, born 1985)\|Ángel Rojas]] (born 1985), Chilean footballer who plays as midfielder [[Antonio Domingo Rojas Melero]] (born 1984), Spanish football player [[Ariel Rojas]] (born 1986), Argentine football midfielder [[:es:Arístides Rojas\|Arístides Rojas]], Venezuelan writer [[Arturo Montiel Rojas]] (born 1943), Mexican politician ===B=== [[Benigno Filomeno de Rojas]] (1821–1865), lawyer and Dominican politician [[Benjamin Rojas]] (born 1985), Argentine actor and singer [[Bernardo de Sandoval y Rojas]] (1546–1618), Spanish bishop and cardinal, Grand Inquisitor of Spain from 1608 to 1618 [[Bruno Rojas]] (born 1993), Bolivian sprinter ===C=== [[Carlos Rojas (footballer)]] (1928–1963), Chilean football midfielder [[Carmine Rojas]], bass player and Rod Stewart's bass player and music director [[Christopher Rojas]] (born 1982), composer, musician, songwriter, and record producer [[Clare Rojas]] (born 1976), American artist [[Clara Rojas]] (born 1964), Colombian tax lawyer, university lecturer, and campaign manager [[Claudio Rojas]] (born 1973), retired Guatemalan football midfielder [[Clemente Rojas]] (born 1952), Colombian boxer [[Cookie Rojas]] (born 1939), former Major League Baseball player, manager and coach [[Cristián Rojas]] (born 1985), Chilean footballer [[Cristóbal Rojas (artist)]] (1857–1890), Venezuelan painter [[Cristóbal de Rojas]] (1555–1614), a Spanish military engineer and architect ===D=== [[Darío Rojas]] (born 1960), retired Bolivian football goalkeeper [[Diego de Rojas]] (died 1544), 16th-century Spanish Conquistador [[Diego Rojas]] (born 1995), Chilean footballer [[Don Rojas]] (born 1949), journalist and political commentator from St. Vincent ===E=== [[Eladio Rojas (footballer, born 1934)\|Eladio Rojas]] (1934–1991), former Chilean footballer [[Elio Rojas]] (born 1982), featherweight boxer from the Dominican Republic [[Eloy Rojas]] (born 1967), professional boxer in the Featherweight division [[Emilio Rojas]] (born 1984), American recording artist and rapper from Rochester, New York [[Esteban Rojas Tovar]], Colombian educator, philanthropist, bishop of the diocese of Garzón [[Euclides Rojas]] (born 1967), Cuban-born coach and player development official in Major League Baseball ===F=== [[Felipe Rojas]] (born 1986), Chilean footballer [[Fernando de Rojas]] (c. 1465 – 1541), Castilian author [[Francisca Rojas]], believed to be the first criminal found guilty through fingerprint evidence [[Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla]] (1607–1660), Spanish dramatist [[Francisco Goméz de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Lerma]], Duke of Lerma (1552/1553–1625) [[Francisco Rojas Rojas]] (born 1974), Chilean football defender [[Francisco Rojas Tollinchi]] (1911–1965), Puerto Rican poet, civic leader and journalist [[Francisco Rojas Toledo]] (born 1956), Mexican politician ===G=== [[Genaro Vázquez Rojas]] (1931–1972), former school teacher, militant and guerrilla fighter [[Geraldin Rojas]] (born 1981), contemporary Argentine tango dancer, also known as Geraldin Paludi [[Gonzalo Rojas]] (1916–2011), Chilean poet [[Guadalupe Pérez Rojas]] (born 1994), Argentine tennis player [[Guillermo Rojas]] (born 1983), Mexican football left back [[Gustavo Andrés Rojas]] (born 1988), Colombian football defender [[Gustavo Rojas (footballer)]] (born 1988), Colombian football defender [[Gustavo Rojas (golfer)]] (born 1967), Argentine professional golfer [[Gustavo Rojas Pinilla]] (1900–1975), Colombian General, military dictator of Colombia from 1953 to 1957 [[Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport]], international airport on the San Andrés Island, Colombia ===H=== [[Héctor Rojas Herazo]] (1920–2002), Colombian writer [[Henry Rojas]] (born 1987), football striker from Colombia [[Heriberto Rojas]], former Costa Rican footballer [[Hernando de Manrique de Rojas]], commander of Spanish forces sent in late 1562 to destroy the French fort at Port Royal [[Homar Rojas]] (born 1964), former player and a manager in Minor League Baseball [[Hugo Ballivian Rojas]] (1901–1993), de facto President of Bolivia 1951–1952 ===I=== [[Ibrahim Rojas]] (born 1975), Cuban sprint canoeist [[Isaac Rojas]] (1906–1993), Argentine Admiral of the Navy and de facto Vice President [[Iván Guzmán de Rojas]] (1934–2022), Bolivian research scientist and the creator of Atamiri ===J=== [[Jesús Kiki Rojas]] (born 1964), former professional boxer in the super flyweight division [[Jesus Rojas]] (1950–1991), Nicaraguan and a major leader of the FMLN resistance movement in El Salvador [[Joao Rojas (footballer, born 1997)\|Joao Rojas]] (born 1997), Ecuadorian footballer [[Joao Rojas (footballer, born 1989)\|Joao Rojas]] (born 1989), Ecuadorian footballer [[Joaquín Rojas]] (1938–2018), Filipino former basketball player [[Joel Humberto Rojas Pérez]] (born 1968), Cuban painter [[Johan Rojas]] (born 2000), Dominican baseball player [[John Rojas, Jr.]] (died 2000), founder of the Chula Vista Historical Society [[Jorge A. Rojas]] (born 1940), general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1991 to 1996 [[Jorge Alberto Rojas]] (born 1977), Venezuelan football midfielder [[Jorge Rojas (Paraguayan footballer)\|Jorge Rojas (footballer)]] (born 1993), Paraguayan international footballer [[Jorge Rojas Justicia]] (born 1983), Spanish footballer [[José Antonio Rojas]] (born 1987), Chilean footballer [[José Domingo Gómez Rojas]] (1896–1920), Chilean poet [[José Joaquín Rojas]] (born 1985), Spanish professional road bicycle racer [[José López Portillo y Rojas]] (1850–1923), Mexican lawyer, politician and man-of-letters [[José Rojas (footballer, born 1983)\|José Manuel Rojas]] (born 1983), Chilean defender who currently plays for Universidad de Chile [[José María Rojas Garrido]] (1824–1883), Colombian Senator [[José Manuel Rojas (footballer, born 1952)]], football player from Costa Rica [[José Rojas (baseball)]] (born 1993), American baseball player [[Jose Rojas (racquetball)]] (born 1990), professional racquetball player [[Josh Rojas]] (born 1994), American baseball player [[Juan Carlos Rojas (footballer)\|Juan Carlos Rojas]] (born 1984), Mexican footballer [[Juan Fernández de Rojas]] (1750–1819), Spanish historian, writer and humorist [[Juan Pablo Rojas Paúl]] (1826–1905), President of Venezuela from 1888 to 1890 [[Juan Rodrigo Rojas]] (born 1988), Paraguayan football midfielder [[Julian Guillermo Rojas]] (born 1990), Colombian footballer ===L=== [[Leonardo Ly Rojas]] (born 1985), Costa Rican footballer [[Leonel Herrera Rojas]] (born 1978), former Chilean footballer [[Liberato Marcial Rojas]] (1870–1922), provisional President of Paraguay July 6, 1911 – February 28, 1912 [[Lorena Rojas]] (born 1972), Mexican actress and singer best known for soap operas [[Luis Giampietri Rojas]] (born 1940), retired admiral of the Peruvian Navy [[Luis Rojas (disambiguation)]], several people [[Luis Rojas Mena]] (1917–2009), Mexican Bishop of the Roman Catholic Church ===M=== [[Manuel Antonio Hermoso Rojas]] (born 1935), Canarian politician [[Manuel Rojas (Author)]] (1896–1973), Chilean writer and journalist [[Manuel Rojas (footballer)]] (born 1954), retired football midfielder from Chile [[Manuel Rojas (independence leader)]] (1820–18??), Commander of the Liberation Army against Spanish rule in Puerto Rico Manuel L. Rojas, assassinated Filipino mayor of [[Cavite City]] [[Marco Antonio Rojas]], Costa Rican goalkeeper [[Marco Rojas]], (born 1991), New Zealand footballer [[Marcus Rojas]] (born 1962), tubist from New York City, best known for his work in jazz [[Margot Rojas Mendoza]] (1903–1996), Mexican pianist and teacher [[María Eugenia Rojas Correa]] (born 1932), retired Colombian political figure [[Marielys Rojas]] (born 1986), Venezuelan athlete specializing in the high jump [[Marlon Rojas]] (born 1979), Trinidad and Tobago soccer player [[Marta Rojas]] (1928–2021), Cuban journalist and novelist [[Matías Rojas (disambiguation)]], multiple people [[Mauricio Rojas]] (born 1950), Swedish politician, political economist, member of the Riksdag since 2002 [[Mauricio Rojas Toro]] (born 1978), Chilean football (soccer) player [[Mel Rojas]] (born 1966), pitcher with a 10-year career from 1990 to 1999 [[Memo Rojas]], Mexican-born race car driver [[Michelle Rojas]], (born 1987), American voice actress affiliated with [[Funimation]] [[Miguel Rojas (footballer)]], Colombian football defender [[Miguel Rojas (baseball)]], Venezuelan baseball player [[Mike Rojas]] (born 1963), American professional baseball coach and player development official [[Minnie Rojas]] (1933–2002), relief pitcher in Major League Baseball [[Moisés Rojas Alou]] (born 1966), former Dominican-American outfielder in Major League Baseball ===N=== [[Nerio Rojas]] (1890–1971), Argentine physician and writer on forensic medicine [[Nicolas Nunez Rojas]] (born 1984), Chilean football (soccer) midfielder [[Nicolás Rojas Acosta]] (1873–1946), Argentine botanist and pteridologist [[Noel Guzmán Boffil Rojas]] (1954–2021), Cuban painter [[Nydia Rojas]] (born 1980), American singer of Mexican/Cuban/Yaqui Indian heritage [[Nydia Rojas (album)]] (1996), the first album released by American singer Nydia Rojas ===O=== [[Octavio Beras Rojas]] (1906–1990), Dominican prelate of the Roman Catholic Church [[Omaira Rojas Cabrera]] (born 1967), FARC guerrilla [[Oscar Rojas (Chilean footballer)]] (born 1958), Chilean football defender [[Óscar Rojas (Costa Rican footballer)]] (born 1979), Costa Rican footballer [[Óscar Rojas (footballer, born 1981)\|Óscar Rojas (Mexican footballer)]] (born 1981), Mexican football player [[Oscar Emilio Rojas]] (born 1979), Costa Rican-Mexican naturalized football midfielder [[Óscar Pérez Rojas]] (born 1973), Mexican football goalkeeper [[Óscar Ricardo Rojas]] (born 1988), Mexican footballer ===P=== [[Pablo Rojas Paz]] (1896–1956), Argentine writer born in Tucumán [[Paola Rojas]] (born 1976), Mexico City television news anchor [[:es:Pedro Jose Rojas\|Pedro Jose Rojas]], Venezuelan politician [[Pedro de Rojas]], Spanish lawyer and colonial official in the Philippines and New Spain [[Percy Rojas]] (born 1949), retired football midfielder from Peru [[Peter Rojas]] (born 1975), the co-founder of technology blogs ''Gizmodo'' and ''Engadget'' ===R=== [[Rafael Hernández Rojas]] (born 1946), Mexican former swimmer [[Rafael Rojas (actor)]] (born 1961), Mexican male fashion model and actor [[Raúl Rojas]] (born 1955), professor of informatics and mathematics at the Free University of Berlin [[Raul Rojas]] (1941–2012), Mexican American featherweight boxer [[René Rojas Galdames]] (1919–1988), Chilean lawyer and diplomat [[Ricardo Francisco Rojas]] (born 1974), Chilean football (soccer) player [[Ricardo Ismael Rojas]] (born 1971), Argentine born former football defender [[Ricardo Rojas (boxer)]] (born 1955), retired boxer from Cuba [[Ricardo Rojas (writer)]] (1882–1957), Argentine journalist and writer [[Ricardo Rojas Frías]] (born 1955), retired boxer from Cuba [[Richard Rojas]] (born 1975), Bolivian football midfielder [[Roberto Rojas]] (born 1957), Chilean goalkeeper [[Roberto Rojas (Peruvian footballer)]] (1955–1991), Peruvian football defender [[Roberto Rojas (politician)]] (1966–2022), Bolivian politician [[Roberto Rojas (Spanish footballer)]] (born 1974), Spanish footballer [[Rodrigo Rojas (Paraguayan footballer)]] (born 1988), Paraguayan footballer [[Rodrigo Rojas DeNegri]] (1967–1986), young photographer burnt alive in Chile [[Roger Rojas (footballer, born 1990)\|Roger Rojas]], Honduran football player (Rojas) Producer ===S=== [[Samuel Moreno Rojas]] (born 1960), Colombian American politician [[Sandra Rojas]] (born 1973), Mexican sprint canoeist [[Sergio Rojas (Argentine footballer)]] (born 1973), Argentine former football player [[Sergio Rojas (Paraguayan footballer)]] (1940–2010), Paraguayan football player [[Simón de Rojas]] (1552–1624), Spanish priest of the Trinitarian Order [[Simon de Rojas Clemente y Rubio]] (1777–1827), Spanish botanist [[Sixto Rojas]] (1982–2007), Paraguayan footballer ===T=== [[Teodoro Rojas]] (1877–1954), Paraguayan botanist [[Tito Rojas]] a.k.a. "El Gallo" (The Rooster) (1955–2020), salsa singer and bandleader [[Tomás Rojas (disambiguation)]], several people [[Tony Rojas]] (born 2005), American football player [[Toribio Rojas]], former coach of the Puerto Rico Islanders, a USL soccer team ===V=== [[Vicente Rojas Lizcano]] (1879–1943), aka Biófilo Panclasta, individualist anarchist writer and activist [[Victor Joy Way Rojas]] (born 1945), former Peruvian politician [[Víctor Julio Suárez Rojas]] (1953–2010), high-ranking member of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) [[Victor Rojas]] (born 1968), former member of the Texas Rangers radio broadcast team ===Y=== [[Yulimar Rojas]] (born 1995), Venezuelan track and field athlete ==See also== [[Roxas (disambiguation)\|Roxas]], archaic spelling * [[Rojas (disambiguation)]] * [[Alou family]], a prominent Dominican Republic baseball family bearing the paternal surname of Rojas {{surname\|Rojas}} {{Commons category-inline}} {{Red-surname}} [[Category:Spanish-language surnames]] [[Category:Surnames of Colombian origin]]	1,304,218,150	[{"title": "Rojas", "data": {"Place of origin": "Spain"}}]	false
# Dorohedoro Dorohedoro (ドロヘドロ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Q Hayashida. It was serialized in Shogakukan's manga magazines Monthly Ikki (November 2000 to September 2014), Hibana (March 2015 to August 2017), and Monthly Shōnen Sunday (November 2017 to September 2018); its chapters were collected in 23 tankōbon volumes. Dorohedoro tells the story of the amnesiac reptilian-headed Caiman, working together with his friend Nikaido to recover his memories and survive in a strange and violent world. In North America, the series has been licensed for English-language release by Viz Media in 2009, which began distributing the manga digitally when it launched SigIKKI, the now defunct online English version of Ikki magazine. The 23 volumes were published from 2010 to 2019. A 12-episode anime television series adaptation produced by MAPPA was broadcast in Japan on Tokyo MX from January to March 2020. It was followed by a worldwide streaming release on Netflix in May 2020. A second season is set to premiere in 2025. ## Synopsis ### Setting The series is set in a near post-apocalyptic future, taking place across three realms: - Hole, an ungoverned human favela megacity, heavily polluted from magic waste. - Sorcerers' world, an ethereal, Gothic class society, controlled by crime boss En. - Hell, the afterlife of all sorcerers, ruled by demons presided over by Chidaruma. Despite similar outward appearance, humans and sorcerers are two distinct species; Sorcerers were manufactured by Chidaruma in his realm, whereas humans occurred naturally in another. Sorcerers can also use magic through a circulatory system, which disperses a black smoke that gives them distinct powers. Stronger and rarer powers are highly prized, to the point of directly affecting social status; sorcerers will routinely commit to binding partnerships, resulting in violent competition for the right. Humans are forced to live in the slums of Hole, subject to unprovoked sorcerer violence and overwhelming magical pollution, whereas sorcerers live and travel freely between realms using conjured doorways. ### Premise A man named Caiman is searching for a sorcerer, whose magic erased his memories and gave him a reptilian head. Assisted by his friend Nikaido, a restaurant chef who runs The Hungry Bug, Caiman wanders Hole in search of his curser, hoping to kill them and dispel their magic. Caiman's only lead is the full-size man who lives down his throat: by placing a sorcerer's head inside Caiman's mouth, the man's head will slide up Caiman's throat and verify if they are responsible. Getting a job at a community hospital for magic attack victims, Caiman works with Drs. Vaux and Kasukabe to reach the sorcerer's world and uncover his past. The news of a lizard-man killing sorcerers, one with cross tattoos and magical resistance, attracts the attention of the de facto ruling sorcerer En. En believes Caiman is tied to the Cross-Eyes Gang, which subjugated humans and lower-class sorcerers, and whose leader almost wiped out En's crime family before disappearing. En sends his cleaners, Shin and Noi, to kill Caiman with two low-ranking sorcerers: Fujita, who seeks revenge as Caiman murdered his partner, and Ebisu, who has amnesia after Caiman accidentally tore her face off. ## Characters Caiman (カイマン, Kaiman) Voiced by: Wataru Takagi (Japanese); Aleks Le (English) Caiman is a victim of a magic attack that has left him with the head of a reptile and no memory of his original identity. He works with his friend Nikaido to hunt down Sorcerers who enter Hole, hoping to kill the one who cast the spell on him and nullify it. Caiman's immunity to magic and formidable knife skills make him incredibly skilled at battling Sorcerers. He also has the ability to regenerate his reptilian head, allowing him to survive lethal attacks such as decapitation. When not fighting, Caiman spends most of his time working at a hospital for magic victims and eating gyoza at Nikaido's restaurant, The Hungry Bug. Nikaido (二階堂, Nikaidō) Voiced by: Reina Kondō (Japanese); Reba Buhr (English) Caiman's best friend, and owner and chef of the Hungry Bug, a restaurant in Hole. She found Caiman after his initial transformation and helps him hunt down Sorcerers in the hopes of returning his memories and face. She is secretly a Sorcerer herself, living in hiding due to the desirability of her magic type. She also maintains contact with a devil from her past, named Asu. Nikaido is an incredibly skilled fighter in spite of not using magic, typically utilising hand-to-hand combat and acrobatics to disable foes. Professor Kasukabe (春日部博士, Kasukabe hakase) Voiced by: Mitsuhiro Ichiki (Japanese); Griffin Burns (English) A scientist who has studied Sorcerers intently for decades. He is approached by Caiman and Nikaido to use his artificial door to the Sorcerer's world. Although in his 60s, he looks incredibly young due to magic cast on him by his estranged, Sorcerer wife, Haru. He is frequently seen with his sidekick, a giant humanoid cockroach named Jonson. Jonson (ジョンソン) Voiced by: Ryōhei Kimura (Japanese); Joseph Whimms (English) A giant cockroach living in the sewers of the Hole who was mutated by the residual smoke in the Hole's polluted water. Jonson originally belonged to another resident of the Hole who was hunting down magic victims, but is later adopted by Professor Kasukabe and rarely leaves his side from then on. Kasukabe is able to control Jonson using specialised frequencies and can even make him talk, though he is only capable of saying "shocking". Vaux (バウクス, Baukusu) Voiced by: Hisao Egawa (Japanese); Michael Sorich (English) A doctor who runs a hospital catering to those who have been altered or "practiced upon" by the Sorcerers. He employs Caiman as an assistant. He is bald with a blue grid pattern tattooed on his face and the rest of his head. 13 (サーティーン, Sātīn) Voiced by: Yūki Kaji (Japanese); Johnny Yong Bosch (English) Neighborhood youth and regular customer at the Hungry Bug. He is attracted to Nikaido. En (煙) Voiced by: Kenyu Horiuchi (Japanese); Keith Silverstein (English) The leader of the En Family and a business magnate in the Sorcerer's world, with a magic specialism themed around mushrooms. At a young age, En was sold into work slavery under an oppressive human regime; believed to be worked to death, his body was dumped and then taken to hell by a demon. Subsisting in Hell on mushrooms, En eventually grew strong enough to return to the surface, killing his oppressors and building a criminal empire. Eventually, coming under threat from a gang of humans with red cross tattoos on their eyes, En almost died in a battle with their leader. Fearing a resurgence of the gang, En begins seeking Caiman upon hearing of a sorcerer killer with cross tattoos. Shin (心) and Noi (能井) Voiced by: Yoshimasa Hosoya (Japanese); Sean Chiplock (English) (Shin) Voiced by: Yū Kobayashi (Japanese); Cherami Leigh (English) (Noi) En's enforcers or "cleaners". Shin's magic allows him to disassemble victims into sentient pieces without killing them, while Noi is able to heal injuries. Shin is the child of a human father and sorcerer mother, raised as a human after his mother was murdered by anti-sorcerer vigilantes. Outed as a sorcerer and his father murdered for sheltering him, Shin murdered his way through Hole's enforcement gangs in revenge. Discovered as a homeless teen, Shin was taken in by En to work with Noi. Noi is En's younger cousin, and Shin's best friend. Noi first became friends with Shin after repairing his necrotic arms, eventually working as his partner as En's cleaners. Noi was originally training as a devil, only to forfeit her examination to save Shin's life. Fujita (藤田) Voiced by: Kengo Takanashi (Japanese); Bryce Papenbrook (English) Fujita is a low-level who works for a company headed by En. His partner was killed by Caiman. He is assigned to find the Sorcerer who transformed Caiman into a saurian. A bit of research reveals a reptilian transformation specialist named Ebisu. Fujita recalls passing her while in the Hole, and so he manages to locate and save her just as she's stuck in the jaws of Caiman. The incident leaves Ebisu traumatized, and Fujita watches after her while waiting for her memory to return. Ebisu (恵比寿) Voiced by: Miyu Tomita (Japanese); Cristina Vee (English) Ebisu is sullen-looking teenage girl who wears a skull-shaped mask. While in the Hole, she runs into Caiman and Nikaido, who cuts off Ebisu's fingers to prevent her from using magic, and bites down on her head after removing her mask. Before he can withdraw to ask her his question, a frantic Fujita appears from a door behind her and forcefully pulls her out of his clamped-down jaws into the door, which results in the skin being torn off completely from her face. She is healed by Noi, but her head trauma caused some brain damage, as seen in her suddenly eccentric behavior. She is commonly seen with Fujita, for whom she harbors reluctant affection. Chidaruma (チダルマ) Voiced by: Shigeru Chiba (Japanese); Chris Smith (English) The oldest and most powerful of the Devils, and the ruler of both Hell and the Sorcerer's world. A nigh-omnipotent being, Chidaruma is also the creator of the Sorcerers. In spite of his immense power and influence, he suffers from constant boredom, and thus seeks excitement and different ways to entertain himself. Asu (アス) / Kawajiri (川尻) Voiced by: Hozumi Gōda (Japanese); Todd Haberkorn (English) A devil and close associate of Nikaido in the Sorcerer's world. He is later revealed to have once been Nikaido's adoptive elder brother. ## Media ### Manga Dorohedoro, written and illustrated by Q Hayashida, began in the first ever issue of Shogakukan's seinen manga magazine Spirits Zōkan Ikki (re-branded as Monthly Ikki in 2003), released on November 30, 2000. Monthly Ikki ceased publication on September 25, 2014, and the series was transferred to the magazine's replacement, Hibana, starting on March 6, 2015. Hibana ceased publication after a two-year run on August 7, 2017, and Dorohedoro was transferred to Shogakukan's shōnen manga magazine Monthly Shōnen Sunday on November 10 of the same year. The manga finished after 18 years of publication on September 12, 2018, with its 167th chapter. Shogakukan collected its chapters in 23 tankōbon volumes, released from January 30, 2002, to November 12, 2018. A 14-page special chapter was published 17 months after the series' finale in Monthly Shōnen Sunday on February 12, 2020. In North America, Viz Media began distributing the manga digitally in 2009 when it launched its SigIKKI site, the former online English version of Monthly Ikki. Its 23 volumes were released in print from March 16, 2010, to September 17, 2019. The manga was translated by the localization company AltJapan. ### Anime An anime television series adaptation was announced by Shogakukan's Monthly Shōnen Sunday in November 2018. The series was produced by MAPPA and directed by Yuichiro Hayashi, with series composition by Hiroshi Seko, character designs by Tomohiro Kishi, and music composed by R.O.N of (K)NoW_NAME. It ran for 12 episodes from January 12 to March 29, 2020, on Tokyo MX. A series of six 5-minute-long original video animation (OVA) episodes was bundled with the series' second Blu-ray release on June 17, 2020. Dorohedoro was released outside of Japan on Netflix on May 28, 2020. The six short episodes were also made available on Netflix on October 15, 2020, as one long singular episode, labeled as episode 13. A sequel streaming series was announced on January 9, 2024. The sequel was later revealed to be a second season, which is set to premiere in 2025. ### Other media A guidebook, Dorohedoro All-Star Directory Complete Edition (ドロヘドロオールスター名鑑完全版, Dorohedoro Ōru Sutā Meikan Kanzenban), was released by Shogakukan on the occasion of the manga's ending on November 12, 2018. It includes character data and a newly drawn bonus manga story. An artbook, Dorohedoro Art Collection: Mud and Sludge (ドロヘドロ画集 MUD AND SLUDGE, Dorohedoro Gashū Maddo ando Surajji), was released by Shogakukan on February 20, 2020. It was designed by Shin Sobue and features 344 pages. ## Reception ### Manga Joseph Luster of Otaku USA called the series a "weird title", but he said that the story "makes for some prime manga absorption". He called the artwork "rough and sketchy, but painstakingly detailed", comparing it to the art style of Kentaro Miura and Pushead. Bill Sherman of Blogcritics praised Hayashida's writing and her bold artwork with her "in-your-face action and punkish scratchiness". David Brothers of ComicsAlliance praised Hayashida's Dorohedoro for her ability to find the beauty in the grotesque and compared the drawing to the likes of Simon Bisley, Tsutomu Nihei, and Katsuhiro Otomo. Brothers continues, "It's gritty, but it looks great. Flipping through the book just to gaze at the art is almost as rewarding as actually reading it". Deb Aoki of About.com wrote: "Dorohedoro is violent and surreal, but it's also infused with Hayashida's dark and goofy sense of humor. Between their killing sprees, Caiman and Nikaido bicker and flirt like workin' class stiffs who appreciate a laugh and a good meal after a hard day at the office". On the other hand, Carlo Santos from Anime News Network has criticized the series, saying that the story "never develops a sense of flow" and that Q Hayashida "cannot draw the human body at all". ### Anime The Dorohedoro anime series was nominated for the 2021 5th Crunchyroll Anime Awards. Lynzee Loveridge from Anime News Network praised the story, animation and characters, saying that "Dorohedoro somehow perfected the balance of mystery, absurd violence, and humor into a single hellishly beautiful package. The background artistry is a major highlight, especially the scenes around En's mansion and Sorcerer's world where highly detailed minutiae create something both beautiful and frightening. Absurdly funny, well-realized characters, a fleshed-out horrific world". Thrillist's Kambole Campbell wrote: "Dorohedoro hooks viewers with a wild premise and a unique, macabre world, but its staying power is in its cast of charming characters, as well as its numerous detours."	enwiki/18672748	enwiki	18,672,748	Dorohedoro	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorohedoro	2025-08-12T04:39:16Z	en	Q92554	373,611	{{Short description\|Japanese manga series}} {{Distinguish\|Dororo{{!}}''Dororo''}} {{Bots\|deny=Citation bot}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox animanga/Header \| image = Dorohedoro 01.jpg \| caption = First {{Transliteration\|ja\|[[tankōbon]]}} volume cover, featuring Caiman \| ja_kanji = ドロヘドロ \| ja_romaji = \| genre = {{ubl\|[[Action fiction\|Action]]<ref name="debut"/><ref name="gn2-review">{{cite web\|last=Santos\|first=Carlo\|title=Dorohedoro GN 2 - Review\|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dorohedoro/gn-2\|website=[[Anime News Network]]\|access-date=September 17, 2020\|date=October 8, 2010\|archive-date=October 9, 2010\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009014528/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dorohedoro/gn-2\|url-status=live}}</ref>\|[[Dark fantasy]]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Douresseaux\|first=Leroy\|title=Dorohedoro: Volume 17 manga review\|url=http://www.comicbookbin.com/dorohedoro017.html\|website=ComicBookBin\|access-date=July 27, 2018\|date=December 15, 2015\|archive-date=January 19, 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119054829/http://www.comicbookbin.com/dorohedoro017.html\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last=Chapman\|first=Paul\|title=Dorohedoro Anime Takes a Bite Out of Japanese TV in January of 2020\|url=http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2019/10/11-1/dorohedoro-anime-takes-a-bite-out-of-japanese-tv-in-january-of-2020\|website=[[Crunchyroll]]\|access-date=December 10, 2019\|date=October 11, 2019\|archive-date=December 10, 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210091037/https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2019/10/11-1/dorohedoro-anime-takes-a-bite-out-of-japanese-tv-in-january-of-2020\|url-status=live}}</ref>\|[[Science fantasy]]<ref>{{cite web\|last=Chapman\|first=Paul\|title=Bizarre Fantasy Manga Dorohedoro Takes the Plunge as a TV Anime\|url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2018/11/11/bizarre-fantasy-manga-dorohedoro-takes-the-plunge-as-a-tv-anime\|website=[[Crunchyroll]]\|access-date=May 12, 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131012704/https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2018/11/11/bizarre-fantasy-manga-dorohedoro-takes-the-plunge-as-a-tv-anime\|archive-date=January 31, 2021\|date=November 11, 2018\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="about.com">{{cite web\|last=Aoki\|first=Deb\|title=Dorohedoro Volume 1\|url=http://manga.about.com/od/vizmedia/gr/Dorohedoro1.htm\|website=[[About.com]]\|access-date=June 23, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126215751/http://manga.about.com/od/vizmedia/gr/Dorohedoro1.htm\|archive-date=January 26, 2012}}</ref>}}<!-- Genres should be based on what reliable sources list them as and not on personal interpretations. Limit of the three most relevant genres in accordance with [[MOS:A&M]]. --> }} {{Infobox animanga/Print \| type = manga \| author = [[Q Hayashida]] \| publisher = [[Shogakukan]] \| publisher_en = {{English manga publisher\|NA = [[Viz Media]]}} \| imprint = Ikki Comix \| magazine = {{ubl\|[[Monthly Ikki]] {{noitalic\|(November 30, 2000 – September 25, 2014)}}\|{{ill\|Hibana (magazine)\|lt=Hibana\|ja\|ヒバナ (雑誌)}} {{noitalic\|(March 6, 2015 – August 7, 2017)}}\|[[Monthly Shōnen Sunday]] {{noitalic\|(November 10, 2017 – September 12, 2018)}}}} \| first = November 30, 2000 \| last = September 12, 2018 \| volumes = 23 \| volume_list = List of Dorohedoro chapters }} {{Infobox animanga/Video \| type = TV series \| director = [[Yuichiro Hayashi]] \| producer = {{ubl\|Hiroyuki Aoi\|Daiki Tomihara\|Yuito Hirahara\|Akihiro Matsumoto\|Masaya Saitou\|Yoshinori Hasegawa\|Yuuichi Tada\|Reiko Sasaki\|Atsushi Yoshikawa\|Takehiko Hayashi}} \| writer = [[Hiroshi Seko]] \| music = [[(K)now Name\|R.O.N ((K)now Name)]] \| studio = [[MAPPA]] \| licensee = [[Netflix]] \| network = [[Tokyo MX]], [[Nippon BS Broadcasting\|BS11]], [[Mainichi Broadcasting System\|MBS]] ({{Abbr\|S1\|Season 1}}) \| first = January 12, 2020 \| last = \| episodes = 12 + 6 shorts \| episode_list = List of Dorohedoro episodes }} {{Infobox animanga/Footer\|portal=yes}} {{Nihongo\|'''''Dorohedoro'''''\|ドロヘドロ}}{{efn\|The title is deliberately ambiguous without context, and can be read multiple ways as a result. The only in-media use of the title appears in Chapter 56, where a viscous lake is described as {{nihongo\|\|ドロ\|"doro"}} and {{nihongo\|\|ヘドロ\|"hedoro"}}, equatable to 'mud-sludge' or 'muddy sludge' in English. It may also be read as 'mud to mud'.}} is a Japanese [[manga]] series written and illustrated by [[Q Hayashida]]. It was serialized in [[Shogakukan]]'s manga magazines ''[[Monthly Ikki]]'' (November 2000 to September 2014), ''{{ill\|Hibana (magazine)\|lt=Hibana\|ja\|ヒバナ (雑誌)}}'' (March 2015 to August 2017), and ''[[Monthly Shōnen Sunday]]'' (November 2017 to September 2018); its chapters were collected in 23 {{Transliteration\|ja\|[[tankōbon]]}} volumes. ''Dorohedoro'' tells the story of the [[amnesia]]c reptilian-headed Caiman, working together with his friend Nikaido to recover his memories and survive in a strange and violent world. In North America, the series has been licensed for English-language release by [[Viz Media]] in 2009, which began distributing the manga digitally when it launched ''SigIKKI'', the now defunct online English version of ''Ikki'' magazine. The 23 volumes were published from 2010 to 2019. A 12-episode [[anime]] television series adaptation produced by [[MAPPA]] was broadcast in Japan on [[Tokyo MX]] from January to March 2020. It was followed by a worldwide streaming release on [[Netflix]] in May 2020. A second season is set to premiere in 2025. ==Synopsis== ===Setting=== The series is set in a near [[post-apocalyptic]] future,<ref name="debut">{{cite web\|title=Viz Media Debuts Apocalyptic Dorohedoro Manga\|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2010-03-09/viz-media-debuts-apocalypitic-dorohedoro-manga\|website=[[Viz Media]] via [[Anime News Network]]\|access-date=July 28, 2010\|date=March 10, 2010\|archive-date=March 11, 2010\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311223829/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2010-03-09/viz-media-debuts-apocalypitic-dorohedoro-manga\|url-status=live}}</ref> taking place across three realms: * Hole, an [[Anarchy\|ungoverned]] human [[favela]] [[megacity]], heavily polluted from magic waste. * Sorcerers' world, an ethereal, [[Gothic architecture\|Gothic]] [[Social class\|class society]], controlled by [[crime boss]] En. * [[Hell]], the afterlife of all sorcerers, ruled by [[Daimon\|demons]] presided over by Chidaruma. Despite similar outward appearance, humans and sorcerers are two distinct species; Sorcerers were manufactured by Chidaruma in his realm, whereas humans occurred naturally in another. Sorcerers can also use magic through a circulatory system, which disperses a black smoke that gives them distinct powers. Stronger and rarer powers are highly prized, to the point of directly affecting social status; sorcerers will routinely commit to binding partnerships, resulting in violent competition for the right. Humans are forced to live in the slums of Hole, subject to unprovoked sorcerer violence and overwhelming magical pollution, whereas sorcerers live and travel freely between realms using conjured doorways. ===Premise=== A man named Caiman is searching for a sorcerer, whose magic erased his memories and gave him a reptilian head. Assisted by his friend Nikaido, a restaurant chef who runs The Hungry Bug, Caiman wanders Hole in search of his curser, hoping to kill them and dispel their magic. Caiman's only lead is the full-size man who lives down his throat: by placing a sorcerer's head inside Caiman's mouth, the man's head will slide up Caiman's throat and verify if they are responsible. Getting a job at a community hospital for magic attack victims, Caiman works with Drs. Vaux and Kasukabe to reach the sorcerer's world and uncover his past. The news of a lizard-man killing sorcerers, one with cross tattoos and magical resistance, attracts the attention of the ''de facto'' ruling sorcerer En. En believes Caiman is tied to the Cross-Eyes Gang, which subjugated humans and lower-class sorcerers, and whose leader almost wiped out En's crime family before disappearing. En sends his [[Fixer (person)\|cleaners]], Shin and Noi, to kill Caiman with two low-ranking sorcerers: Fujita, who seeks revenge as Caiman murdered his partner, and Ebisu, who has [[Dissociative amnesia\|amnesia]] after Caiman accidentally tore her face off. ==Characters== ;{{Nihongo\|Caiman\|カイマン\|Kaiman}} :{{voiced by\|[[Wataru Takagi]]<ref name="staff"/>\|Aleks Le<ref name="ENG Cast">{{cite tweet\|user=NetflixGeeked\|author=Netflix Geeked\|author-link=Netflix\|number=1257354521258459137\|date=May 4, 2020\|title=Here's your first look at the English cast taking a bite out of Dorohedoro when it arrives on May 28th.\|access-date=July 28, 2021\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250112215118/https://x.com/NetflixGeeked/status/1257354521258459137\|archive-date=January 12, 2025\|url-status=live}}</ref>}} :Caiman is a victim of a magic attack that has left him with the head of a reptile and no memory of his original identity. He works with his friend Nikaido to hunt down Sorcerers who enter Hole, hoping to kill the one who cast the spell on him and nullify it. Caiman's immunity to magic and formidable knife skills make him incredibly skilled at battling Sorcerers. He also has the ability to regenerate his reptilian head, allowing him to survive lethal attacks such as [[decapitation]]. When not fighting, Caiman spends most of his time working at a hospital for magic victims and eating [[Jiaozi\|gyoza]] at Nikaido's restaurant, The Hungry Bug. ;{{Nihongo\|Nikaido\|二階堂\|Nikaidō}} :{{voiced by\|[[Reina Kondō]]<ref name="staff"/>\|[[Reba Buhr]]<ref name="ENG Cast"/>}} :Caiman's best friend, and owner and chef of the Hungry Bug, a restaurant in Hole. She found Caiman after his initial transformation and helps him hunt down Sorcerers in the hopes of returning his memories and face. She is secretly a Sorcerer herself, living in hiding due to the desirability of her magic type. She also maintains contact with a devil from her past, named Asu. Nikaido is an incredibly skilled fighter in spite of not using magic, typically utilising hand-to-hand combat and acrobatics to disable foes. ;{{Nihongo\|Professor Kasukabe\|春日部博士\|Kasukabe hakase}} :{{voiced by\|[[Mitsuhiro Ichiki]]<ref name="staff"/>\|Griffin Burns}} :A scientist who has studied Sorcerers intently for decades. He is approached by Caiman and Nikaido to use his artificial door to the Sorcerer's world. Although in his 60s, he looks incredibly young due to magic cast on him by his estranged, Sorcerer wife, Haru. He is frequently seen with his sidekick, a giant humanoid cockroach named Jonson. ;{{Nihongo\|Jonson\|ジョンソン}} :{{voiced by\|[[Ryōhei Kimura]]<ref name="more-cast">{{cite web\|author1=Jennifer Sherman\|title=Dorohedoro Anime Casts Ryohei Kimura, Yuuki Kaji\|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-02-09/dorohedoro-anime-casts-ryohei-kimura-yuuki-kaji/.156268\|website=[[Anime News Network]]\|access-date=February 9, 2020\|date=February 9, 2020\|archive-date=February 12, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212211639/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-02-09/dorohedoro-anime-casts-ryohei-kimura-yuuki-kaji/.156268\|url-status=live}}</ref>\|[[Joe Ochman\|Joseph Whimms]]}} :A giant cockroach living in the sewers of the Hole who was mutated by the residual smoke in the Hole's polluted water. Jonson originally belonged to another resident of the Hole who was hunting down magic victims, but is later adopted by Professor Kasukabe and rarely leaves his side from then on. Kasukabe is able to control Jonson using specialised frequencies and can even make him talk, though he is only capable of saying "shocking". ;{{Nihongo\|Vaux\|バウクス\|Baukusu}} :{{voiced by\|[[Hisao Egawa]]<ref name="staff"/>\|[[Michael Sorich]]}} :A doctor who runs a hospital catering to those who have been altered or "practiced upon" by the Sorcerers. He employs Caiman as an assistant. He is bald with a blue grid pattern tattooed on his face and the rest of his head. ;{{Nihongo\|13\|サーティーン\|Sātīn}} :{{voiced by\|[[Yūki Kaji]]<ref name="staff"/>\|[[Johnny Yong Bosch]]}} :Neighborhood youth and regular customer at the Hungry Bug. He is attracted to Nikaido. ;{{Nihongo\|En\|煙}} :{{voiced by\|[[Kenyu Horiuchi]]<ref name="staff"/>\|[[Keith Silverstein]]<ref name="ENG Cast"/>}} :The leader of the En Family and a business magnate in the Sorcerer's world, with a magic specialism themed around mushrooms. At a young age, En was sold into work slavery under an oppressive human regime; believed to be worked to death, his body was dumped and then taken to hell by a demon. Subsisting in Hell on mushrooms, En eventually grew strong enough to return to the surface, killing his oppressors and building a criminal empire. Eventually, coming under threat from a gang of humans with red cross tattoos on their eyes, En almost died in a battle with their leader. Fearing a resurgence of the gang, En begins seeking Caiman upon hearing of a sorcerer killer with cross tattoos. ;{{Nihongo\|Shin\|心}} {{nobold\|and}} {{Nihongo\|Noi\|能井}} :{{voiced by\|[[Yoshimasa Hosoya]]<ref name="staff"/>\|[[Sean Chiplock]]<ref name="ENG Cast"/>}} (Shin) :{{voiced by\|[[Yū Kobayashi]]<ref name="staff"/>\|[[Cherami Leigh]]<ref name="ENG Cast"/>}} (Noi) :En's [[Mob enforcer\|enforcers]] or "cleaners". Shin's magic allows him to disassemble victims into sentient pieces without killing them, while Noi is able to heal injuries. :Shin is the child of a human father and sorcerer mother, raised as a human after his mother was murdered by anti-sorcerer vigilantes. Outed as a sorcerer and his father murdered for sheltering him, Shin murdered his way through Hole's enforcement gangs in revenge. Discovered as a homeless teen, Shin was taken in by En to work with Noi. :Noi is En's younger cousin, and Shin's best friend. Noi first became friends with Shin after repairing his necrotic arms, eventually working as his partner as En's cleaners. Noi was originally training as a devil, only to forfeit her examination to save Shin's life. ;{{Nihongo\|Fujita\|藤田}} :{{voiced by\|Kengo Takanashi<ref name="staff"/>\|[[Bryce Papenbrook]]<ref name="ENG Cast"/>}} :Fujita is a low-level who works for a company headed by En. His partner was killed by Caiman. He is assigned to find the Sorcerer who transformed Caiman into a saurian. A bit of research reveals a reptilian transformation specialist named Ebisu. Fujita recalls passing her while in the Hole, and so he manages to locate and save her just as she's stuck in the jaws of Caiman. The incident leaves Ebisu traumatized, and Fujita watches after her while waiting for her memory to return. ;{{Nihongo\|Ebisu\|恵比寿}} :{{voiced by\|[[Miyu Tomita]]<ref name="staff"/>\|[[Cristina Vee]]<ref name="ENG Cast"/>}} :Ebisu is sullen-looking teenage girl who wears a skull-shaped mask. While in the Hole, she runs into Caiman and Nikaido, who cuts off Ebisu's fingers to prevent her from using magic, and bites down on her head after removing her mask. Before he can withdraw to ask her his question, a frantic Fujita appears from a door behind her and forcefully pulls her out of his clamped-down jaws into the door, which results in the skin being torn off completely from her face. She is healed by Noi, but her head trauma caused some brain damage, as seen in her suddenly eccentric behavior. She is commonly seen with Fujita, for whom she harbors reluctant affection. ;{{Nihongo\|Chidaruma\|チダルマ}} :{{voiced by\|[[Shigeru Chiba]]<ref name="staff2">{{cite web\|last=Pineda\|first=Rafael\|title=Dorohedoro TV Anime Adds 6 More Cast Members\|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-11-12/dorohedoro-tv-anime-adds-6-more-cast-members/.153177\|website=[[Anime News Network]]\|access-date=November 12, 2019\|date=November 12, 2019\|archive-date=November 12, 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112061000/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-11-12/dorohedoro-tv-anime-adds-6-more-cast-members/.153177\|url-status=live}}</ref>\|[[Christopher Corey Smith\|Chris Smith]]}} :The oldest and most powerful of the Devils, and the ruler of both Hell and the Sorcerer's world. A nigh-omnipotent being, Chidaruma is also the creator of the Sorcerers. In spite of his immense power and influence, he suffers from constant boredom, and thus seeks excitement and different ways to entertain himself. ;{{Nihongo\|Asu\|アス}} / {{Nihongo\|Kawajiri\|川尻}} :{{voiced by\|[[Hozumi Gōda]]<ref name="staff2"/>\|[[Todd Haberkorn]]}} :A devil and close associate of Nikaido in the Sorcerer's world. He is later revealed to have once been Nikaido's adoptive elder brother. ==Media== ===Manga=== {{Main article\|List of Dorohedoro chapters{{!}}List of ''Dorohedoro'' chapters}} ''Dorohedoro'', written and illustrated by [[Q Hayashida]], began in the first ever issue of [[Shogakukan]]'s [[Seinen manga\|{{Transliteration\|ja\|seinen}} manga]] magazine ''Spirits Zōkan Ikki'' (re-branded as ''[[Monthly Ikki]]'' in 2003), released on November 30, 2000.<ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:本誌掲載作品一覧 (創刊号)\|url=http://www.ikki-para.com/paradise/list/list.html#01\|website=Ikkist Paradise\|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]\|access-date=September 15, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902103014/http://www.ikki-para.com/paradise/list/list.html#01\|archive-date=September 2, 2010\|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:スピリッツ増刊IKKIバックナンバー!!\|url=http://comics.shogakukan.co.jp/ikkipara/back/index.html\|website=[[Monthly Ikki\|IKKI Paradise]]\|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]\|access-date=September 16, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041025164825/http://comics.shogakukan.co.jp/ikkipara/back/index.html\|archive-date=October 25, 2004\|language=ja}}</ref> ''Monthly Ikki'' ceased publication on September 25, 2014,<ref>{{cite web\|last=Nelkin\|first=Sarah\|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-07-19/monthly-ikki-magazine-suspends-publication/.76839\|title=Monthly Ikki Magazine Suspends Publication\|date=July 19, 2014\|website=[[Anime News Network]]\|access-date=December 13, 2014\|archive-date=January 25, 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125011455/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-07-19/monthly-ikki-magazine-suspends-publication/.76839\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|last=Ressler\|first=Karen\|title=Monthly Ikki Magazine's Individual Series' Plans Announced\|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-07-30/monthly-ikki-magazine-individual-series-plans-announced/.76967\|website=[[Anime News Network]]\|access-date=September 15, 2020\|date=July 30, 2014\|archive-date=September 4, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904162130/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-07-30/monthly-ikki-magazine-individual-series-plans-announced/.76967\|url-status=live}}</ref> and the series was transferred to the magazine's replacement, ''{{ill\|Hibana (magazine)\|lt=Hibana\|ja\|ヒバナ (雑誌)}}'', starting on March 6, 2015.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Loveridge\|first=Lynzee\|title=Monthly Ikki's Replacement Magazine's Line-Up Announced\|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-09-24/monthly-ikki-replacement-magazine-line-up-announced/.79032\|website=[[Anime News Network]]\|access-date=September 15, 2020\|date=September 24, 2014\|archive-date=September 4, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904142103/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-09-24/monthly-ikki-replacement-magazine-line-up-announced/.79032\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://q-hayashida.com/blog/2015/02/27_hibana.html\|script-title=ja:『ドロヘドロ』連載再開！ヒバナ 2015.4 APRIL\|date=February 27, 2015\|website=q-hayashida.com\|language=ja\|access-date=June 6, 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302023409/http://q-hayashida.com/blog/2015/02/27_hibana.html\|archive-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:新青年マンガ誌・ヒバナ、本日発刊！東村アキコらの特典や複製原画展も\|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/140216\|website=[[Comic Natalie]]\|access-date=September 15, 2020\|language=ja\|date=March 6, 2015\|archive-date=September 16, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916085031/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/140216\|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Hibana'' ceased publication after a two-year run on August 7, 2017,<ref>{{cite web\|last=Sherman\|first=Jennifer\|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-07-07/shogakukan-hibana-magazine-ends-publication-after-2-years/.118534\|title=Shogakukan's Hibana Magazine Ends Publication After 2 Years\|date=July 7, 2017\|website=[[Anime News Network]]\|access-date=July 24, 2017\|archive-date=2017-07-10\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710054442/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-07-07/shogakukan-hibana-magazine-ends-publication-after-2-years/.118534\|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''Dorohedoro'' was transferred to Shogakukan's [[Shōnen manga\|{{Transliteration\|ja\|shōnen}} manga]] magazine ''[[Monthly Shōnen Sunday]]'' on November 10 of the same year.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Ressler\|first=Karen\|title=Hibana Magazine's Individual Series' Plans Announced\|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-08-06/hibana-magazine-individual-series-plans-announced/.119723\|website=[[Anime News Network]]\|access-date=August 6, 2017\|date=August 6, 2017\|archive-date=August 6, 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806221006/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-08-06/hibana-magazine-individual-series-plans-announced/.119723\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:モリタイシがゴムを研究する美女描く新作＆ドロヘドロ移籍連載、ゲッサンで開始\|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/256231\|website=[[Comic Natalie]]\|access-date=September 13, 2018\|language=ja\|date=November 10, 2017\|archive-date=June 28, 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628184242/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/256231\|url-status=live}}</ref> The manga finished after 18 years of publication on September 12, 2018, with its 167th chapter.<ref name="ends">{{cite web\|last=Ressler\|first=Karen\|title=Q Hayashida's Dorohedoro Manga Ends in 3 Chapters\|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-07-11/q-hayashida-dorohedoro-manga-ends-in-3-chapters/.134141\|website=[[Anime News Network]]\|access-date=July 18, 2018\|date=July 11, 2018\|archive-date=July 19, 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719004609/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-07-11/q-hayashida-dorohedoro-manga-ends-in-3-chapters/.134141\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:林田球「ドロヘドロ」18年の連載に幕！最終巻はガイド本と同発、新連載も予告\|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/299260\|website=[[Comic Natalie]]\|access-date=September 15, 2020\|language=ja\|date=September 12, 2018\|archive-date=August 12, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812043712/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/299260\|url-status=live}}</ref> Shogakukan collected its chapters in 23 {{Transliteration\|ja\|[[tankōbon]]}} volumes, released from January 30, 2002,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://comics.shogakukan.co.jp/book?isbn=9784091882714\|script-title=ja:ドロヘドロ１\|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]\|language=ja\|access-date=July 28, 2018\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201030211552/https://comics.shogakukan.co.jp/book?isbn=9784091882714\|archive-date=October 30, 2020\|url-status=live}}</ref> to November 12, 2018.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://comics.shogakukan.co.jp/book?isbn=9784091886934\|script-title=ja:ドロヘドロ２３\|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]\|language=ja\|access-date=October 31, 2018\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201030212108/https://comics.shogakukan.co.jp/book?isbn=9784091886934\|archive-date=October 30, 2020\|url-status=live}}</ref> A 14-page special chapter was published 17 months after the series' finale in ''Monthly Shōnen Sunday'' on February 12, 2020.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Mateo\|first=Alex\|title=Dorohedoro Manga Gets New Chapter 17 Months After Story Finale\|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-02-11/dorohedoro-manga-gets-new-chapter-17-months-after-story-finale/.156310\|website=[[Anime News Network]]\|access-date=February 12, 2020\|date=February 11, 2020\|archive-date=February 26, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226154846/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-02-11/dorohedoro-manga-gets-new-chapter-17-months-after-story-finale/.156310\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:「ドロヘドロ」約1年半ぶりにゲッサンに帰還、悪魔たちのイタズラ描く特別読切\|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/366729\|website=[[Comic Natalie]]\|access-date=February 12, 2020\|language=ja\|date=February 12, 2020\|archive-date=February 22, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222031146/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/366729\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:ゲッサン２０２０年３月号\|url=https://comics.shogakukan.co.jp/magazine?cd=0357703120\|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]\|access-date=November 7, 2020\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201107065817/https://comics.shogakukan.co.jp/magazine?cd=0357703120\|archive-date=November 7, 2020\|language=ja}}</ref> In North America, [[Viz Media]] began distributing the manga digitally in 2009 when it launched its SigIKKI site, the former online English version of ''Monthly Ikki''.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Loo\|first=Egan\|title=Viz Posts English Version of Ikki Mag Online (Updated)\|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-05-21/viz-posts-english-version-of-ikki-mag-online\|website=[[Anime News Network]]\|access-date=July 28, 2017\|date=May 22, 2009\|archive-date=June 21, 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621135012/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-05-21/viz-posts-english-version-of-ikki-mag-online\|url-status=live}}</ref> Its 23 volumes were released in print from March 16, 2010,<ref name=debut/><ref>{{cite web\|title=Dorohedoro, Vol. 1\|url=http://www.viz.com/read/manga/dorohedoro-volume-1/product/2321\|publisher=[[Viz Media]]\|access-date=July 28, 2018\|archive-date=July 28, 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101246/https://www.viz.com/read/manga/dorohedoro-volume-1/product/2321\|url-status=live}}</ref> to September 17, 2019.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Dorohedoro, Vol. 23\|url=http://www.viz.com/read/manga/dorohedoro-volume-23/product/6039\|publisher=[[Viz Media]]\|access-date=June 4, 2019\|archive-date=January 14, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114195713/https://www.viz.com/read/manga/dorohedoro-volume-23/product/6039\|url-status=live}}</ref> The manga was translated by the localization company [[AltJapan]].<ref>{{cite web\|title=AltJapan\|url=http://altjapan.com/index.html\|publisher=AltJapan\|access-date=March 21, 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809180154/http://altjapan.com/index.html\|archive-date=August 9, 2013}}</ref> ===Anime=== {{Main article\|List of Dorohedoro episodes{{!}}List of ''Dorohedoro'' episodes}} An [[anime]] television series adaptation was announced by Shogakukan's ''Monthly Shōnen Sunday'' in November 2018.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Hodgkins\|first=Crystalyn\|title=Q Hayashida's Dorohedoro Manga Gets TV Anime\|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-11-09/q-hayashida-dorohedoro-manga-gets-tv-anime/.139274\|website=[[Anime News Network]]\|access-date=November 9, 2018\|date=November 9, 2018\|archive-date=November 9, 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109234655/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-11-09/q-hayashida-dorohedoro-manga-gets-tv-anime/.139274\|url-status=live}}</ref> The series was produced by [[MAPPA]] and directed by [[Yuichiro Hayashi]], with series composition by [[Hiroshi Seko]], character designs by Tomohiro Kishi, and music composed by R.O.N of (K)NoW_NAME. It ran for 12 episodes from January 12 to March 29, 2020, on [[Tokyo MX]].<ref name="staff">{{cite web\|last=Pineda\|first=Rafael Antonio\|title=Dorohedoro TV Anime Reveals Promo Video, Staff, Cast, January 12 Premiere Date\|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-10-11/dorohedoro-tv-anime-reveals-promo-video-staff-cast-january-12-premiere-date/.152079\|website=[[Anime News Network]]\|access-date=October 11, 2019\|date=October 11, 2019\|archive-date=October 11, 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011120247/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-10-11/dorohedoro-tv-anime-reveals-promo-video-staff-cast-january-12-premiere-date/.152079\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Blu-ray">{{cite web\|last=Pineda\|first=Rafael Antonio\|title=Dorohedoro Anime Blu-ray Discs to Have 12 TV Episodes Plus 6 Bonus Episodes\|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-01-12/dorohedoro-anime-blu-ray-discs-to-have-12-tv-episodes-plus-6-bonus-episodes/.155284\|website=[[Anime News Network]]\|access-date=January 13, 2020\|date=January 12, 2020\|archive-date=January 13, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113014543/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-01-12/dorohedoro-anime-blu-ray-discs-to-have-12-tv-episodes-plus-6-bonus-episodes/.155284\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:魔の1 カイマン\|url=https://s.mxtv.jp/anime/dorohedoro/episode.php?ep_id=11144_1\|publisher=[[Tokyo MX]]\|access-date=November 7, 2020\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201107070358/https://s.mxtv.jp/anime/dorohedoro/episode.php?ep_id=11144_1\|archive-date=November 7, 2020\|language=ja\|url-status=live}}</p><p>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:魔の12 「思い出スクールデイズ」「ボーイミーツガール＝バトル！」「ゆびきりげんまん」\|url=https://s.mxtv.jp/anime/dorohedoro/episode.php?ep_id=11144_12\|publisher=[[Tokyo MX]]\|access-date=November 7, 2020\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201107070401/https://s.mxtv.jp/anime/dorohedoro/episode.php?ep_id=11144_12\|archive-date=November 7, 2020\|language=ja\|url-status=live}}</p></ref> A series of six 5-minute-long [[original video animation]] (OVA) episodes was bundled with the series' second [[Blu-ray]] release on June 17, 2020.<ref name="Blu-ray"/> ''Dorohedoro'' was released outside of Japan on [[Netflix]] on May 28, 2020.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Mateo\|first=Alex\|title=Netflix Streams Dorohedoro Anime Outside Japan on May 28\|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-04-21/netflix-streams-dorohedoro-anime-outside-japan-on-may-28/.158822\|website=[[Anime News Network]]\|access-date=October 19, 2020\|date=April 21, 2020\|archive-date=September 19, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919133059/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-04-21/netflix-streams-dorohedoro-anime-outside-japan-on-may-28/.158822\|url-status=live}}</ref> The six short episodes were also made available on Netflix on October 15, 2020, as one long singular episode, labeled as episode 13.<ref>{{cite tweet\|user=NetflixGeeked\|author=Netflix Geeked\|author-link=Netflix\|number=1309281462647238658\|date=September 24, 2020\|title=Get your gyoza cooking, because the Dorohedoro OVA arrives October 15th!\|access-date=June 21, 2021\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250112214415/https://x.com/NetflixGeeked/status/1309281462647238658\|archive-date=January 12, 2025\|url-status=live}}</ref> A sequel streaming series was announced on January 9, 2024.<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Pineda\|first1=Rafael Antonio\|last2=Cayanan\|first2=Joanna\|title=Dorohedoro Anime Gets Sequel as Streaming Series\|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-01-09/dorohedoro-anime-gets-sequel-as-streaming-series/.206148\|website=[[Anime News Network]]\|access-date=January 9, 2024\|date=January 9, 2024\|archive-date=January 9, 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109105213/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-01-09/dorohedoro-anime-gets-sequel-as-streaming-series/.206148\|url-status=live}}</ref> The sequel was later revealed to be a second season, which is set to premiere in 2025.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Loo\|first=Egan\|title=Dorohedoro Anime Sequel Reveals Returning Staff, 2025 Debut in New Visual\|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2025-01-12/dorohedoro-anime-sequel-reveals-returning-staff-2025-debut-in-new-visual/.219951\|website=[[Anime News Network]]\|access-date=January 12, 2025\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250112210242/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2025-01-12/dorohedoro-anime-sequel-reveals-returning-staff-2025-debut-in-new-visual/.219951\|archive-date=January 12, 2025\|date=January 12, 2025\|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Other media=== A [[guidebook]], {{Nihongo\|''Dorohedoro All-Star Directory Complete Edition''\|ドロヘドロオールスター名鑑完全版\|Dorohedoro Ōru Sutā Meikan Kanzenban}}, was released by Shogakukan on the occasion of the manga's ending on November 12, 2018. It includes character data and a newly drawn bonus manga story.<ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:「ドロヘドロ」TVアニメ化企画始動！最終巻＆ファンブック本日同発、全サも\|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/307523\|website=[[Comic Natalie]]\|publisher=Natasha, Inc\|access-date=October 12, 2024\|language=ja\|date=November 12, 2018\|archive-date=January 3, 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103105915/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/307523\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:ドロヘドロオールスター名鑑完全版\|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784091287113\|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]\|access-date=October 12, 2024\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012200738/https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784091287113\|archive-date=October 12, 2024\|language=ja\|url-status=live}}</ref> An [[artbook]], {{Nihongo\|''Dorohedoro Art Collection: Mud and Sludge''\|ドロヘドロ画集 MUD AND SLUDGE\|Dorohedoro Gashū Maddo ando Surajji}}, was released by Shogakukan on February 20, 2020. It was designed by {{ill\|Shin Sobue\|ja\|祖父江慎}} and features 344 pages.<ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:林田球「ドロヘドロ」全344ページの画集が発売、デザインは祖父江慎\|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/368082\|website=[[Comic Natalie]]\|publisher=Natasha, Inc\|access-date=October 12, 2024\|language=ja\|date=February 20, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|script-title=ja:ドロヘドロ画集ＭＵＤＡＮＤＳＬＵＤＧＥ\|url=https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784091990648\|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]\|access-date=October 12, 2024\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012201359/https://shogakukan-comic.jp/book?isbn=9784091990648\|archive-date=October 12, 2024\|language=ja\|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Reception== ===Manga=== Joseph Luster of ''[[Otaku USA]]'' called the series a "weird title", but he said that the story "makes for some prime manga absorption". He called the artwork "rough and sketchy, but painstakingly detailed", comparing it to the art style of [[Kentaro Miura]] and [[Pushead]].<ref>{{cite web\|last=Luster\|first=Joseph\|title=Checking in with IKKI\|url=https://otakuusamagazine.com/checking-in-with-ikki/\|website=[[Otaku USA]]\|access-date=July 28, 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927205649/http://www.otakuusamagazine.com/checking-in-with-ikki/\|archive-date=September 27, 2017\|date=October 9, 2009\|url-status=live}}</ref> Bill Sherman of ''[[Blogcritics]]'' praised Hayashida's writing and her bold artwork with her "in-your-face action and punkish scratchiness".<ref>{{cite web\|last=Sherman\|first=Bill\|url=https://blogcritics.org/manga-review-dorohedoro-01-by-q/\|title=Manga Review - Dorohedoro\|date=April 20, 2010\|website=[[BlogCritics]]\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712032437/https://blogcritics.org/manga-review-dorohedoro-01-by-q/\|archive-date=July 12, 2018\|url-status=live}}</ref> David Brothers of ''[[ComicsAlliance]]'' praised Hayashida's ''Dorohedoro'' for her ability to find the beauty in the grotesque and compared the drawing to the likes of [[Simon Bisley]], [[Tsutomu Nihei]], and [[Katsuhiro Otomo]]. Brothers continues, "It's gritty, but it looks great. Flipping through the book just to gaze at the art is almost as rewarding as actually reading it".<ref>{{cite web\|last=Brothers\|first=David\|url=http://comicsalliance.com/dorohedoro-q-hayashida/\|title=Gritty is the New Pretty - Q. Hayashida's Dorohedoro\|date=March 23, 2011\|website=[[ComicsAlliance]]\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819001612/http://comicsalliance.com/dorohedoro-q-hayashida/\|archive-date=August 19, 2014\|url-status=live}}</ref> Deb Aoki of ''[[About.com]]'' wrote: "''Dorohedoro'' is violent and surreal, but it's also infused with Hayashida's dark and goofy sense of humor. Between their killing sprees, Caiman and Nikaido bicker and flirt like workin' class stiffs who appreciate a laugh and a good meal after a hard day at the office".<ref name="about.com"/> On the other hand, Carlo Santos from ''[[Anime News Network]]'' has criticized the series, saying that the story "never develops a sense of flow" and that Q Hayashida "cannot draw the human body at all".<ref name="gn2-review"/><ref>{{cite web\|last=Santos\|first=Carlo\|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dorohedoro/gn-4\|title=Dorohedoro GN 4 - Review\|date=August 21, 2011\|website=[[Anime News Network]]\|access-date=September 17, 2020\|archive-date=January 14, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114192719/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dorohedoro/gn-4\|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Anime=== The ''Dorohedoro'' anime series was nominated for the 2021 [[5th Crunchyroll Anime Awards]].<ref>{{cite web\|last=Loveridge\|first=Lynzee\|title=Crunchyroll Announces Nominees for 5th Annual Anime Awards\|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2021-01-15/crunchyroll-announces-nominees-for-5th-annual-anime-awards/.168413\|website=[[Anime News Network]]\|access-date=January 15, 2021\|date=January 15, 2021\|archive-date=January 15, 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115170035/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2021-01-15/crunchyroll-announces-nominees-for-5th-annual-anime-awards/.168413\|url-status=live}}</ref> Lynzee Loveridge from ''Anime News Network'' praised the story, animation and characters, saying that "''Dorohedoro'' somehow perfected the balance of mystery, absurd violence, and humor into a single hellishly beautiful package. The background artistry is a major highlight, especially the scenes around En's mansion and Sorcerer's world where highly detailed minutiae create something both beautiful and frightening. Absurdly funny, well-realized characters, a fleshed-out horrific world".<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Loveridge\|first=Lynzee\|date=June 3, 2020\|title=REVIEW: Dorohedoro (Season 1)\|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dorohedoro/.160193\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025843/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/dorohedoro/.160193\|archive-date=September 30, 2022\|access-date=October 7, 2022\|website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> ''[[Thrillist]]'''s Kambole Campbell wrote: "''Dorohedoro'' hooks viewers with a wild premise and a unique, macabre world, but its staying power is in its cast of charming characters, as well as its numerous detours."<ref>{{cite web\|last=Campbell\|first=Kambole\|title=One of the Weirdest, Goriest, and Best Anime Series of the Year Is out on Netflix\|url=https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/dorohedoro-review-netflix-anime-series\|website=[[Thrillist]]\|access-date=August 15, 2021\|date=June 12, 2020\|archive-date=August 15, 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815170215/https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/dorohedoro-review-netflix-anime-series\|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{cite web\|title=Interview with Q Hayashida\|url=http://www.sigikki.com/features/012.shtml\|website=SigIKKI\|publisher=[[Viz Media]]\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415080337/http://www.sigikki.com/features/012.shtml\|archive-date=April 15, 2010}} ==External links== * {{Official website\|https://gekkansunday.net/work/477/\|''Dorohedoro'' official manga website at ''Gessan''}} {{in lang\|ja}} * {{Official website\|https://web.archive.org/web/20140318081615/http://www.ikki-para.com/comix/dorohedoro.html\|''Dorohedoro'' official manga website at ''Ikki Paradise''}} {{in lang\|ja}} * {{Official website\|https://web.archive.org/web/20160313094802/http://hi-bana.com/works016.html\|''Dorohedoro'' official manga website at ''Hibana''}} {{in lang\|ja}} * {{Official website\|https://dorohedoro.net/\|''Dorohedoro'' official anime website}} {{in lang\|ja}} * {{Official website\|https://www.viz.com/dorohedoro\|''Dorohedoro'' official manga website at Viz Media}} * {{Official website\|https://www.netflix.com/title/80991903}} at [[Netflix]] * {{Anime News Network\|manga\|4669}} {{Monthly Ikki}} {{Hibana}} {{Monthly Shōnen Sunday}} {{MAPPA}} {{Netflix original current series}} {{Netflix original animated series and films}} [[Category:2000 manga]] [[Category:2020 anime television series debuts]] [[Category:Anime series based on manga]] [[Category:Action anime and manga]] [[Category:Dark comedy anime and manga]] [[Category:Dark fantasy anime and manga]] [[Category:MAPPA]] [[Category:Netflix original anime]] [[Category:Post-apocalyptic anime and manga]] [[Category:Science fantasy anime and manga]] [[Category:Seinen manga]] [[Category:Shogakukan manga]] [[Category:Shōnen manga]] [[Category:Toho Animation]] [[Category:Tokyo MX original programming]] [[Category:Viz Media manga]]	1,305,455,697	[{"title": "\u30c9\u30ed\u30d8\u30c9\u30ed", "data": {"Genre": "- Action - Dark fantasy - Science fantasy", "\u30c9\u30ed\u30d8\u30c9\u30ed": ["Manga", "Anime television series"], "Written by": ["Q Hayashida", "Hiroshi Seko"], "Published by": "Shogakukan", "English publisher": "- NA: Viz Media", "Imprint": "Ikki Comix", "Magazine": "- Monthly Ikki (November 30, 2000 \u2013 September 25, 2014) - Hibana (March 6, 2015 \u2013 August 7, 2017) - Monthly Sh\u014dnen Sunday (November 10, 2017 \u2013 September 12, 2018)", "Original run": ["November 30, 2000 \u2013 September 12, 2018", "January 12, 2020 \u2013 present"], "Volumes": "23", "Directed by": "Yuichiro Hayashi", "Produced by": "- Hiroyuki Aoi - Daiki Tomihara - Yuito Hirahara - Akihiro Matsumoto - Masaya Saitou - Yoshinori Hasegawa - Yuuichi Tada - Reiko Sasaki - Atsushi Yoshikawa - Takehiko Hayashi", "Music by": "R.O.N ((K)now Name)", "Studio": "MAPPA", "Licensed by": "Netflix", "Original network": "Tokyo MX, BS11, MBS (S1)", "Episodes": "12 + 6 shorts"}}]	false
# Mamadou Sylla (footballer, born 1994) Mamadou Sylla Diallo (born 20 March 1994) is a Senegalese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club Real Valladolid. ## Career Born in Kédougou, Sylla moved to Spain in 2004, aged ten, and joined FC Barcelona's youth setup in 2009. He subsequently represented CE Mataró and RCD Espanyol, and made his senior debuts with the latter's reserve team in 2013, in Segunda División B. On 27 March 2015 Sylla joined Segunda División strugglers Racing de Santander on loan until the end of the campaign, as a short-term replacement to injured Mamadou Koné. He played his first match as a professional on 5 April, starting in a 2–0 home loss against UE Llagostera. Six days later Sylla scoring his first professional goal, netting a last-minute winner in a 3–2 away win against RCD Mallorca. He returned to the Pericos in June, scoring three goals in 11 appearances but suffering team relegation. Sylla made his debut in the main category of Spanish football on 27 September 2015, coming on as a second-half substitute for Víctor Sánchez in a 3–0 away loss against Deportivo de La Coruña. On 3 December, he scored his first goal for the team, coming off the bench to open a 1–1 draw at Levante UD in the first leg of the last 16 of that season's Copa del Rey. On 11 July 2016, Sylla was loaned to Belgian club KAS Eupen for one year. He subsequently joined KAA Gent permanently, but served loan stints at SV Zulte-Waregem and Sint-Truidense VV. On 5 January 2020, Sylla signed with Russian Premier League side FC Orenburg on loan until the end of the 2019–20 season. On 9 October, he returned to Spain after joining second division side Girona on a free transfer, signing a two-year contract. On 20 August 2021, Sylla agreed to a three-year deal with La Liga side Deportivo Alavés. The following 31 January, he moved to fellow league team Rayo Vallecano on loan for the remainder of the season. Back to the Babazorros for the 2022–23 season, Sylla scored four times as the club returned to the top tier at first attempt. On 1 September 2023, he terminated his contract with the club, and signed a one-year deal with Real Valladolid just hours later. ## Career statistics As of match played on 1 July 2024 \| Club \| Season \| League \| League \| League \| National cup \| National cup \| Other \| Other \| Total \| Total \| \| Club \| Season \| Division \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| Apps \| Goals \| \| ----------------------- \| ------------ \| ------------------------ \| ------ \| ------ \| ------------ \| ------------ \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| ----- \| \| Espanyol B \| 2012–13 \| Segunda División B \| 1 \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 1 \| 0 \| \| Espanyol B \| 2013–14 \| Segunda División B \| 33 \| 6 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 33 \| 6 \| \| Espanyol B \| 2014–14 \| Segunda División B \| 30 \| 9 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 30 \| 9 \| \| Espanyol B \| Total \| Total \| 64 \| 15 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 64 \| 15 \| \| Racing Santander (loan) \| 2014–15 \| Segunda División \| 11 \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 11 \| 3 \| \| Espanyol \| 2015–16 \| La Liga \| 14 \| 0 \| 3 \| 1 \| — \| — \| 17 \| 1 \| \| Eupen (loan) \| 2016–17 \| Belgian First Division A \| 35 \| 12 \| 4 \| 1 \| — \| — \| 39 \| 13 \| \| Gent \| 2017–18 \| Belgian First Division A \| 28 \| 1 \| 2 \| 1 \| 2 \| 0 \| 32 \| 2 \| \| Gent \| 2019–20 \| Belgian First Division A \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 3 \| 0 \| \| Gent \| Total \| Total \| 29 \| 1 \| 3 \| 1 \| 3 \| 0 \| 35 \| 2 \| \| Zulte Waregem (loan) \| 2018–19 \| Belgian First Division A \| 14 \| 1 \| 2 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 16 \| 1 \| \| Sint-Truiden (loan) \| 2018–19 \| Belgian First Division A \| 13 \| 4 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 13 \| 4 \| \| Orenburg (loan) \| 2019–20 \| Russian Premier League \| 5 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 5 \| 0 \| \| Girona \| 2020–21 \| Segunda División \| 36 \| 9 \| 2 \| 0 \| 4 \| 2 \| 42 \| 11 \| \| Girona \| 2021–22 \| Segunda División \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 1 \| 0 \| \| Girona \| Total \| Total \| 37 \| 9 \| 2 \| 0 \| 4 \| 2 \| 43 \| 11 \| \| Alavés \| 2021–22 \| La Liga \| 13 \| 0 \| 2 \| 2 \| — \| — \| 15 \| 2 \| \| Alavés \| 2022–23 \| Segunda División \| 19 \| 4 \| 3 \| 1 \| 4 \| 1 \| 26 \| 6 \| \| Alavés \| 2023–24 \| La Liga \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 2 \| 0 \| \| Alavés \| Total \| Total \| 34 \| 4 \| 5 \| 3 \| 4 \| 1 \| 43 \| 8 \| \| Rayo Vallecano (loan) \| 2021–22 \| La Liga \| 12 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 14 \| 0 \| \| Valladolid \| 2023–24 \| Segunda División \| 29 \| 8 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 29 \| 8 \| \| Valladolid \| 2024–25 \| La Liga \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 0 \| 0 \| \| Valladolid \| Total \| Total \| 29 \| 8 \| 0 \| 0 \| — \| — \| 29 \| 8 \| \| Career total \| Career total \| Career total \| 297 \| 57 \| 21 \| 6 \| 11 \| 3 \| 329 \| 66 \| 1. ↑ Includes Copa del Rey, Belgian Cup 2. 1 2 Appearances in the UEFA Europa League 3. ↑ Appearances in the 2021 Segunda División play-offs 4. ↑ Appearances in the 2023 Segunda División play-offs	enwiki/46325217	enwiki	46,325,217	Mamadou Sylla (footballer, born 1994)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamadou_Sylla_(footballer,_born_1994)	2025-08-11T23:03:54Z	en	Q19968695	99,938	{{short description\|Senegalese footballer}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2022}} {{Infobox football biography \| name = Mamadou Sylla \| image = Mamadou Sylla 2023.jpg \| caption = Sylla in 2023 \| full_name = Mamadou Sylla Diallo \| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|1994\|3\|20\|df=y}} \| birth_place = [[Kédougou]], Senegal \| height = 1.84 m \| position = [[Forward (association football)\|Forward]] \| currentclub = [[Real Valladolid\|Valladolid]] \| clubnumber = 7 \| youthyears1 = 2009–2011 \| youthclubs1 = [[FC Barcelona\|Barcelona]] \| youthyears2 = 2011–2012 \| youthclubs2 = [[CE Mataró\|Mataró]] \| youthyears3 = 2012–2013 \| youthclubs3 = [[RCD Espanyol Cantera\|Espanyol]] \| years1 = 2013–2015 \| clubs1 = [[RCD Espanyol B\|Espanyol B]] \| caps1 = 64 \| goals1 = 15 \| years2 = 2015 \| clubs2 = → [[Racing de Santander\|Racing Santander]] (loan) \| caps2 = 11 \| goals2 = 3 \| years3 = 2015–2017 \| clubs3 = [[RCD Espanyol\|Espanyol]] \| caps3 = 14 \| goals3 = 0 \| years4 = 2016–2017 \| clubs4 = → [[K.A.S. Eupen\|Eupen]] (loan) \| caps4 = 35 \| goals4 = 12 \| years5 = 2017–2020 \| clubs5 = [[K.A.A. Gent\|Gent]] \| caps5 = 29 \| goals5 = 1 \| years6 = 2018 \| clubs6 = → [[S.V. Zulte Waregem\|Zulte Waregem]] (loan) \| caps6 = 14 \| goals6 = 1 \| years7 = 2019 \| clubs7 = → [[Sint-Truidense V.V.\|Sint-Truiden]] (loan) \| caps7 = 13 \| goals7 = 4 \| years8 = 2020 \| clubs8 = → [[FC Orenburg\|Orenburg]] (loan) \| caps8 = 5 \| goals8 = 0 \| years9 = 2020–2021 \| clubs9 = [[Girona FC\|Girona]] \| caps9 = 37 \| goals9 = 9 \| years10 = 2021–2023 \| clubs10 = [[Deportivo Alavés\|Alavés]] \| caps10 = 34 \| goals10 = 4 \| years11 = 2022 \| clubs11 = → [[Rayo Vallecano]] (loan) \| caps11 = 12 \| goals11 = 0 \| years12 = 2023– \| clubs12 = [[Real Valladolid\|Valladolid]] \| caps12 = 58 \| goals12 = 13 \| club-update = 27 May 2025 }} '''Mamadou Sylla Diallo''' (born 20 March 1994) is a Senegalese professional [[association football\|footballer]] who plays as a [[forward (association football)\|forward]] for Spanish club [[Real Valladolid]]. ==Career== Born in [[Kédougou]],<ref>[http://realracingclub.es/comunicacion/actualidad/ampliar.php?Id_contenido=15075 "No se puede decir que no a un club histórico como el Racing", Mamadou Sylla ("You cannot say no to a historical club like Racing", Mamadou Sylla)]; Racing Santander, 31 March 2015 {{in lang\|es}}</ref> Sylla moved to Spain in 2004, aged ten, and joined [[FC Barcelona]]'s youth setup in 2009.<ref>[http://www.sport.es/es/noticias/liga-adelante/mamadou-sylla-presentado-con-racing-santander-4065677 Mamadou Sylla, presentado con el Racing de Santander (Mamadou Sylla, presented with Racing de Santander)]; [[Sport (Spanish newspaper)\|Sport]], 31 March 2015 {{in lang\|es}}</ref> He subsequently represented [[CE Mataró]] and [[RCD Espanyol]], and made his senior debuts with the latter's [[RCD Espanyol B\|reserve team]] in 2013, in [[Segunda División B]]. On 27 March 2015 Sylla joined [[Segunda División]] strugglers [[Racing de Santander]] on loan until the end of [[2014–15 Segunda División\|the campaign]], as a short-term replacement to injured [[Mamadou Koné]].<ref>[http://realracingclub.es/comunicacion/actualidad/ampliar.php?Id_contenido=15052 Mamadou Sylla refuerza la delantera del Racing (Mamadou Sylla bolsters Racing's attack)]; Racing Santander, 27 March 2015 {{in lang\|es}}</ref> He played his first match as a professional on 5 April, starting in a 2–0 home loss against [[UE Llagostera]].<ref>[http://www.marca.com/2015/04/05/futbol/2adivision/1428263309.html El Llagostera agranda su racha, se acerca a la promoción y complica mucho la vida al Racing (Llagostera extends its run, draws near the promotion zones and complicates Racing's life)]; [[Marca (newspaper)\|Marca]], 5 April 2015 {{in lang\|es}}</ref> Six days later Sylla scoring his first professional goal, netting a [[Last-minute goal\|last-minute]] winner in a 3–2 away win against [[RCD Mallorca]].<ref>[http://www.marca.com/2015/04/11/futbol/2adivision/1428769908.html El Racing aprovecha los regalos del Mallorca y suma tres puntos de oro (Racing takes advantage of Mallorca's gifts and gets three golden points)]; Marca, 11 April 2015 {{in lang\|es}}</ref> He returned to the ''Pericos'' in June, scoring three goals in 11 appearances but suffering team relegation. Sylla made his debut in the main category of Spanish football on 27 September 2015, coming on as a second-half [[Substitute (association football)\|substitute]] for [[Víctor Sánchez Mata\|Víctor Sánchez]] in a 3–0 away loss against [[Deportivo de La Coruña]].<ref>[http://www.marca.com/eventos/marcador/futbol/2015_16/la-liga/jornada_6/dep_esp/ Lucas Pérez lidera a un Dépor brillante (Lucas Pérez leads a brilliant ''Dépor'')]; Marca, 27 September 2015 {{in lang\|es}}</ref> On 3 December, he scored his first goal for the team, coming off the bench to open a 1–1 draw at [[Levante UD]] in the first leg of the last 16 of [[2015–16 Copa del Rey\|that season]]'s [[Copa del Rey]].<ref>{{cite news\|title=Roger mantiene con vida al Levante\|trans-title=Roger gives Levante hope\|url=http://www.marca.com/eventos/marcador/futbol/2015_16/copa/dieciseisavos/ida/lev_esp/\|accessdate=10 April 2016\|publisher=Marca\|date=3 December 2015\|language=Spanish}}</ref> On 11 July 2016, Sylla was loaned to Belgian club [[K.A.S. Eupen\|KAS Eupen]] for one year.<ref>[http://www.rcdespanyol.com/ca/actualitat/mamadou-cedit-al-kas-eupen-belga/_n:3156/ Mamadou, cedit al KAS Eupen belga (Mamadou, loaned to Belgian KAS Eupen)]; RCD Espanyol, 11 July 2016 {{in lang\|ca}}</ref> He subsequently joined [[K.A.A. Gent\|KAA Gent]] permanently, but served loan stints at [[S.V. Zulte-Waregem\|SV Zulte-Waregem]] and [[Sint-Truidense V.V.\|Sint-Truidense VV]]. On 5 January 2020, Sylla signed with [[Russian Premier League]] side [[FC Orenburg]] on loan until the end of the 2019–20 season.<ref>{{cite web\|publisher=[[FC Orenburg]]\|url=https://fcorenburg.ru/news/novosti-osnovy/mamadu-silla-zaklyuchil-kontrakt-s-fk-orenburg.html\|title=Мамаду Силла заключил контракт с ФК "Оренбург"\|date=5 January 2020\|language=Russian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|publisher=[[K.A.A. Gent]]\|url=https://www.kaagent.be/nl/supporter/news/09-01-2020/mamadou-sylla-verhuurd-aan-fk-orenburg\|title=MAMADOU SYLLA VERHUURD AAN FK ORENBURG\|date=9 January 2020\|language=Dutch}}</ref> On 9 October, he returned to Spain after joining second division side [[Girona FC\|Girona]] on a free transfer, signing a two-year contract.<ref>{{cite web\|publisher=[[Girona FC]]\|url=https://www.gironafc.cat/noticia/el-girona-fc-fitxa-el-davanter-mamadou-sylla\|title=El Girona FC fitxa el davanter Mamadou Sylla\|date=9 October 2020\|language=Catalan}}</ref> On 20 August 2021, Sylla agreed to a three-year deal with [[La Liga]] side [[Deportivo Alavés]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.deportivoalaves.com/noticia/el-deportivo-alaves-cierra-el-fichaje-de-mamadou-sylla\|title=El Deportivo Alavés cierra el fichaje de Mamadou Sylla\|trans-title=Deportivo Alavés complete the signing of Mamadou Sylla\|publisher=Deportivo Alavés\|language=es\|date=20 August 2021\|accessdate=21 August 2021}}</ref> The following 31 January, he moved to fellow league team [[Rayo Vallecano]] on loan for the remainder of [[2021–22 La Liga\|the season]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.deportivoalaves.com/noticia/deportivo-alaves-y-rayo-vallecano-llegan-a-un-acuerdo-para-la-cesion-de-mamadou-sylla\|title=Deportivo Alavés y Rayo Vallecano llegan a un acuerdo para la cesión de Mamadou Sylla\|trans-title=Deportivo Alavés and Rayo Vallecano reach an agreement for the loan of Mamadou Sylla\|publisher=Deportivo Alavés\|language=es\|date=31 January 2022\|accessdate=31 January 2022}}</ref> Back to the ''Babazorros'' for the [[2022–23 Segunda División\|2022–23 season]], Sylla scored four times as the club returned to the top tier at first attempt. On 1 September 2023, he terminated his contract with the club,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.deportivoalaves.com/es/noticias/Alav%C3%A9s-Sylla-rescisi%C3%B3n-mila%20esker\|title=Mamadou Sylla cierra su etapa en el Deportivo Alavés\|trans-title=Mamadou Sylla ends his spell at Deportivo Alavés\|publisher=Deportivo Alavés\|language=es\|date=1 September 2023\|accessdate=1 September 2023}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web \|last=Bailador \|first=Ignacio \|date=1 September 2023 \|title=Sylla, el décimo y último fichaje \|url=https://as.com/futbol/segunda/sylla-el-decimo-y-ultimo-fichaje-n/ \|access-date=2 September 2023 \|website=Diario AS \|language=es-ES}}</ref> and signed a one-year deal with [[Real Valladolid]] just hours later.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.realvalladolid.es/noticias/sylla-para-el-ataque-del-real-valladolid\|title=Sylla para el ataque del Real Valladolid\|trans-title=Sylla for the attack of Real Valladolid\|publisher=Real Valladolid\|language=es\|date=1 September 2023\|accessdate=2 September 2023}}</ref> ==Career statistics== {{Updated\|match played on 1 July 2024}}<ref>{{soccerway\|283151\|name=Mamadou Sylla}}</ref> {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition \|- !rowspan="2"\|Club !rowspan="2"\|Season !colspan="3"\|League !colspan="2"\|National cup{{efn\|Includes [[Copa del Rey]], [[Belgian Cup]]}} !colspan="2"\|Other !colspan="2"\|Total \|- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals \|- \|rowspan="4"\|[[RCD Espanyol B\|Espanyol B]] \|[[2012–13 Segunda División B#Group 3\|2012–13]] \|[[Segunda División B]] \|1\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|1\|\|0 \|- \|[[2013–14 Segunda División B#Group 3\|2013–14]] \|Segunda División B \|33\|\|6\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|33\|\|6 \|- \|[[2014–15 Segunda División B#Group 3\|2014–14]] \|Segunda División B \|30\|\|9\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|30\|\|9 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !64!!15!!0!!0!!0!!0!!64!!15 \|- \|[[Racing de Santander\|Racing Santander]] (loan) \|[[2014–15 Segunda División\|2014–15]] \|[[Segunda División]] \|11\|\|3\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|11\|\|3 \|- \|[[RCD Espanyol\|Espanyol]] \|[[2015–16 RCD Espanyol season\|2015–16]] \|[[La Liga]] \|14\|\|0\|\|3\|\|1\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|17\|\|1 \|- \|[[K.A.S. Eupen\|Eupen]] (loan) \|[[2016–17 Belgian First Division A\|2016–17]] \|[[Belgian First Division A]] \|35\|\|12\|\|4\|\|1\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|39\|\|13 \|- \|rowspan="3"\|[[K.A.A. Gent\|Gent]] \|[[2017–18 K.A.A. Gent season\|2017–18]] \|Belgian First Division A \|28\|\|1\|\|2\|\|1\|\|2{{efn\|name=UEL\|Appearances in the [[UEFA Europa League]]}}\|\|0\|\|32\|\|2 \|- \|[[2019–20 K.A.A. Gent season\|2019–20]] \|Belgian First Division A \|1\|\|0\|\|1\|\|0\|\|1{{efn\|name=UEL}}\|\|0\|\|3\|\|0 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !29!!1!!3!!1!!3!!0!!35!!2 \|- \|[[S.V. Zulte Waregem\|Zulte Waregem]] (loan) \|[[2018–19 Belgian First Division A\|2018–19]] \|Belgian First Division A \|14\|\|1\|\|2\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|16\|\|1 \|- \|[[Sint-Truidense V.V.\|Sint-Truiden]] (loan) \|[[2018–19 Belgian First Division A\|2018–19]] \|Belgian First Division A \|13\|\|4\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|13\|\|4 \|- \|[[FC Orenburg\|Orenburg]] (loan) \|[[2019–20 FC Orenburg season\|2019–20]] \|[[Russian Premier League]] \|5\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|5\|\|0 \|- \|rowspan="3"\|[[Girona FC\|Girona]] \|[[2020–21 Girona FC season\|2020–21]] \|Segunda División \|36\|\|9\|\|2\|\|0\|\|4{{efn\|Appearances in the [[2021 Segunda División play-offs]]}}\|\|2\|\|42\|\|11 \|- \|[[2021–22 Girona FC season\|2021–22]] \|Segunda División \|1\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|1\|\|0 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !37!!9!!2!!0!!4!!2!!43!!11 \|- \|rowspan="4"\|[[Deportivo Alavés\|Alavés]] \|[[2021–22 Deportivo Alavés season\|2021–22]] \|La Liga \|13\|\|0\|\|2\|\|2\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|15\|\|2 \|- \|[[2022–23 Deportivo Alavés season\|2022–23]] \|Segunda División \|19\|\|4\|\|3\|\|1\|\|4{{efn\|Appearances in the [[2023 Segunda División play-offs]]}}\|\|1\|\|26\|\|6 \|- \|[[2023–24 Deportivo Alavés season\|2023–24]] \|La Liga \|2\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|2\|\|0 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !34!!4!!5!!3!!4!!1!!43!!8 \|- \|[[Rayo Vallecano]] (loan) \|[[2021–22 Rayo Vallecano season\|2021–22]] \|La Liga \|12\|\|0\|\|2\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|14\|\|0 \|- \|rowspan="3"\|[[Real Valladolid\|Valladolid]] \|[[2023–24 Real Valladolid season\|2023–24]] \|Segunda División \|29\|\|8\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|29\|\|8 \|- \|[[2024–25 Real Valladolid season\|2024–25]] \|La Liga \|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|0\|\|colspan="2"\|—\|\|0\|\|0 \|- !colspan="2"\|Total !29!!8!!0!!0!!colspan="2"\|—!!29!!8 \|- !colspan="3"\|Career total !297!!57!!21!!6!!11!!3!!329!!66 \|} {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{BDFutbol\|301810\|Mamadou Sylla}} {{WorldFootball.net\|mamadou-sylla_2}} {{Soccerway\|mamadou-sylla-diallo/283151\|Mamadou Sylla}} [http://www.rcdespanyol.com/es/equipos/_i:654 Espanyol official profile] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002220440/https://www.rcdespanyol.com/es/equipos/_i:654 \|date=2 October 2017 }} {{in lang\|es}} {{Real Valladolid squad}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sylla, Mamadou}} [[Category:1994 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Kédougou]] [[Category:Senegalese men's footballers]] [[Category:21st-century Senegalese sportsmen]] [[Category:Spanish men's footballers]] [[Category:Men's association football forwards]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Segunda División players]] [[Category:Segunda División B players]] [[Category:Belgian Pro League players]] [[Category:Russian Premier League players]] [[Category:RCD Espanyol footballers]] [[Category:RCD Espanyol B footballers]] [[Category:Racing de Santander players]] [[Category:KAA Gent players]] [[Category:K.A.S. Eupen players]] [[Category:SV Zulte Waregem players]] [[Category:Sint-Truidense V.V. players]] [[Category:FC Orenburg players]] [[Category:Girona FC players]] [[Category:Deportivo Alavés players]] [[Category:Rayo Vallecano players]] [[Category:Real Valladolid players]] [[Category:Senegalese expatriate men's footballers]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Russia]] [[Category:Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in Belgium]] [[Category:Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in Russia]] [[Category:Senegalese emigrants to Spain]] [[Category:21st-century Spanish sportsmen]]	1,305,414,201	[{"title": "Personal information", "data": {"Full name": "Mamadou Sylla Diallo", "Date of birth": "20 March 1994", "Place of birth": "K\u00e9dougou, Senegal", "Height": "1.84 m (6 ft 0 in)", "Position(s)": "Forward"}}, {"title": "Team information", "data": {"Current team": "Valladolid", "Number": "7"}}, {"title": "Youth career", "data": {"2009\u20132011": "Barcelona", "2011\u20132012": "Matar\u00f3", "2012\u20132013": "Espanyol"}}, {"title": "Senior career*", "data": {"Years": "Team \u00b7 Apps \u00b7 (Gls)", "2013\u20132015": "Espanyol B \u00b7 64 \u00b7 (15)", "2015": "\u2192 Racing Santander (loan) \u00b7 11 \u00b7 (3)", "2015\u20132017": "Espanyol \u00b7 14 \u00b7 (0)", "2016\u20132017": "\u2192 Eupen (loan) \u00b7 35 \u00b7 (12)", "2017\u20132020": "Gent \u00b7 29 \u00b7 (1)", "2018": "\u2192 Zulte Waregem (loan) \u00b7 14 \u00b7 (1)", "2019": "\u2192 Sint-Truiden (loan) \u00b7 13 \u00b7 (4)", "2020": "\u2192 Orenburg (loan) \u00b7 5 \u00b7 (0)", "2020\u20132021": "Girona \u00b7 37 \u00b7 (9)", "2021\u20132023": "Alav\u00e9s \u00b7 34 \u00b7 (4)", "2022": "\u2192 Rayo Vallecano (loan) \u00b7 12 \u00b7 (0)", "2023\u2013": "Valladolid \u00b7 58 \u00b7 (13)"}}]	false
# National power National power is defined as the sum of all resources available to a nation in the pursuit of national objectives. Assessing the national power of political entities was already a matter of relevance during the classical antiquity, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance and today. Classics Shang Yang, Guan Zhong and Chanakya, widely discussed the power of state. Many other classics, such as Mozi, Appian, Pliny the Elder, also concerned the subject. Herodotes described whence derives the power of Babylon. The considerations of Hannibal on the matter is found in Titus Livy. ## Elements of national power National power stems from various elements, also called instruments or attributes; these may be put into two groups based on their applicability and origin - "natural" and "social". - Natural: - Geography - Resources - Population - Social: - Economic - Political - Military - Psychological (National morale) - Informational ### Geography Important facets of geography such as location, climate, topography, size and resources play major roles in the ability of a nation to gain national power. The relation between foreign policy and geographic space gave rise to the discipline of geopolitics including the concepts of lebensraum and "grossraum". The latter is a region with natural resources sufficient for autarky. Space has a strategic value. Russia's size permitted it to trade space for time during the Great Patriotic War. To a less extent, the same is true for China in the war against Japan. Location has an important bearing on foreign policy of a nation. The presence of a water obstacle provided protection to states such as Ancient Rome, Great Britain, Japan, and the United States. The geographic protection allowed Rome, Japan, and the United States to follow isolationist policies, and Britain the policy of non-involvement in Europe. The presence of large accessible seaboards also permitted these nations to build strong navies and expand their territories peacefully or by conquest. In contrast, Poland, with no obstacle for its powerful neighbours, lost its independence from 1795 to 1918 and again from 1939 to 1989. Since Antiquity, the importance of climate was stressed, with the temperate zone being regarded as favoring great powers. Aristotle in Politics argued that the Greeks, placed in the temperate zone, qualify for world domination. Pliny the Elder observed that in the temperate zone, there are governments, which the outer races never have possessed. The temperate zone as power factor remained widely stressed in the modern research. In fact, all modern great powers have been located in the temperate zone. A.F.K. Organski criticized this hypothesis as "an accident of history." The Industrial Revolution happened, by accident, in the temperate zone and so far, also by accident, there are no major industrial nations outside this zone. But the world will become industrial, "now that the industrial revolution is galloping triumphant throughout the world." Organski abandoned the theory of temperate zone as untenable. By contrast, Max Ostrovsky developed it further. He doubted historical accidents. Writing half-a-century after Organski, he noted that the Industrial Revolution is still not "galloping triumphant throughout the world" but remains bound to the temperate zone. Moreover, vast temperate zones of Turkestan and Mongolia do not generate great powers. It appeared that besides the mild temperature, a right amount of rain was necessary, as only humid temperate areas have been sources of great power. This observation challenged a dominant element of the temperate theory. Most of its proponents believed that temperate climate develops industrious mind. None inquired what rain has to do with mind. Instead of climate developing mind, Ostrovsky replaced mind with cereal agriculture. Rains, he argued, favor cereals rather than human mind, while the productive cereal agriculture favors industry. The more productive is the cereal agriculture, the more manpower is available to industry and other non-agricultural sectors. For this reason, and not "by accident," the Industrial Revolution followed the modern Agricultural Revolution in time and space and is not "galloping triumphant" anywhere in the world beyond the humid temperate areas. In size, Russia is larger than the United States, but its temperate zone with optimum rainfall is smaller, as most of the territory is in latitudes well north. All things being equal, Ostrovsky concluded, who rules the largest rainy temperate zone, rules the world. But all things are seldom equal. For this reason, he avoided geographic determinism and formulized an indicator of national power which combines climatic conditions and organizational level (see "National power indicator" below). ## Measurements Depending on the interaction of the individual elements of national power, attempts can be made to classify states and assign them a status in the international order of states. Globally important states with dominant positions in all or almost all elements of national power are called superpowers. This term was applied to the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War. In the 21st century, it is also increasingly applied to the People's Republic of China. Other status classification terms for states include, in descending hierarchy, world powers, great powers, regional powers, middle powers, and small powers. For states or alliances with almost absolute power, the term hyperpower is used. Despite the difficulty of the task and the multidimensional nature of power, several attempts have been made to express the power of states in objective rankings and indexes based on statistical indicators. ### Composite Index of National Capability The Composite Index of National Capability (CINC) was conceived by J. David Singer in 1963. It includes the six factors of total population, urban population, iron and steel production, primary energy consumption, military expenditure and number of soldiers and calculates an index from them. His methodology is considered outdated, however, as he only takes into account "hard" power factors and indicators such as steel production no longer have the same significance as in the early 20th century. \| Rank \| Country \| \| ---- \| -------------- \| \| 1 \| China \| \| 2 \| United States \| \| 3 \| India \| \| 4 \| Japan \| \| 5 \| Russia \| \| 6 \| South Korea \| \| 7 \| Germany \| \| 8 \| Brazil \| \| 9 \| United Kingdom \| \| 10 \| France \| Criticism: CINC suggests, “nonsensically,” that Israel is, and has always been, one of the weakest countries in the Middle East; Russia dominated Europe throughout the 1990s, with more power than Germany, France, and the United Kingdom combined; and China has dominated the world since 1996 and by 2018 twice exceeded the power of the United States. ### National Power Ranking of Countries The National Power Ranking of Countries was published in a paper by the University of Warsaw and the University of Wroclaw. It divides countries into the categories of economic, military and geopolitical power, which is derived from statistical indicators. The report also analyzes the evolution of the distribution of power in the world since 1992 and makes a forecast for 2050, noting an increasing shift of power from the Western world to the Asia-Pacific region. \| Economic power \| Economic power \| Military power \| Military power \| Geopolitical power \| Geopolitical power \| \| Rank \| Country \| Rank \| Country \| Rank \| Country \| \| -------------- \| -------------- \| -------------- \| -------------- \| ------------------ \| ------------------ \| \| 1 \| China \| 1 \| United States \| 1 \| United States \| \| 2 \| United States \| 2 \| China \| 2 \| China \| \| 3 \| India \| 3 \| India \| 3 \| India \| \| 4 \| Japan \| 4 \| Russia \| 4 \| Russia \| \| 5 \| Brazil \| 5 \| Saudi Arabia \| 5 \| Saudi Arabia \| \| 6 \| Germany \| 6 \| France \| 6 \| Japan \| \| 7 \| Russia \| 7 \| Brazil \| 7 \| Brazil \| \| 8 \| France \| 8 \| Japan \| 8 \| France \| \| 9 \| United Kingdom \| 9 \| United Kingdom \| 9 \| Germany \| \| 10 \| Canada \| 10 \| South Korea \| 10 \| United Kingdom \| ### State Power Index The State Power Index was developed by Piotr Arak and Grzegorz Lewicki and takes into account the factors of economy, military, land area, population, cultural influence, natural resources and diplomacy, which is combined into an overall index. \| Rank \| Country \| \| ---- \| -------------- \| \| 1 \| United States \| \| 2 \| China \| \| 3 \| Russia \| \| 4 \| India \| \| 5 \| Germany \| \| 6 \| United Kingdom \| \| 7 \| France \| \| 8 \| Japan \| \| 9 \| Brazil \| \| 10 \| Canada \| ### World Power Index The World Power Index (WPI) is a numerical expression that refers the accumulation of national capacities that a State possesses for the exercise of its power in the international system. The WPI is the result of adding 18 indicators, which are organized through three composite indices: - Material Capacities Index (MCI), - Semimaterial Capacities Index (SCI), - Immaterial Capabilities Index (ICI). The WPI is presented as an analysis technique that, being quantitative, seeks to help overcome the hermeneutics that underlies the subjective interpretation of national power. In this way, the WPI contributes to the accurate comparison of the national capacities of States and the study of their position in the international structure. \| Rank \| Country \| \| ---- \| -------------- \| \| 1 \| United States \| \| 2 \| China \| \| 3 \| Germany \| \| 4 \| Japan \| \| 5 \| France \| \| 6 \| United Kingdom \| \| 7 \| Canada \| \| 8 \| Italy \| \| 9 \| Australia \| \| 10 \| South Korea \| ### National power indicator This indicator was developed by Max Ostrovsky. He reduced numerous indexes to one basic indicator—cereal tonnage produced by one percent of national manpower. He argues that this indicator is defined by environmental conditions and organizational level and in its turn defines the percentage of manpower available to non-agricultural activities. \| Rank \| Country \| Thousand tons \| \| ---- \| -------------- \| ------------- \| \| 1 \| United States \| 134,441 \| \| 2 \| France \| 42,909 \| \| 3 \| Argentina \| 33,435 \| \| 4 \| Germany \| 17,741 \| \| 5 \| Canada \| 15,365 \| \| 6 \| United Kingdom \| 14,697 \| \| 7 \| China \| 7,610 \| \| 8 \| Australia \| 6,223 \| \| 9 \| Russia \| 4,677 \| \| 10 \| India \| 3,820 \|	enwiki/547033	enwiki	547,033	National power	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_power	2025-08-13T01:41:10Z	en	Q3275668	159,524	{{Short description\|Sum of all resources available to a nation in the pursuit of national objectives}} {{about\|the political term\|the former energy company\|National Power}} '''National power''' is defined as the sum of all resources available to a nation in the pursuit of national objectives.<ref>"Instruments of national power." ''in'' {{cite book \|title=JP 1 (02) "Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms", 2001 (As amended through 31 July 2010) \|author=US NATO Military Terminology Group \|year=2010 \|publisher=Joint Chiefs of Staff, US Department of Defense \|location=Pentagon, Washington \|page=229 \|url=http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310102614/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=March 10, 2010\|access-date=19 September 2010}}</ref> Assessing the national power of political entities was already a matter of relevance during the [[classical antiquity]], the [[Middle Ages]] and the [[Renaissance]] and today.<ref name="Fels2017a">{{cite book\|author1=Fels, Enrico\|title=Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific? The Rise of China, Sino-US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance\|url=https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319456881\|year=2017\|publisher=Springer\|isbn=978-3-319-45689-8\|pages=225–340\|access-date=2016-11-25}}</ref>{{Failed verification\|date=January 2020}} Classics [[Shang Yang]],<ref>Shang Yang, ''The Book of the Governor of Shang Region'', (tr, Perelomov, L. S., Moscow: Nauka, 1993), pp 68-70, 142, 148, 150, 153, 161, 169-170, 172-173, 180.</ref> [[Guan Zhong]]<ref>''[[Guanzi (text)\|Guanzi]]'', (tr. Tan Po-fu, Connecticut: New Heaven, 1954), pp 48, 69, 95, 109, 170, 359-362.</ref> and [[Chanakya]],<ref>{{Cite book \|last=R Shamasastry \|url=http://archive.org/details/Arthasastra_English_Translation \|title=Arthasastra_English_Translation}}</ref> widely discussed the power of state. Many other classics, such as [[Mozi]],<ref>Mozi 6:20, ''The Ethical and Political Works'', (tr. Yi-Pao, M., London: Cheng Wen Press, 1974).</ref> [[Appian]],<ref>Appian, ''Roman History'', 8:10:67, ''Complete Works'', (tr. Golubzev E. S., Moscow: Nauka, 1998).</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]],<ref name="Elder, 1968">Pliny the Elder, ''Natural History'', 2:80:190, (London: Loeb, 1968).</ref> also concerned the subject. [[Herodotes]] described whence derives the power of Babylon.<ref>Herodotus, ''The Histories'', 1:193, (tr. Holland, Tom, London: Penguin Press, 2013).</ref> The considerations of [[Hannibal]] on the matter is found in [[Titus Livy]].<ref>Livy, ''History of Rome'', 34:60:40, (London: Loeb, 1964).</ref> ==Elements of national power== National power stems from various ''elements'', also called ''instruments'' or ''attributes''; these may be put into two groups based on their applicability and origin - "natural" and "social".<ref>{{Cite book \|last= \|first= \|url=http://archive.org/details/worldpolitics00orga \|title=World politics \|date=1958 \|publisher=New York Knopf }}</ref><ref name="Jablonsky">{{cite book \|title=The U.S. Army War College Guide to National Security Issues (Vol 1) : Theory of War and Strategy (4/ed) \|last=Jablonsky \|first=David \|chapter=Ch. 9 - "National power" \|editor1-first=J. Boone \|editor1-last=Bartholomees (Jr) \|year=2010 \|publisher=U.S. Army War College \|location=Carlisle, Pennsylvania \|isbn=978-1-58487-450-8 \|page=126 \|chapter-url=http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1004 \|access-date=12 September 2010 \|archive-date=24 February 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224181934/https://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1004 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> * Natural: Geography Resources ** Population * Social: [[Economic power\|Economic]] [[Political power\|Political]] [[Armed forces\|Military]] Psychological ([[Nationalism\|National morale]]) ** Informational ===Geography=== Important facets of geography such as [[location (geography)\|location]], [[climate]], [[topography]], size and resources play major roles in the ability of a nation to gain national power.<ref>Organski, A. F. K., (1958). ''World Politics'', (New York: Alfred A. Knopf), pp 116-131, https://archive.org/details/worldpolitics00orga/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater</ref> The relation between foreign policy and geographic space gave rise to the discipline of [[geopolitics]] including the concepts of [[lebensraum]] and "grossraum". The latter is a region with natural resources sufficient for [[autarky]]. Space has a strategic value. Russia's size permitted it to trade space for time during the [[Great Patriotic War]].<ref name="Jablonsky"/> To a less extent, the same is true for China in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War\|war against Japan]]. Location has an important bearing on [[foreign policy]] of a nation. The presence of a water obstacle provided protection to states such as [[Ancient Rome]], [[Great Britain]], [[Japan]], and the [[United States]]. The geographic protection allowed Rome, Japan, and the United States to follow [[isolationism\|isolationist]] policies, and Britain the policy of non-involvement in Europe. The presence of large accessible [[Coast\|seaboards]] also permitted these nations to build strong [[Navy\|navies]] and expand their territories peacefully or by conquest. In contrast, [[Poland]], with no obstacle for its powerful neighbours, lost its independence from 1795 to 1918 and again from 1939 to 1989. Since Antiquity, the importance of climate was stressed, with the temperate zone being regarded as favoring great powers. [[Aristotle]] in ''[[Politics (Aristotle)\|Politics]]'' argued that the Greeks, placed in the temperate zone, qualify for world domination.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Ostrovsky \|first=Max \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9b0gn89Ep0gC&q=temperate \|title=Y: The Hyperbola of the World Order \|date=2007 \|publisher=University Press of America \|isbn=978-0-7618-3499-1 \|language=en}}</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] observed that in the temperate zone, there are governments, which the outer races never have possessed.<ref name="Elder, 1968"/> The temperate zone as power factor remained widely stressed in the modern research. In fact, all modern great powers have been located in the temperate zone. [[A.F.K. Organski]] criticized this hypothesis as "an accident of history." The Industrial Revolution happened, by accident, in the temperate zone and so far, also by accident, there are no major industrial nations outside this zone. But the world will become industrial, "now that the industrial revolution is galloping triumphant throughout the world."<ref>Organski, A. F. K., (1958). ''World Politics'', (New York: Alfred A. Knopf), pp 123, https://archive.org/details/worldpolitics00orga/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater </ref> Organski abandoned the theory of temperate zone as untenable. By contrast, Max Ostrovsky developed it further. He doubted historical accidents. Writing half-a-century after Organski, he noted that the Industrial Revolution is still not "galloping triumphant throughout the world" but remains bound to the temperate zone. Moreover, vast temperate zones of Turkestan and Mongolia do not generate great powers.<ref>Ostrovsky 2007: p 173.</ref> It appeared that besides the mild temperature, a right amount of rain was necessary, as only humid temperate areas have been sources of great power.<ref>Fifield, Russell H., & Pearcy, Etzel G., (1944). ''Geopolitics in Principle and Practice'', (Boston & New York: Ginn and Company), p 4.</ref> This observation challenged a dominant element of the temperate theory. Most of its proponents believed that temperate climate develops industrious mind. None inquired what rain has to do with mind. Instead of climate developing mind, Ostrovsky replaced mind with cereal agriculture. Rains, he argued, favor cereals rather than human mind, while the productive cereal agriculture favors industry. The more productive is the cereal agriculture, the more manpower is available to industry and other non-agricultural sectors.<ref>Ostrovsky 2007: p 122.</ref> For this reason, and not "by accident," the Industrial Revolution followed the modern Agricultural Revolution in time and space and is not "galloping triumphant" anywhere in the world beyond the humid temperate areas. In size, Russia is larger than the United States, but its temperate zone with optimum rainfall is smaller, as most of the territory is in latitudes well north.<ref name="Jablonsky"/> All things being equal, Ostrovsky concluded, who rules the largest rainy temperate zone, rules the world. But all things are seldom equal. For this reason, he avoided [[geographic determinism]] and formulized an indicator of national power which combines climatic conditions and organizational level (see "National power indicator" below). == Measurements == Depending on the interaction of the individual elements of national power, attempts can be made to classify states and assign them a status in the [[international order]] of states. Globally important states with dominant positions in all or almost all elements of national power are called [[superpower]]s. This term was applied to the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]] during the [[Cold War]]. In the 21st century, it is also increasingly applied to the [[People's Republic of China]]. Other status classification terms for states include, in descending hierarchy, [[Great power\|world powers]], [[great power]]s, [[regional power]]s, [[middle power]]s, and [[small power]]s. For states or alliances with almost absolute power, the term hyperpower is used. Despite the difficulty of the task and the multidimensional nature of power, several attempts have been made to express the power of states in objective rankings and indexes based on statistical indicators. === Composite Index of National Capability === [[File:Composite Index of National Capability.svg\|thumb\|450px\|Comparison of CINC values of USA, UK, China and Russia since the 19th century.<ref>Singer, J. David, Stuart Bremer, and John Stuckey. (1972). "[http://correlatesofwar.org/data-sets/national-material-capabilities Capability Distribution, Uncertainty, and Major Power War, 1820-1965.]" in Bruce Russett (ed) Peace, War, and Numbers, Beverly Hills: Sage, 19-48.</ref>]] The [[Composite Index of National Capability]] (CINC) was conceived by [[J. David Singer]] in 1963. It includes the six factors of total population, urban population, iron and steel production, primary energy consumption, military expenditure and number of soldiers and calculates an index from them. His methodology is considered outdated, however, as he only takes into account "hard" power factors and indicators such as steel production no longer have the same significance as in the early 20th century. {\| class="wikitable" \|+Top 10 powers (2007)<ref>{{cite web\|title=Composite Index of National Capability\|periodical=\|publisher=\|url=http://correlatesofwar.org/COW2%20Data/Capabilities/NMC_v4_0.csv\|url-status=dead\|format=\|access-date=2022-04-16\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720044920/http://correlatesofwar.org/COW2%20Data/Capabilities/NMC_v4_0.csv\|archive-date=2011-07-20\|last=\|date=2011-07-20\|language=\|pages=\|quote=}}</ref> !Rank !Country \|- \|1 \|{{CHN}} \|- \|2 \|{{USA}} \|- \|3 \|{{IND}} \|- \|4 \|{{JPN}} \|- \|5 \|{{RUS}} \|- \|6 \|{{KOR}} \|- \|7 \|{{GER}} \|- \|8 \|{{BRA}} \|- \|9 \|{{GBR}} \|- \|10 \|{{FRA}} \|} '''Criticism''': CINC suggests, “nonsensically,” that Israel is, and has always been, one of the weakest countries in the Middle East; Russia dominated Europe throughout the 1990s, with more power than Germany, France, and the United Kingdom combined; and China has dominated the world since 1996 and by 2018 twice exceeded the power of the United States.<ref>Beckley, Michael, (2018). “The power of nations: measuring what matters,” ''International Security'', 43 (2): pp 7–44, https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article/43/2/7/12211/The-Power-of-Nations-Measuring-What-Matters?searchresult=1</ref> === National Power Ranking of Countries === The National Power Ranking of Countries was published in a paper by the [[University of Warsaw]] and the [[University of Wrocław\|University of Wroclaw]]. It divides countries into the categories of economic, military and geopolitical power, which is derived from statistical indicators. The report also analyzes the evolution of the distribution of power in the world since 1992 and makes a forecast for 2050, noting an increasing shift of power from the [[Western world]] to the [[Asia-Pacific]] region. {\| class="wikitable" \|+Top 10 powers (2018)<ref name=":0">{{cite web\|title=National Power Ranking of Countries\|periodical=University of Warsaw, University of Wroclaw\|publisher=\|url=https://prnet.org.pl/img/pub/national-power-rankings-of-countries-2020.pdf\|format=\|access-date=2022-04-16\|last=Kiczma, Łukasz and Sułek, Mirosław\|date=2020\|language=\|pages=\|quote=}}</ref> ! colspan="2" \|Economic power ! colspan="2" \|Military power ! colspan="2" \|Geopolitical power \|- !Rank !Country !Rank !Country !Rank !Country \|- \|1 \|{{CHN}} \|1 \|{{USA}} \|1 \|{{USA}} \|- \|2 \|{{USA}} \|2 \|{{CHN}} \|2 \|{{CHN}} \|- \|3 \|{{IND}} \|3 \|{{IND}} \|3 \|{{IND}} \|- \|4 \|{{JPN}} \|4 \|{{RUS}} \|4 \|{{RUS}} \|- \|5 \|{{BRA}} \|5 \|{{SAU}} \|5 \|{{SAU}} \|- \|6 \|{{DEU}} \|6 \|{{FRA}} \|6 \|{{JPN}} \|- \|7 \|{{RUS}} \|7 \|{{BRA}} \|7 \|{{BRA}} \|- \|8 \|{{FRA}} \|8 \|{{JPN}} \|8 \|{{FRA}} \|- \|9 \|{{GBR}} \|9 \|{{UK}} \|9 \|{{GER}} \|- \|10 \|{{CAN}} \|10 \|{{KOR}} \|10 \|{{GBR}} \|} === State Power Index === The State Power Index was developed by Piotr Arak and Grzegorz Lewicki and takes into account the factors of economy, military, land area, population, cultural influence, natural resources and diplomacy, which is combined into an overall index. {\| class="wikitable" \|+Top 10 powers (2017)<ref>{{cite web\|title=State Power Index\|periodical=\|publisher=\|url=http://index.ineuropa.pl/en/state-power-index/\|format=\|access-date=2022-04-16\|last=\|date=\|year=\|language=en-US\|pages=\|quote=\|archive-date=2022-01-31\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131143449/http://index.ineuropa.pl/en/state-power-index/\|url-status=dead}}</ref> !Rank !Country \|- \|1 \|{{USA}} \|- \|2 \|{{CHN}} \|- \|3 \|{{RUS}} \|- \|4 \|{{IND}} \|- \|5 \|{{DEU}} \|- \|6 \|{{GBR}} \|- \|7 \|{{FRA}} \|- \|8 \|{{JPN}} \|- \|9 \|{{BRA}} \|- \|10 \|{{CAN}} \|} === World Power Index === The World Power Index (WPI) is a numerical expression that refers the accumulation of national capacities that a State possesses for the exercise of its power in the international system. The WPI is the result of adding 18 indicators, which are organized through three composite indices: * Material Capacities Index (MCI), * Semimaterial Capacities Index (SCI), * Immaterial Capabilities Index (ICI). The WPI is presented as an analysis technique that, being quantitative, seeks to help overcome the hermeneutics that underlies the subjective interpretation of national power.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Rocha Valencia \|first1=Alberto \|last2=Morales Ruvalcaba \|first2=Daniel \|date=2018-06-20 \|title=El poder nacional-internacional de los Estados. Una propuesta trans-estructural \|url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/GEOP/article/view/57778 \|journal=Geopolítica(s). Revista de estudios sobre espacio y poder \|volume=9 \|issue=1 \|pages=137–169 \|doi=10.5209/GEOP.57778 \|issn=2172-7155\|doi-access=free }}</ref> In this way, the WPI contributes to the accurate comparison of the national capacities of States and the study of their position in the international structure.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Morales Ruvalcaba \|first1=Daniel \|last2=Rocha Valencia \|first2=Alberto \|date=2022-06-16 \|title=Geoestructura de poder en el sistema político internacional: un enfoque trans-estructural \|url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/GEOP/article/view/72589 \|journal=Geopolítica(s). Revista de estudios sobre espacio y poder \|volume=13 \|issue=1 \|pages=41–81 \|doi=10.5209/geop.72589 \|issn=2172-7155\|doi-access=free }}</ref> {\| class="wikitable" \|+Top 10 powers (2022)<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2019-04-01 \|title=WPI Database - World Power Index \|url=https://www.worldpowerindex.com/wpi-database/ \|access-date=2025-05-15 \|language=}}</ref> !Rank !Country \|- \|1 \|{{USA}} \|- \|2 \|{{CHN}} \|- \|3 \|{{DEU}} \|- \|4 \|{{JPN}} \|- \|5 \|{{FRA}} \|- \|6 \|{{GBR}} \|- \|7 \|{{CAN}} \|- \|8 \|{{ITA}} \|- \|9 \|{{AUS}} \|- \|10 \|{{KOR}} \|} === National power indicator === This indicator was developed by Max Ostrovsky. He reduced numerous indexes to one basic indicator—cereal tonnage produced by one percent of national manpower. He argues that this indicator is defined by environmental conditions and organizational level and in its turn defines the percentage of manpower available to non-agricultural activities. {\| class="wikitable" \|+Top 10 powers (2007)<ref>Ostrovsky, Max, (2007). ''The Hyperbola of the World Order'', (Lanham: University Press of America), p 119.</ref> !Rank !Country !Thousand tons \|- \|1 \|{{USA}} \|134,441 \|- \|2 \|{{FRA}} \|42,909 \|- \|3 \|{{ARG}} \|33,435 \|- \|4 \|{{DEU}} \|17,741 \|- \|5 \|{{CAN}} \|15,365 \|- \|6 \|{{GBR}} \|14,697 \|- \|7 \|{{CHN}} \|7,610 \|- \|8 \|{{AUS}} \|6,223 \|- \|9 \|{{RUS}} \|4,677 \|- \|10 \|{{IND}} \|3,820 \|} ==See also== * [[Geopolitics]] [[Power projection]] [[Power in international relations]] * [[Composite Index of National Capability]] * [[Comprehensive National Power]] * [[Most powerful countries]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{International power}} [[Category:International relations terminology]]	1,305,601,521	[]	false
# Lala Lajpat Rai Lala Lajpat Rai (28 January 1865 — 17 November 1928) was an Indian revolutionary, politician, and author, popularly known as Punjab Kesari (Lion of Punjab). He was one of the three members of the Lal Bal Pal trio. He died of severe trauma injuries sustained in October 1928 during a baton charge by police in Lahore, when he led a peaceful protest march against the all-British Simon Commission. ## Early life Lajpat Rai was born on 28 January 1865 into an Agrawal Jain family as the eldest son of six children of Munshi Radha Krishna, an Urdu and Persian government school teacher and Gulab Devi Aggarwal at Dhudike in the Faridkot district of the Punjab Province of British India (now in Moga district, Punjab, India). He spent much of his youth in Jagraon. His house still stands in Jagraon and houses a library and museum. He also built the first educational institute R.K. High school in Jagraon. ## Education Lajpat Rai had his initial education in Government Higher Secondary School, Rewari, Punjab province, where his father was posted as an Urdu teacher. In 1880, he joined Government College at Lahore to study law, where he came in contact with patriots and future freedom fighters, such as Lala Hans Raj and Pandit Guru Dutt. While studying at Lahore he was influenced by the Hindu reformist movement of Swami Dayanand Saraswati, became a member of the existing Arya Samaj Lahore (founded 1877) and founder-editor of Lahore-based Arya Gazette. ## Career ### Law In 1884, his father was transferred to Rohtak, and Rai came along after the completion of his studies at Lahore. In 1886, he moved to Hisar where his father was transferred, and started to practice law and became a founding member of the Bar Council of Hisar along with Babu Churamani. In the same year, he helped Mahatma Hansraj establish the nationalistic Dayananda Anglo-Vedic School, Lahore, and he also founded the Hisar district branches of the Indian National Congress, and the reformist Arya Samaj movement with several other local leaders. These included Babu Churamani (lawyer), the three Tayal brothers (Chandu Lal Tayal, Hari Lal Tayal and Balmokand Tayal), Dr. Ramji Lal Hooda, Dr. Dhani Ram, Arya Samaj Pandit Murari Lal, Seth Chhaju Ram Jat (founder of Jat School, Hisar) and Dev Raj Sandhir. In 1888 and again in 1889, he had the honour of being one of the four delegates from Hisar to attend the annual session of the Congress at Allahabad, along with Babu Churamani, Lala Chhabil Das and Seth Gauri Shankar. In 1892, he moved to Lahore to practise before the Lahore High Court. To shape the political policy of India to gain independence, he also practised journalism, and was a regular contributor to several newspapers including The Tribune. He was also associated with the management of Punjab National Bank and Lakshmi Insurance Company in their early stages in 1894. In 1914, he quit law practice to dedicate himself to the Indian independence movement and travelled to Britain, and then to the United States in 1917. In October 1917, he founded the Indian Home Rule League of America in New York. He stayed in the United States from 1917 to 1920. His early freedom struggle was impacted by Arya Samaj and communal representation. ### Politics After joining the Indian National Congress and taking part in political agitation in Punjab, Lala Lajpat Rai Wadwal was deported to Mandalay by the British Raj, but there was insufficient evidence to hold him for subversion. Lajpat Rai's supporters attempted to secure his election to the presidency of the party session at Surat in December 1907, but he did not succeed. Graduates of the National College, which he founded inside the Bradlaugh Hall at Lahore as an alternative to British-style institutions, included Bhagat Singh. He was elected President of the Indian National Congress in the Calcutta Special Session of 1920. In 1921, he founded Servants of the People Society, a non-profit welfare organisation, in Lahore, which shifted its base to Delhi after partition, and has branches in many parts of India. He was a politician who had followed the policy of non - violence. According to him, Hindu society needs to fight its own battle with caste system, position of women and untouchability. Vedas were an important part of Hindu religion and approved everyone should be allowed to read them and recite the mantras. He believed that everyone should be allowed to read and learn from the Vedas. ### After the return from the Exile to Mandalay After returning from the exile, Lala Lajpat Rai went for a tour to the Great Britain. His stay for there was actually planned for a few weeks. But when he tried to come back from the tour he was unable to return to India because of - - The World War I - Due to the war, the British Government denied the return of any person except few dignitaries. - Blacklisted Passport - His passport was 'Blacklisted' by the British Government as the government feared that Lala Lajpat Rai would become a prominent leader and lead several revolts throughout the country. Lalaji was a hard working person. He didn't pass his time in idleness', instead he utilised his time and delivered lectures, wrote for many newspapers like The Times and wrote some great books like the Young India (which was banned by the British Government for several years but the ban was released when a case was filed against the ban and nothing special was found which would have caused the government to ban the book) and collected a huge amount of fund. He had to do learn all the skills necessary to running a household including cooking food, cleaning and doing laundry. He faced hardship due to shortage of money set aside for himself though he had lot amount of funds but he said that he won't use a single penny from the fund as the fund was meant for the investment for the country's needs. He also extended his trip to Japan and the US. After applying many times for the return to India, he went to the UK and spoke to the Secretary of India and managed to get his permit back to India. #### Travel to the United States Lajpat Rai travelled to the United States in 1916, and then returned during World War I. He toured Sikh communities along the Western Seaboard, visited the Tuskegee University in Alabama, and met with workers in the Philippines. His travelogue, The United States of America (1916), details these travels and features extensive quotations from leading African American intellectuals, including W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington. While in the United States he had founded the Indian Home Rule League in New York City and a monthly journal, the Young India and Hindustan Information Services Association. Rai petitioned the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, painting a vivid picture of maladministration by the British Raj in India, the aspirations of Indian public for independence amongst many other points which strongly sought the support of the international community for the attainment of Indian independence. The 32-page petition, which was prepared overnight, was discussed in the U.S. Senate in October 1917. The book also argues for the notion of "color-caste," suggesting sociological similarities between race in the US and caste in India. During World War I, Lajpat Rai lived in the United States, but he returned to India in 1919 and in the following year led the special session of the Indian National Congress that launched the non-co-operation movement. He was imprisoned from 1921 to 1923 and elected to the legislative assembly on his release. ## Protests Against The Simon Commission In 1928, the United Kingdom set up the Simon Commission, headed by Sir John Simon to report on the political situation in India. The commission was boycotted by Indian political parties because it did not include any Indian members, and it was met with country-wide protests. When the Commission visited Lahore on 30 October 1928, Lajpat Rai led a non-violent march in protest against it and gave the slogan "Simon Go Back!". The protesters chanted the slogan and carried black flags. The police superintendent in Lahore, James A. Scott, ordered the police to lathi charge the protesters and personally assaulted Rai. Despite being severely injured, Rai subsequently addressed the crowd at Mochi Gate the same evening and said "I declare that the blows struck at me today will be the last nails in the coffin of British rule in India." ## Death Rai did not fully recover from his injuries and died on 17 November 1928. Doctors thought that James Scott's blows had hastened his death. However, when the matter was raised in the British Parliament, the British government denied any role in Rai's death. Bhagat Singh, an HSRA revolutionary, whose associates (Naujawan Bharat Sabha's activists) were a witness to the event, swore to avenge the death of Rai, who was a significant leader of the Indian independence movement. He joined other revolutionaries, Shivaram Rajguru, Sukhdev Thapar and Chandra Shekhar Azad, in a plot to kill Scott to send a message to the British government. However, in a case of mistaken identity, Singh was signalled to shoot on the appearance of John P. Saunders, an assistant superintendent of the Lahore Police. He was shot by Rajguru and Singh while leaving the District Police Headquarters in Lahore on 17 December 1928. Chanan Singh, a head constable who was chasing them, was fatally injured by Azad's covering fire. This case did not stop Singh and his fellow-members of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association from claiming that retribution had been exacted. ## Legacy ### Movements and institutes founded by Lala Lajpat Rai Lajpat Rai was a heavyweight veteran leader of the Indian Nationalist Movement led by the Indian National Congress, Hindu reform movements and Arya Samaj, who inspired young men of his generation and kindled latent spirit of patriotism in their hearts with journalistic writings and lead-by-example activism. Young men in the independence movement, such as Chandrasekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh, were inspired by Rai. In late 19th and early 20th century Lala Lajpat Rai himself was founder of many organisations, including Hisar congress, Hisar Bar Council, national DAV Managing Committee. Lala Lajpat Rai was also head of the "Lakshmi Insurance Company," and commissioned the Lakshmi Building in Karachi, which still bears a plaque in remembrance of him. Lakhsmi Insurance Company was merged with Life Insurance Corporation of India when en masse nationalisation of life insurance business happened during 1956. In 1927, Lajpat Rai established a trust in his mother's memory to build and run a tuberculosis hospital for women, reportedly at the location where his mother, Gulab Devi, had died of tuberculosis in Lahore. This became known as the Gulab Devi Chest Hospital (originally Gulab Devi Tuberculosis Hospital) and opened on 17 July 1934. Now the Gulab Devi Memorial hospital is one of the biggest hospital of present Pakistan which services over 2000 patients at a time as its patients. In 1926, Lala Lajpat Rai established R.K. Trust in the memory of his father Sh. Radhakrishan. In 1956, R.K. Trust established Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial College in Jagraon. Later the college was taken under DAV management and rename as Lajpat Rai DAV College. R.K. Trust also manages the R.K. High School in Jagraon. Lala Lajpat Rai's younger brother Lala Dhanpat Rai was appointed by him to be the first headmaster of the R.K. High School. ### Monuments and institutes founded in memory of Lala Lajpat Rai Erected in the early 20th century, a statue of Lajpat Rai at Lahore, was later moved central square in Shimla after the partition of India. In 1959, the Lala Lajpat Rai trust was formed on the eve of his Centenary Birth Celebration by a group of Punjabi philanthropists (including R. P. Gupta and B. M. Grover) who have settled and prospered in the Indian State of Maharashtra, which runs the Lala Lajpat Rai College of Commerce and Economics in Mumbai. Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College, Meerut is named after him. In 1998, Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of Engineering and Technology, Moga was named after him. In 2010, the Government of Haryana set up the Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences in Hisar in his memory. Lajpat Nagar and Lala Lajpat Rai square with his statue in Hisar; Lajpat Nagar and Lajpat Nagar Central Market in New Delhi, Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Park in Lajpat Nagar, Lajpat Rai Market in Chandani Chowk, Delhi; Lala Lajpat Rai Hall of Residence at Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT) in Kharagpur; Lala Lajpat Rai Hospital in Kanpur; the bus terminus, several institutes, schools and libraries in his hometown of Jagraon are named in his honour including a bus terminal with statue of him at the entry gate. Further, there are several roads named after him in numerous metropolis and other towns of India. ## In popular culture Homi Master directed a 1929 Indian silent film, titled Punjab Kesari (or The Lion of Punjab), about Lala Lajpat Rai. Vande Mataram Ashram a 1927 silent film by the Indian filmmaker Bhalji Pendharkar, was inspired by Rai's and Madan Mohan Malaviya's opposition to the Western-style educational system introduced by the British Raj; it was censored by the colonial government's regional film censorship board. A documentary film about Lajpat Rai, directed by K. Viswanath, was produced by the Government of India's Films Division. A protest is brewing and threatening to become a full-fledged rebellion in the aftermath of the arrest of Lala Lajpat Rai is referenced at the starting scene of 2022 released movie 'RRR'. Lala Lajpat Rai is also showcased in 2022 released movie 'Dasvi", The protagonist tries to say Lalaji. In S. S. Rajamouli's period fiction film RRR protest for his arrest at Calcutta (only name mentioned) in Ram Charan introduction with 1000 people, historically, Lalaji was arrested on 3 December 1921 in Lahore for his activities related to the non-cooperation movement and was imprisoned for a year and a half. ## Works Along with founding Arya Gazette as its editor, he regularly contributed to several major Hindi, Punjabi, English and Urdu newspapers and magazines. He also authored the following published books. He also wrote biographies of Mazzini, Garibaldi, Shivaji and Shri Krishna. - The Story of My Deportation, 1908. - Arya Samaj, 1915. - The United States of America: A Hindu’s Impression, 1916. - The Problem of National Education in India: Lajpat Rai, published by Allen & Unwin in England, 1920 - Unhappy India, 1928. - England's Debt to India, 1917. - Autobiographical Writings - Young India: An Interpretation and a History of the Nationalist Movement from Within. New York: B.W. Huebsch, 1916.[a] - The Collected Works of Lala Lajpat Rai, Volume 1 to Volume 15, edited by B.R. Nanda. - Young India, Lajpat Rai, The Seven Arts, Oct 1917 - The Political Future of India: Lala Lajpat Rai, published by B.W. Huebsch. - An Open Letter to David Lloyd: Lajpat Rai. - Reflections on Political Situation in India: Lajpat Rai.	enwiki/2419316	enwiki	2,419,316	Lala Lajpat Rai	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai	2025-08-15T16:21:22Z	en	Q1395763	266,619	{{short description\|Indian nationalist politician and independence activist (1865–1928)}} {{redirect\|The Lion of Punjab}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2023}} {{Use Indian English\|date=December 2023}} {{Infobox person \| name = Lala Lajpat Rai \| image = Mahatma Lala Lajpat Rai.jpg \| caption = Rai in 1924 \| birth_date = {{birth date\|1865\|01\|28\|df=yes}} \| birth_place = [[Dhudike]], [[Punjab Province (British India)\|Punjab]], [[British Raj\|British India]] <br /> (present-day [[Punjab, India\|Punjab]], [[India]]) \| death_date = {{death date and age\|1928\|11\|17\|1865\|01\|28\|df=yes}} \| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)\|Punjab]], [[British Raj\|British India]]<br />(present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan]]) \| death_cause = Injuries sustained during a [[Baton charge\|lathi charge]] \| nationality = [[Indian people\|Indian]] \| occupation = {{hlist\|[[Revolutionary, freedom fighter]]\|[[Mass leader]]\|[[Author]]}} \| movement = [[Indian Independence movement\|India's independence]] \| father = \| relatives = \| spouse = Radha Devi Aggarwal \| children = \| party = [[Indian National Congress]] \| other_names = ''Punjab Kesari'' }} '''Lala Lajpat Rai''' (28 January 1865 — 17 November 1928) was an Indian revolutionary, politician, and author, popularly known as ''Punjab Kesari (Lion of Punjab).'' He was one of the three members of the [[Lal Bal Pal]] trio.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Ashalatha \|first1=A. \|first2=Pradeep \|last2=Koropath \|first3=Saritha \|last3=Nambarathil \|title=Social Science: Standard VIII Part 1 \|chapter=Chapter 6 – Indian National Movement \|others=Government of Kerala • Department of Education \|publisher=State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) \|year=2009 \|page=7 \|chapter-url=https://www.itschool.gov.in/pdf/Std_VIII/Social%20Science/SS_VIII_Engpart1.pdf \|access-date=13 October 2011 \|archive-date=7 April 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407024730/https://www.itschool.gov.in/pdf/Std_VIII/Social%20Science/SS_VIII_Engpart1.pdf \|url-status=live }}</ref> He died of severe trauma injuries sustained in October 1928 during a [[baton charge]] by police in [[Lahore]], when he led a peaceful protest march against the all-British [[Simon Commission]]. == Early life == Lajpat Rai was born on 28 January 1865 into an [[Agrawal Jain]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book \|last=CHAND \|first=FEROZ \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3cmDwAAQBAJ \|title=Lajpat Rai - Life and Work \|date=September 1978 \|publisher=[[Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting Government of India]] \|isbn=978-81-230-2438-7 \|edition=2nd \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Rai (Lala) \|first=Lajpat \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MixuAAAAMAAJ \|title=The Collected Works of Lala Lajpat Rai \|date=2003 \|publisher=Manohar \|isbn=978-81-7304-618-6 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=27 January 2020 \|title=Lala Lajpat Rai Birth Anniversary: The legacy of the famed nationalist \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/lala-lajpat-rai-birth-anniversary-the-legacy-of-the-famed-nationalist/story-ituwNX2DVDKdWm4Qas2Z8J.html \|access-date=13 September 2022 \|website=Hindustan Times \|language=en \|archive-date=13 April 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413053813/https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/lala-lajpat-rai-birth-anniversary-the-legacy-of-the-famed-nationalist/story-ituwNX2DVDKdWm4Qas2Z8J.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> family as the eldest son of six children of Munshi Radha Krishna, an Urdu and Persian government school teacher and Gulab Devi Aggarwal at [[Dhudike]] in the [[Faridkot district]] of the [[Punjab Province (British India)\|Punjab Province]] of [[British Raj\|British India]] (now in [[Moga district]], [[Punjab, India\|Punjab]], India).<ref>{{cite web\|title=Lala Lajpat Rai {{!}} Biography & Facts\|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lala-Lajpat-Rai\|access-date=27 June 2021\|website=Encyclopedia Britannica\|language=en\|archive-date=16 May 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516102704/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lala-Lajpat-Rai\|url-status=live}}</ref> He spent much of his youth in [[Jagraon]]. His house still stands in Jagraon and houses a library and museum.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Sub Division, Jagraon, Punjab\|url=http://www.jagraonadministration.in/LalaLajpatRai.php\|access-date=5 June 2021\|website=www.jagraonadministration.in\|archive-date=15 June 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615184712/http://jagraonadministration.in/LalaLajpatRai.php\|url-status=live}}</ref> He also built the first educational institute R.K. High school in Jagraon. [[File:Munshi Radha Krishan Aggarwal Family Tree.png\|center\|thumb\|571x571px\|Munshi Radha Krishan Aggarwal Family Tree (Officially Provided By R.K Trust, [[Jagraon]]).]] == Education == Lajpat Rai had his initial education in Government Higher Secondary School, Rewari, [[Punjab Province (British India)\|Punjab province]], where his father was posted as an [[Urdu]] teacher. In 1880, he joined [[Government College University (Lahore)\|Government College at Lahore]] to study law, where he came in contact with patriots and future freedom fighters, such as [[Mahatma Hansraj\|Lala Hans Raj]] and Pandit Guru Dutt. While studying at Lahore he was influenced by the Hindu reformist movement of [[Dayananda Saraswati\|Swami Dayanand Saraswati]], became a member of the existing Arya Samaj Lahore (founded 1877) and founder-editor of Lahore-based ''Arya Gazette''.<ref name="arya1">{{cite web \| url = http://www.aryasamaj.com/enews/2010/feb/5.htm \| author = Ahluwalia, Kewal \| title = Lala Lajpat Rai \| publisher = aryasamaj.com \| date = February 2010 \| access-date = 4 May 2012 \| archive-date = 3 September 2014 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903160538/http://www.aryasamaj.com/enews/2010/feb/5.htm \| url-status = live }}</ref>{{Better source needed\|date=March 2021}} {{Infobox postage stamp\|image=Lala Lajpat Rai 1965 stamp of India.jpg\|caption=A commemorative postage stamp on LALA LAJPATRAI by Department of Posts, Government of India.\|alt=A commemorative postage stamp on LALA LAJPATRAI by Department of Posts, Government of India.\|country_of_issue=India\|date_of_issue=28 Jan 1965\|face_value=INR 0.15}} == Career == === Law === [[File:Lal Bal Pal.jpg\|thumb\|right\|250px\|Lala Lajpat Rai (left) of [[Punjab Province (British India)\|Punjab]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] of [[Maharashtra]], and [[Bipin Chandra Pal]] of [[Bengal]]. The triumvirate, popularly known as [[Lal Bal Pal]], changed the political discourse of the [[Indian independence movement]].]] In 1884, his father was transferred to Rohtak, and Rai came along after the completion of his studies at Lahore. In 1886, he moved to [[Hisar (city)\|Hisar]] where his father was transferred, and started to practice law and became a founding member of the Bar Council of Hisar along with Babu Churamani. In the same year, he helped [[Mahatma Hansraj]] establish the nationalistic [[D.A.V. College Managing Committee\|Dayananda Anglo-Vedic School, Lahore]], and he also founded the Hisar district branches of the [[Indian National Congress]], and the reformist [[Arya Samaj]] movement with several other local leaders. These included Babu Churamani (lawyer), the three [[CAV High School\|Tayal brothers]] (Chandu Lal Tayal, Hari Lal Tayal and Balmokand Tayal), Dr. Ramji Lal Hooda, Dr. Dhani Ram, Arya Samaj ''Pandit Murari Lal'',<ref name="Gupta1991">{{cite book \|author=Jugal Kishore Gupta \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0Z457ZOR44C&pg=PA182 \|title=History of Sirsa Town \|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors \|year=1991 \|pages=182 \|id=}}</ref> [[Seth Chhaju Ram\|Seth Chhaju Ram Jat]] (founder of [[Chhaju Ram Jat Senior Secondary School, Hisar\|Jat School, Hisar]]) and Dev Raj Sandhir. In 1888 and again in 1889, he had the honour of being one of the four delegates from Hisar to attend the annual session of the Congress at Allahabad, along with Babu Churamani, Lala Chhabil Das and Seth Gauri Shankar. In 1892, he moved to Lahore to practise before the [[Lahore High Court]]. To shape the political policy of India to gain independence, he also practised journalism, and was a regular contributor to several newspapers including [[The Tribune (India)\|The Tribune]]. He was also associated with the management of [[Punjab National Bank]] and Lakshmi Insurance Company in their early stages in 1894. In 1914, he quit law practice to dedicate himself to the Indian independence movement and travelled to Britain, and then to the United States in 1917. In October 1917, he founded the Indian Home Rule League of America in New York. He stayed in the United States from 1917 to 1920. His early freedom struggle was impacted by Arya Samaj and communal representation.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Religion and Nationalism: The Views of Lala Lajpat Rai\|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279205755\|access-date=21 March 2021\|website=[[ResearchGate]]\|language=en\|archive-date=4 January 2022\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104130624/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279205755\|url-status=live}}</ref> === Politics === After joining the [[Indian National Congress]] and taking part in political agitation in Punjab, Lala Lajpat Rai Wadwal was deported to Mandalay by the British Raj, but there was insufficient evidence to hold him for subversion. Lajpat Rai's supporters attempted to secure his election to the presidency of the party session at Surat in December 1907, but he did not succeed.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=NEWS \|first=SA \|date=28 January 2023 \|title=Lala Lajpat Rai Jayanti: Biography, Quotes, Essay, Slogan, Death \|url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/lala-lajpat-rai-jayanti/ \|access-date=28 January 2023 \|website=SA News Channel \|language=en-US \|archive-date=13 April 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413054841/https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/lala-lajpat-rai-jayanti/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> Graduates of the National College, which he founded inside the [[Bradlaugh Hall]] at Lahore as an alternative to British-style institutions, included [[Bhagat Singh]].<ref>{{cite news \| title = Bradlaugh Hall's demise \| date = 17 April 2011 \| url = http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/04/bradlaugh-halls-demise/ \| work = Pakistan Today \| access-date = 15 October 2011 \| archive-date = 30 September 2015 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150930145419/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/04/17/city/lahore/bradlaugh-halls-demise/ \| url-status = live }}</ref> He was elected [[President of the Indian National Congress]] in the Calcutta Special Session of 1920.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=10 June 2004 \|title=Lala Lajpat Rai \|url=http://www.congresssandesh.com/AICC/history/presidents/lala_lajpat_rai.htm \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040610204823/http://www.congresssandesh.com/AICC/history/presidents/lala_lajpat_rai.htm \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2004-06-10 \|access-date=17 December 2023 }}</ref> In 1921, he founded [[Servants of the People Society]], a non-profit welfare organisation, in Lahore, which shifted its base to Delhi after partition, and has branches in many parts of India.<ref>{{cite web \| title = Head Office \| url = http://sops.in/index.php/2013-08-22-12-13-12/head-office \| publisher = Servants of the People Society \| access-date = 27 May 2014 \| archive-date = 13 April 2023 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230413055033/http://sops.in/index.php/2013-08-22-12-13-12/head-office \| url-status = live }}</ref> He was a politician who had followed the policy of non - violence. According to him, Hindu society needs to fight its own battle with caste system, position of women and untouchability.<ref>{{citation \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279205755 \|doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.4744.8163 \|year=2015 \|last1=Chandran \|first1=Subramaniam \|title=Religion and Nationalism: The Views of Lala Lajpat Rai \|access-date=10 July 2020 \|archive-date=4 January 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104130624/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279205755 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Vedas were an important part of Hindu religion and approved everyone should be allowed to read them and recite the mantras. He believed that everyone should be allowed to read and learn from the Vedas.<ref>{{Cite journal\|doi = 10.1177/2321023018762672\|title = Lala Lajpat Rai's Ideas on Caste: Conservative or Radical?\|year = 2018\|last1 = Bhargav\|first1 = Vanya\|journal = Studies in Indian Politics\|volume = 6\|pages = 15–26\|s2cid = 158597343\|doi-access = free}}</ref> === After the return from the Exile to Mandalay === After returning from the exile, Lala Lajpat Rai went for a tour to the Great Britain. His stay for there was actually planned for a few weeks. But when he tried to come back from the tour he was unable to return to India because of - * The World War I - Due to the war, the British Government denied the return of any person except few dignitaries. * Blacklisted Passport - His passport was '''<nowiki/>'Blacklisted'''' by the British Government as the government feared that Lala Lajpat Rai would become a prominent leader and lead several revolts throughout the country. Lalaji was a hard working person. He didn't pass his time in idleness', instead he utilised his time and delivered lectures, wrote for many newspapers like ''The Times'' and wrote some great books like the ''Young India'' (which was banned by the British Government for several years but the ban was released when a case was filed against the ban and nothing special was found which would have caused the government to ban the book) and collected a huge amount of fund. He had to do learn all the skills ''necessary'' to running a household including cooking food, cleaning and doing laundry. He faced hardship due to shortage of money set aside for himself though he had lot amount of funds but he said that he won't use a single penny from the fund as the fund was meant for the investment for the country's needs. He also extended his trip to Japan and the US. After applying many times for the return to India, he went to the UK and spoke to the Secretary of India and managed to get his permit back to India. ==== Travel to the United States ==== {{See also\|Ghadar Party}} [[File:Banquet in honor of Lala Lajpat Rai in California in 1916.jpg\|thumb\|A banquet given in honour of Lala Lajpat Rai by the California Chapter of the Hindustan Association of America at Hotel Shattuck in [[Berkeley, California\|Berkeley]] on 12 February 1916.]] Lajpat Rai travelled to the United States in 1916, and then returned during World War I. He toured [[Sikh]] communities along the [[West Coast of the United States\|Western Seaboard]], visited the [[Tuskegee University]] in Alabama, and met with workers in the [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)\|Philippines]]. His travelogue, ''The United States of America'' (1916), details these travels and features extensive quotations from leading African American intellectuals, including [[W.E.B. Du Bois]] and [[Booker T. Washington]]. While in the United States he had founded the Indian Home Rule League in [[New York City]] and a monthly journal, the ''Young India and Hindustan Information Services Association''. Rai petitioned the [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs]], painting a vivid picture of maladministration by the [[British Raj]] in India, the aspirations of Indian public for independence amongst many other points which strongly sought the support of the international community for the attainment of Indian independence. The 32-page petition, which was prepared overnight, was discussed in the [[United States Senate\|U.S. Senate]] in October 1917.<ref name="HRR187"/> The book also argues for the notion of "color-caste," suggesting sociological similarities between race in the US and caste in India. During World War I, Lajpat Rai lived in the United States, but he returned to India in 1919 and in the following year led the special session of the Indian National Congress that launched the non-co-operation movement. He was imprisoned from 1921 to 1923 and elected to the legislative assembly on his release.<ref name="HRR187">{{cite book \|author= Raghunath Rai \|title= History \|publisher= VK Publications \|isbn= 978-81-87139-69-0 \|page= 187 }}</ref> == Protests Against The Simon Commission == [[File:Lala Lajpat Rai photo in Young India.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Photo of Rai printed in the February 1920 issue of ''[[Young India]]''.]] In 1928, the United Kingdom set up the [[Simon Commission]], headed by [[John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon\|Sir John Simon]] to report on the political situation in India. The commission was boycotted by Indian political parties because it did not include any Indian members, and it was met with country-wide protests.<ref>{{cite web \|author=Sandhya Dangwal \|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/lala-lajpat-rai-birth-anniversary-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-man-from-punjab-who-gave-simon-go-back-slogan-1790189/ \|title=Lala Lajpat Rai birth anniversary: All you need to know about the man from Punjab who gave 'Simon Go Back' slogan \|publisher=India.com \|date= \|accessdate=4 June 2022 \|archive-date=10 February 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210053948/https://www.india.com/news/india/lala-lajpat-rai-birth-anniversary-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-man-from-punjab-who-gave-simon-go-back-slogan-1790189/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> When the Commission visited Lahore on 30 October 1928, Lajpat Rai led a non-violent march in protest against it and gave the slogan "Simon Go Back!". The protesters chanted the slogan and carried black flags. The police superintendent in Lahore, [[James Alexander Scott\|James A. Scott]], ordered the police to [[Lathi charge\|''lathi'' charge]] the protesters and personally [[assault]]ed Rai.<ref name="rai" /> Despite being severely injured, Rai subsequently addressed the crowd at Mochi Gate the same evening and said "I declare that the blows struck at me today will be the last nails in the coffin of [[British Raj\|British rule in India]]."<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Friend \|first=Corinne \|date=Fall 1977 \|title=Yashpal: Fighter for Freedom – Writer for Justice \|journal=Journal of South Asian Literature \|volume=13 \|issue=1 \|pages=65–90 \|jstor=40873491}}</ref> ==Death== Rai did not fully recover from his injuries and died on 17 November 1928. Doctors thought that James Scott's blows had hastened his death.<ref name="rai">{{cite book \|last=Rai \|first=Raghunath \|year=2006 \|title=History For Class 12: Cbse. India \|publisher=VK Publications \|isbn=978-81-87139-69-0 \|page=187}}</ref> However, when the matter was raised in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom\|British Parliament]], the [[Government of the United Kingdom\|British government]] denied any role in Rai's death.<ref name=Rana36>{{cite book \|last=Rana \|first=Bhawan Singh \|year=2005 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEwJQ6_eTEUC \|title=Bhagat Singh \|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books \|isbn=978-81-288-0827-2 \|page=36}}</ref> [[Bhagat Singh]], an [[Hindustan Republican Association\|HSRA]] [[revolutionary]], whose associates (Naujawan Bharat Sabha's activists) were a witness to the event,<ref>{{cite book \|last2=Hooja \|first2=Bhupendra \|last1=Singh \|first1=Bhagat \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAq4N60oopEC \|title=The Jail Notebook and Other Writings \|publisher=LeftWord Books \|year=2007 \|isbn=978-81-87496-72-4 \|page=16}}</ref> swore to avenge the death of Rai, who was a significant leader of the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref name=Rana36/> He joined other revolutionaries, [[Shivaram Rajguru]], [[Sukhdev Thapar]] and [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]], in a plot to kill Scott to send a message to the British government.<ref name="Gupta" /> However, in a case of mistaken identity, Singh was signalled to shoot on the appearance of John P. Saunders, an assistant superintendent of the [[Pakistan Police\|Lahore Police]]. He was shot by Rajguru and Singh while leaving the District Police Headquarters in [[Lahore]] on 17 December 1928.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Nayar \|first=Kuldip \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bG9lA6CrgQgC \|title=The Martyr: Bhagat Singh Experiments in Revolution \|publisher=Har-Anand Publications \|year=2000 \|isbn=978-81-241-0700-3 \|page=39 \|author-link1=Kuldip Nayar}}</ref> Chanan Singh, a [[head constable]] who was chasing them, was fatally injured by Azad's covering fire.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Rana \|first=Bhawan Singh \|year=2005 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sudu7qABntcC \|title=Chandra Shekhar Azad (An Immortal Revolutionary of India) \|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books \|isbn=978-81-288-0816-6 \|page=65}}</ref> This case did not stop Singh and his fellow-members of the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] from claiming that retribution had been exacted.<ref name="Gupta">{{cite journal \|title=Defying Death: Nationalist Revolutionism in India, 1897–1938 \|first=Amit Kumar \|last=Gupta \|journal=Social Scientist \|volume=25 \|issue=9/10 \|date=Sep–Oct 1997 \|pages=3–27 \|doi=10.2307/3517678 \|jstor=3517678}}</ref> ==Legacy== [[File:Lala Lajpat Rai - Scandal Point - Shimla 2014-05-07 1194.JPG\|thumb\|150px\|The statue of Rai at [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]].]] ===Movements and institutes founded by Lala Lajpat Rai=== [[File:Lala Lajpat Rai DAV College, Jagraon.jpg\|alt=Lala Lajpat Rai Statue, Lajpat Rai DAV College, Jagraon\|left\|thumb\|Lala Lajpat Rai Statue, Lajpat Rai DAV College, Jagraon.]] Lajpat Rai was a heavyweight veteran leader of the [[Nationalist Movements in India\|Indian Nationalist Movement]] led by the [[Indian National Congress]], [[Hindu reform movements]] and [[Arya Samaj]], who inspired young men of his generation and kindled latent spirit of patriotism in their hearts with journalistic writings and lead-by-example activism. Young men in the independence movement, such as [[Chandra Shekhar Azad\|Chandrasekhar Azad]] and [[Bhagat Singh]], were inspired by Rai. In late 19th and early 20th century Lala Lajpat Rai himself was founder of many organisations, including Hisar congress, Hisar Bar Council, national DAV Managing Committee. Lala Lajpat Rai was also head of the "Lakshmi Insurance Company," and commissioned the [[Lakshmi Building]] in [[Karachi]], which still bears a plaque in remembrance of him. Lakhsmi Insurance Company was merged with Life Insurance Corporation of India when en masse nationalisation of life insurance business happened during 1956. [[File:Lala Dhanpat Rai.jpg\|alt=Lala Dhanpat Rai Bust Statue, Lajpat Rai DAV College, Jagraon\|thumb\|Lala Dhanpat Rai Bust Statue, Lajpat Rai DAV College, [[Jagraon]].]] In 1927, Lajpat Rai established a trust in his mother's memory to build and run a tuberculosis hospital for women, reportedly at the location where his mother, Gulab Devi, had died of tuberculosis in Lahore.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.gulabdevi.org/brief_history.html \| title = Gulab Devi Chest Hospital \| access-date = 13 October 2011 \| url-status = dead \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111015025317/http://www.gulabdevi.org/brief_history.html \| archive-date = 15 October 2011 \| df = dmy-all }}</ref> This became known as the [[Gulab Devi Chest Hospital]] (originally Gulab Devi Tuberculosis Hospital) and opened on 17 July 1934. Now the Gulab Devi Memorial hospital is one of the biggest hospital of present Pakistan which services over 2000 patients at a time as its patients. In 1926, Lala Lajpat Rai established R.K. Trust in the memory of his father Sh. Radhakrishan. In 1956, R.K. Trust established Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial College in Jagraon. Later the college was taken under DAV management and rename as Lajpat Rai DAV College. R.K. Trust also manages the R.K. High School in [[Jagraon]]. Lala Lajpat Rai's younger brother Lala Dhanpat Rai was appointed by him to be the first headmaster of the R.K. High School.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Year of Affiliation & History – LAJPAT RAI D.A.V. COLLEGE JAGRAON (DISTT. LUDHIANA) \|url=https://lrdavjagraon.com/about-us/year-of-affiliation-history/ \|access-date=20 April 2022 \|language=en-US \|archive-date=26 January 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126072021/http://lrdavjagraon.com/about-us/year-of-affiliation-history/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> ===Monuments and institutes founded in memory of Lala Lajpat Rai=== [[File:Lala Lajpat Rai Jagraon.jpg\|thumb\|Lala Lajpat Rai Bus Terminal, [[Jagraon]] (ਜੀ ਆਇਆਂ ਨੂੰ - Welcome).]] [[File:Lala Lajpat Rai Statue, Bus Stand, Jagraon.jpg\|left\|thumb\|Lala Lajpat Rai Statue, Bus Stand, [[Jagraon]].]] Erected in the early 20th century, a statue of Lajpat Rai at [[Lahore]], was later moved central square in [[Shimla]] after the partition of India.<ref>{{Citation \|last=Pratishkhedekar \|title=English: Lala Lajpat Rai Statue, Shimla \|date=25 May 2018 \|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lala_Lajpat_Rai_Statue,_Shimla_01.jpg \|access-date=27 October 2022 \|archive-date=12 December 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212164311/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lala_Lajpat_Rai_Statue,_Shimla_01.jpg \|url-status=live }}.</ref> In 1959, the Lala Lajpat Rai trust was formed on the eve of his Centenary Birth Celebration by a group of [[Punjabi people\|Punjabi]] philanthropists (including R. P. Gupta and B. M. Grover) who have settled and prospered in the Indian State of [[Maharashtra]], which runs the [http://www.lalacollege.edu.in Lala Lajpat Rai College of Commerce and Economics] in Mumbai. ''Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College, Meerut'' is named after him.<ref name="mer1">{{Cite web \|date=8 September 2017 \|title=Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College's maladies: Meagre budget, vacant posts \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/lala-lajpat-rai-memorial-medical-college-s-maladies-meagre-budget-vacant-posts/story-sGlg3A1WV0jF8V4g0jBp8N.html \|access-date=17 December 2023 \|website=Hindustan Times \|language=en \|archive-date=17 December 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217012920/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/lala-lajpat-rai-memorial-medical-college-s-maladies-meagre-budget-vacant-posts/story-sGlg3A1WV0jF8V4g0jBp8N.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> In 1998, [[Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of Engineering and Technology\|Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of Engineering and Technology, Moga]] was named after him. In 2010, the [[Government of Haryana]] set up the [[Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences]] in Hisar in his memory. Lajpat Nagar and Lala Lajpat Rai square with his statue in Hisar;<ref name=dnain1>[http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/kn/hisar/hisar-remembers-lala-lajpat-rai-his-149th-birth-anniversary-51337 Tributes paid at Lala Lajpat Rai Square and Statue at Hisar], DNA News.</ref> [[Lajpat Nagar]] and Lajpat Nagar Central Market in New Delhi, Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Park in Lajpat Nagar, Lajpat Rai Market in Chandani Chowk, Delhi; Lala Lajpat Rai Hall of Residence at [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IIT) in [[Kharagpur]]; [[Lala Lajpat Rai Hospital]] in Kanpur; the bus terminus, several institutes, schools and libraries in his hometown of [[Jagraon]] are named in his honour including a bus terminal with statue of him at the entry gate. Further, there are several roads named after him in numerous metropolis and other towns of India. == In popular culture == [[Homi Master]] directed a 1929 Indian silent film, titled ''Punjab Kesari'' (or ''The Lion of Punjab''), about Lala Lajpat Rai.<ref>{{cite book\|author=R. K. Verma\|title=Filmography: Silent Cinema, 1913-1934\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=suFkAAAAMAAJ\|year=2000\|publisher=M. Verma\|isbn=978-81-7525-224-0}}</ref> ''[[Vande Mataram Ashram]]'' a 1927 silent film by the Indian filmmaker [[Bhalji Pendharkar]], was inspired by Rai's and [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]]'s opposition to the Western-style educational system introduced by the British Raj; it was [[censorship\|censored]] by the colonial government's regional film censorship board.<ref>{{cite book\|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha\|author2=Paul Willemen\|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOtkAAAAMAAJ\|year=1994\|publisher=British Film Institute\|isbn=978-0-85170-455-5\|page=231}}</ref> A documentary film about Lajpat Rai, directed by [[K. Viswanath]], was produced by the [[Government of India]]'s [[Films Division]].<ref>{{cite book\|author=Jag Mohan\|title=Documentary films and Indian Awakening\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DfgADgAAQBAJ&pg=PT128\|year=1990\|publisher=[[Publications Division (India)\|Publications Division]]\|isbn=978-81-230-2363-2\|page=128}}</ref> A protest is brewing and threatening to become a full-fledged rebellion in the aftermath of the arrest of Lala Lajpat Rai is referenced at the starting scene of 2022 released movie '[[RRR (film)\|RRR']].<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Dundoo \|first=Sangeetha Devi \|date=25 March 2022 \|title='RRR' movie review: Rajamouli delivers a spectacle with winsome performances by NTR and Ram Charan, but his storytelling has taken a backseat \|language=en-IN \|work=The Hindu \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/rrr-movie-review-beyond-the-showmanship/article65258624.ece \|access-date=20 April 2022 \|issn=0971-751X \|archive-date=16 April 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416162949/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/rrr-movie-review-beyond-the-showmanship/article65258624.ece \|url-status=live }}</ref> Lala Lajpat Rai is also showcased in 2022 released movie '[[Dasvi]]", The protagonist tries to say Lalaji.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Movie Review{{!}} Abhishek starrer 'Dasvi' fails to impress \|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/apr/08/movie-review-abhishek-starrer-dasvi-fails-to-impress-2439430.html \|access-date=20 April 2022 \|website=The New Indian Express \|date=8 April 2022 \|archive-date=9 April 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409101532/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/apr/08/movie-review-abhishek-starrer-dasvi-fails-to-impress-2439430.html/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> In [[S. S. Rajamouli]]'s [[Historical film\|period fiction film]] [[RRR (film)\|RRR]] protest for his arrest at Calcutta (only name mentioned) in [[Ram Charan]] introduction with 1000 people, historically, Lalaji was arrested on 3 December 1921 in Lahore for his activities related to the non-cooperation movement and was imprisoned for a year and a half.<ref name="Vadrevu">{{cite web \|last1=Vadrevu \|first1=China Veera Bhadrudu \|date=24 May 2022 \|title=RRR అనే సినిమాపై వాడ్రేవు చినవీరభద్రుడి సమీక్ష \|url=https://www.teluputv.com/vadrevu-chinaveerabhadrudu-on-rajamouli-movie-rrr \|access-date=24 May 2022 \|website=teluputv.com}}</ref> ==Works== Along with founding ''Arya Gazette'' as its editor, he regularly contributed to several major Hindi, Punjabi, English and Urdu newspapers and magazines. He also authored the following published books. He also wrote biographies of Mazzini, Garibaldi, [[Shivaji]] and [[Krishna\|Shri Krishna]]. * ''The Story of My Deportation'', 1908. * [https://archive.org/details/aryasamajaccount00lajprich ''Arya Samaj''], 1915. * [https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesofam00lajp ''The United States of America: A Hindu’s Impression''], 1916. The Problem of National Education in India: Lajpat Rai, published by Allen & Unwin in England, 1920 [https://www.hindustanbooks.com/books/unhappy_india/Unhappy_India.pdf ''Unhappy India''], 1928. * [https://www.hindustanbooks.com/books/englands_debt_to_india/EnglandsDebtToIndia.pdf ''England's Debt to India''], 1917. * ''Autobiographical Writings'' [[iarchive:16RaiYoungindia\|''Young India: An Interpretation and a History of the Nationalist Movement from Within.'']] New York: B.W. Huebsch, 1916.{{efn\|The book was written and published shortly after the [[World War I\|First World War]] broke out in Europe. Rai was travelling in the United States at the time of [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria\|Franz Ferdinand]]'s [[Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand\|assassination]].<ref name="young India">{{cite book\|last1=Rai\|first1=Lala Lajpat\|url=https://archive.org/details/youngindiaanint00raigoog\|title=Young India\|date=1916 \|publisher=Huebsch \|quote=Lajpat Young India.\|access-date=22 April 2015}}</ref> In the book, Rai claimed that the Indian people were ready to stand behind the [[Allies of World War I\|Allied]] war effort against [[German Empire\|Imperial Germany]].<ref name="young India" /> Some historians have claimed that since Rai was trying to cultivate support amongst the American public for Indian independence, he could not risk saying anything which would make India look bad in front of the United States, which included claiming that India was unwilling to fight against Germany (many Americans held mixed-opinions on the war, but significant numbers held [[anti-German sentiment]]s and so support American participation in the Allied war effort against Germany). Rai also emphasised in the book that India would not undertake violent actions in her campaign for independence from the [[British Empire]].<ref>{{cite book\|last=Hope\|first=Ashley Guy\|title=America and Swaraj: The U.S. Role in Indian Independence\|date=1968\|publisher=Public Affairs Press\|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> In ''Young India'', Rai drew parallels between the [[American Revolution]] and the Indian independence movement. Rai used the book to convey to a [[Western world\|Western]] audience his vision of an independent India after colonial rule, expressing his desire for complete Indian sovereignty from all foreign entanglements. He was well aware the United States was the most suitable ally of the Indian independence movement, and sought to challenge American [[Stereotypes of South Asians\|stereotypes]] of Indians via writing a concise [[history of India]] to dispel them. These stereotypes included the common perception in the West that India was not yet ready for self rule, which Rai sought to challenge via highlighting the efficiency of Indian civil servants.<ref name="young India" />}} The Collected Works of Lala Lajpat Rai, Volume 1 to Volume 15, edited by B.R. Nanda. * [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.a0006138986&seq=385&q1=lajpat Young India], Lajpat Rai, The Seven Arts, Oct 1917 * The Political Future of India: Lala Lajpat Rai, published by B.W. Huebsch. * An Open Letter to David Lloyd: Lajpat Rai. * Reflections on Political Situation in India: Lajpat Rai. * == Notes == {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist\|colwidth=30em}} {{Wikiquote}} == External links == * [https://www.hindustanbooks.com/books_by_authers/lala_lajpat_rai.html Lala Lajpat Rai's books at Hindustan Books] * [http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/collection/india-home-rule-league Lala Lajpat Rai's "Young India" in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)] * Satish K. Kapoor, [http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98nov15/sunday/head8.htm He gave a fillip to freedom struggle], ''[[Tribune India\|Tribune]]'' * {{Gutenberg author \|id=40277\| name=Lajpat Rai}} * {{Internet Archive author \|sname=Lala Lajpat Rai}} * {{PM20\|FID=pe/010828}} {{India House}} {{Indian National Congress Presidents}} {{Indian independence movement}} {{Arya Samaj by country}} {{Authority control\|state=expanded}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Lala Lajpat}} [[Category:1865 births]] [[Category:1928 deaths]] [[Category:People from Moga district]] [[Category:Arya Samajis]] [[Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]] [[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]] [[Category:Swadeshi activists]] [[Category:Indian independence activists from Punjab Province (British India)]] [[Category:Indian nationalists]] [[Category:Indian political writers]] [[Category:Writers from Punjab, India]] [[Category:19th-century Indian writers]] [[Category:India House]] [[Category:Deaths by beating]] [[Category:Indian Jains]] [[Category:Jain Indian independence activists]] [[Category:20th-century Indian Jains]] [[Category:20th-century Indian Jain writers]] [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]] [[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]	1,306,046,813	[{"title": "Lala Lajpat Rai", "data": {"Born": "28 January 1865 \u00b7 Dhudike, Punjab, British India \u00b7 (present-day Punjab, India)", "Died": "17 November 1928 (aged 63) \u00b7 Lahore, Punjab, British India \u00b7 (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)", "Cause of death": "Injuries sustained during a lathi charge", "Nationality": "Indian", "Other names": "Punjab Kesari", "Occupations": "Revolutionary, freedom fighter Mass leader Author", "Political party": "Indian National Congress", "Movement": "India's independence", "Spouse": "Radha Devi Aggarwal"}}, {"title": "Lala Lajpat Rai", "data": {"Country of issue": "India", "Date of issue": "28 Jan 1965", "Face value": "INR 0.15"}}]	false
# Seahenge Seahenge, also known as Holme I, was a prehistoric monument located in the village of Holme-next-the-Sea, near Old Hunstanton in the English county of Norfolk. A timber circle with an upturned tree root in the centre, Seahenge, along with the nearby timber circle Holme II, was built in the spring-summer of 2049 BC, during the early Bronze Age in Britain. Contemporary theory is that they were used for ritual purposes; in particular Holme II has been interpreted as a mortuary monument that may originally have formed the boundary of a burial mound. In order to preserve the timber in the site from exposure to air, due to recent exposure of the remains by the sea, it was excavated in Spring 1999, and its remains taken to an archeological museum and then a maritime museum for preservation of the wood. In 1999, a reproduction was put up by some of the excavators, near the site. In 2008, after further study, a second reproduction was erected near the original's location. Due to controversy about the excavation of Seahenge, Holme II was left in place to be monitored as it is gradually destroyed by erosion. ## Description The site consisted of an outer ring comprising fifty-five small split oak trunks forming a roughly circular enclosure around 7 by 6 metres (23 by 20 ft). Rather than being placed in individual holes, the timbers had been arranged around a circular construction trench. Their split sides faced inwards and their bark faced outwards (with one exception where the opposite is the case). One of the trunks on the south western side had a narrow Y fork in it, permitting access to the central area. Another post had been placed outside this entrance, which would have prevented anyone from seeing inside. The timbers were set in ground to a depth of 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) from the contemporary surface although how far they originally extended upwards is not known. In the centre of the ring was a large inverted oak stump. At the time of building, the site was surrounded by salt marshes. Although the structure's existence had been common knowledge amongst locals for several decades, Seahenge received its name from the press in 1998, who named it after the more famous prehistoric structure Stonehenge in Wiltshire, and was picked up by the local and national media, inducing a great deal of publicity around its excavation. This was only increased due to the protests held against the excavation by both locals, who wanted it to remain as a tourist site, and Neopagans, who believed that the removal of the structure was an insult to the religious beliefs of its original builders, among other concerns. ## Construction Seahenge was constructed during the early Bronze Age, a period of time that saw the increasing adoption of agriculture and sedentary living in Britain. Those constructing the monument made use of at least fifty different bronze axes, which were used to shape the timber to the desired lengths and shapes, at a time when, archaeologists believe, bronze tools were still relatively rare and had only been introduced into Britain a few centuries before.(p 63) Using a variety of scientific techniques, archaeologists have come to the conclusion that the trees used in the construction of the monument had all been felled in the same year, 2049 BC, whilst the condition of the sapwood indicated that it had been cut down in spring or early summer.(p 62) Oak trees would have been transported from some distance as they are not common near the site. According to writer Watson (2005) "Confirming that all the trees had been felled at the same time suggested strongly that the building of the circle was a single event. Further, a great amount of work would have been involved in felling, transporting, preparing and erecting the timbers, so it was likely too that the job was done by a large number of people – possibly an entire community or an extended family – working together."(p 62) Seahenge was originally constructed on a salt marsh, and over the centuries the area became a freshwater wetland, as an offshore barrier grew up, preventing sea water from getting access to the area around the circle. This in turn allowed alder trees to grow in the area, which eventually created a layer of peat above the mudflats. With rising sea levels in later millennia, the sea advanced, and eventually sand began to cover the peat. Through this process, Seahenge eventually found itself from once being inland to being on the beach, where it was revealed by the eroding away of the sand and peat by the late 20th century, four thousand years since its original construction.(p 62) ## Purpose Researchers were unable to determine activity at Seahenge in the centuries after it was built, and its purpose is consequently unknown. However, the presence of Middle and Late Bronze Age pottery at the site suggests that it became a focal point again several centuries after construction. Theories about the site have focused on the idea of inversion, as represented by the upside-down central tree stump and the single post turned 180 degrees from the others, within the circle itself. The theme of inversion has been noticed in some Early Bronze Age burials. Not all the split posts can be accounted for and it has been suggested that another structure was built nearby using them. Seahenge is so-named by analogy with Stonehenge, but Seahenge did not possess an actual henge (a monumental enclosing ditch, with a bank piled up outside of it), making it a different category of monument. It appears to have had little functionally in common with its namesake. The contemporary ground surface associated with the monument has long since been washed away: No features survive from the time it was erected, and the silt Seahenge stood in when it was found was deposited long after the timber circle was first overwhelmed by the sea. One theory of use is that Seahenge was a mortuary enclosure for excarnation rather than a meeting-place, like a henge monument. In view of the relatively small diameter of the post circle and its height and its "privacy" entrance, some have suggested it is a "sky burial" (excarnation) site, similar in use (although different in construction) to those found in Tibet, Mongolia, Pakistan, and North America. There is no direct evidence for this. ## Discovery In early Spring 1998, John Lorimer, an amateur archaeologist and beach comber, was catching shrimps with his brother-in-law Gary on Holme beach. The pair found a Bronze Age axe head in the silt, but at first did not know what it was. Intrigued, Lorimer visited the area repeatedly, eventually finding a lone tree stump that had been unearthed on the beach – unusual in that it seemed to be upside down. A metal detectorist friend later recognised the site's importance, so they contacted the Castle Museum in Norwich. Archaeologists at the museum examined the axe head, the second one found on Holme Beach within only a few months. Lorimer continued to monitor the inverted tree stump. Wave erosion gradually exposed a surrounding ring of wooden posts, confirming that the site was an intentional human construction. Lorimer contacted Castle Museum again.(pp 1–4) The museum contacted Edwin Rose, at the time Norfolk Landscape Archaeology's Development Control Officer, who then visited the site with Lorimer on 12 August 1998. At first, Rose suspected it was a fish trap from the Anglo-Saxon period, relatively commonplace for the area. But he began to suspect that it might be something else. So Rose inquired whether English Heritage would fund an excavation. They agreed.(p 13–14) ## Preliminary excavation Archaeological excavation at Seahenge began October 1998, under site director Mark Brennand of the Norfolk Archaeological Unit. It proved a difficult site to excavate. Sea tides restricted trial trench excavating work to between one and four hours per day.(pp 17–21) A dendrochronological sample extracted from the stump was sent for analysis at Sheffield University. By January 1999, preliminary results indicated a Bronze Age monument.(pp 24–25) Despite projected expense, English Heritage decided full excavation would be worthwhile, because the site had begun to suffer from erosion: Sections of wood had been exposed to corrosive oxygen and salt brine after millennia protected in the mud.(p 26) ## Media interest Initially, there was little media interest in the excavation, with it only being reported in archaeological publications like the Council of British Archaeology's British Archaeology magazine and a few local Norfolk-based media outlets. This changed on Saturday 9 January 1999, when The Independent ran a front-page story by environmental correspondent, Michael McCarthy, headlined "Shifting sands reveal 'Stonehenge of the Sea'".(p 27) The Independent′s article sparked articles in rival newspapers, with the Eastern Daily Press picking up the story for a two-page feature entitled "Our Stonehenge Beneath the Sea" on Monday 11 January. These stories repeated comparisons to Stonehenge, one of England's most famous national treasures, despite the many differences between the two sites. Eventually the site gained the popular title of "Seahenge". Soon a great debate began in the media, with some adherents involved in the Neopagan and New Age movements arguing that they had "a kind of spiritual ownership of the circle". They wanted it left in situ and opposed archaeological excavation. Local tourism organisations also wanted it left in situ, as the site was sure to attract tourism. The prospect of tourists visiting the beach to see the monument meanwhile brought criticism from local wildlife organisations such as the Norfolk Wildlife Trust, who noted how within the first three months of 1999, five thousand visitors had come to see the monument. Tourist traffic disturbed feeding wader birds in Holme Dunes National Nature Reserve.(p 30) ## Excavation The press were putting forward ideas of saving and preserving the monument where it was, something archaeologists explained was impossible. English Heritage's chief archaeologist, Geoffrey Wainright, eventually gave the go ahead for a full excavation in March 1999. The procedure would cost £500,000, and the timbers would be conserved at the Fenland Archaeological Trust's field centre at Flag Fen in Cambridgeshire.(p 31) Excavation began on Wednesday 26 May 1999, by a team from Norfolk Archaeological Unit led by Mark Brennand. Again they found it a particularly daunting and difficult site, as they were only able to excavate for a few hours a day. Much of that limited time was taken up removing water that built up overnight, and fish and other animals that had set up residence there.(pp 33–34) ## Protests The team also had to contend with protests mounted both by locals and by Neopagan groups led by Parish Council Chairman Geoff Needham, a former fisherman. English Heritage had taken part in meetings with protest groups, but neither side changed their position. One of the most vocal protesters, the Neopagan and conservationist Buster Nolan, informed a reporter from the Eastern Daily Press that "Seahenge has more meaning and power on the beach here at Holme than it does anywhere else ... This is 60 grand being spent by archaeologists who are patting each other on the back, telling each other they're doing the right thing. It's a farce."(p 39) Nolan went on to employ some local solicitors in an attempt to get the courts to intercede on the protesters' behalf, receiving donations from the Council of British Druid Orders and from a local businessman, Mervyn Lambert, who told reporters that "The people of Norfolk should have more balls ... I'm amazed they're allowing it to happen." But solicitors refused to take up the case, believing that they could not possibly win against English Heritage.(pp 40–41) English Heritage gained an interim injunction banning several of the most prominent protesters from the vicinity of the site, including Des Crow, Geoff Needham, Buster Nolan, and Rollo Maughfling, who at one point climbed on top of Seahenge to declare an eight-point proclamation. Needham and Maughfling however successfully contested the ban, as the court agreed that neither of them had attempted to obstruct the archaeologists' work.(pp 42–43, 47) The publicity and controversy surrounding the excavation led the British television company Channel 4 to commission a special episode of their archaeological series Time Team documenting the excavation itself and staging an experimental archaeology reconstruction of the Bronze Age site.(pp 54–55) After several weeks work, the excavators decided to physically remove the main timbers from the site, an event for which the media had been tipped off. A wide variety of protesters turned up, along with police to ensure that they did not cause trouble for the excavators. However, as the central tree stump was being pulled out by a digger, a young protester ran under the rope cordoning off the site and headed towards the excavation until she was restrained by excavators and then by police.(p 53) ## Conservation With Seahenge excavated, the timbers that it had been built out of were transported 50 miles (80 km) away to the Fenland Archaeology Trust's field centre at Flag Fen in Cambridgeshire, where it immediately underwent conservation by being immersed in fresh water. The timbers were then cleaned of attached mud and placed in permanent storage. English Heritage employed laser scan technology (developed by Alistair Carty of Archaeoptics) to precisely image timbers in three dimensions, allowing archaeologists to create a virtual model of the whole site.(p 61) At Flag Fen, it was then continually soaked in wax-emulsified water to slowly (over years) replace the moisture in the wood with wax. Conservation included treatment with polyethylene glycol. It was later transferred to Portsmouth where maritime archaeology experts at the Mary Rose Trust continued the programme at their purpose-built site. ## Reconstruction Conservation work is complete, with a reconstructed Seahenge near its original site, at the Lynn Museum and opened to the public in April 2008. ## Exhibition In February 2022, timber from Holme I was displayed at The World of Stonehenge exhibition at British Museum, from 17 February 2022 until 17 July 2022. ## Holme II One hundred metres east, another, much larger ring was found, consisting of two concentric timber circles surrounding a hurdle-lined pit containing two oak logs. Known as Holme II, dendrochronology gives a date identical to Seahenge: 2049 BC. This is the first time that two adjacent prehistoric monuments have been shown to have been built together. Details of the construction of Holme II differ from that of Holme I (Seahenge): for instance the palisade of Holme I had the tree bark intact, while it was removed for Holme II, giving the two enclosures contrasting dark and light colours. One suggestion is that the upturned roots in Holme I were used for excarnation, while the remains were later buried in Holme II, which may have contained a burial mound (now washed away) extending to the inner timber circle which would have formed the revetment (outer securing border) of the mound. Although also threatened with destruction by the sea, this site has been left in situ and exposed to the tidal actions of the sea. This decision by English Heritage relates to the controversy over digging Holme I. ## In popular culture Jean-Jacques Burnel, bassist of the Stranglers, was living in Holme-next-the-Sea at the time of the discovery. The monument inspired him to write the songs on the band's 2004 album Norfolk Coast. Seahenge provides the inspiration for a timber circle depicted in Catherine Fisher's 2005 novel Darkhenge. Fisher discusses a prehistoric monument featuring an upturned oak tree surrounded by 24 timbers, each symbolising one of the characters in the ogham tree alphabet. This circle, known as Darkhenge, is described as being located at Avebury in Wiltshire and is portrayed as being the portal to Annwyn, the underworld of Welsh mythology. Seahenge can be visited in the 2020 video game Assassin's Creed: Valhalla.	enwiki/217581	enwiki	217,581	Seahenge	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahenge	2025-08-15T04:10:44Z	en	Q606492	154,569	{{Short description\|Bronze Age monuments in Norfolk, England}} {{use dmy dates\|date=October 2021}} [[File:Seahenge.jpg\|thumb\|Seahenge (Holme I) in the temporary exhibition ″The World of Stonehenge″ at the [[British Museum]]]] [[File:Beach at Old Hunstanton. - geograph.org.uk - 157352.jpg\|thumb\|Beach at Old Hunstanton]] '''Seahenge''', also known as '''Holme I''', was a [[prehistory\|prehistoric]] monument located in the village of [[Holme-next-the-Sea]], near [[Old Hunstanton]] in the English county of [[Norfolk]]. A [[timber circle]] with an upturned tree root in the centre, Seahenge, along with the nearby timber circle Holme II, was built in the spring-summer of 2049 BC, during the early [[Bronze Age]] in Britain.<ref name="archaeology.org-2281-140703">{{cite web \|title=Seahenge and 2nd Circle Were Built at the Same Time \|url=https://www.archaeology.org/news/2281-140703-england-wood-henge \|website=[[Archaeology Magazine]] \|access-date=4 April 2022 \|date=July 3, 2014}}</ref> Contemporary theory is that they were used for ritual purposes; in particular Holme II has been interpreted as a mortuary monument that may originally have formed the boundary of a burial mound. In order to preserve the timber in the site from exposure to air, due to recent exposure of the remains by the sea, it was excavated in Spring 1999,<ref name="PPS-2003-Brennand-Holme-next-the-Sea"> {{cite journal \|last1=Brennand \|first1=Mark \|last2=Taylor \|first2=Maisie \|last3=Ashwin \|first3=Trevor \|last4=Bayliss \|first4=Alex \|last5=Canti \|first5=Matt \|last6=Chamberlain \|first6=Andrew \|last7=French \|first7=C.A.I. \|last8=Fryer \|first8=Val \|last9=Gale \|first9=Rowena \|last10=Green \|first10=F.M.L. \|last11=Groves \|first11=Cathy \|last12=Hall \|first12=Allan \|last13=Linford \|first13=Neil \|last14=Murphy \|first14=Peter \|last15=Robinson \|first15=Mark \|last16=Wells \|first16=James \|last17=Williams \|first17=David \|title=The Survey and Excavation of a Bronze Age Timber Circle at Holme-next-the-Sea, Norfolk, 1998–9 \|journal=Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society \|date=2003 \|volume=69 \|pages=1–84 \|doi=10.1017/S0079497X00001250 \|s2cid=130136234 \|url=<!-- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276371856_The_Survey_and_Excavation_of_a_Bronze_Age_Timber_Circle_at_Holme-next-the-Sea_Norfolk_1998-9 -->https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-prehistoric-society/article/abs/survey-and-excavation-of-a-bronze-age-timber-circle-at-holmenextthesea-norfolk-19989/968BB819897D0051C837A0F99BD99F60 \|access-date=4 April 2022}} </ref> and its remains taken to an archeological museum and then a maritime museum for preservation of the wood. In 1999, a reproduction was put up by some of the excavators, near the site. In 2008, after further study, a second reproduction was erected near the original's location.<ref name=NorfMus-200-31-010/> Due to controversy about the excavation of Seahenge, '''Holme II''' was left in place to be monitored as it is gradually destroyed by erosion. == Description == The site consisted of an outer ring comprising fifty-five small split oak trunks forming a roughly circular enclosure around {{convert\|7\|by\|6\|m}}. Rather than being placed in individual holes, the timbers had been arranged around a circular construction trench. Their split sides faced inwards and their bark faced outwards (with one exception where the opposite is the case). One of the trunks on the south western side had a narrow Y fork in it, permitting access to the central area. Another post had been placed outside this entrance, which would have prevented anyone from seeing inside. The timbers were set in ground to a depth of {{convert\|1\|m\|ftin}} from the contemporary surface although how far they originally extended upwards is not known. In the centre of the ring was a large inverted oak stump.<ref name="Pryor2002" /> At the time of building, the site was surrounded by salt marshes.<ref name="Robertson2016" /> Although the structure's existence had been common knowledge amongst locals for several decades, Seahenge received its name from the press in 1998, who named it after the more famous prehistoric structure [[Stonehenge]] in [[Wiltshire]], and was picked up by the local and national media, inducing a great deal of publicity around its excavation. This was only increased due to the protests held against the excavation by both locals, who wanted it to remain as a tourist site, and [[Neopaganism\|Neopagans]], who believed that the removal of the structure was an insult to the religious beliefs of its original builders, among other concerns. == Construction == Seahenge was constructed during the [[Bronze Age Britain#EBA anchor\|early Bronze Age]], a period of time that saw the increasing adoption of [[agriculture]] and sedentary living in Britain. Those constructing the monument made use of at least fifty different bronze axes,{{efn\| The fact that over fifty different bronze axes were used in the construction of Seahenge was discovered through 3‑D imaging which allowed archaeologists to measure the exact axe curvature and width of each blade that had made a cut in the timber. This revealed that 59 different blades had been used. }} which were used to shape the timber to the desired lengths and shapes, at a time when, archaeologists believe, bronze tools were still relatively rare and had only been introduced into [[Bronze Age Britain\|Britain a few centuries before]].<ref name=Watson-2005/>{{rp\|style=ama\|p= 63}} Using a variety of scientific techniques, archaeologists have come to the conclusion that the trees used in the construction of the monument had all been felled in the same year, 2049 BC,{{efn\| [[Dendrochronology\|Dendrochronological]] evidence provided by Cathy Groves indicated that the trees had to have been felled in either 2454 BC, 2049 BCE, or 2019 BCE whilst [[radiocarbon dating]] displayed a date range of between 2200 BCE and 2000 BCE for their felling. Using [[Bayesian statistics\|Bayesian estimation]], however, an English Heritage team led by Dr. Alex Bayliss combined the dendrochronological and radiocarbon dates to reveal that the trees had been felled in the year 2049 BCE. }} whilst the condition of the sapwood indicated that it had been cut down in spring or early summer.<ref name=Watson-2005/>{{rp\|style=ama\|p= 62}} Oak trees would have been transported from some distance as they are not common near the site.<ref name="latimes-25669">{{cite news \|last1=Maugh \|first1=Thomas H. II \|title=At the Sea's Edge, a Glimpse of the Bronze Age \|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-feb-15-me-25669-story.html \|access-date=4 April 2022 \|work=[[Los Angeles Times]] \|date=15 February 2001}}</ref> According to writer Watson (2005) "Confirming that all the trees had been felled at the same time suggested strongly that the building of the circle was a single event. Further, a great amount of work would have been involved in felling, transporting, preparing and erecting the timbers, so it was likely too that the job was done by a large number of people – possibly an entire community or an extended family – working together."<ref name=Watson-2005/>{{rp\|style=ama\|p= 62}} Seahenge was originally constructed on a [[salt marsh]], and over the centuries the area became a freshwater wetland, as an offshore barrier grew up, preventing sea water from getting access to the area around the circle. This in turn allowed [[alder]] trees to grow in the area, which eventually created a layer of [[peat]] above the mudflats. With rising sea levels in later millennia, the sea advanced, and eventually sand began to cover the peat. Through this process, Seahenge eventually found itself from once being inland to being on the beach, where it was revealed by the eroding away of the sand and peat by the late 20th century, four thousand years since its original construction.<ref name=Watson-2005/>{{rp\|style=ama\|p= 62}} == Purpose == Researchers were unable to determine activity at Seahenge in the centuries after it was built, and its purpose is consequently unknown. However, the presence of Middle and Late Bronze Age pottery at the site suggests that it became a focal point again several centuries after construction. Theories about the site have focused on the idea of inversion, as represented by the upside-down central tree stump and the single post turned 180 degrees from the others, within the circle itself. The theme of inversion has been noticed in some Early Bronze Age burials. Not all the split posts can be accounted for and it has been suggested that another structure was built nearby using them. Seahenge is so-named by analogy with [[Stonehenge]], but Seahenge did not possess an actual [[henge]] (a monumental enclosing ditch, with a bank piled up outside of it), making it a different category of monument. It appears to have had little functionally in common with its namesake. The contemporary ground surface associated with the monument has long since been washed away: No features survive from the time it was erected, and the silt Seahenge stood in when it was found was deposited long after the timber circle was first overwhelmed by the sea. One theory of use is that Seahenge was a [[mortuary enclosure]] for [[excarnation]] rather than a meeting-place, like a [[henge]] monument. In view of the relatively small diameter of the post circle and its height and its "privacy" entrance, some have suggested it is a "[[sky burial]]" (excarnation) site, similar in use (although different in construction) to those found in Tibet, Mongolia, Pakistan, and North America. There is no direct evidence for this. == Discovery == In early Spring 1998, John Lorimer, an amateur archaeologist and beach comber, was catching shrimps with his brother-in-law Gary on Holme beach.<ref name="atlasobscura">{{cite web \|title=Seahenge \|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/seahenge \|website=[[Atlas Obscura]] \|access-date=4 April 2022 \|language=en}}</ref> The pair found a Bronze Age [[axe\|axe head]] in the silt, but at first did not know what it was. Intrigued, Lorimer visited the area repeatedly, eventually finding a lone tree stump that had been unearthed on the beach – unusual in that it seemed to be upside down.<ref name="gettyimages-ancient-oak-circle">{{cite web \|last1=Walters \|first1=Michael \|title=Seahenge Ancient Oak Circle \|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/seahenge-ancient-oak-circle?page=1 \|website=[[Getty Images]] \|access-date=4 April 2022 \|date=1999 \|quote=The ancient oak circle which emerged from the shifting sands at Holme next the Sea in Norfolk. The ring of oak tree trunks with a large upturned tree at its centre is believed to be 4,000 years old & is said to be of great archaeological importance.}}</ref> A [[metal detector]]ist friend later recognised the site's importance, so they contacted the [[Norwich Castle\|Castle Museum in Norwich]]. Archaeologists at the museum examined the axe head, the second one found on Holme Beach within only a few months. Lorimer continued to monitor the inverted tree stump. Wave erosion gradually exposed a surrounding ring of wooden posts, confirming that the site was an intentional human construction. Lorimer contacted Castle Museum again.<ref name=Watson-2005/>{{rp\|style=ama\|pp= 1–4}} The museum contacted Edwin Rose, at the time Norfolk Landscape Archaeology's Development Control Officer, who then visited the site with Lorimer on 12 August 1998. At first, Rose suspected it was a fish trap from the [[Anglo-Saxon]] period, relatively commonplace for the area. But he began to suspect that it might be something else. So Rose inquired whether [[English Heritage]] would fund an excavation. They agreed.<ref name=Watson-2005/>{{rp\|style=ama\|p= 13–14}} == Preliminary excavation == Archaeological excavation at Seahenge began October 1998, under site director Mark Brennand of the Norfolk Archaeological Unit. It proved a difficult site to excavate. Sea tides restricted trial trench excavating work to between one and four hours per day.<ref name=Watson-2005/>{{rp\|style=ama\|pp= 17–21}} A [[dendrochronology\|dendrochronological]] sample extracted from the stump was sent for analysis at [[Sheffield University]]. By January 1999, preliminary results indicated a Bronze Age monument.<ref name=Watson-2005/>{{rp\|style=ama\|pp= 24–25}} Despite projected expense, English Heritage decided full excavation would be worthwhile, because the site had begun to suffer from erosion: Sections of wood had been exposed to corrosive oxygen and salt brine after millennia protected in the mud.<ref name=Watson-2005/>{{rp\|style=ama\|p= 26}} == Media interest == Initially, there was little media interest in the excavation, with it only being reported in archaeological publications like the Council of British Archaeology's ''British Archaeology'' magazine and a few local Norfolk-based media outlets. This changed on Saturday 9 January 1999, when ''[[The Independent]]'' ran a front-page story by environmental correspondent, Michael McCarthy, headlined "Shifting sands reveal 'Stonehenge of the Sea'".<ref name=Watson-2005/>{{rp\|style=ama\|p= 27}} ''The Independent''′s article sparked articles in rival newspapers, with the ''Eastern Daily Press'' picking up the story for a two-page feature entitled "Our Stonehenge Beneath the Sea" on Monday 11 January. These stories repeated comparisons to Stonehenge, one of England's most famous national treasures, despite the many differences between the two sites. Eventually the site gained the popular title of "Seahenge". Soon a great debate began in the media, with some adherents involved in the [[Neopaganism\|Neopagan]] and [[New Age]] movements arguing that they had "a kind of spiritual ownership of the circle". They wanted it left ''[[in situ]]'' and opposed archaeological excavation. Local tourism organisations also wanted it left ''[[in situ]]'', as the site was sure to attract tourism. The prospect of tourists visiting the beach to see the monument meanwhile brought criticism from local wildlife organisations such as the [[Norfolk Wildlife Trust]], who noted how within the first three months of 1999, five thousand visitors had come to see the monument. Tourist traffic disturbed feeding wader birds in Holme Dunes National Nature Reserve.<ref name=Watson-2005/>{{rp\|style=ama\|p= 30}} == Excavation == The press were putting forward ideas of saving and preserving the monument where it was, something archaeologists explained was impossible. English Heritage's chief archaeologist, Geoffrey Wainright, eventually gave the go ahead for a full excavation in March 1999. The procedure would cost £500,000, and the timbers would be conserved at the Fenland Archaeological Trust's field centre at Flag Fen in [[Cambridgeshire]].<ref name=Watson-2005/>{{rp\|style=ama\|p= 31}} Excavation began on Wednesday 26 May 1999, by a team from Norfolk Archaeological Unit led by Mark Brennand. Again they found it a particularly daunting and difficult site, as they were only able to excavate for a few hours a day. Much of that limited time was taken up removing water that built up overnight, and fish and other animals that had set up residence there.<ref name=Watson-2005/>{{rp\|style=ama\|pp= 33–34}} == Protests == The team also had to contend with protests mounted both by locals and by Neopagan groups led by Parish Council Chairman Geoff Needham, a former fisherman. English Heritage had taken part in meetings with protest groups, but neither side changed their position. One of the most vocal protesters, the Neopagan and conservationist Buster Nolan, informed a reporter from the ''Eastern Daily Press'' that "Seahenge has more meaning and power on the beach here at Holme than it does anywhere else ... This is 60 grand being spent by archaeologists who are patting each other on the back, telling each other they're doing the right thing. It's a farce."<ref name=Watson-2005/>{{rp\|style=ama\|p= 39}} Nolan went on to employ some local solicitors in an attempt to get the courts to intercede on the protesters' behalf, receiving donations from the Council of British Druid Orders and from a local businessman, Mervyn Lambert, who told reporters that "The people of Norfolk should [[bravery\|have more balls]] ... I'm amazed they're allowing it to happen." But solicitors refused to take up the case, believing that they could not possibly win against English Heritage.<ref name=Watson-2005/>{{rp\|style=ama\|pp= 40–41}} English Heritage gained an interim injunction banning several of the most prominent protesters from the vicinity of the site, including Des Crow, Geoff Needham, Buster Nolan, and Rollo Maughfling, who at one point climbed on top of Seahenge to declare an eight-point proclamation. Needham and Maughfling however successfully contested the ban, as the court agreed that neither of them had attempted to obstruct the archaeologists' work.<ref name=Watson-2005/>{{rp\|style=ama\|pp= 42–43, 47}} The publicity and controversy surrounding the excavation led the British television company {{nobr\|[[Channel 4]]}} to commission a special episode of their archaeological series ''[[Time Team]]'' documenting the excavation itself and staging an experimental archaeology reconstruction of the Bronze Age site.<ref name=Watson-2005/>{{rp\|style=ama\|pp= 54–55}} After several weeks work, the excavators decided to physically remove the main timbers from the site, an event for which the media had been tipped off. A wide variety of protesters turned up, along with police to ensure that they did not cause trouble for the excavators. However, as the central tree stump was being pulled out by a digger, a young protester ran under the rope cordoning off the site and headed towards the excavation until she was restrained by excavators and then by police.<ref name=Watson-2005/>{{rp\|style=ama\|p= 53}} == Conservation == With Seahenge excavated, the timbers that it had been built out of were transported {{convert\|50\|miles\|km}} away to the Fenland Archaeology Trust's field centre at [[Flag Fen]] in Cambridgeshire, where it immediately underwent conservation by being immersed in [[fresh water]]. The timbers were then cleaned of attached mud and placed in permanent storage. English Heritage employed laser scan technology<ref name="gettyimages-830763464"> {{cite web \|title=Flag Fen Archaeological Centre \|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/chloe-watson-a-member-of-the-scanning-team-helps-adjust-one-news-photo/830763464 \|website=[[Getty Images]] \|location=Peterborough, England \|language=en-us \|date=2001 \|quote=Chloe Watson, a member of the scanning team, helps adjust one of the timbers in preparation for a scan, at the Flag Fen Archaeological centre, Peterborough, where English Heritage took a 3D laser scan of 'Seahenge', the Bronze Age Timber Circle, rescued from the beach at Holme two years ago.}} </ref> (developed by Alistair Carty of Archaeoptics) to precisely image timbers in three dimensions, allowing archaeologists to create a virtual model of the whole site.<ref name=Watson-2005/>{{rp\|style=ama\|p= 61}} At Flag Fen, it was then continually soaked in wax-emulsified water to slowly (over years) replace the moisture in the wood with wax.{{citation needed\|date=April 2022}} Conservation included treatment with [[polyethylene glycol]].<ref name="natural-history-conservation-seahenge">{{cite web \|last1=Larkin \|first1=Nigel R. \|last2=Moor \|first2=Simon \|title=Making mounts for 'Seahenge' - The Holme Timber Circle \|url=https://www.natural-history-conservation.com/seahenge.htm \|website=Natural History Conservation \|access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref> It was later transferred to [[Portsmouth]] where maritime archaeology experts at the [[Mary Rose]] Trust continued the programme at their purpose-built site. == Reconstruction == Conservation work is complete, with a reconstructed Seahenge near its original site, at the [[Lynn Museum]]<ref>{{cite web \|title=Lynn Museum \|place=[[King's Lynn]] \|url=https://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/lynn-museum}}</ref> and opened to the public in April 2008.<ref name=NorfMus-200-31-010/> == Exhibition == In February 2022, timber from '''Holme I''' was displayed at ''The World of Stonehenge'' exhibition at [[British Museum]], from 17 February 2022 until 17 July 2022.<ref name="gettyimages-seahenge-museum-Leal-Olivas">{{cite web \|last1=Leal-Olivas \|first1=Daniel \|title=Seahenge Museum Employee \|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/seahenge-museum-employee?page=1 \|website=[[Getty Images]] \|access-date=4 April 2022 \|date=February 14, 2022 \|quote=A museum employee dusts with a brush a section of a Seahenge a monument found in Norfolk, Britain and dated of 2000 BC, during a press preview of the new exhibition "The World of Stonehenge" at the British Museum, in central London, on February 14, 2022. - The exhibition will run from February 17 until July 17, 2022.}}</ref><ref name="gettyimages-1238470277">{{cite web \|last1=Brady \|first1=Jonathan \|title=Seahenge - press preview for the new The World of Stonehenge exhibition \|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/member-of-staff-uses-a-brush-whilst-stood-amongst-seahenge-news-photo/1238470277 \|website=[[Getty Images]] \|access-date=4 April 2022 \|language=en-us \|date=February 14, 2022 \|quote=A member of staff uses a brush whilst stood amongst 'Seahenge', a four thousand year old Bronze Age timber circle from Norfolk, during the press preview for the new The World of Stonehenge exhibition at London's British Museum. The display is the UKs first ever major exhibition on Stonehenge and the largest British Museum exhibition of recent times, featuring over 430 objects on show from across Britain, Ireland and Europe.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Capurro \|first1=Daniel \|title='Stonehenge of the sea' to be unveiled at British Museum \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/12/07/stonehenge-sea-unveiled-british-museum/ \|access-date=4 April 2022 \|work=[[telegraph.co.uk]] \|date=7 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=Stonehenge resources \|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/stonehenge-resources \|website=[[British Museum]] \|access-date=4 April 2022 \|language=en}}</ref> ==Holme II== One hundred metres east, another, much larger<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/collections/features/seahenge/holme-ii \|title=Holme II \|date= \|website=Norfolk Museums \|publisher= \|access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref> ring was found, consisting of two concentric timber circles surrounding a [[hurdle]]-lined pit containing two oak logs.<ref name="gettyimages-Parsons-circle-of-crumbled-timber">{{cite web \|last1=Parsons \|first1=Andrew \|title=Seahenge Circle Of Crumbled Timber Stands At Low Tide On The Coast \|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/seahenge-circle-of-crumbled-timber-stands-at-low-tide-on-the-coast?page=1 \|website=[[Getty Images]] \|access-date=4 April 2022 \|quote=A circle of crumbled timber stands at low tide on the coast of Norfolk, at Holme next the Sea. The circle is just yards away from the wooden "Seahenge" excavated by experts from English Heritage in 1999 so that archaeologists could test the timbers. * English Heritage are now considering what do with this second discovery.}}</ref> Known as '''Holme II''', [[dendrochronology]] gives a date identical to Seahenge: 2049 BC.<ref name="Robertson2016">{{Cite journal\|title=A Second Timber Circle, Trackways, and Coppicing at Holme-next-the-Sea Beach, Norfolk: use of Salt- and Freshwater Marshes in the Bronze Age\|journal=[[Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society]]\|url=\|last1=Robertson\|first1=David\|last2=Taylor\|first2=Masie\|last3=Tyers\|first3=Ian\|date=2016-05-16\|volume=82\|pages=227–258\|doi=10.1017/ppr.2016.3\|s2cid=132004176 \|display-authors=1}}</ref> This is the first time that two adjacent prehistoric monuments have been shown to have been built together. Details of the construction of Holme II differ from that of Holme I (Seahenge): for instance the palisade of Holme I had the tree bark intact, while it was removed for Holme II, giving the two enclosures contrasting dark and light colours.<ref name="wnklas-seahenge2">{{cite web \|title=Seahenge II \|url=http://wnklas.greyhawk.org.uk/main.php?p=visits/seahenge2.htm \|website=West Norfolk & King's Lynn Archaeology Society \|access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref> One suggestion <ref name="Pryor2002">{{cite book \|last1=Pryor \|first1=Francis \|title=Seahenge: a quest for life and death in Bronze Age Britain \|date=2002 \|publisher=[[HarperCollins]] \|location=[[London]] \|isbn=9780007101924}}</ref> is that the upturned roots in Holme I were used for [[excarnation]], while the remains were later buried in Holme II, which may have contained a burial mound (now washed away) extending to the inner timber circle which would have formed the revetment (outer securing border) of the mound.<ref name="Robertson2016" /> Although also threatened with destruction by the sea, this site has been left ''[[in situ]]'' and exposed to the tidal actions of the sea. This decision by English Heritage relates to the controversy over digging Holme I.<ref name="Robertson2016" /> ==In popular culture== [[Jean-Jacques Burnel]], bassist of [[the Stranglers]], was living in Holme-next-the-Sea at the time of the discovery. The monument inspired him to write the songs on the band's 2004 album ''[[Norfolk Coast (album)\|Norfolk Coast]]''.<ref name='edp'>{{cite web \|title=Punk rock revival from The Stranglers\|website=Eastern Daily Press\|publisher=\|date=14 July 2019\|url=https://www.edp24.co.uk/things-to-do/punk-rock-revival-from-the-stranglers-449268\|access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref> Seahenge provides the inspiration for a timber circle depicted in [[Catherine Fisher]]'s 2005 novel ''Darkhenge''. Fisher discusses a prehistoric monument featuring an upturned oak tree surrounded by 24 timbers, each symbolising one of the characters in the [[ogham]] tree alphabet. This circle, known as Darkhenge, is described as being located at [[Avebury]] in [[Wiltshire]] and is portrayed as being the portal to [[Annwyn]], the underworld of [[Welsh mythology]].<ref name=Bramwell-2009/> Seahenge can be visited in the 2020 video game [[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]. == See also == * [[Beaker culture]] == Further reading == * {{cite news \|title=Seahenge gives up its secrets \|date=8 July 1999 \|department=Sci/Tech \|website=BBC News online \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/388988.stm \|access-date=9 December 2012 }} * {{cite news \|title=Seahenge dated to {{nobr\|Spring 2050 BC }} \|date=1 December 1999 \|website=BBC News online \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/544947.stm \|access-date=9 December 2012 }} * {{cite journal \|last1=Ayers \|first1=Brian \|last2=Hanley \|first2=Robin \|last3=Jackson \|first3=Hannah \|title=Seahenge: The Holme Timber Circle: Excavation and Public Display \|journal=Material Religion \|date=March 2007 \|volume=3 \|issue=1 \|pages=158–160 \|doi=10.2752/174322007780095618 \|s2cid=191298462 \|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA175874296&linkaccess=abs }} * {{cite news \|title=No sequel to Seahenge \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1111952.stm \|work=[[BBC News]] \|date=11 January 2001 \|quote=The new circle was probably the rotting timber supports of a simple burial mound or barrow, said Norfolk county archaeologist Brian Ayers.}} * C. Wood [http://www.norwichsphere.org.uk/essays/seahenge2022.pdf The Meaning of Seahenge] - Norwich Pagan Sphere * {{cite news \|title=Ancient Seahenge 'returns home' \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/7312429.stm \|access-date=4 April 2022 \|work=[[BBC News]] \|date=25 March 2008}} * [http://www.derehamhistory.com/uploads/1/6/2/3/16236968/dht_newsletter_15.4_jan20.pdf dereham history newsletter 15.4 jan20] * {{cite thesis \|last1=Watson \|first1=Emma Elizabeth \|title=Hidden in Plain Sight: Revealing the Forgotten Monuments of Northern England : how Has Archaeological Research on the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Monuments of Northern England Differed from that of Other Regions Within Britain and how Has that Affected Our Overall Understanding of British Prehistory? \|date=2020 \|publisher=[[Durham University]] \|url=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13808/ \|type=Doctoral \|language=en \|quote=Doctoral thesis}} * {{cite book \|last1=Davies \|first1=Paul \|title=The Ritual Play of Power: Pilgrimage and Protest Amongst Contemporary English Druids \|date=2003 \|publisher=[[Durham University]] \|url=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4038/ <!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20170930163931/https://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4038/1/4038_1555.pdf --> \|language=en \|quote=Masters thesis}} * {{cite book \|last1=Crossley-Holland \|first1=Kevin \|last2=Rafferty \|first2=Andrew \|title=Seahenge : a journey \|date=2019 \|publisher=Kailpot \|location=Herefordshire \|isbn=978-0955686047}}<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Ixer \|first1=Rob \|title=Review – Seahenge: a journey \|url=https://archaeology.co.uk/articles/reviews/books/review-seahenge-a-journey.htm \|website=[[Current Archaeology]] \|access-date=4 April 2022 \|date=21 October 2019}}</ref> * {{cite web \|last1=Wallis \|first1=Robert \|title=Pagans in place: from Stonehenge to Seahenge: 'Sacred' archaeological monuments and artefacts in Britain \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291884115 \|website=Pagans and 'Sacred' Sites \|date=January 2011 \|via=[[ResearchGate]]}} == Footnotes == {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist \|refs= <ref name=Bramwell-2009> {{cite book \|last=Bramwell \|first=Peter \|year=2009 \|title=[[Pagan Themes in Modern Children's Fiction: Green Man, Shamanism, Earth Mysteries]] \|location=New York, NY \|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan \|isbn=978-0-230-21839-0 \|pages=188–189 }} </ref> <ref name=NorfMus-200-31-010> {{cite web \|title=Seahenge is coming! \|publisher=Norfolk Museums & Archaeology Service \|url=http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/default.asp?Document=200.31.010 }} <!-- Bot generated title --> </ref> <ref name=Watson-2005> <br/> {{cite book \|last=Watson \|first=Charlie \|year=2005 \|title=Seahenge: An archaeological conundrum \|location=Swindon, UK \|publisher=English Heritage \|isbn=1-85074-896-9 }} </ref> }} <!-- end "refs=" --> == External links == * {{cite web \|title=Seahenge: Early Bronze Age timber circle on Holme Beach \|url=https://www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk/record-details?MNF33771-%27Seahenge%27-Early-Bronze-Age-timber-circle-on-Holme-Beach \|website=Norfolk Heritage Explorer <!-- \|access-date=4 April 2022 -->}} * {{cite web \|title=Seahenge - ancient wooden circle \|website=Flag Fen - Britain's Bronze Age Centre \|url=http://www.flagfen.com/seahenge.htm \|location=The Droveway, Northey Road, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, England \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205131432/http://www.flagfen.com/seahenge.htm \|archive-date=2007-12-05 \|via=[[Internet Archive]] }} * {{cite web \|title=Object: Seahenge (timber circle post 62) \|url=http://norfolkmuseumscollections.org/collections/objects/object-2417085322.html/ \|website=Norfolk Museums Collections <!-- \|access-date=4 April 2022 -->}} * {{cite web \|author1=Clark, Brian E. \|author2=Burnham, Andy \|display-authors=etal \|orig-date=19 August 2004 \|year=2004–2005 \|title=Holme I \|type=pictures \|website=megalithic.co.uk \|url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=6514 <!-- \|access-date=2021-10-17 --> }} * {{cite web \|author1=Clark, Brian E. \|author2=Burnham, Andy \|display-authors=etal \|date=2 July 2014 \|orig-year=2003 \|title=Holme II \|type=pictures \|website=megalithic.co.uk \|url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=10631 <!-- \|access-date=2021-10-17 --> }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord\|52\|58\|05\|N\|0\|31\|17\|E\|region:GB_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki\|display=title}} [[Category:Objects of historical interest in Norfolk]] [[Category:Archaeological sites in Norfolk]] [[Category:Archaeology of Norfolk]] [[Category:Bronze Age sites in Norfolk]]	1,305,967,114	[]	false
# Extracranial germ cell tumor An extracranial germ cell tumor (EGCT) occurs in the abnormal growth of germ cells in the gonads (testes or ovaries) and the areas other than the brain via tissue, lymphatic system, or circulatory system. The tumor can be benign or malignant (cancerous) by its growth rate. According to the National Cancer Institute and St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, the chance of children who are under 15 years old having EGCTs is 3%, in comparison to adolescents, a possibility of 14% with aged 15 to 19 can have EGCTs. There is no obvious cut point in between children and adolescents. However, common cut points in researches are 11 years old and 15 years old. The signs and symptoms are varied according to the location of the EGCTs. Common symptoms are fever, constipation, abdomen mass with or without pain, backache, bumps in testicles for male, abnormal bleeding in vagina or miss menses for female. The cause of EGCTs has not been found. Some potential risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, specific genetic syndromes, congenital abnormalities, and more. Among these risk factors, specifically, the Klinefelter syndrome (KS) and cryptorchidism increase the possibility for males having testicular tumors and the Turner syndrome (TS) affects the risk of having ovarian cysts in females. Swyer syndrome and other syndromes may increase the risk of having EGCTs in the gonads. The diagnosis is made by a combination of picture-taking testaments, physical examinations, and the investigation of samples from blood, urine, and tissue by using microscope. By collecting the data from the testaments, clinicians use the classifications of EGCTs to assist diagnosing the type of tumor. Due to the probability of having EGCTs among pediatric, several treatments had been used to remove the tumor or kill the cancer cells. The treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, salvage therapy, and clinical trials. Among the treatments, the BEP combination (bleomycin, etoposide, cisplatin) is the standard chemotherapy treatment method for EGCTs by increasing the survival rate. The prognosis of EGCTs are varied after a series of treatments and follow-up testaments which include factors of age, gender, type of EGCT, location the cyst, treatment method, response, and symptoms are presented after a period of time. ## Signs and symptoms Signs and symptoms of extracranial germ cell tumor can be seen in children, adolescents, or young adults. These symptoms include fever, constipation, abnormal bleeding in vagina and miss menstruation in females, a lump in the testes in males, lumps along the midline of the body, include coccyx, neck, and abdomen. The symptoms of EGCTs appear differently by the location of it. According to the symptoms and location of the EGCTs, specialists may diagnose the type of the tumor. ## Risk factors There is no evidence that indicate the cause of having extracranial germ cell tumor. Despite the unknown causing factor of EGCTs, researchers suggested the tumor cells begin from the germ cells which locate in the testes in male and ovaries in female. After the formation of germ cells, it migrates from the gonad to the rest of the body which form the extracranial extragonadal germ-cell tumors. The risk factors may increase the probability of developing EGCTs. The risk factors had been recognized are genetic syndromes and congenital abnormalities. - Klinefelter syndrome - mediastinal GCTs[11] - Swyer syndrome - gonadoblastomas and seminomas (testicle)[11] - Turner syndrome - gonadoblastomas and dysgerminomas (ovary)[11] These syndromes had been discovered of having higher risk in developing EGCTs. Besides the effects of syndromes, cryptorchidism, the absence of one or both testes, may increase the risk for male diagnose testicular seminoma tumor. Environmental risk factors may increase the risk of diagnosing EGCTs, which includes smoking, alcohol consumption, chemical environment. It does not mean that not having these risk factors will have no chance in diagnosing EGCTs. On the other hand, having risk factors does not mean the person is diagnosed with EGCTs. In order to check the existence of the tumor, a series of testaments is required. ## Diagnosis Professionals use a combination of testaments to diagnose the type or stage of EGCT is present. Common testaments for EGCTs are a physical examination, tumor marker test, immunohistochemistry, cytogenetic analysis, MRI, chest x-ray, CT scan (CAT scan), ultrasound exam, and biopsy. Explanations for each testament are below. - Physical examination: a body check to look for signs of disease, such as a lump in the testicle in males or abnormal virginal bleeding in females. - Tumor marker test: two tumor markers are tested, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG), to detect and diagnose the EGCTs. - Immunohistochemistry: the use of antibodies to detect the reaction of antigens in the human body. - Cytogenetic analysis: a method to discover abnormal arrangement of chromosomes in the tumor cells. - MRI: an instrument that uses magnetic field, radio waves, and a computer to investigate the condition inside the human body through a series of pictures. - Chest x-ray: an x-ray test that showed the area of chest with blood vessels, heart, lungs, and bones. - CT scan (CAT scan): an instrument can get more detailed pictures of the human body by using special x-ray.[13] - Ultrasound exam: images are shown by the methodology of high-energy sound waves bouncing off the human tissues and organs. - Biopsy: using a microscope to examine abnormal cells from the removed tissue from the human body. Through the images from multiple picture-taking testaments, abnormal circle-shaped tissues are shown. According to the size of the tumor, patient's age and gender, specialists diagnose the stage of the EGCT. The method of biopsy presents the tumor cells characteristics through a microscope. Inside the tumor tissue, clustered of tumor cells is shown. Furthermore, by examining the tumor cells individually, it has various shapes and sizes where healthy cells are in round shapes. The tumor marker test includes two markers, AFP and β-hCG, to detect and classify which type of cancer cell is present. An increasing level in both markers indicates the sign of diagnosing germ cell tumor. AFP (IU/mL) or ng/mL is a protein which a very high concentration of AFP may lead to germ cell tumor. The AFP tumor marker had been used for the ovarian GCT or testicular GCT. The beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) is a hormone produced from the abnormal tumor tissue. The β-hCG test takes sample either from blood or urine. Also, this tumor marker test is commonly used for germ cell tumors. Both the tumor marker test and immunohistochemistry measure AFP and β-hCG; however, the method of testing the markers is different, whereas immunohistochemistry discover the cancer by looking at the antibody-antigen interactions under a microscope. ### Classifications There are two types of classification for the extracranial germ cell tumor. One is GCT biology and another is to classify EGCT into 3 types. Both classifications are used by professionals to diagnose the type of tumor the patient has by the assistance of multiple results from different testaments. The first classification organized the EGCTs into two types, gonadal and extragonadal germ-cell tumor. Gonadal GCTs include Testicular GCTs in males and Ovarian GCTs in females. Extracranial extragonadal GCTs are tumor cells that had been spread out through tissue, lymph system or blood to other areas of the body other than the gonads. #### Testicular GCT A painless bump in the testes represents the testicular GCT in male. The Klinefelter syndrome Swyer syndrome may increase the risk of having testicular GCT. Two common age ranges for testicular GCT is before 4 years old or after puberty. A stage I testicular GCT is considered a low risk tumor where all ages of male may diagnose. Patients that are 11 years old or above, stage II to IV testicular GCT are classified as standard risk 1 (intermediate 1). The classification for tumor as standard risk 2 (intermediate 2) and poor risk are commonly discovered among patients who are under 11 years old. The common treatments for testicular GCTs are chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy, where the medication of PEB (cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin) had been used commonly. #### Ovarian GCT It is also called Dysgerminoma. The common symptom of the ovarian GCTs is a pelvic mass with pain among female. However, it is not common among children where an approximate chance of 2.6 out of 100,000 female will diagnose the ovarian GCT. Common treatments are chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy. According to the site of the tumor, stage of the tumor, and type of tumor to proceed appropriate treatments, where surgical resection is the most common treatment. #### Extragonadal GCT Under the classification of the biology GCT, there is a more detailed classification contains specific types of extracranial extragonadal germ cell tumor. There are two types, teratomas, and malignant GCTs. Lists of these two categories and its subtypes are shown below. - Teratomas - Mature teratomas - Immature teratomas[6] - Malignant GCTs - Seminomatous GCTs: seminoma, dysgerminoma, germinoma - Non-seminomatous GCTs: yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor), choriocarcinoma, embryonal carcinoma, gonadoblastoma, teratoma & yolk sac tumor - Mixed GCTs:[6] a combination of EGCTs. Common combinations include teratoma & embryonal carcinoma & yolk sac tumor (11%), seminoma & embryonal carcinoma (16%), and teratoma & embryonal carcinoma (26%).[18] The yolk sac tumor produce the AFP hormone, and the germinomas, choriocarcinomas, and seminoma are tumors that produce the β-hCG hormone. The hormones that are produced by the tumors can be detected while proceeding testaments. ### Staging By classifying the EGCTs, the professionals identify the type of tumor by its location and patient's symptoms. After completing multiple testaments, the professionals may classify the stage of the tumors from the results. The EGCTs can be divided into three risk groups, low risk, intermediate risk (standard risk 1 & 2), and poor risk. The survival rate is differed by the stage and risk groups of the tumor: \| \| Stage \| Survival % \| Age \| \| ------------ \| ----- \| ---------- \| ------------- \| \| testis \| I \| 100 \| any age group \| \| ovary \| I \| 96 \| any age group \| \| extragonadal \| I \| 93 \| any age group \| \| \| Stage \| Survival % \| Age \| \| ----------------- \| ------- \| ---------- \| --- \| \| testis (S1) \| II ~ IV \| 98 \| <11 \| \| ovary (S1) \| II ~ IV \| 88 \| <11 \| \| extragonadal (S1) \| II ~ IV \| 85 \| <11 \| \| testis (S2) \| II ~ IV \| 88 \| ≥11 \| \| ovary (S2) \| II ~ IV \| 85 \| ≥11 \| \| extragonadal (S2) \| II \| ? \| ≥11 \| Abbreviation: S1 = Standard risk 1; S2 = Standard risk 2 \| \| Stage \| Survival % \| Age \| \| ------------ \| ------- \| ---------- \| --- \| \| testis \| II ~ IV \| 83 \| ≥11 \| \| ovary \| II ~ IV \| 60 \| ≥11 \| \| extragonadal \| II ~ IV \| 51 \| ≥11 \| ## Treatments The combinations of treatments are applied to eliminate the tumor cells or remove it from the site. Various types of treatments depend on the location, type, and stage of the tumor. By applying proper treatments to increase the survival rate and reduce the possibility for tumor cells to recur: - Surgery: the most common treatments by removing the EGCTs from the site of the tumor.[3][4][1][5][6][10][11][17][20] [excessive citations] - Chemotherapy: the platinum-based chemotherapy drugs reduce the growth of tumor cell or destroy the tumor cells in order to prevent the cells become cancer cells. One of the most common drug is the BEP, which is a combination drug of cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin.[3][4][1][5][6][9][10][17][20] - Radiotherapy: by damaging tumor cells' DNA to stop the division of the cells.[4][5][6][10][17][21][excessive citations] - Targeted Therapy: similar to chemotherapy drugs, but the drugs specifically target the tumor cells by its genes, proteins, or the tissues where it influence the growth of tumor cells.[6][10][22][23] - Salvage Therapy: this treatment is given if there is no response to previous treatments.[24] - Clinical Trials: the follow-up study after the treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy.[6][10][7] Although there is a high possibility to eliminate the tumor cells by applying the treatments, there are consequences for side effects after treatments. The possible side effects for radiotherapy and chemotherapy include fatigue, skin changes, hair loss, diarrhea, difficulties in swallowing, vomiting, weight changes, swelling in breasts, sexual problems, fertility problems, and changes in the urinary and bladder. ## Prognosis The prognosis, chance of recovery, can be varied by multiple factors, which include the location, type, and stage of tumor, the outcomes from the treatments, and other symptoms show recurred of tumors. Research discovered there was a lower survival percentage in the patients diagnosed in the mediastinum (66.7%±13.6%) than the other areas of the human body (96.0%±2.8%)(P=0.001). The cisplatin-based chemotherapy and surgical resections are the standard treatments for EGCTs, where the overall survival rate is approximately 80% and above among pediatric patients. The testaments and treatments had been mentioned above are used again if the tumor cells start to grow again.	enwiki/60278492	enwiki	60,278,492	Extracranial germ cell tumor	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracranial_germ_cell_tumor	2024-03-24T05:16:53Z	en	Q65084343	154,781	{{short description\|Type of tumor}} {{Orphan\|date=June 2019}} {{Infobox medical condition (new) \| name = Extracranial germ cell tumor \| image = Mixed_germ_cell_tumour_-_very_high_mag.jpg \| alt = \| caption = A mixed germ cell tumor \| specialty = [[Oncology]] \| symptoms = Painless bump in the center of body, abnormal menstruation, bump in testes \| risks = Specific genetic syndrome, congenital abnormalities \| treatment = [[Surgery]], [[chemotherapy]], [[radiotherapy]] \| medication = Cisplatin based chemotherapy, BEP (cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin) \| prognosis = High survival rate after treatments \| frequency = 3%(<15) and 14%(≥15) \| diagnosis = Tumor marker test, [[immunohistochemistry]], [[MRI]], [[chest x-ray]], [[CT scan]], ultrasound exam, [[biopsy]] }} An '''extracranial germ cell tumor''' ('''EGCT''') occurs in the abnormal growth of germ cells in the gonads (testes or ovaries) and the areas other than the brain via [[Tissue (biology)\|tissue]], [[lymphatic system]], or [[circulatory system]]. The tumor can be benign or malignant (cancerous) by its growth rate. According to the National Cancer Institute and St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, the chance of children who are under 15 years old having EGCTs is 3%, in comparison to adolescents, a possibility of 14% with aged 15 to 19 can have EGCTs.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Olson TA, Murray MJ, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Nicholson JC, Billmire DF, Krailo MD, Dang HM, Amatruda JF, Thornton CM, Arul GS, Stoneham SJ, Pashankar F, Stark D, Shaikh F, Gershenson DM, Covens A, Hurteau J, Stenning SP, Feldman DR, Grimison PS, Huddart RA, Sweeney C, Powles T, Lopes LF, dos Santos Agular S, Chinnaswamy G, Khaleel S, Abouelnaga S, Hale JP, Frazier AL \| display-authors = 6 \| title = Pediatric and Adolescent Extracranial Germ Cell Tumors: The Road to Collaboration \| journal = Journal of Clinical Oncology \| volume = 33 \| issue = 27 \| pages = 3018–28 \| date = September 2015 \| pmid = 26304902 \| pmc = 4979195 \| doi = 10.1200/JCO.2014.60.5337 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/germ-cell-tumor-childhood/statistics\|title=Germ Cell Tumor - Childhood - Statistics\|date=2012-06-25\|website=Cancer.Net\|language=en\|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref> There is no obvious cut point in between children and adolescents. However, common cut points in researches are 11 years old and 15 years old.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Gao Y, Jiang J, Liu Q \| title = Extragonadal malignant germ cell tumors: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of 48 cases at a single Chinese institution \| journal = International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology \| volume = 8 \| issue = 5 \| pages = 5650–7 \| date = 2015-05-01 \| pmid = 26191277 \| pmc = 4503148 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Shaikh F, Murray MJ, Amatruda JF, Coleman N, Nicholson JC, Hale JP, Pashankar F, Stoneham SJ, Poynter JN, Olson TA, Billmire DF, Stark D, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Frazier AL \| display-authors = 6 \| title = Paediatric extracranial germ-cell tumours \| language = English \| journal = The Lancet. Oncology \| volume = 17 \| issue = 4 \| pages = e149–e162 \| date = April 2016 \| pmid = 27300675 \| doi = 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00545-8 \| url = http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/107206/3/Sheikh%20Stark%20et%20al%20Paediatric%20Extracranial%20Germ%20Cell%20Tumours%20LO%20May%202016.pdf }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Frazier AL, Hale JP, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Dang H, Olson T, Murray MJ, Amatruda JF, Thornton C, Arul GS, Billmire D, Shaikh F, Pashankar F, Stoneham S, Krailo M, Nicholson JC \| display-authors = 6 \| title = Revised risk classification for pediatric extracranial germ cell tumors based on 25 years of clinical trial data from the United Kingdom and United States \| journal = Journal of Clinical Oncology \| volume = 33 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 195–201 \| date = January 2015 \| pmid = 25452439 \| pmc = 4279239 \| doi = 10.1200/JCO.2014.58.3369 }}</ref> The signs and symptoms are varied according to the location of the EGCTs. Common symptoms are fever, constipation, abdomen mass with or without pain, backache, bumps in testicles for male, abnormal bleeding in vagina or miss menses for female.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/extracranial-germ-cell/patient/germ-cell-treatment-pdq\|title=Childhood Extracranial Germ Cell Tumors Treatment\|date=1980-01-01\|website=National Cancer Institute\|language=en\|access-date=2019-05-12}}</ref> The cause of EGCTs has not been found. Some potential risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, specific genetic syndromes, congenital abnormalities, and more. Among these risk factors, specifically, the Klinefelter syndrome (KS) and cryptorchidism increase the possibility for males having testicular tumors and the Turner syndrome (TS) affects the risk of having ovarian cysts in females.<ref name=":1" /> Swyer syndrome and other syndromes may increase the risk of having EGCTs in the gonads.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://knowledge.rarecancers.org.au/knowledgebase/cancer-types/183/extracranial-germ-cell-tumor-childhood\|title=Rare Cancers KnowledgeBase - Extracranial Germ Cell Tumour - Child\|website=knowledge.rarecancers.org.au\|access-date=2019-05-29\|archive-date=2019-05-29\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529044546/http://knowledge.rarecancers.org.au/knowledgebase/cancer-types/183/extracranial-germ-cell-tumor-childhood\|url-status=dead}}</ref> The diagnosis is made by a combination of picture-taking testaments, physical examinations, and the investigation of samples from blood, urine, and tissue by using microscope.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Citation\|last1=Shaikh\|first1=Furqan\|last2=Hale\|first2=Juliet \| name-list-style = vanc \|title=Clinical Treatment of Extracranial Pediatric Germ Cell Tumors\|date=2013-08-03\|work=Pediatric Germ Cell Tumors\|pages=59–78\|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg\|isbn=9783642389702\|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-38971-9_4}}</ref> By collecting the data from the testaments, clinicians use the classifications of EGCTs to assist diagnosing the type of tumor. Due to the probability of having EGCTs among pediatric, several treatments had been used to remove the tumor or kill the cancer cells. The treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, salvage therapy, and clinical trials.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Kim J, Lee NH, Lee SH, Yoo KH, Sung KW, Koo HH, Seo JM, Lee SK \| display-authors = 6 \| title = Prognostic factors in children with extracranial germ cell tumors treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy \| journal = Korean Journal of Pediatrics \| volume = 58 \| issue = 10 \| pages = 386–91 \| date = October 2015 \| pmid = 26576183 \| pmc = 4644767 \| doi = 10.3345/kjp.2015.58.10.386 }}</ref> Among the treatments, the BEP combination (bleomycin, etoposide, cisplatin) is the standard chemotherapy treatment method for EGCTs by increasing the survival rate. The prognosis of EGCTs are varied after a series of treatments and follow-up testaments which include factors of age, gender, type of EGCT, location the cyst, treatment method, response, and symptoms are presented after a period of time. __TOC__ == Signs and symptoms == Signs and symptoms of extracranial germ cell tumor can be seen in children, adolescents, or young adults. These symptoms include fever, constipation, abnormal bleeding in vagina and miss menstruation in females, a lump in the testes in males, lumps along the midline of the body, include coccyx, neck, and abdomen.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> The symptoms of EGCTs appear differently by the location of it. According to the symptoms and location of the EGCTs, specialists may diagnose the type of the tumor.{{citation needed\|date=June 2020}} == Risk factors == {{See also\|germ cell}} There is no evidence that indicate the cause of having extracranial germ cell tumor. Despite the unknown causing factor of EGCTs, researchers suggested the tumor cells begin from the germ cells which locate in the testes in male and ovaries in female. After the formation of germ cells, it migrates from the gonad to the rest of the body which form the extracranial extragonadal germ-cell tumors.{{cn\|date=May 2021}} The risk factors may increase the probability of developing EGCTs. The risk factors had been recognized are genetic syndromes and congenital abnormalities.{{cn\|date=May 2021}} * [[Klinefelter syndrome]] - mediastinal GCTs<ref name=":8">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.yalemedicine.org/departments/surgery/\|title=Surgery > Yale Medicine\|website=Yale Medicine\|language=en\|access-date=2019-05-18}}</ref> * Swyer syndrome - gonadoblastomas and seminomas (testicle)<ref name=":8" /> * [[Turner syndrome]] - gonadoblastomas and dysgerminomas (ovary)<ref name=":8" /> These syndromes had been discovered of having higher risk in developing EGCTs.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/extracranial-germ-cell/hp/germ-cell-treatment-pdq\|title=Childhood Extracranial Germ Cell Tumors Treatment\|date=1980-01-01\|website=National Cancer Institute\|language=en\|access-date=2019-05-12}}</ref> Besides the effects of syndromes, [[cryptorchidism]], the absence of one or both testes, may increase the risk for male diagnose testicular seminoma tumor.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/germ-cell-tumor-childhood/risk-factors\|title=Germ Cell Tumor - Childhood - Risk Factors\|date=2012-06-25\|website=Cancer.Net\|language=en\|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref> Environmental risk factors may increase the risk of diagnosing EGCTs, which includes smoking, alcohol consumption, chemical environment. It does not mean that not having these risk factors will have no chance in diagnosing EGCTs. On the other hand, having risk factors does not mean the person is diagnosed with EGCTs. In order to check the existence of the tumor, a series of testaments is required.{{cn\|date=May 2021}} == Diagnosis == Professionals use a combination of testaments to diagnose the type or stage of EGCT is present. Common testaments for EGCTs are a physical examination, tumor marker test, immunohistochemistry, cytogenetic analysis, MRI, chest x-ray, CT scan (CAT scan), ultrasound exam, and biopsy. Explanations for each testament are below.{{cn\|date=May 2021}} * Physical examination: a body check to look for signs of disease, such as a lump in the testicle in males or abnormal virginal bleeding in females. * Tumor marker test: two tumor markers are tested, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG), to detect and diagnose the EGCTs. * [[Immunohistochemistry]]: the use of antibodies to detect the reaction of antigens in the human body. * [[Cytogenetics\|Cytogenetic analysis]]: a method to discover abnormal arrangement of chromosomes in the tumor cells. * [[Magnetic resonance imaging\|MRI]]: an instrument that uses magnetic field, radio waves, and a computer to investigate the condition inside the human body through a series of pictures. * [[Chest radiograph\|Chest x-ray]]: an x-ray test that showed the area of chest with blood vessels, heart, lungs, and bones. * [[CT scan]] (CAT scan): an instrument can get more detailed pictures of the human body by using special x-ray.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.emedicinehealth.com/ct_scan/article_em.htm\|title=CT Scan (CAT Scan) Procedure Side Effects, Purpose, CT vs. MRI\|website=eMedicineHealth\|language=en\|access-date=2019-05-14}}</ref> * [[Ultrasound]] exam: images are shown by the methodology of high-energy sound waves bouncing off the human tissues and organs. * [[Biopsy]]: using a microscope to examine abnormal cells from the removed tissue from the human body. Through the images from multiple picture-taking testaments, abnormal circle-shaped tissues are shown. According to the size of the tumor, patient's age and gender, specialists diagnose the stage of the EGCT. The method of biopsy presents the tumor cells characteristics through a microscope. Inside the tumor tissue, clustered of tumor cells is shown. Furthermore, by examining the tumor cells individually, it has various shapes and sizes where healthy cells are in round shapes.{{cn\|date=May 2021}} The tumor marker test includes two markers, AFP and β-hCG, to detect and classify which type of cancer cell is present. An increasing level in both markers indicates the sign of diagnosing germ cell tumor. AFP (IU/mL) or ng/mL is a protein which a very high concentration of AFP may lead to germ cell tumor.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://labtestsonline.org/tests/alpha-fetoprotein-afp-tumor-marker\|title=AFP Tumor Markers\|website=labtestsonline.org\|access-date=2019-05-15}}</ref> The AFP tumor marker had been used for the ovarian GCT or testicular GCT.<ref name=":6" /> The beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) is a hormone produced from the abnormal tumor tissue.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://labtestsonline.org/tests/hcg-tumor-marker\|title=hCG Tumor Marker\|website=labtestsonline.org\|access-date=2019-05-15}}</ref> The β-hCG test takes sample either from blood or urine. Also, this tumor marker test is commonly used for germ cell tumors.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://labtestsonline.org/tests/tumor-markers\|title=Tumor Markers\|website=labtestsonline.org\|access-date=2019-05-15}}</ref> Both the tumor marker test and immunohistochemistry measure AFP and β-hCG; however, the method of testing the markers is different, whereas immunohistochemistry discover the cancer by looking at the antibody-antigen interactions under a microscope.{{cn\|date=May 2021}} === Classifications === There are two types of classification for the extracranial germ cell tumor. One is GCT biology and another is to classify EGCT into 3 types. Both classifications are used by professionals to diagnose the type of tumor the patient has by the assistance of multiple results from different testaments.{{cn\|date=May 2021}} The first classification organized the EGCTs into two types, gonadal and extragonadal germ-cell tumor. Gonadal GCTs include Testicular GCTs in males and Ovarian GCTs in females. Extracranial extragonadal GCTs are tumor cells that had been spread out through tissue, lymph system or blood to other areas of the body other than the gonads. ==== Testicular GCT ==== A painless bump in the testes represents the testicular GCT in male. The Klinefelter syndrome Swyer syndrome may increase the risk of having testicular GCT.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8" /> Two common age ranges for testicular GCT is before 4 years old or after puberty.<ref name=":1" /> A stage I testicular GCT is considered a low risk tumor where all ages of male may diagnose. Patients that are 11 years old or above, stage II to IV testicular GCT are classified as standard risk 1 (intermediate 1). The classification for tumor as standard risk 2 (intermediate 2) and poor risk are commonly discovered among patients who are under 11 years old.<ref name=":1" /> The common treatments for testicular GCTs are chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy, where the medication of PEB (cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin) had been used commonly.<ref name=":6" /> ==== Ovarian GCT ==== It is also called Dysgerminoma. The common symptom of the ovarian GCTs is a pelvic mass with pain among female. However, it is not common among children where an approximate chance of 2.6 out of 100,000 female will diagnose the ovarian GCT.<ref name=":9">{{cite journal \| vauthors = De Backer A, Madern GC, Oosterhuis JW, Hakvoort-Cammel FG, Hazebroek FW \| title = Ovarian germ cell tumors in children: a clinical study of 66 patients \| journal = Pediatric Blood & Cancer \| volume = 46 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 459–64 \| date = April 2006 \| pmid = 16206211 \| doi = 10.1002/pbc.20633 \| s2cid = 33463246 }}</ref> Common treatments are chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy. According to the site of the tumor, stage of the tumor, and type of tumor to proceed appropriate treatments, where surgical resection is the most common treatment.<ref name=":9" /> ==== Extragonadal GCT ==== [[File:Mixed germ cell tumour - intermed mag.jpg\|thumb\|298x298px\|A mixed germ cell tumor in the testes. On the left side shows yolk sac tumor, and on the right side shows embryonal carcinoma.]] Under the classification of the biology GCT, there is a more detailed classification contains specific types of extracranial extragonadal germ cell tumor. There are two types, teratomas, and malignant GCTs. Lists of these two categories and its subtypes are shown below.<ref name=":3" /> * [[Teratoma]]s [[Mature teratoma]]s [[Immature teratoma]]s<ref name=":3" /> * Malignant GCTs Seminomatous GCTs: [[seminoma]], [[dysgerminoma]], [[germinoma]] Non-seminomatous GCTs: [[Endodermal sinus tumor\|yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor)]], [[choriocarcinoma]], [[embryonal carcinoma]], [[gonadoblastoma]], teratoma & yolk sac tumor ** Mixed GCTs:<ref name=":3" /> a combination of EGCTs. Common combinations include teratoma & embryonal carcinoma & yolk sac tumor (11%), seminoma & embryonal carcinoma (16%), and teratoma & embryonal carcinoma (26%).<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.auanet.org/education/auauniversity/education-products-and-resources/pathology-for-urologists/testis/germ-cell-tumors/mixed-germ-cell-tumor\|title=Mixed Germ Cell Tumor - American Urological Association\|website=www.auanet.org\|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref> The yolk sac tumor produce the AFP hormone, and the germinomas, choriocarcinomas, and seminoma are tumors that produce the β-hCG hormone.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.texaschildrens.org/health/extracranial-germ-cell-tumor\|title=Extracranial Germ Cell Tumor {{!}} Texas Children's Hospital\|website=www.texaschildrens.org\|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref> The hormones that are produced by the tumors can be detected while proceeding testaments.{{cn\|date=May 2021}} === Staging === By classifying the EGCTs, the professionals identify the type of tumor by its location and patient's symptoms. After completing multiple testaments, the professionals may classify the stage of the tumors from the results. The EGCTs can be divided into three risk groups, low risk, intermediate risk (standard risk 1 & 2), and poor risk. The survival rate is differed by the stage and risk groups of the tumor: {\| class="wikitable" \|+The Low Risk Group<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> ! !Stage !Survival % !Age \|- \|testis \|I \|100 \|any age group \|- \|ovary \|I \|96 \|any age group \|- \|extragonadal \|I \|93 \|any age group \|} {\| class="wikitable" \|+The Intermediate Risk Group<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> ! !Stage !Survival % !Age \|- \|testis (S1) \|II ~ IV \|98 \|<11 \|- \|ovary (S1) \|II ~ IV \|88 \|<11 \|- \|extragonadal (S1) \|II ~ IV \|85 \|<11 \|- \|testis (S2) \|II ~ IV \|88 \|≥11 \|- \|ovary (S2) \|II ~ IV \|85 \|≥11 \|- \|extragonadal (S2) \|II \|? \|≥11 \|} Abbreviation: S1 = Standard risk 1; S2 = Standard risk 2 {\| class="wikitable" \|+The Poor Risk Group<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> ! !Stage !Survival % !Age \|- \|testis \|II ~ IV \|83 \|≥11 \|- \|ovary \|II ~ IV \|60 \|≥11 \|- \|extragonadal \|II ~ IV \|51 \|≥11 \|} == Treatments == The combinations of treatments are applied to eliminate the tumor cells or remove it from the site. Various types of treatments depend on the location, type, and stage of the tumor. By applying proper treatments to increase the survival rate and reduce the possibility for tumor cells to recur: * [[Surgery]]: the most common treatments by removing the EGCTs from the site of the tumor.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal\|url=https://www.emjreviews.com/oncology/article/chemotherapy-for-extracranial-germ-cell-tumours-in-paediatric-adolescent-and-young-adult-patients/\|title=Chemotherapy for Extracranial Germ Cell Tumours in Paediatric, Adolescent, and Young Adult Patients\|date=2017-10-24\|journal=Emj Oncology\|doi=10.33590/emjoncol/10310463 \|language=en-GB\|access-date=2019-05-27\|last1=Chen \|first1=Rong-Long \|last2=Lin \|first2=Han-Ting \|last3=Chen \|first3=Liuh-Yow \|volume=5 \|issue=1 \|pages=93–102 \|s2cid=1811886 \|doi-access=free }}</ref> {{citation overkill\|date=June 2020}} * [[Chemotherapy]]: the platinum-based chemotherapy drugs reduce the growth of tumor cell or destroy the tumor cells in order to prevent the cells become cancer cells. One of the most common drug is the BEP, which is a combination drug of cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> * [[Radiation therapy\|Radiotherapy]]: by damaging tumor cells' DNA to stop the division of the cells.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":3" {{citation overkill\|date=June 2020}}/><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/radiation-therapy\|title=Radiation Therapy\|date=2015-04-29\|website=National Cancer Institute\|language=en\|access-date=2019-05-27}}</ref>{{citation overkill\|date=June 2020}} * [[Targeted therapy\|Targeted Therapy]]: similar to chemotherapy drugs, but the drugs specifically target the tumor cells by its genes, proteins, or the tissues where it influence the growth of tumor cells.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/how-cancer-treated/personalized-and-targeted-therapies/understanding-targeted-therapy\|title=Understanding Targeted Therapy\|date=2013-12-19\|website=Cancer.Net\|language=en\|access-date=2019-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Oing C, Kollmannsberger C, Oechsle K, Bokemeyer C \| s2cid = 28321931 \| title = Investigational targeted therapies for the treatment of testicular germ cell tumors \| journal = Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs \| volume = 25 \| issue = 9 \| pages = 1033–43 \| date = September 2016 \| pmid = 27286362 \| doi = 10.1080/13543784.2016.1195808 }}</ref> * [[Salvage therapy\|Salvage Therapy]]: this treatment is given if there is no response to previous treatments.<ref name=":11" /> * [[Clinical trial\|Clinical Trials]]: the follow-up study after the treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> Although there is a high possibility to eliminate the tumor cells by applying the treatments, there are consequences for side effects after treatments. The possible side effects for radiotherapy and chemotherapy include fatigue, skin changes, hair loss, diarrhea, difficulties in swallowing, vomiting, weight changes, swelling in breasts, sexual problems, fertility problems, and changes in the urinary and bladder.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/radiation-therapy/side-effects\|title=Radiation Therapy Side Effects\|date=2018-05-01\|website=National Cancer Institute\|language=en\|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/treatment-types/chemotherapy/chemotherapy-side-effects.html\|title=Chemotherapy Side Effects\|website=www.cancer.org\|language=en\|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref> == Prognosis == The prognosis, chance of recovery, can be varied by multiple factors, which include the location, type, and stage of tumor, the outcomes from the treatments, and other symptoms show recurred of tumors.<ref name=":3" /> Research discovered there was a lower survival percentage in the patients diagnosed in the mediastinum (66.7%±13.6%) than the other areas of the human body (96.0%±2.8%)(P=0.001).<ref name=":7" /> The cisplatin-based chemotherapy and surgical resections are the standard treatments for EGCTs, where the overall survival rate is approximately 80% and above among pediatric patients.<ref name=":11">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Faure-Conter C, Orbach D, Cropet C, Baranzelli MC, Martelli H, Thebaud E, Vérité C, Rome A, Fasola S, Corradini N, Rocourt N, Frappaz D, Kalfa N, Patte C \| display-authors = 6\| title = Salvage therapy for refractory or recurrent pediatric germ cell tumors: the French SFCE experience \| journal = Pediatric Blood & Cancer \| volume = 61 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 253–9 \| date = February 2014 \| pmid = 23940114 \| doi = 10.1002/pbc.24730 \| s2cid = 5507589}}</ref> The testaments and treatments had been mentioned above are used again if the tumor cells start to grow again. == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == * [https://www.cancer.gov/types/ovarian/patient/ovarian-germ-cell-treatment-pdq Ovarian Germ Cell Tumor] * [https://www.cancer.gov/types/extragonadal-germ-cell Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor] * [https://www.cancer.net Cancer.net]: [https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/germ-cell-tumor-childhood/introduction Germ Cell Tumor] include extracranial germ cell tumor informations * [https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/swyer-syndrome/ Swyer Syndrome] [[Category:Germ cells]] [[Category:Germ cell neoplasia]] [[Category:Male genital neoplasia]] [[Category:Pediatric cancers]]	1,215,283,859	[{"title": "Extracranial germ cell tumor", "data": {"Specialty": "Oncology", "Symptoms": "Painless bump in the center of body, abnormal menstruation, bump in testes", "Risk factors": "Specific genetic syndrome, congenital abnormalities", "Diagnostic method": "Tumor marker test, immunohistochemistry, MRI, chest x-ray, CT scan, ultrasound exam, biopsy", "Treatment": "Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy", "Medication": "Cisplatin based chemotherapy, BEP (cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin)", "Prognosis": "High survival rate after treatments", "Frequency": "3%(<15) and 14%(\u226515)"}}]	false
# Insurance (constituency) The Insurance functional constituency (Chinese: 保險界功能界別) is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1998. Being of the functional constituencies with fewest electorates, the constituency is restricted to only 126 insurers as of 2021. It corresponds to the Insurance Subsector in the Election Committee. A similar Financing, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services functional constituency was created for the 1995 election by Governor Chris Patten with a much larger electorate base of total 171,534 eligible voters. ## Return members \| Election \| Election \| Member \| Party \| \| -------- \| -------- \| --------------------- \| -------------------- \| \| \| 1998 \| Bernard Charnwut Chan \| Nonpartisan \| \| \| 2000 \| Bernard Charnwut Chan \| Nonpartisan \| \| \| 2004 \| Bernard Charnwut Chan \| Nonpartisan→Alliance \| \| \| 2008 \| Chan Kin-por \| Nonpartisan \| \| \| 2012 \| Chan Kin-por \| Nonpartisan \| \| \| 2016 \| Chan Kin-por \| Nonpartisan \| \| \| 2021 \| Chan Kin-por \| Nonpartisan \| ## Electoral results Instant-runoff voting system is used from 1998 to 2021. Since 2021, first-past-the-post voting system is in use. ### 2020s \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| ±% \| \| ------------------- \| ------------------- \| ------------------- \| ----- \| ------ \| -- \| \| \| Nonpartisan \| Chan Kin-por \| 65 \| 73.03 \| \| \| \| Nonpartisan \| Chen Zhaonan \| 24 \| 26.97 \| \| \| Majority \| Majority \| Majority \| 41 \| 46.06 \| \| \| Total valid votes \| Total valid votes \| Total valid votes \| 89 \| 100.00 \| \| \| Rejected ballots \| Rejected ballots \| Rejected ballots \| 1 \| \| \| \| Turnout \| Turnout \| Turnout \| 90 \| 78.26 \| \| \| Registered electors \| Registered electors \| Registered electors \| 126 \| \| \| \| \| Nonpartisan hold \| Nonpartisan hold \| Swing \| \| \| ### 2010s \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| ±% \| \| ------------------- \| ------------------- \| ------------------- \| --------- \| --------- \| --------- \| \| \| Nonpartisan \| Chan Kin-por \| Unopposed \| Unopposed \| Unopposed \| \| Registered electors \| Registered electors \| Registered electors \| 134 \| \| \| \| \| Nonpartisan hold \| Nonpartisan hold \| Swing \| \| \| \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| ±% \| \| ------------------- \| ------------------- \| ------------------- \| --------- \| --------- \| --------- \| \| \| Nonpartisan \| Chan Kin-por \| Unopposed \| Unopposed \| Unopposed \| \| Registered electors \| Registered electors \| Registered electors \| 135 \| \| \| \| \| Nonpartisan hold \| Nonpartisan hold \| Swing \| \| \| ### 2000s \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| ±% \| \| -------------------------- \| ------------------- \| ------------------- \| ----- \| ----- \| -- \| \| \| Nonpartisan \| Chan Kin-por \| 52 \| 45.61 \| \| \| \| Nonpartisan \| Choi Chung-fu \| 42 \| 36.84 \| \| \| \| Nonpartisan \| Chun Chi-yuk \| 20 \| 17.55 \| \| \| Two-party-preferred result \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Nonpartisan \| Chan Kin-por \| 60 \| 52.63 \| \| \| \| Nonpartisan \| Choi Chung-fu \| 52 \| 45.61 \| \| \| Turnout \| Turnout \| Turnout \| 113 \| 78.47 \| \| \| Registered electors \| Registered electors \| Registered electors \| 144 \| \| \| \| \| Nonpartisan hold \| Nonpartisan hold \| Swing \| \| \| \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| ±% \| \| ------------------- \| ------------------- \| --------------------- \| --------- \| --------- \| --------- \| \| \| Nonpartisan \| Bernard Charnwut Chan \| Unopposed \| Unopposed \| Unopposed \| \| Registered electors \| Registered electors \| Registered electors \| 161 \| \| \| \| \| Nonpartisan hold \| Nonpartisan hold \| Swing \| \| \| \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| ±% \| \| ------------------- \| ------------------- \| --------------------- \| --------- \| --------- \| --------- \| \| \| Nonpartisan \| Bernard Charnwut Chan \| Unopposed \| Unopposed \| Unopposed \| \| Registered electors \| Registered electors \| Registered electors \| 181 \| \| \| \| \| Nonpartisan hold \| Nonpartisan hold \| Swing \| \| \| ### 1990s \| Party \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| ±% \| \| -------------------------- \| -------------------------- \| --------------------- \| ----- \| ----- \| -- \| \| \| Nonpartisan \| Bernard Charnwut Chan \| \| \| \| \| \| Liberal \| Chan Yim-kwong \| \| \| \| \| \| Nonpartisan \| Alex Wong Po-hang \| \| \| \| \| \| Nonpartisan \| Steven Lau Hon-keung \| \| \| \| \| Two-party-preferred result \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Nonpartisan \| Bernard Charnwut Chan \| 94 \| 53.11 \| \| \| \| Liberal \| Chan Yim-kwong \| 83 \| 48.69 \| \| \| Turnout \| Turnout \| Turnout \| 185 \| 95.85 \| \| \| Registered electors \| Registered electors \| Registered electors \| 193 \| \| \| \| \| Nonpartisan win (new seat) \| \| \| \| \|	enwiki/35299320	enwiki	35,299,320	Insurance (constituency)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_(constituency)	2023-08-03T14:54:26Z	en	Q3248942	83,424	{{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2019}} {{EngvarB\|date=July 2019}} {{Infobox constituency \|type= [[Functional constituency (Hong Kong)\|Functional]] \|name= Insurance<br />{{nobold\|保險界}} \|year= [[1998 Hong Kong legislative election\|1998]] \|abolished= \|parl_name= [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong]] \|member= [[Chan Kin-por]] ([[Nonpartisanism\|Nonpartisan]]) \|image= \|image_size= \|caption= \|region_label= Country \|region= {{HKG}} \|map1= \|map2= \|map3= \|elects_howmany=One \|electorate= 126 (2021)<ref name="electors">{{cite web\|url=https://www.voterregistration.gov.hk/eng/statistic20213.html\|title=Voter Registration Statistics : Functional Constituency\|work=Voter Registration}}</ref> \|previous= \|next= }} The '''Insurance functional constituency''' ({{zh\|t=保險界功能界別}}) is a [[functional constituency (Hong Kong)\|functional constituency]] in the elections for the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong]] first created in 1998. Being of the functional constituencies with fewest electorates, the constituency is restricted to only 126 [[insurers]] as of 2021.<ref name="electors"/> It corresponds to the Insurance Subsector in the [[Election Committee (Hong Kong)\|Election Committee]]. A similar [[Financing, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services (constituency)\|Financing, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services functional constituency]] was created for the [[1995 Hong Kong legislative election\|1995 election]] by Governor [[Chris Patten]] with a much larger electorate base of total 171,534 eligible voters. ==Return members== {\| class="wikitable" \|- !colspan="2"\|Election!!Member!!Party \|- \|style="background-color: {{party color\|Nonpartisan politician}}" \| \| [[1998 Hong Kong legislative election\|1998]] \| rowspan=3\| [[Bernard Charnwut Chan]] \| rowspan=2\| [[Nonpartisanism\|Nonpartisan]] \|- \|style="background-color: {{party color\|Nonpartisan politician}}" \| \| [[2000 Hong Kong legislative election\|2000]] \|- \|style="background-color: {{party color\|Nonpartisan politician}}" \| \| [[2004 Hong Kong legislative election\|2004]] \| [[Nonpartisanism\|Nonpartisan]]→[[The Alliance (Hong Kong)\|Alliance]] \|- \|style="background-color: {{party color\|Nonpartisan politician}}" \| \| [[2008 Hong Kong legislative election\|2008]] \| rowspan=4\| [[Chan Kin-por]] \| rowspan=4\| [[Nonpartisanism\|Nonpartisan]] \|- \|style="background-color: {{party color\|Nonpartisan politician}}" \| \| [[2012 Hong Kong legislative election\|2012]] \|- \|style="background-color: {{party color\|Nonpartisan politician}}" \| \| [[2016 Hong Kong legislative election\|2016]] \|- \|style="background-color: {{party color\|Nonpartisan politician}}" \| \| [[2021 Hong Kong legislative election\|2021]] \|} ==Electoral results== [[Instant-runoff voting]] system is used from 1998 to 2021. Since 2021, [[first-past-the-post voting]] system is in use. ===2020s=== {{Election box begin \| title=[[2021 Hong Kong legislative election\|2021 Legislative Council election]]: Insurance}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link\| \|party = Nonpartisan candidate \|candidate = [[Chan Kin-por]] \|votes = 65 \|percentage = 73.03 \|change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party = Nonpartisan candidate \|candidate = Chen Zhaonan \|votes = 24 \|percentage = 26.97 \|change = }} {{Election box majority \|votes = 41 \|percentage = 46.06 \|change = }} {{Election box total valid \|votes = 89 \|percentage = 100.00 \|change = }} {{Election box rejected\| \|votes = 1 \|percentage = \|change = }} {{Election box turnout\| \|votes = 90 \|percentage = 78.26 \|change = }} {{Election box Registered electors \|reg. electors = 126 }} {{Election box hold with party link\| \|winner = Nonpartisan politician \|swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===2010s=== {{Election box begin \| title=[[2016 Hong Kong legislative election]]: Insurance}} {{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\| \|party = Nonpartisan candidate \|candidate = [[Chan Kin-por]] \|votes = ''Uncontested'' \|percentage = \|change = }} {{Election box Registered electors \|reg. electors = 134 }} {{Election box hold with party link \|winner = Nonpartisan politician \|swing = }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin \| title=[[2012 Hong Kong legislative election]]: Insurance}} {{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\| \|party = Nonpartisan candidate \|candidate = [[Chan Kin-por]] \|votes = ''Uncontested'' \|percentage = \|change = }} {{Election box Registered electors \|reg. electors = 135 }} {{Election box hold with party link \|winner = Nonpartisan politician \|swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===2000s=== {{Election box begin \| title=[[2008 Hong Kong legislative election]]: Insurance}}<ref>{{cite web\|title=Election Result\|work=Electoral Affairs Commission\|url=http://www.elections.gov.hk/legco2008/eng/result/rs_fc_IN.html\|access-date=2 April 2012\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913063634/http://www.elections.gov.hk/legco2008/eng/result/rs_fc_IN.html\|archive-date=13 September 2012\|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party = Nonpartisan candidate \|candidate = [[Chan Kin-por]] \|votes = 52 \|percentage = 45.61 \|change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party = Nonpartisan candidate \|candidate = Choi Chung-fu \|votes = 42 \|percentage = 36.84 \|change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party = Nonpartisan candidate \|candidate = Chun Chi-yuk \|votes = 20 \|percentage = 17.55 \|change = }} {{Election box 2pp}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link\| \|party = Nonpartisan candidate \|candidate = [[Chan Kin-por]] \|votes = 60 \|percentage = 52.63 \|change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party = Nonpartisan candidate \|candidate = Choi Chung-fu \|votes = 52 \|percentage = 45.61 \|change = }} {{Election box turnout \|votes = 113 \|percentage = 78.47 \|change = }} {{Election box Registered electors \|reg. electors = 144 }} {{Election box hold with party link \|winner = Nonpartisan politician \|swing = }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin \| title=[[2004 Hong Kong legislative election]]: Insurance}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.elections.gov.hk/elections/legco2004/english/results/rs_fc_overall.html \|title=2004 Legislative Council Election - Election Results \|access-date=20 November 2012 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717015945/http://www.elections.gov.hk/elections/legco2004/english/results/rs_fc_overall.html \|archive-date=17 July 2012 }}</ref> {{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\| \|party = Nonpartisan candidate \|candidate = [[Bernard Charnwut Chan]] \|votes = ''Uncontested'' \|percentage = \|change = }} {{Election box Registered electors \|reg. electors = 161 }} {{Election box hold with party link \|winner = Nonpartisan politician \|swing = }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin \| title=[[2000 Hong Kong legislative election]]: Insurance}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.elections.gov.hk/elections/legco2000/update/result/fc_e.htm \|title=Legislative Council Elections Results \|access-date=20 November 2012 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829065944/http://www.elections.gov.hk/elections/legco2000/update/result/fc_e.htm \|archive-date=29 August 2012 }}</ref> {{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link\| \|party = Nonpartisan candidate \|candidate = [[Bernard Charnwut Chan]] \|votes = ''Uncontested'' \|percentage = \|change = }} {{Election box Registered electors \|reg. electors = 181 }} {{Election box hold with party link \|winner = Nonpartisan politician \|swing = }} {{Election box end}} ===1990s=== {{Election box begin \| title=[[1998 Hong Kong legislative election]]: Insurance}} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party = Nonpartisan candidate \|candidate = [[Bernard Charnwut Chan]] \|votes = \|percentage = \|change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party = Liberal Party (Hong Kong) \|candidate = Chan Yim-kwong \|votes = \|percentage = \|change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party = Nonpartisan candidate \|candidate = Alex Wong Po-hang \|votes = \|percentage = \|change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party = Nonpartisan candidate \|candidate = Steven Lau Hon-keung \|votes = \|percentage = \|change = }} {{Election box 2pp}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link\| \|party = Nonpartisan candidate \|candidate = [[Bernard Charnwut Chan]] \|votes = 94 \|percentage = 53.11 \|change = }} {{Election box candidate with party link\| \|party = Liberal Party (Hong Kong) \|candidate = Chan Yim-kwong \|votes = 83 \|percentage = 48.69 \|change = }} {{Election box turnout \|votes = 185 \|percentage = 95.85 \|change = }} {{Election box Registered electors \|reg. electors = 193 }} {{Election box new seat win \|winner = Nonpartisan politician }} {{Election box end}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Hong Kong Legislative Council constituencies (2021-2025)}} [[Category:Constituencies of Hong Kong]] [[Category:Constituencies of Hong Kong Legislative Council]] [[Category:Functional constituencies (Hong Kong)]] [[Category:1998 establishments in Hong Kong]] [[Category:Constituencies established in 1998]]	1,168,561,407	[{"title": "Insurance \u00b7 \u4fdd\u96aa\u754c", "data": {"Country": "Hong Kong", "Electorate": "126 (2021)"}}, {"title": "Current constituency", "data": {"Created": "1998", "Number of members": "One", "Member(s)": "Chan Kin-por (Nonpartisan)"}}]	false
# List of Harlequin Romance novels released in 1992 This is a list of Harlequin Romance novels released in 1992. (Main index: List of Harlequin Romance novels) ## Releases \| Number \| Title \| Author \| Date \| Citations \| \| ------ \| -------------------------- \| ------------------- \| -------------- \| --------- \| \| # 3169 \| The Cinderella Coach \| Roz Denny \| January 1992 \| [ 1 ] \| \| # 3170 \| Windswept \| Rosalie Henaghan \| January 1992 \| \| \| # 3171 \| Garrett's Back In Town \| Leigh Michaels \| January 1992 \| \| \| # 3172 \| Checkmate \| Peggy Nicholson \| January 1992 \| \| \| # 3173 \| Without Knowing Why \| Jessica Steele \| January 1992 \| \| \| # 3174 \| Give And Take \| Kate Walker \| January 1992 \| \| \| # 3175 \| Rancher's Bride \| Jeanne Allan \| February 1992 \| \| \| # 3176 \| Love For Hire \| Jasmine Cresswell \| February 1992 \| \| \| # 3177 \| Unlikely Cupid \| Catherine George \| February 1992 \| \| \| # 3178 \| Magic Carpets \| Lucy Keane \| February 1992 \| \| \| # 3179 \| Cats In The Belfry \| Patricia Knoll \| February 1992 \| \| \| # 3180 \| My Hero \| Debbie Macomber \| February 1992 \| \| \| # 3181 \| Keep My Heart Forever \| Katherine Arthur \| March 1992 \| \| \| # 3182 \| Ariana's Magic \| Judy Kaye \| March 1992 \| \| \| # 3183 \| In The Market \| Day Leclaire \| March 1992 \| \| \| # 3184 \| Old School Ties \| Leigh Michaels \| March 1992 \| \| \| # 3185 \| The Most Marvellous Summer \| Betty Neels \| March 1992 \| \| \| # 3186 \| Gypsy In The Night \| Sophie Weston \| March 1992 \| \| \| # 3187 \| Spellbinder \| Bethany Campbell \| April 1992 \| \| \| # 3188 \| Doubly Delicious \| Emma Goldrick \| April 1992 \| \| \| # 3189 \| A Love That Endures \| Claudia Jameson \| April 1992 \| \| \| # 3190 \| An Impossible Situation \| Margaret Mayo \| April 1992 \| \| \| # 3191 \| Outlaw Heart \| Quinn Wilder \| April 1992 \| \| \| # 3192 \| The Marriage Bracelet \| Rebecca Winters \| April 1992 \| \| \| # 3193 \| The Wrong Kind Of Man \| Rosemary Hammond \| May 1992 \| \| \| # 3194 \| For Love Or Power \| Rosalie Henaghan \| May 1992 \| \| \| # 3195 \| Romantic Journey \| Stephanie Howard \| May 1992 \| \| \| # 3196 \| The Man You'll Marry \| Debbie Macomber \| May 1992 \| \| \| # 3197 \| The Final Touch \| Betty Neels \| May 1992 \| \| \| # 3198 \| Prince Of Delights \| Renee Roszel \| May 1992 \| \| \| # 3199 \| A Cinderella Affair \| Anne Beaumont \| June 1992 \| \| \| # 3200 \| Wild Temptation \| Elizabeth Duke \| June 1992 \| \| \| # 3201 \| Brazilian Enchantment \| Catherine George \| June 1992 \| \| \| # 3202 \| Love Your Enemy \| Ellen James \| June 1992 \| \| \| # 3203 \| Runaway From Love \| Jessica Steele \| June 1992 \| \| \| # 3204 \| New Lease On Love \| Shannon Waverly \| June 1992 \| \| \| # 3205 \| Jean Fireworks! \| Ruth Dale \| July 1992 \| \| \| # 3206 \| Breaking The Ice \| Kay Gregory \| July 1992 \| \| \| # 3207 \| Man Of Truth \| Jessica Marchant \| July 1992 \| \| \| # 3208 \| A Kind of Magic \| Betty Neels \| July 1992 \| \| \| # 3209 \| Far From Over \| Valerie Parv \| July 1992 \| \| \| # 3210 \| Both Of Them \| Rebecca Winters \| July 1992 \| \| \| # 3211 \| Sand Dollar \| Bethany Campbell \| August 1992 \| \| \| # 3212 \| Arrangement With a Rebel \| Anne Marie Duquette \| August 1992 \| \| \| # 3213 \| The Trouble With Love \| Jessica Hart \| August 1992 \| \| \| # 3214 \| The Best-Made Plans \| Leigh Michaels \| August 1992 \| \| \| # 3215 \| His Woman \| Jessica Steele \| August 1992 \| \| \| # 3216 \| Pink Champagne \| Anne Weale \| August 1992 \| \| \| # 3217 \| From The Highest Mountain \| Jeanne Allan \| September 1992 \| \| \| # 3218 \| Jack Of Hearts \| Heather Allison \| September 1992 \| \| \| # 3219 \| A Neighborly Affair \| Amanda Clark \| September 1992 \| \| \| # 3220 \| A Matter Of Honour \| Stephanie Howard \| September 1992 \| \| \| # 3221 \| Island Paradise \| Barbara McMahon \| September 1992 \| \| \| # 3222 \| An Unlikely Romance \| Betty Neels \| September 1992 \| \| \| # 3223 \| To Love And Protect \| Kate Denton \| October 1992 \| \| \| # 3224 \| Anything For You \| Rosemary Hammond \| October 1992 \| \| \| # 3225 \| The Intruder \| Miriam MacGregor \| October 1992 \| \| \| # 3226 \| Weekend Wife \| Sue Peters \| October 1992 \| \| \| # 3227 \| Bad Neighbours \| Jessica Steele \| October 1992 \| \| \| # 3228 \| Meant For Each Other \| Rebecca Winters \| October 1992 \| \| \| # 3229 \| Signs Of Love \| Katherine Arthur \| November 1992 \| \| \| # 3230 \| Only Make-Believe \| Bethany Campbell \| November 1992 \| \| \| # 3231 \| Woman At Willagong Creek \| Jessica Hart \| November 1992 \| \| \| # 3232 \| Valerie \| Debbie Macomber \| November 1992 \| \| \| # 3233 \| The Unexpected Landlord \| Leigh Michaels \| November 1992 \| \| \| # 3234 \| Summer's Echo \| Lee Stafford \| November 1992 \| \| \| # 3235 \| Cause For Love \| Kerry Allyne \| December 1992 \| \| \| # 3236 \| Leader Of The Pack \| Catherine George \| December 1992 \| \| \| # 3237 \| Dangerous Infatuation \| Stephanie Howard \| December 1992 \| \| \| # 3238 \| A Wholesale Arrangement \| Day Leclaire \| December 1992 \| \| \| # 3239 \| Stephanie \| Debbie Macomber \| December 1992 \| \| \| # 3240 \| Always Christmas \| Eva Rutland \| December 1992 \| \|	enwiki/42247638	enwiki	42,247,638	List of Harlequin Romance novels released in 1992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Harlequin_Romance_novels_released_in_1992	2024-01-05T15:08:48Z	en	Q17098227	45,604	{{Short description\|none}} {{More citations needed\|date=January 2024}} This is a list of [[Harlequin Romance]] novels released in 1992. (Main index: [[List of Harlequin Romance novels]]) == Releases == {\| class="wikitable sortable" \|- ! Number !! Title !! Author !! Date !Citations \|- \| # 3169 \|\| The Cinderella Coach \|\| Roz Denny \|\| January 1992 \|<ref>{{OCLC\|1357516741}}</ref> \|- \| # 3170 \|\| Windswept \|\| Rosalie Henaghan \|\| January 1992 \| \|- \| # 3171 \|\| Garrett's Back In Town \|\| Leigh Michaels \|\| January 1992 \| \|- \| # 3172 \|\| Checkmate \|\| Peggy Nicholson \|\| January 1992 \| \|- \| # 3173 \|\| Without Knowing Why \|\| Jessica Steele \|\| January 1992 \| \|- \| # 3174 \|\| Give And Take \|\| Kate Walker \|\| January 1992 \| \|- \| # 3175 \|\| Rancher's Bride \|\| Jeanne Allan \|\| February 1992 \| \|- \| # 3176 \|\| Love For Hire \|\| Jasmine Cresswell \|\| February 1992 \| \|- \| # 3177 \|\| Unlikely Cupid \|\| Catherine George \|\| February 1992 \| \|- \| # 3178 \|\| Magic Carpets \|\| Lucy Keane \|\| February 1992 \| \|- \| # 3179 \|\| Cats In The Belfry \|\| Patricia Knoll \|\| February 1992 \| \|- \| # 3180 \|\| My Hero \|\| Debbie Macomber \|\| February 1992 \| \|- \| # 3181 \|\| Keep My Heart Forever \|\| Katherine Arthur \|\| March 1992 \| \|- \| # 3182 \|\| Ariana's Magic \|\| Judy Kaye \|\| March 1992 \| \|- \| # 3183 \|\| In The Market \|\| Day Leclaire \|\| March 1992 \| \|- \| # 3184 \|\| Old School Ties \|\| Leigh Michaels \|\| March 1992 \| \|- \| # 3185 \|\| The Most Marvellous Summer \|\| Betty Neels \|\| March 1992 \| \|- \| # 3186 \|\| Gypsy In The Night \|\| Sophie Weston \|\| March 1992 \| \|- \| # 3187 \|\| Spellbinder \|\| Bethany Campbell \|\| April 1992 \| \|- \| # 3188 \|\| Doubly Delicious \|\| Emma Goldrick \|\| April 1992 \| \|- \| # 3189 \|\| A Love That Endures \|\| Claudia Jameson \|\| April 1992 \| \|- \| # 3190 \|\| An Impossible Situation \|\| Margaret Mayo \|\| April 1992 \| \|- \| # 3191 \|\| Outlaw Heart \|\| Quinn Wilder \|\| April 1992 \| \|- \| # 3192 \|\| The Marriage Bracelet \|\| Rebecca Winters \|\| April 1992 \| \|- \| # 3193 \|\| The Wrong Kind Of Man \|\| Rosemary Hammond \|\| May 1992 \| \|- \| # 3194 \|\| For Love Or Power \|\| Rosalie Henaghan \|\| May 1992 \| \|- \| # 3195 \|\| Romantic Journey \|\| Stephanie Howard \|\| May 1992 \| \|- \| # 3196 \|\| The Man You'll Marry \|\| Debbie Macomber \|\| May 1992 \| \|- \| # 3197 \|\| The Final Touch \|\| Betty Neels \|\| May 1992 \| \|- \| # 3198 \|\| Prince Of Delights \|\| Renee Roszel \|\| May 1992 \| \|- \| # 3199 \|\| A Cinderella Affair \|\| Anne Beaumont \|\| June 1992 \| \|- \| # 3200 \|\| Wild Temptation \|\| Elizabeth Duke \|\| June 1992 \| \|- \| # 3201 \|\| Brazilian Enchantment \|\| Catherine George \|\| June 1992 \| \|- \| # 3202 \|\| Love Your Enemy \|\| Ellen James \|\| June 1992 \| \|- \| # 3203 \|\| Runaway From Love \|\| Jessica Steele \|\| June 1992 \| \|- \| # 3204 \|\| New Lease On Love \|\| Shannon Waverly \|\| June 1992 \| \|- \| # 3205 \|\| Jean Fireworks! \|\| Ruth Dale \|\| July 1992 \| \|- \| # 3206 \|\| Breaking The Ice \|\| Kay Gregory \|\| July 1992 \| \|- \| # 3207 \|\| Man Of Truth \|\| Jessica Marchant \|\| July 1992 \| \|- \| # 3208 \|\| A Kind of Magic \|\| Betty Neels \|\| July 1992 \| \|- \| # 3209 \|\| Far From Over \|\| Valerie Parv \|\| July 1992 \| \|- \| # 3210 \|\| Both Of Them \|\| Rebecca Winters \|\| July 1992 \| \|- \| # 3211 \|\| Sand Dollar \|\| Bethany Campbell \|\| August 1992 \| \|- \| # 3212 \|\| Arrangement With a Rebel \|\| Anne Marie Duquette \|\| August 1992 \| \|- \| # 3213 \|\| The Trouble With Love \|\| Jessica Hart \|\| August 1992 \| \|- \| # 3214 \|\| The Best-Made Plans \|\| Leigh Michaels \|\| August 1992 \| \|- \| # 3215 \|\| His Woman \|\| Jessica Steele \|\| August 1992 \| \|- \| # 3216 \|\| Pink Champagne \|\| Anne Weale \|\| August 1992 \| \|- \| # 3217 \|\| From The Highest Mountain \|\| Jeanne Allan \|\| September 1992 \| \|- \| # 3218 \|\| Jack Of Hearts \|\| Heather Allison \|\| September 1992 \| \|- \| # 3219 \|\| A Neighborly Affair \|\| Amanda Clark \|\| September 1992 \| \|- \| # 3220 \|\| A Matter Of Honour \|\| Stephanie Howard \|\| September 1992 \| \|- \| # 3221 \|\| Island Paradise \|\| Barbara McMahon \|\| September 1992 \| \|- \| # 3222 \|\| An Unlikely Romance \|\| Betty Neels \|\| September 1992 \| \|- \| # 3223 \|\| To Love And Protect \|\| Kate Denton \|\| October 1992 \| \|- \| # 3224 \|\| Anything For You \|\| Rosemary Hammond \|\| October 1992 \| \|- \| # 3225 \|\| The Intruder \|\| Miriam MacGregor \|\| October 1992 \| \|- \| # 3226 \|\| Weekend Wife \|\| Sue Peters \|\| October 1992 \| \|- \| # 3227 \|\| Bad Neighbours \|\| Jessica Steele \|\| October 1992 \| \|- \| # 3228 \|\| Meant For Each Other \|\| Rebecca Winters \|\| October 1992 \| \|- \| # 3229 \|\| Signs Of Love \|\| Katherine Arthur \|\| November 1992 \| \|- \| # 3230 \|\| Only Make-Believe \|\| Bethany Campbell \|\| November 1992 \| \|- \| # 3231 \|\| Woman At Willagong Creek \|\| Jessica Hart \|\| November 1992 \| \|- \| # 3232 \|\| Valerie \|\| Debbie Macomber \|\| November 1992 \| \|- \| # 3233 \|\| The Unexpected Landlord \|\| Leigh Michaels \|\| November 1992 \| \|- \| # 3234 \|\| Summer's Echo \|\| Lee Stafford \|\| November 1992 \| \|- \| # 3235 \|\| Cause For Love \|\| Kerry Allyne \|\| December 1992 \| \|- \| # 3236 \|\| Leader Of The Pack \|\| Catherine George \|\| December 1992 \| \|- \| # 3237 \|\| Dangerous Infatuation \|\| Stephanie Howard \|\| December 1992 \| \|- \| # 3238 \|\| A Wholesale Arrangement \|\| Day Leclaire \|\| December 1992 \| \|- \| # 3239 \|\| Stephanie \|\| Debbie Macomber \|\| December 1992 \| \|- \| # 3240 \|\| Always Christmas \|\| Eva Rutland \|\| December 1992 \| \|- \|} == References == {{reflist}} {{Harlequin}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Harlequin Romance novels 1992}} [[Category:Lists of Harlequin Romance novels]] [[Category:1992 Canadian novels]]	1,193,769,855	[]	false
# March 1934 1934 January February March April May June July August September October November December The following events occurred in March 1934: ## March 1, 1934 (Thursday) - Puyi was ceremonially enthroned as Emperor of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo with the reign name of Kang-de.[1] - British hunger marchers got inside the House of Commons for the second consecutive day, but 20 were kicked out after causing a disturbance from the Strangers' Gallery.[2] - Primo Carnera defeated Tommy Loughran by decision at Madison Square Garden Stadium in Miami, Florida to retain the world heavyweight title.[3] - Born: Jean-Michel Folon, artist, in Uccle, Brussels, Belgium (d. 2005); Joan Hackett, actress, in East Harlem, New York City (d. 1983) - Died: Charles Webster Leadbeater, 80, English occultist ## March 2, 1934 (Friday) - French police arrested the widow of Alexandre Stavisky in connection with the Stavisky Affair.[4] - The United States Shipping Board was abolished. ## March 3, 1934 (Saturday) - John Dillinger escaped from Crown Point jail in Indiana.[5] ## March 4, 1934 (Sunday) - The anti-Nazi pastor Martin Niemöller gave a sermon at his church in Dahlem in defiance of a suspension order.[6] - Born: Mario Davidovsky, composer, in Médanos, Buenos Aires, Argentina (d. 2019); John Duffey, bluegrass musician, in Washington, D.C. (d. 1996); Anne Haney, actress, in Memphis, Tennessee (d. 2001); Barbara McNair, singer and actress, in Chicago, Illinois (d. 2007); Janez Strnad, physicist, in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia (d. 2015) ## March 5, 1934 (Monday) - The Pahiatua earthquake struck northern New Zealand. - A British court awarded Irina Yusupova, niece of the late Nicholas II of Russia, £25,000 in damages in her lawsuit against the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer company over the film Rasputin and the Empress. Yusupova claimed that the character Natasha in the film was a libel against her and her character, although the attorneys for MGM had maintained that the character was fictional.[7] - Joseph Goebbels issued an order to all state governments to forbid Jews from performing on any stages in Germany. "I draw attention to the fact that only members of a professional guild are entitled to appear on the German stage", the order read. "Jews are not permitted membership in these guilds. I therefore request the police authorities to be instructed to demand that actors exhibit their membership cards in the guild. If the actors cannot produce them they are to be prevented from appearing on the stage."[8] - The U.S. Supreme Court decided Nebbia v. New York. - Born: Daniel Kahneman, psychologist, in Tel Aviv, Mandatory Palestine (d. 2024); Nicholas Smith, actor, in Banstead, Surrey, England (d. 2015) ## March 6, 1934 (Tuesday) - John Dillinger and his men robbed the Securities National Bank and Trust Company in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, making off with $49,500.[9] - The docudrama play Yellow Jack premiered at the Martin Beck Theatre on Broadway.[10] - Died: Shūjirō Hara, 62, Japanese businessman and politician ## March 7, 1934 (Wednesday) - In the Soviet Union, a Sovnarkom decree imposed a prison sentence of 3–5 years for those convicted of "homosexual relations". The sentence was increased to 5–8 years if force was used or if the guilty party took advantage of the partner's position of dependence.[11] - Born: Franklin Clarke, American football player, in Beloit, Wisconsin (d. 2018); Willard Scott, television personality and writer, in Alexandria, Virginia (d. 2021) ## March 8, 1934 (Thursday) - Hitler opened the International Automobile and Motorcycle Exhibition in Berlin. The central attraction was a new German car costing only £61.[12][13] - The British historical film The Rise of Catherine the Great premiered in Germany, but hundreds protested outside the Berlin cinema because its star Elisabeth Bergner was Jewish.[14] ## March 9, 1934 (Friday) - Nazi Germany banned The Rise of Catherine the Great because its star and director were Jewish.[13] - Three big Berlin department stores once part of the Tietz chain reopened under the new name of Union Ltd., with only Christian staff. The Tietz brothers, descended from the German Jewish merchant Hermann Tietz, had been forced out of the directorship of the chain since the Nazis came to power.[15] - Born: Del Close, actor, writer and teacher, in Manhattan, Kansas (d. 1999); Yuri Gagarin, pilot and cosmonaut, in Klushino, USSR (d. 1968); Joyce Van Patten, actress, in New York City ## March 10, 1934 (Saturday) - President Roosevelt ordered the cessation of air mail delivery by army pilots "except on such routes, under which weather conditions and under such equipment and personnel conditions as will insure, as far as the utmost care can provide, against constant recurrence of fatal accidents." The president's order came after a three-week span in which ten pilots delivering air mail had been killed.[16] ## March 11, 1934 (Sunday) - Vienna's famous Socialist newspaper Arbeiter-Zeitung, banned during February's civil war, reappeared in a form that shared nothing in common with its previous incarnation other than its name and publishing company.[17] - Switzerland held a referendum on whether voters approved of a federal law on maintaining public order. The proposal was rejected by 53.8% of voters. - Born: Sam Donaldson, reporter and news anchor, in El Paso, Texas - Died: Margaret Illington, 54, American actress ## March 12, 1934 (Monday) - Estonian leader Konstantin Päts staged a "self-coup" by declaring martial law and installing Johan Laidoner as Commander in Chief of the army. Päts used his emergency powers to disband the Vaps Movement and arrest 400 of its leading members, removing a threat to his rule. The Era of Silence in Estonian history began.[18] - General Werner von Blomberg announced that Jews were banned from enlisting in the German military. The ambiguous wording of the announcement made it unclear whether Jews already serving in the military were affected or not.[19] ## March 13, 1934 (Tuesday) - Dillinger and his gang robbed the First National Bank in Mason City, Iowa and got away with $52,000.[9] - Actress Laura La Plante announced she was divorcing film director William A. Seiter, saying they were "too good pals to be married."[20] - Born: Barry Hughart, fantasy author, in Peoria, Illinois (d. 2019) ## March 14, 1934 (Wednesday) - Approximately 150 people were killed in a dynamite explosion in the port of La Libertad, El Salvador. The explosion started a fire that burned down four blocks of buildings.[21] - The historical biographical film The House of Rothschild had its world premiere at the Astor Theatre in New York City.[22] - Born: Eugene Cernan, astronaut, in Bellwood, Illinois (d. 2017);[23] Paul Rader, 15th General of the Salvation Army, in New York City (d. 2025) ## March 15, 1934 (Thursday) - American fugitive businessman Samuel Insull vanished from his apartment in Greece.[24] - Born: Richard Layard, Baron Layard, labour economist, in Britain - Died: Davidson Black, 49, Canadian paleoanthropologist (heart failure) ## March 16, 1934 (Friday) - Cavalcade won Best Picture at the 6th Academy Awards in Los Angeles. - Samuel Insull was found aboard a Greek freighter bound for Egypt. Greek authorities ordered the ship to turn around and return to port.[25] - Born: Ray Hnatyshyn, 24th Governor General of Canada, in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (d. 2002) ## March 17, 1934 (Saturday) - The Rome Protocols were signed between Austria, Hungary and Italy. The agreements strengthened economic ties among the signatories and formed a new power bloc to counterbalance the Little Entente and French influence.[26] - New York City taxicab drivers went back out on strike again, this time over union recognition.[27] - University of Cambridge won the 86th Boat Race. - Born: Fred T. Mackenzie, sedimentary and global biogeochemist, in the United States (d. 2024) ## March 18, 1934 (Sunday) - Benito Mussolini made a speech in Rome outlining a 60-year plan that would give Italy the "primacy of the world" in the 21st century and would make that century a "blackshirt era". Mussolini proclaimed that Italy's future lay to the "east and south in Asia and Africa. The vast resources of Africa must be valourized and Africa brought within the civilized circle. I do not refer to conquest of territory but to natural expansion. We demand that nations which have already arrived in Africa do not block at every step Italian expansion."[28] - Samuel Insull was allowed to leave Greece by ship again, on the conditions that he enter no Greek ports and that he radio a message ahead of time saying where he would land once he chose to do so.[29] - Born: Charley Pride, American country singer; in Sledge, Mississippi (d. 2020) ## March 19, 1934 (Monday) - Pope Pius XI canonized three new saints: Giuseppe Benedetto Cottolengo, Pompilio Maria Pirrotti and Teresa Margaret of the Sacred Heart.[30] - Died: Andrew E. Lee, 87, third Governor of South Dakota ## March 20, 1934 (Tuesday) - Over 100,000 American auto workers were about to go on strike, but it was headed off when President Roosevelt sent a telegram urging that the strike be postponed.[31] - Born: Willie Brown, politician and 41st Mayor of San Francisco, in Mineola, Texas - Died: Sydney Deane, 71, Australian cricketer and actor; Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont, 75, Queen of the Netherlands ## March 21, 1934 (Wednesday) - The Great Hakodate Fire in Japan destroyed one-third of the city and killed over 2,000 people.[32] - Nazi Germany launched a public works plan aimed at putting 5 million of the country's 6 million unemployed back to work. The program included highway construction, land reclamation and the building of ships and housing.[33] - Died: Lilyan Tashman, 37, American actress (cancer) ## March 22, 1934 (Thursday) - New York City authorities prohibited all parades by striking cab drivers after a day of rioting.[34] - The first Masters golf tournament began at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia. Horton Smith was the winner. - Born: Orrin Hatch, politician, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (d. 2022); Larry Martyn, comic actor, in London, England (d. 1994) ## March 23, 1934 (Friday) - Thousands of Fascists gathered in Rome to mark the fifteenth anniversary of the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento.[35] - Golden Miller won the Grand National horse race. - Born: Janet Elizabeth Shearon, future wife of American astronaut Neil Armstrong (d. 2018, lung cancer)[36][37] ## March 24, 1934 (Saturday) - President Roosevelt signed the Philippine Independence Act, or the Tydings–McDuffie Act, providing for a ten-year transition phase leading to self-government for the Philippines.[32] - An editorial in Mussolini's newspaper Il Popolo d'Italia wrote that "The dimunition of births in the United States is assuming alarming proportions". The editorial concluded, "When we reflect there are in the United States 11,500,000 Negroes, people of extraordinary fecundity, it is necessary to conclude with a real cry of alarm. The Yellow Peril is nothing. We will encounter an Africanized America in which the white race, by the inexorable law of numbers, will end by being suffocated by the fertile grandsons of Uncle Tom. Are we to see within a century a Negro in the White House?"[38] ## March 25, 1934 (Sunday) - The threatened American auto workers' strike was averted when the Roosevelt Administration created a National Automotive Labor Board to help resolve disputes.[31] - Italian general elections were held in the form of a referendum on a single list of Fascist Party candidates. They were the last elections held in Fascist Italy as the only real purpose of this Chamber of Deputies was to approve Mussolini's plan for a new corporative state and then commit "suicide" by voting its own dissolution.[39] The Fascists won 99.84% approval in a foregone conclusion. - Born: Johnny Burnette, rockabilly musician, in Memphis, Tennessee (d. 1964); Gloria Steinem, feminist, in Toledo, Ohio ## March 26, 1934 (Monday) - The Strength Through Joy organization in Nazi Germany announced that every week during the summer 3,500 workers would be taken on a free vacation cruise aboard a German ocean liner.[40] - Born: Alan Arkin, actor, director, musician and author, in Brooklyn, New York (d. 2023) ## March 27, 1934 (Tuesday) - President Franklin D. Roosevelt suffered his first defeat in congress. Roosevelt vetoed a bill increasing compensation to war veterans, but the House promptly overrode the veto by repassing the bill 310-72.[41][42] ## March 28, 1934 (Wednesday) - The U.S. Senate joined the House in overriding President Roosevelt's veto of a war veterans' compensation bill, by a vote of 63-27. The bill added $228 million to payments for disabled war veterans and federal employees.[43] - Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss banned jokes about his height.[13] - Born: Lester R. Brown, environmentalist, in Bridgeton, New Jersey; Laurie Taitt, sprint hurdler, in Georgetown, British Guiana (d. 2006) - Died: Mahmoud Mokhtar, 42, Egyptian sculptor ## March 29, 1934 (Thursday) - Austria banned 100 foreign publications, including the magazines The Saturday Evening Post and Daily Sketch, but gave no reason why. The Dollfuss government also ordered the removal of nude statues from public display.[44] - The film The Prizefighter and the Lady was banned in Nazi Germany because its star Max Baer was Jewish.[45] - Samuel Insull arrived by ship at Istanbul.[46] - Died: Otto Hermann Kahn, 67, German-born American banker, collector, philanthropist and patron of the arts ## March 30, 1934 (Friday) - Zeppo Marx quit the Marx Brothers.[47] - The New York City cab driver's strike began to peter out as many strikers went back to work.[48] ## March 31, 1934 (Saturday) - The respected German newspaper Vossische Zeitung published its final edition after 230 years of existence. An editorial stated that "in a certain sense it is the victim of the crisis that affects the entire German press."[49] - The musical film Wonder Bar was released. - Born: Richard Chamberlain, actor and singer, in Beverly Hills, California (d. 2025); Shirley Jones, singer and actress, in Charleroi, Pennsylvania; Carlo Rubbia, particle physicist, inventor and Nobel laureate, in Gorizia, Italy; Orion Samuelson, broadcaster, in Ontario, Wisconsin	enwiki/47107626	enwiki	47,107,626	March 1934	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1934	2025-05-12T16:21:06Z	en	Q2551999	179,017	{{short description\|Month of 1934}} {{Events by month\|1934}} {{calendar\|year=1934\|month=March}} The following events occurred in '''March 1934''': ==[[March 1]], 1934 (Thursday)== [[Puyi]] was ceremonially enthroned as Emperor of the Japanese puppet state of [[Manchukuo]] with the reign name of Kang-de.<ref>{{cite news \|date=March 1, 1934 \|title=New Empire in Far East Born; Crown Pi-yi \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=1 }}</ref> British [[Hunger marches\|hunger marchers]] got inside the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom\|House of Commons]] for the second consecutive day, but 20 were kicked out after causing a disturbance from the [[Strangers' Gallery]].<ref>{{cite news \|last=Steele \|first=John \|date=March 2, 1934 \|title=House Dumps Dole Marchers Out After 'Riot' \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=11 }}</ref> [[Primo Carnera]] defeated [[Tommy Loughran]] by decision at Madison Square Garden Stadium in [[Miami]], [[Florida]] to retain the world heavyweight title.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://boxrec.com/boxer/12086 \|title=Primo Carnera \|website=[[BoxRec]] \|accessdate=June 29, 2015 }}</ref> '''Born:''' [[Jean-Michel Folon]], artist, in [[Uccle]], [[Brussels]], Belgium (d. 2005); [[Joan Hackett]], actress, in [[East Harlem]], New York City (d. 1983) '''Died:''' [[Charles Webster Leadbeater]], 80, English occultist ==[[March 2]], 1934 (Friday)== French police arrested the widow of [[Alexandre Stavisky]] in connection with the [[Stavisky Affair]].<ref>{{cite news \|date=March 3, 1934 \|title=France Arrests Stavisky Widow in Bond Scandal \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=3 }}</ref> The [[United States Shipping Board]] was abolished. ==[[March 3]], 1934 (Saturday)== [[John Dillinger]] escaped from [[Crown Point, Indiana\|Crown Point]] jail in Indiana.<ref>{{cite news \|date=March 4, 1934 \|title=3 States Hunting Dillinger \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=1 }}</ref> ==[[March 4]], 1934 (Sunday)== The anti-Nazi pastor [[Martin Niemöller]] gave a sermon at his church in [[Dahlem (Berlin)\|Dahlem]] in defiance of a suspension order.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Schultz \|first=Sigrid \|author-link=Sigrid Schultz \|date=March 5, 1934 \|title=Fighting Pastor Defies Hitler's Church Dictator \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=7 }}</ref> '''Born:''' [[Mario Davidovsky]], composer, in [[Médanos, Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] (d. 2019); [[John Duffey]], bluegrass musician, in Washington, D.C. (d. 1996); [[Anne Haney]], actress, in [[Memphis, Tennessee]] (d. 2001); [[Barbara McNair]], singer and actress, in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]] (d. 2007); [[Janez Strnad]], physicist, in [[Ljubljana]], [[Yugoslavia]] (d. 2015) ==[[March 5]], 1934 (Monday)== The [[1934 Pahiatua earthquake\|Pahiatua earthquake]] struck northern New Zealand. A British court awarded [[Irina Yusupova]], niece of the late [[Nicholas II of Russia]], £25,000 in damages in her lawsuit against the [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] company over the film ''[[Rasputin and the Empress]]''. Yusupova claimed that the character Natasha in the film was a libel against her and her character, although the attorneys for MGM had maintained that the character was fictional.<ref>{{cite news \|date=March 6, 1934 \|title=Award Princess $125,000 Libel in Rasputin Suit \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=3 }}</ref> [[Joseph Goebbels]] issued an order to all state governments to forbid Jews from performing on any stages in Germany. "I draw attention to the fact that only members of a professional guild are entitled to appear on the German stage", the order read. "Jews are not permitted membership in these guilds. I therefore request the police authorities to be instructed to demand that actors exhibit their membership cards in the guild. If the actors cannot produce them they are to be prevented from appearing on the stage."<ref>{{cite news \|last=Schultz \|first=Sigrid \|date=March 6, 1934 \|title=Hitler Forbids Jews to Act in Any Theater of Germany \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=12 }}</ref> The [[United States Supreme Court\|U.S. Supreme Court]] decided ''[[Nebbia v. New York]]''. '''Born:''' [[Daniel Kahneman]], psychologist, in [[Tel Aviv]], [[Mandatory Palestine]] (d. 2024); [[Nicholas Smith (actor)\|Nicholas Smith]], actor, in [[Banstead]], [[Surrey]], England (d. 2015) ==[[March 6]], 1934 (Tuesday)== [[John Dillinger]] and his men robbed the Securities National Bank and Trust Company in [[Sioux Falls, South Dakota]], making off with $49,500.<ref name="girardin">{{cite book \|last1=Girardin \|first1=George Russell \|last2=Ielmer \|first2=William J. \|last3=Mattix \|first3=Rick \|date=2005 \|title=Dillinger: The Untold Story \|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780253216335/page/257 \|publisher=Indiana University Press \|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780253216335/page/257 257] \|isbn=978-0-253-21633-5 \|url-access=registration }}</ref> The docudrama play ''[[Yellow Jack (play)\|Yellow Jack]]'' premiered at the [[Al Hirschfeld Theatre\|Martin Beck Theatre]] on Broadway.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.playbillvault.com/Show/Detail/8347/Yellow-Jack \|title=Yellow Jack \|website=[[Playbill\|Playbill Vault]] \|accessdate=June 29, 2015 }}</ref> '''Died:''' [[Shūjirō Hara]], 62, Japanese businessman and politician ==[[March 7]], 1934 (Wednesday)== In the Soviet Union, a [[Council of People's Commissars\|Sovnarkom]] decree imposed a prison sentence of 3–5 years for those convicted of "homosexual relations". The sentence was increased to 5–8 years if force was used or if the guilty party took advantage of the partner's position of dependence.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Davies \|first1=R. W. \|last2=Khlevnyuk \|first2=Oleg \|last3=Wheatcroft \|first3=Stephen G. \|date=2014 \|title=The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 6: The Years of Progress: The Soviet Economy, 1934–1936 \|location=New York \|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan \|page=30 \|isbn=978-1-137-36257-5 }}</ref> '''Born:''' [[Franklin Clarke]], American football player, in [[Beloit, Wisconsin]] (d. 2018); [[Willard Scott]], television personality and writer, in [[Alexandria, Virginia]] (d. 2021) ==[[March 8]], 1934 (Thursday)== Hitler opened the International Automobile and Motorcycle Exhibition in Berlin. The central attraction was a new German car costing only £61.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.chroniknet.de/daly_de.0.html?datum=8.3.1934&year=1934&month=3&day=8 \|title=Tageseinträge für 8. März 1934 \|website=chroniknet \|accessdate=June 29, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="chronicle of the 20th c.">{{cite book \|last=Mercer \|first=Derrik \|date=1989 \|title=Chronicle of the 20th Century \|location=London \|publisher=Chronicle Communications Ltd. \|page=438 \|isbn=978-0-582-03919-3 }}</ref> The British historical film ''[[The Rise of Catherine the Great]]'' premiered in Germany, but hundreds protested outside the Berlin cinema because its star [[Elisabeth Bergner]] was Jewish.<ref>{{cite news \|date=March 9, 1934 \|title=Protest Jewish Actresses \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=1 }}</ref> ==[[March 9]], 1934 (Friday)== Nazi Germany banned ''[[The Rise of Catherine the Great]]'' because its star and director were Jewish.<ref name="chronicle of the 20th c." /> Three big Berlin department stores once part of the Tietz chain reopened under the new name of Union Ltd., with only Christian staff. The Tietz brothers, descended from the German Jewish merchant [[Hermann Tietz]], had been forced out of the directorship of the chain since the Nazis came to power.<ref>{{cite news \|date=March 10, 1934 \|title=3 Big Berlin Stores Reopen with Aryan Clerks; Jews are Out \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=11 }}</ref> '''Born:''' [[Del Close]], actor, writer and teacher, in [[Manhattan, Kansas]] (d. 1999); [[Yuri Gagarin]], pilot and cosmonaut, in [[Klushino]], [[Soviet Union\|USSR]] (d. 1968); [[Joyce Van Patten]], actress, in New York City ==[[March 10]], 1934 (Saturday)== President Roosevelt ordered the cessation of [[air mail]] delivery by army pilots "except on such routes, under which weather conditions and under such equipment and personnel conditions as will insure, as far as the utmost care can provide, against constant recurrence of fatal accidents." The president's order came after a three-week span in which ten pilots delivering air mail had been killed.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Boettiger \|first=John \|date=March 11, 1934 \|title=Roosevelt Cuts Mail Flying \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=1 }}</ref> ==[[March 11]], 1934 (Sunday)== Vienna's famous Socialist newspaper ''[[Arbeiter-Zeitung (Vienna)\|Arbeiter-Zeitung]]'', banned during February's [[Austrian Civil War\|civil war]], reappeared in a form that shared nothing in common with its previous incarnation other than its name and publishing company.<ref>{{cite news \|date=March 12, 1934 \|title=Vienna's Famous Socialist Paper Turns Fascist \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=6 }}</ref> Switzerland held a [[Swiss public order referendum, 1934\|referendum]] on whether voters approved of a federal law on maintaining public order. The proposal was rejected by 53.8% of voters. '''Born:''' [[Sam Donaldson]], reporter and news anchor, in [[El Paso, Texas]] '''Died:''' [[Margaret Illington]], 54, American actress ==[[March 12]], 1934 (Monday)== Estonian leader [[Konstantin Päts]] staged a "self-coup" by declaring [[martial law]] and installing [[Johan Laidoner]] as Commander in Chief of the army. Päts used his emergency powers to disband the [[Vaps Movement]] and arrest 400 of its leading members, removing a threat to his rule. The [[Era of Silence]] in Estonian history began.<ref>Midlarksy, Manus I. ""Realism and the Democratic Peace: The Primacy of State Security in New Democracies." ''Realism and Institutionalism in International Studies''. Ed. Michael Brecher & Frank P. Harvey. University of Michigan, 2002. 105. {{ISBN\|978-0-472-02393-6}}.</ref> General [[Werner von Blomberg]] announced that Jews were banned from enlisting in the German military. The ambiguous wording of the announcement made it unclear whether Jews already serving in the military were affected or not.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Schultz \|first=Sigrid \|author-link=Sigrid Schultz \|date=March 13, 1934 \|title=Germany Forbids Jews to Serve in Army and Navy \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=7 }}</ref> ==[[March 13]], 1934 (Tuesday)== Dillinger and his gang robbed the First National Bank in [[Mason City, Iowa]] and got away with $52,000.<ref name="girardin" /> Actress [[Laura La Plante]] announced she was divorcing film director [[William A. Seiter]], saying they were "too good pals to be married."<ref>{{cite news \|last=Steele \|first=John \|date=March 14, 1934 \|title=Laura La Plante of Films Sues in Riga for Divorce \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=9 }}</ref> '''Born:''' [[Barry Hughart]], fantasy author, in [[Peoria, Illinois]] (d. 2019) ==[[March 14]], 1934 (Wednesday)== Approximately 150 people were killed in a dynamite explosion in the port of [[La Libertad, La Libertad\|La Libertad]], [[El Salvador]]. The explosion started a fire that burned down four blocks of buildings.<ref>{{cite news \|date=March 15, 1934 \|title=City Burns, 150 Die in Salvador Dynamite Blast \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=7 }}</ref> The historical biographical film ''[[The House of Rothschild]]'' had its world premiere at the [[Astor Theatre, New York City\|Astor Theatre]] in New York City.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Fells \|first=Robert M. \|date=2004 \|title=George Arliss: The Man who Played God \|location=Lanham \|publisher=Scarecrow Press, Inc. \|page=142 \|isbn=978-0-8108-5160-3 }}</ref> '''Born:''' [[Eugene Cernan]], astronaut, in [[Bellwood, Illinois]] (d. 2017);<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/_cernan_eugene_a._deceased_pdf_75_kb_.pdf \|title=Biographical Data: EUGENE A. CERNAN (CAPTAIN, USN, RET.) NASA ASTRONAUT (DECEASED) \|date=January 2017 \|publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] \|access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref> [[Paul Rader]], 15th [[General of the Salvation Army]], in New York City (d. 2025) ==[[March 15]], 1934 (Thursday)== American fugitive businessman [[Samuel Insull]] vanished from his apartment in Greece.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Speck \|first=Eugene \|date=March 16, 1934 \|title=All Europe Hunting Insull \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=1 }}</ref> '''Born:''' [[Richard Layard, Baron Layard]], labour economist, in Britain '''Died:''' [[Davidson Black]], 49, Canadian paleoanthropologist (heart failure) ==[[March 16]], 1934 (Friday)== ''[[Cavalcade (1933 film)\|Cavalcade]]'' won Best Picture at the [[6th Academy Awards]] in Los Angeles. Samuel Insull was found aboard a Greek freighter bound for Egypt. Greek authorities ordered the ship to turn around and return to port.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Speck \|first=Eugene \|date=March 17, 1934 \|title=New Trick by Insull Feared \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=1 }}</ref> '''Born:''' [[Ray Hnatyshyn]], 24th Governor General of Canada, in [[Saskatoon]], [[Saskatchewan]] (d. 2002) ==[[March 17]], 1934 (Saturday)== The [[Rome Protocols]] were signed between Austria, Hungary and Italy. The agreements strengthened economic ties among the signatories and formed a new power bloc to counterbalance the [[Little Entente]] and French influence.<ref name="chronology 1934">{{cite web \|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1934.htm \|title=Chronology 1934 \|date=2002 \|website=indiana.edu \|accessdate=June 29, 2015 }}</ref> New York City [[taxicab]] drivers went back out on strike again, this time over union recognition.<ref>{{cite news \|date=March 18, 1934 \|title=General Taxi Strike Called in New York \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=4 }}</ref> [[University of Cambridge]] won the [[The Boat Race 1934\|86th Boat Race]]. '''Born:''' [[Fred T. Mackenzie (scientist)\|Fred T. Mackenzie]], sedimentary and global biogeochemist, in the United States (d. 2024) ==[[March 18]], 1934 (Sunday)== [[Benito Mussolini]] made a speech in Rome outlining a 60-year plan that would give Italy the "primacy of the world" in the 21st century and would make that century a "blackshirt era". Mussolini proclaimed that Italy's future lay to the "east and south in Asia and Africa. The vast resources of Africa must be valourized and Africa brought within the civilized circle. I do not refer to conquest of territory but to natural expansion. We demand that nations which have already arrived in Africa do not block at every step Italian expansion."<ref>{{cite news \|date=March 19, 1934 \|title=Mussolini Sees World Fascist Era in 60 Years \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=1 }}</ref> Samuel Insull was allowed to leave Greece by ship again, on the conditions that he enter no Greek ports and that he radio a message ahead of time saying where he would land once he chose to do so.<ref>{{cite news \|date=March 18, 1934 \|title=Insull Off to New Hideout \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=1 }}</ref> '''Born:''' [[Charley Pride]], American country singer; in [[Sledge, Mississippi]] (d. 2020) ==[[March 19]], 1934 (Monday)== [[Pope Pius XI]] canonized three new saints: [[Giuseppe Benedetto Cottolengo]], Pompilio Maria Pirrotti and [[Teresa Margaret of the Sacred Heart]].<ref>{{cite news \|date=March 20, 1934 \|title=Pope Creates 3 New Saints; One a Carmelite Nun \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=22 }}</ref> '''Died:''' [[Andrew E. Lee]], 87, third [[Governor of South Dakota]] ==[[March 20]], 1934 (Tuesday)== Over 100,000 American auto workers were about to go on strike, but it was headed off when President Roosevelt sent a telegram urging that the strike be postponed.<ref name="widick">{{cite book \|last=Widick \|first=B. J. \|date=1989 \|title=Detroit: City of Race and Class Violence \|url=https://archive.org/details/detroitcityofrac0000widi/page/60 \|location=Detroit \|publisher=Wayne State University Press \|page=[https://archive.org/details/detroitcityofrac0000widi/page/60 60] \|isbn=978-0-8143-2104-1 }}</ref> '''Born:''' [[Willie Brown (politician)\|Willie Brown]], politician and 41st [[Mayor of San Francisco]], in [[Mineola, Texas]] '''Died:''' [[Sydney Deane]], 71, Australian cricketer and actor; [[Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont]], 75, Queen of the Netherlands ==[[March 21]], 1934 (Wednesday)== The [[Hakodate, Hokkaido#1934 Great Hakodate Fire\|Great Hakodate Fire]] in Japan destroyed one-third of the city and killed over 2,000 people.<ref name="musicandhistory">{{cite web\|url=http://musicandhistory.com/music-and-history-by-the-year/195-1934.html \|title=1934 \|website=MusicAndHistory \|accessdate=June 29, 2015 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828142025/http://www.musicandhistory.com/music-and-history-by-the-year/195-1934.html \|archive-date=August 28, 2012 }}</ref> Nazi Germany launched a public works plan aimed at putting 5 million of the country's 6 million unemployed back to work. The program included highway construction, land reclamation and the building of ships and housing.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Schultz \|first=Sigrid \|author-link=Sigrid Schultz \|date=March 22, 1934 \|title=Hitler Launches His $400,000,000 Public Works Plan \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=11 }}</ref> '''Died:''' [[Lilyan Tashman]], 37, American actress (cancer) ==[[March 22]], 1934 (Thursday)== New York City authorities prohibited all parades by striking cab drivers after a day of rioting.<ref>{{cite news \|date=March 23, 1934 \|title=Taxi Strikers in Wild Riot; N.Y. Police Act \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=1 }}</ref> The first Masters golf tournament began at [[Augusta National Golf Club]] in [[Augusta, Georgia]]. [[Horton Smith]] was the winner. '''Born:''' [[Orrin Hatch]], politician, in [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]] (d. 2022); [[Larry Martyn]], comic actor, in London, England (d. 1994) ==[[March 23]], 1934 (Friday)== Thousands of Fascists gathered in Rome to mark the fifteenth anniversary of the [[Fasci Italiani di Combattimento]].<ref>{{cite news \|date=March 24, 1934 \|title=Thousands Roar Faith in Il Duce's Fascist Banner \|work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]] \|page=5}}</ref> [[Golden Miller]] won the [[1934 Grand National\|Grand National]] horse race. '''Born:''' [[Neil Armstrong#College years\|Janet Elizabeth Shearon]], future wife of American [[astronaut]] [[Neil Armstrong]] (d. [[2018]], [[lung cancer]])<ref>{{cite book \|last=Hansen \|first=James R. \|author-link=James R. Hansen \|title=First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong \|title-link=First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong \|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster Paperbacks]] \|date=April 2018 \|page=60 \|isbn=978-1-5011-5306-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=https://heavy.com/news/2018/10/neil-armstrong-wife-janet-now-today/ \|last=McBride \|first=Jessica \|title=Neil Armstrong's Wife Janet: Real Story Behind First Man \|website=[[Heavy (website)\|Heavy]] \|department=Breaking News \|date=16 July 2019 \|access-date=December 8, 2021}}</ref> ==[[March 24]], 1934 (Saturday)== President Roosevelt signed the Philippine Independence Act, or the [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]], providing for a ten-year transition phase leading to self-government for the [[Philippines]].<ref name="musicandhistory" /> An editorial in Mussolini's newspaper ''[[Il Popolo d'Italia]]'' wrote that "The dimunition of births in the United States is assuming alarming proportions". The editorial concluded, "When we reflect there are in the United States 11,500,000 Negroes, people of extraordinary fecundity, it is necessary to conclude with a real cry of alarm. The [[Yellow Peril]] is nothing. We will encounter an Africanized America in which the white race, by the inexorable law of numbers, will end by being suffocated by the fertile grandsons of [[Uncle Tom]]. Are we to see within a century a Negro in the White House?"<ref>{{cite news \|date=March 25, 1934 \|title=Duce Asks Will a Negro Sit in White House? \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=1 }}</ref> ==[[March 25]], 1934 (Sunday)== The threatened American auto workers' strike was averted when the Roosevelt Administration created a National Automotive Labor Board to help resolve disputes.<ref name="widick" /> [[Italian general election, 1934\|Italian general elections]] were held in the form of a referendum on a single list of Fascist Party candidates. They were the last elections held in [[Italian Fascism\|Fascist Italy]] as the only real purpose of this [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)\|Chamber of Deputies]] was to approve Mussolini's plan for a new corporative state and then commit "suicide" by voting its own dissolution.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Darrah \|first=David \|date=March 26, 1934 \|title=Suicide Chamber Elected by Italy for Mussolini \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=8 }}</ref> The Fascists won 99.84% approval in a foregone conclusion. '''Born:''' [[Johnny Burnette]], rockabilly musician, in [[Memphis, Tennessee]] (d. 1964); [[Gloria Steinem]], feminist, in [[Toledo, Ohio]] ==[[March 26]], 1934 (Monday)== The [[Strength Through Joy]] organization in Nazi Germany announced that every week during the summer 3,500 workers would be taken on a free vacation cruise aboard a German ocean liner.<ref>{{cite news \|date=March 27, 1934 \|title=Germany to Give Workers Free Vacations at Sea \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=3 }}</ref> '''Born:''' [[Alan Arkin]], actor, director, musician and author, in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)\|New York]] (d. 2023) ==[[March 27]], 1934 (Tuesday)== President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] suffered his first defeat in congress. Roosevelt vetoed a bill increasing compensation to war veterans, but the House promptly overrode the veto by repassing the bill 310-72.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.chroniknet.de/daly_de.0.html?datum=27.3.1934&year=1934&month=3&day=27 \|title=Tageseinträge für 27. März 1934 \|website=chroniknet \|accessdate=June 29, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last=Henning \|first=Arthur Sears \|date=March 28, 1934 \|title=House Overrides Veto of Vets Bill \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=1 }}</ref> ==[[March 28]], 1934 (Wednesday)== The [[United States Senate\|U.S. Senate]] joined the House in overriding President Roosevelt's veto of a war veterans' compensation bill, by a vote of 63-27. The bill added $228 million to payments for disabled war veterans and federal employees.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Boettiger \|first=John \|date=March 29, 1934 \|title=Roosevelt Vet Veto Beaten \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=1 }}</ref> Austrian Chancellor [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] banned jokes about his height.<ref name="chronicle of the 20th c." /> '''Born:''' [[Lester R. Brown]], environmentalist, in [[Bridgeton, New Jersey]]; [[Laurie Taitt]], sprint hurdler, in [[Georgetown, Guyana\|Georgetown]], [[British Guiana]] (d. 2006) '''Died:''' [[Mahmoud Mokhtar]], 42, Egyptian sculptor ==[[March 29]], 1934 (Thursday)== Austria banned 100 foreign publications, including the magazines ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'' and ''[[Daily Sketch]]'', but gave no reason why. The [[Engelbert Dollfuss\|Dollfuss]] government also ordered the removal of nude statues from public display.<ref>{{cite news \|date=March 30, 1934 \|title=Austria Bans U.S. Magazines, Nude Statues in Purity Drive \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=18 }}</ref> The film ''[[The Prizefighter and the Lady]]'' was banned in Nazi Germany because its star [[Max Baer (boxer)\|Max Baer]] was Jewish.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Schultz \|first=Sigrid \|author-link=Sigrid Schultz \|date=March 30, 1934 \|title=Nazis Ban Film Because Star, Max Baer, Is Jew \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=18 }}</ref> Samuel Insull arrived by ship at [[Istanbul]].<ref>{{cite news \|date=March 29, 1934 \|title=Samuel Insull Arrives at Istanbul \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=1 }}</ref> '''Died:''' [[Otto Hermann Kahn]], 67, German-born American banker, collector, philanthropist and patron of the arts ==[[March 30]], 1934 (Friday)== [[Zeppo Marx]] quit the [[Marx Brothers]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.marx-brothers.org/whyaduck/info/grouchochron.htm \|title=Groucho Marx Chronology \|last=Bader \|first=Robert S. \|website=Marx-Brothers.org \|accessdate=June 29, 2015 }}</ref> The New York City cab driver's strike began to peter out as many strikers went back to work.<ref>{{cite news \|date=March 31, 1934 \|title=2 Taxi Drivers Beaten as End Nears in Strike \| work=[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]] \|page=2 }}</ref> ==[[March 31]], 1934 (Saturday)== The respected German newspaper ''[[Vossische Zeitung]]'' published its final edition after 230 years of existence. An editorial stated that "in a certain sense it is the victim of the crisis that affects the entire German press."<ref>{{cite news \|date=April 1, 1934 \|title=German Paper Dies After 230 Years of Service \| work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]\|page=21 }}</ref> The musical film ''[[Wonder Bar]]'' was released. '''Born:''' [[Richard Chamberlain]], actor and singer, in [[Beverly Hills, California]] (d. 2025); [[Shirley Jones]], singer and actress, in [[Charleroi, Pennsylvania]]; [[Carlo Rubbia]], particle physicist, inventor and Nobel laureate, in [[Gorizia]], Italy; [[Orion Samuelson]], broadcaster, in [[Ontario, Wisconsin]] ==References== {{Reflist\|30em}} {{Events by month links}} [[Category:March 1934\| ]] [[Category:March by year\|1934]] [[Category:Months in the 1930s\|*1934-03]]	1,290,066,785	[]	false
# Collins, Iowa Collins is a city in Story County, Iowa, United States. The population was 495 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Ames, Iowa Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is a part of the larger Ames-Boone, Iowa Combined Statistical Area. ## Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.49 square miles (1.27 km2), all land. ## Demographics \| Year \| Pop. \| ±% \| \| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \| ---- \| ------ \| \| 1900 \| 540 \| — \| \| 1910 \| 521 \| −3.5% \| \| 1920 \| 570 \| +9.4% \| \| 1930 \| 489 \| −14.2% \| \| 1940 \| 516 \| +5.5% \| \| 1950 \| 432 \| −16.3% \| \| 1960 \| 435 \| +0.7% \| \| 1970 \| 404 \| −7.1% \| \| 1980 \| 451 \| +11.6% \| \| 1990 \| 455 \| +0.9% \| \| 2000 \| 499 \| +9.7% \| \| 2010 \| 495 \| −0.8% \| \| 2020 \| 495 \| +0.0% \| \| Source:"U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 29, 2020. and Iowa Data Center Source: U.S. Decennial Census \| \| \| ### 2020 census As of the census of 2020, there were 495 people, 198 households, and 128 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,013.9 inhabitants per square mile (391.5/km2). There were 220 housing units at an average density of 450.6 per square mile (174.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 90.3% White, 0.6% Black or African American, 0.0% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.8% from other races and 7.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino persons of any race comprised 2.2% of the population. Of the 198 households, 32.8% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.9% were married couples living together, 11.6% were cohabitating couples, 26.3% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 20.2% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 35.4% of all households were non-families. 26.3% of all households were made up of individuals, 15.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older. The median age in the city was 35.6 years. 27.9% of the residents were under the age of 20; 5.9% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 27.9% were from 25 and 44; 22.0% were from 45 and 64; and 16.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.9% male and 51.1% female. ### 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 495 people, 196 households, and 133 families living in the city. The population density was 1,010.2 inhabitants per square mile (390.0/km2). There were 219 housing units at an average density of 446.9 per square mile (172.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.0% White, 0.2% Asian, and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.2% of the population. There were 196 households, of which 37.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.5% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.1% were non-families. 31.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.11. The median age in the city was 35.2 years. 31.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27% were from 25 to 44; 20.8% were from 45 to 64; and 16.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.9% male and 50.1% female. ### 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 499 people, 207 households, and 129 families living in the city. The population density was 1,013.9 inhabitants per square mile (391.5/km2). There were 222 housing units at an average density of 451.1 per square mile (174.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.00% White, 0.20% from other races, and 0.80% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.00% of the population. There were 207 households, out of which 26.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.1% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.2% were non-families. 31.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.06. In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.7% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 19.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $37,917, and the median income for a family was $42,422. Males had a median income of $29,904 versus $23,229 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,284. About 3.7% of families and 5.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 7.7% of those age 65 or over. ## Community Collins has an annual celebration named "Collins' Day" which typically is celebrated with a parade, softball game, and a dance. This celebration is usually held on the last weekend in June. Iowa Highway 210 starts south of town and runs west to Maxwell and ultimately ends in Woodward. ## Education The Collins–Maxwell Community School District serves the community. The district formed on July 1, 1983, as a merger of the Collins and Maxwell school districts. Some children in Collins participate in the sports of the Baxter Community School District. Alternatively, some children may go to the nearby towns of Colo or Nevada for school. An elementary school is located in the city.	enwiki/114240	enwiki	114,240	Collins, Iowa	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins,_Iowa	2025-06-14T02:08:21Z	en	Q2239959	86,601	{{Use American English\|date=June 2025}} {{Use mdy dates\|date=July 2023}} {{Infobox settlement \|official_name = Collins, Iowa \|settlement_type = [[City]] \|image_skyline = \|image_caption = \|image_map = Story_County_Iowa_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Collins_Highlighted.svg \|mapsize = 250px \|map_caption = Location of Collins, Iowa <!-- Location --> \|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states\|Country]] \|subdivision_name = [[USA]] \|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state\|State]] \|subdivision_name1 = [[Iowa]] \|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Iowa\|County]] \|subdivision_name2 = [[Story County, Iowa\|Story]] <!-- Government --> \|government_footnotes = \|government_type = \|leader_title = \|leader_name = \|established_title = \|established_date = <!-- Area --> \|unit_pref = Imperial \|area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web\|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_19.txt\|publisher=United States Census Bureau\|accessdate=March 16, 2022}}</ref> \|area_total_km2 = 1.28 \|area_land_km2 = 1.26 \|area_water_km2 = 0.01 \|area_total_sq_mi = 0.49 \|area_land_sq_mi = 0.49 \|area_water_sq_mi = 0.01 <!-- Population --> \|population_as_of = [[2020 United States census\|2020]] \|population_footnotes = \|population_total = 495 \|population_density_km2 = 391.46 \|population_density_sq_mi = 1014.34 <!-- General information --> \|timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone\|Central (CST)]] \|utc_offset = -6 \|timezone_DST = CDT \|utc_offset_DST = -5 \|elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/> \|elevation_ft = 1004 \|coordinates = {{coord\|41\|54\|07\|N\|93\|18\|30\|W\|region:US-IA\|display=inline,title}} <!-- Area/postal codes and others --> \|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]] \|postal_code = 50055 \|area_code = [[Area code 641\|641]] \|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard\|FIPS code]] \|blank_info = 19-15195 \|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System\|GNIS]] feature ID \|blank1_info = 2393597<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS\|2393597}}</ref> \|website = \|footnotes = }} '''Collins''' is a city in [[Story County, Iowa]], United States. The population was 495 at the [[2020 United States census\|2020 census]].<ref name=cen2020>{{cite web \|title=2020 Census State Redistricting Data \|url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/01-Redistricting_File--PL_94-171/Iowa/ \|website=census.gov \|publisher=United states Census Bureau \|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> It is part of the [[Ames, Iowa]] [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]], which is a part of the larger Ames-[[Boone, Iowa]] [[Combined Statistical Area]]. ==Geography== According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert\|0.49\|sqmi\|sqkm\|2}}, all land.<ref>{{cite web\|title=US Gazetteer files 2010 \|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt \|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] \|accessdate=2012-05-11 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt \|archivedate=2012-07-02 }}</ref> ==Demographics== {{Historical populations \|title= Historical populations \|type= USA \|align= left \|1900\|540 \|1910\|521 \|1920\|570 \|1930\|489 \|1940\|516 \|1950\|432 \|1960\|435 \|1970\|404 \|1980\|451 \|1990\|455 \|2000\|499 \|2010\|495 \|2020\|495 \|source={{center\|U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html\|title=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher=Census.gov\|accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref><ref name=cen2020/>}}\|footnote=Source:{{cite web\|url=https://www.census.gov\|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]\|title=U.S. Census website\|access-date=2020-03-29}} and [http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000.pdf Iowa Data Center] }} [[File:CollinsIowaPopPlot.png\|thumb\|left\|alt=The population of Collins, Iowa from US census data\|The population of Collins, Iowa from US census data]] ===2020 census=== As of the [[United States census\|census]] of 2020,<ref>{{cite web \|title=2020 Census \|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade/2020/2020-census-main.html \|publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> there were 495 people, 198 households, and 128 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 1,013.9 inhabitants per square mile (391.5/km<sup>2</sup>). There were 220 housing units at an average density of 450.6 per square mile (174.0/km<sup>2</sup>). The [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census\|racial]] makeup of the city was 90.3% [[White Americans\|White]], 0.6% [[African Americans\|Black or African American]], 0.0% [[Native Americans in the United States\|Native American]], 0.4% [[Asian Americans\|Asian]], 0.0% [[Pacific Islander Americans\|Pacific Islander]], 0.8% from other races and 7.9% from two or more races. [[Hispanic and Latino Americans\|Hispanic or Latino]] persons of any race comprised 2.2% of the population. Of the 198 households, 32.8% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.9% were [[Marriage\|married couples]] living together, 11.6% were cohabitating couples, 26.3% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 20.2% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 35.4% of all households were non-families. 26.3% of all households were made up of individuals, 15.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older. The median age in the city was 35.6 years. 27.9% of the residents were under the age of 20; 5.9% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 27.9% were from 25 and 44; 22.0% were from 45 and 64; and 16.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.9% male and 51.1% female. ===2010 census=== As of the [[census]]<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web\|title=U.S. Census website\|url=https://www.census.gov\|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]\|accessdate=2012-05-11}}</ref> of 2010, there were 495 people, 196 households, and 133 families living in the city. The [[population density]] was {{convert\|1010.2\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 219 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|446.9\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 99.0% [[White (U.S. Census)\|White]], 0.2% [[Asian (U.S. Census)\|Asian]], and 0.8% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)\|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)\|Latino]] of any race were 0.2% of the population. There were 196 households, of which 37.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.5% were [[Marriage\|married couples]] living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.1% were non-families. 31.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.11. The median age in the city was 35.2 years. 31.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27% were from 25 to 44; 20.8% were from 45 to 64; and 16.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.9% male and 50.1% female. ===2000 census=== As of the [[census]]<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.census.gov \|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] \|accessdate=2008-01-31 \|title=U.S. Census website }}</ref> of 2000, there were 499 people, 207 households, and 129 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert\|1,013.9\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp=us\|adj=off}}. There were 222 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|451.1\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp=us\|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 99.00% [[White (U.S. Census)\|White]], 0.20% from [[Race (United States Census)\|other races]], and 0.80% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)\|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)\|Latino]] of any race were 1.00% of the population. There were 207 households, out of which 26.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.1% were [[Marriage\|married couples]] living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.2% were non-families. 31.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.06. In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.7% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 19.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $37,917, and the median income for a family was $42,422. Males had a median income of $29,904 versus $23,229 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $20,284. About 3.7% of families and 5.0% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including none of those under age 18 and 7.7% of those age 65 or over. ==Community== Collins has an annual celebration named "Collins' Day" which typically is celebrated with a parade, softball game, and a dance.<ref>{{cite web\|url= http://cbs2iowa.com/community/more-fun-in-the-morning/rockwell-collins-day \|title=Rockwell Collins Day\|date= February 22, 2016\|accessdate=2016-04-13}}</ref> This celebration is usually held on the last weekend in June. [[Iowa Highway 210]] starts south of town and runs west to [[Maxwell, Iowa\|Maxwell]] and ultimately ends in [[Woodward, Iowa\|Woodward]]. ==Education== The [[Collins–Maxwell Community School District]] serves the community.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/FY20_COLLINS-MAXWELL.pdf\|title=Collins-Maxwell\|publisher=[[Iowa Department of Education]]\|accessdate=2020-03-24}}</ref> The district formed on July 1, 1983, as a merger of the Collins and Maxwell school districts.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/District%20Reorganization%20History%20final.pdf\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124738/https://www.educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/District%20Reorganization%20History%20final.pdf\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2019-02-09\|title=REORGANIZATION & DISSOLUTION ACTIONS SINCE 1965-66\|publisher=[[Iowa Department of Education]]\|accessdate=2020-03-22}}</ref> Some children in Collins participate in the sports of the Baxter Community School District. Alternatively, some children may go to the nearby towns of Colo or Nevada for school. An elementary school is located in the city.{{citation needed\|date=March 2020}} ==References== <references /> ==External links== {{Commons}}<!-- for current and future use if material is uploaded --> {{Portal\|Iowa}} {{Story County, Iowa}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Cities in Iowa]] [[Category:Cities in Story County, Iowa]]	1,295,483,415	[{"title": "Collins, Iowa", "data": {"Country": "USA", "State": "Iowa", "County": "Story"}}, {"title": "Area", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "0.49 sq mi (1.28 km2)", "\u2022 Land": "0.49 sq mi (1.26 km2)", "\u2022 Water": "0.01 sq mi (0.01 km2)", "Elevation": "1,004 ft (306 m)"}}, {"title": "Population (2020)", "data": {"\u2022 Total": "495", "\u2022 Density": "1,014.34/sq mi (391.46/km2)", "Time zone": "UTC-6 (Central (CST))", "\u2022 Summer (DST)": "UTC-5 (CDT)", "ZIP code": "50055", "Area code": "641", "FIPS code": "19-15195", "GNIS feature ID": "2393597"}}]	false
# Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team and Red Rescue Team Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team and Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Red Rescue Team are a matched pair of Pokémon video games for the Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance, respectively. The games were developed by Chunsoft and published by The Pokémon Company and Nintendo. Red Rescue Team was the last Pokémon game released for the Game Boy Advance. The two versions are mostly identical, with Blue Rescue Team taking advantage of the dual-screen features and increased graphical and sound capabilities of the Nintendo DS. The game has six Pokémon exclusive to each version. Mystery Dungeon is quite different than the main-line games, as in the Mystery Dungeon games, you play as a Pokémon, as opposed to playing as a trainer. Similar to the other Mystery Dungeon titles, the roguelike gameplay revolves around randomly changing dungeons which need to be explored by the player and their partner Pokémon using turn-based moves. The story focuses on the player who has been turned into a Pokémon and has developed amnesia who later joins a rescue team with a partner Pokémon while finding out who they are. As of July 25, 2007, Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team had sold 3.08 million copies worldwide. Two sequels, Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time and Explorers of Darkness, were released in Japan on September 13, 2007, and in North America on April 20, 2008. They featured Generation IV Pokémon, improved Wi-Fi features, and more touchscreen options. The games received moderately positive reviews, with praise for their originality, while their gameplay and visuals were criticized. By 2007, the two games had accumulated lifetime sales of over 5.25 million copies. Red Rescue Team and Blue Rescue Team were released on the European Wii U Virtual Console on February 11, 2016 and on the Japanese Wii U Virtual Console on March 23, 2016. They were released on the North American Wii U Virtual Console on June 23, 2016. Later, Red Rescue Team was re-released for the Nintendo Classics service on August 9, 2024. An updated remake of the games titled Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Rescue Team DX was released on March 6, 2020. The remake has mechanics that were introduced in Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Gates To Infinity, such as moves leveling up by use. ## Gameplay The player starts out as a human who turned into a Pokémon, which can be one of sixteen Pokémon (Bulbasaur, Charmander, Squirtle, Pikachu, Chikorita, Cyndaquil, Totodile, Treecko, Torchic, Mudkip, Meowth, Psyduck, Machop, Cubone, Eevee and Skitty) and is determined by a personality quiz taken at the beginning of the game. The player chooses a partner Pokémon between the remaining Pokémon, excluding the last six stated above and the Pokémon of the same type. The game is mission-based with many jobs, which can be found on the bulletin board, requested by mail, or initiated through story events, and include rescuing Pokémon, delivering items, and escorting clients. If the player successfully completes a job, they receive a reward, and Rescue Points, which increase a team's rank. These jobs take part in dungeons, of which the layout is randomized. The objective is to either finish a job, or go through all the floors to find the exit. In the dungeon, there are wild Pokémon that battle with the player's team. These battles are turn-based, and take place in the dungeon map. Pokémon fight using the four moves they know, by using a standard "A button" attack, or using projectiles and other items. While going through the dungeon, the player gets hungry and has to eat food, either found in the dungeon or bought in advance. The player will fail if the main character or a client that needs to be escorted is defeated. Before the credits, the player will also fail if the partner is defeated. However, supplementary allies (including the partner, after the credits) can be lost, at which point they will return to the base. ## Plot The player wakes up one day finding that they have been transformed into a Pokémon, without any memory of their past. In a world devastated by many natural disasters — that have only begun to happen quite recently — the player and a newly made friend join forces and form a rescue team. The team meets other rescue teams, including a top-ranked rescue team consisting of Alakazam, Charizard, and Tyranitar, named Team ACT. The team makes enemies unwittingly with another rescue team, Team Meanies, consisting of Gengar, Ekans, and Medicham, who seek world domination under the disguise of a rescue team. Not far into the storyline, the player is told of a legend about a Ninetales laying a 1000-year curse on a human who had deliberately grabbed Ninetales' tail. The trainer’s Gardevoir however selflessly took the blow for them, leaving the Gardevoir as a spirit (who occasionally appears in the player’s dreams throughout the main story.) Ninetales predicted that the human would eventually be reborn as a Pokémon, and that the natural balance of the world would be upset. In the quest to discover the player's lost memory and purpose as a Pokémon, the team journeys to where the fortune-teller Xatu resides. Xatu is quick to realize that the player was once a human and tells that the player's human-to-Pokémon transformation is tied together with the natural disasters. This conversation is eavesdropped upon by Team Meanies' Gengar, who ‘reveals’ the player's secret to the townsfolk and says that eliminating the human-turned-Pokémon in the legend would return the world to normal. They are confronted by Alakazam, who says the Pokémon held a town meeting on what they must do to save the world: they must find and kill the player and anyone who sides with them. As they give the team one night to get away, the two leave Pokémon Square as fugitives and make their way to the northeasternmost part of the world in an effort to elude the teams that are now hunting them down. Along the way, they encounter the legendary birds Moltres and Articuno, who feel the effects of the disasters in their respective areas. They befriend an Absol who seeks to find the true cause of the natural disasters. The trio reaches the top of Mt. Freeze only to be cornered by Team ACT. They get ready to finish the player and partner off, but are stopped by Ninetales, who reveals that the player is not the human in the legend, that both parts of the legend are coincidental occurrences, and that the world is in greater danger caused by the awakening of Groudon. Team ACT proceeds to try and stop Groudon, while the team heads home to clear all remaining suspicion at Pokémon Square. After a few days, the player and the partner worry, as Team ACT has not come back from their mission to quell Groudon. Asking to rescue the missing Team ACT, Lombre refuses to let them go, saying there are plenty of tougher Pokémon than them. Shiftry convinces three of the strongest Pokémon; Blastoise of Team Hydro, Octillery of Team Constrictor, and Golem of Team Rumblerock, to form a special rescue team and rescue Team ACT. After a few days, the special team returns defeated. After being discouraged by Gengar, the player and partner are able to get everyone's spirits back up, and volunteer to rescue Team ACT themselves. When the team reaches Magma Cavern, they find Charizard and Tyranitar defeated, with Alakazam fighting against Groudon alone before quickly being defeated. The team takes matters into their own hands and defeat Groudon. They return to town as heroes, but their celebration is short-lived as grave news arrives from Xatu. A huge meteor, revealed to be the true cause of the natural disasters, is heading for the world, threatening to destroy it. The only way to stop it is to ask for help from the sky guardian Rayquaza. The player has one more dream before this journey, with Gengar using Dream Eater to enter the dream, though a light scares him off shortly after, but is still able to see the dream. The aforementioned Gardevoir states that she still likes the human from the legend that abandoned her, even if he was selfish, which makes Gengar run away crying. She then tells the player about their purpose in this world, which is to save it from the meteor, and how they agreed to this, alongside losing memory as human to fully go into that role. The next day, Xatu, Alakazam, and Gengar (who left beforehand) create a Teleport Gem, letting the player’s team go to Sky Tower, Rayquaza’s resting place. It is less than cooperative, but after a battle, Rayquaza agrees to use its Hyper Beam to destroy the meteor. It is assumed both the player and their partner are killed from the blast, leaving them adrift, though the Gengar of Team Meanies makes a return, bringing their spirits back, under the ruse of ‘sending them to the dark world’ and ditching them. The team reawakens on the ground, surrounded by their supporters, where they find that the world is safe once again. However, the player must return to being a human and leave the Pokémon world behind. After the credits roll, the player wishes and wishes on how they want to return. Shortly after they do reappear at the rescue team base in Pokémon form, to much shock from everybody else. As time passes, many more secrets are revealed. A shard of the destroyed meteor opens a secret cave under Whiscash Pond, enabling evolution. It is later revealed that another shard hit Latias' wing, and the team rescues her at Pitfall Valley. It is eventually discovered that Gengar was the human from the legend; after uncomfortably getting the player's assistance, he manages to remove the part of the curse that affected his old partner Gardevoir. ## Development Prior to this game, Chunsoft's products were considered mediocre, even if few games showed signs of recovery such as Torneko's Great Adventure 3 Advance: Mystery Dungeon and 3-Nen B-Gumi Kinpachi Sensei: Densetsu no Kyoudan ni Tate! in 2004. During the development of Rescue Team, Kouji Malta, one of the programmers for these two games, and contributed previously on EarthBound and Shiren the Wanderer 2, stated the company went through bad business performance, as employees from Chunsoft would leave the company progressively. First revealed in August 2005, the Japanese release date was announced in September. More details were released later that month, showing information about the gameplay and plot. At E3 2006, Nintendo announced the English release of the games and revealed the release date later that month. ### Technical issue In November 2005, Nintendo announced a bug in the Blue Rescue Team version involving its connectivity with its GBA counterpart, Red Rescue Team, which would erase the save file of any other Game Boy Advance game besides Red Rescue Team that was loaded into the system. Nintendo quickly patched the bug upon discovering it and issued a new shipment of replacement DS cards with the patch on December 8. ## Reception \| Aggregator \| Score \| \| ---------- \| ------------------------ \| \| Metacritic \| 62/100 (DS) 67/100 (GBA) \| \| Publication \| Score \| \| -------------------------- \| ------ \| \| 1Up.com \| A− \| \| Electronic Gaming Monthly \| 7.2/10 \| \| Eurogamer \| 7/10 \| \| Famitsu \| 35/40 \| \| Game Informer \| 3/10 \| \| GamePro \| 5/10 \| \| GameRevolution \| D- \| \| GameSpot \| 5.2/10 \| \| GameSpy \| [ 15 ] \| \| GamesRadar+ \| [ 16 ] \| \| IGN \| 6.5/10 \| \| Nintendo Life \| 6/10 \| \| Nintendo Power \| 80% \| \| Official Nintendo Magazine \| 7/10 \| \| PALGN \| 6/10 \| \| Pocket Gamer \| [ 20 ] \| \| RPGFan \| 70/100 \| \| VideoGamer.com \| 7/10 \| Rescue Team has received mixed or average reviews on both hardware. IGN rated the game a "Passable" 6.5, feeling that the DS version could have been better if it did not have to be made for Game Boy Advance. They stated, "For a game that encourages team play, it's amazing that Chunsoft missed the boat when it comes to exploring dungeons and finishing missions with a friend". The game has been criticized for its visuals, with reviewers stating that the DS version does not improve graphically on the GBA version. GameSpot gave it a 5.2, stating, "No matter how much you claim to love Pokémon, you should probably skip Pokémon Mystery Dungeon", further stating, "Chunsoft's dungeon hack game wasn't that good to begin with, and the injection of Pokémon elements hasn't done a thing to change that". 1UP gave the games an A−, saying, "you may realize the game isn't 'perfect,' but somehow it's addictive". GameSpy gave it a 4/5, stating, "It may confuse some and frustrate others, but its addictive nature should keep you hooked until you learn to appreciate the art of the dungeon crawl". Nintendo Power gave the game an 80/100, saying, "Mystery Dungeon is not perfect, but its robust and original aspects form a game more solid than many expected". Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the game a 7.2/10, stating, "storing and retrieving items is too much of a hassle"; they also did not like that when the player faints, they lose all of their valuable items. Despite the mixed reception, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Pokémon Mystery Dungeon for "Children's Game of the Year" at the 10th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards. By the end of 2006, Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team had sold over 761,000 copies in Japan, while Red Rescue Team had sold just over 715,000 copies. As of July 25, 2007, Blue Rescue Team has sold 3.08 million copies worldwide while Red Rescue Team sold 2.20 million copies by March 31. The game's success not only helped giving more popularity in the Mystery Dungeon franchise, it also helped Chunsoft from avoiding bankruptcy. ## Sequels Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time and Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Darkness are a matched pair of Pokémon games for the Nintendo DS. The two games were released in Japan on September 13, 2007, and in North America on April 20, 2008. New features include the addition of Generation IV Pokémon, improved Wi-Fi features, and more touchscreen options.	enwiki/27016323	enwiki	27,016,323	Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team and Red Rescue Team	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Mystery_Dungeon:_Blue_Rescue_Team_and_Red_Rescue_Team	2025-06-14T03:27:26Z	en	Q1154048	247,519	{{Short description\|First pair of entries in the Pokémon Mystery Dungeon spin-off series}} {{more citations needed\|date=December 2020}} {{DISPLAYTITLE:''Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team'' and ''Red Rescue Team''}} {{Infobox video game \| title=''Pokémon Mystery Dungeon:<br>Blue Rescue Team''<br>''Pokémon Mystery Dungeon:<br>Red Rescue Team'' \| image= Pokémon Mystery Dungeon Blue and Red Rescue Team cover arts.jpg \| caption= Cover art for ''Red Rescue Team'' (left) and ''Blue Rescue Team'' (right) \| developer=[[Chunsoft]] \| publisher = {{vgrelease\|JP\|[[The Pokémon Company]]\|WW\|[[Nintendo]]}} \| director=Seiichiro Nagahata \| producer=[[Koichi Nakamura]]<br>Hiroaki Tsuru<br>Atsushi Sugimoto<br>Kunimi Kawamura<br>Hitoshi Yamagami \| artist=Fuyuhiko Koizumi \| writer=[[Shin-ichiro Tomie]]<br>Emiko Tanaka \| composer=[[Arata Iiyoshi]]<br>Atsuhiro Ishizuna \| designer=Hiroshi Nakamura<br>Fujimi O-nishi<br>Yoshihito Takaishi \| programmer = Masayasu Yamamoto \| series= ''[[Pokémon Mystery Dungeon]]'' \| released= {{vgrelease\|JP\|November 17, 2005\|NA\|September 18, 2006\|AUS\|September 28, 2006\|EU\|November 10, 2006\|KOR\|August 30, 2007}} (''Blue Rescue Team'') \| genre = [[Roguelike]] \| platforms=[[Game Boy Advance]] (''Red'')<br>[[Nintendo DS]] (''Blue'') \| italic title=no }} '''''Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team'''''{{efn\|Known in Japan as {{nihongo\|'''''Pokémon Fushigi no Dungeon: Ao no Kyūjotai'''''\|ポケモン不思議のダンジョン青の救助隊\|Pokemon Fushigi no Danjon Ao no Kyūjotai\|lead=yes}}.}} and '''''Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Red Rescue Team'''''{{efn\|Known in Japan as {{nihongo\|'''''Pokémon Fushigi no Dungeon: Aka no Kyūjotai'''''\|ポケモン不思議のダンジョン赤の救助隊\|Pokemon Fushigi no Danjon Aka no Kyūjotai\|lead=yes}}.}} are a matched pair of ''[[Pokémon]]'' [[Pokémon (video game series)\|video games]] for the [[Nintendo DS]] and [[Game Boy Advance]], respectively. The games were developed by [[Chunsoft]] and published by [[The Pokémon Company]] and [[Nintendo]]. ''Red Rescue Team'' was the last ''Pokémon'' game released for the Game Boy Advance. The two versions are mostly identical, with ''Blue Rescue Team'' taking advantage of the dual-screen features and increased graphical and sound capabilities of the Nintendo DS. The game has six Pokémon exclusive to each version. Mystery Dungeon is quite different than the main-line games, as in the Mystery Dungeon games, you play as a Pokémon, as opposed to playing as a trainer. Similar to the other ''[[Mystery Dungeon]]'' titles, the [[roguelike]] gameplay revolves around randomly changing dungeons which need to be explored by the player and their partner Pokémon using turn-based moves. The story focuses on the player who has been turned into a Pokémon and has developed amnesia who later joins a rescue team with a partner Pokémon while finding out who they are. As of July 25, 2007, ''Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team'' had sold 3.08 million copies worldwide. Two sequels, [[Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time and Explorers of Darkness\|''Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time'' and ''Explorers of Darkness'']], were released in Japan on September 13, 2007, and in North America on April 20, 2008. They featured [[List of generation IV Pokémon\|Generation IV Pokémon]], improved [[Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection\|Wi-Fi]] features, and more [[touchscreen]] options. The games received moderately positive reviews, with praise for their originality, while their gameplay and visuals were criticized. By 2007, the two games had accumulated lifetime sales of over 5.25 million copies. ''Red Rescue Team'' and ''Blue Rescue Team'' were released on the European [[Wii U]] [[Virtual Console]] on February 11, 2016 and on the Japanese Wii U Virtual Console on March 23, 2016. They were released on the North American Wii U Virtual Console on June 23, 2016. Later, ''Red Rescue Team'' was re-released for the [[Nintendo Classics]] service on August 9, 2024. An updated remake of the games titled ''[[Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Rescue Team DX]]'' was released on March 6, 2020. The remake has mechanics that were introduced in ''[[Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Gates to Infinity\|Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Gates To Infinity]]'', such as moves leveling up by use. ==Gameplay== [[File:BlueRescueTeam.JPG\|frame\|left\|The protagonist [[Psyduck]] and two teammates, [[Pikachu]] and [[Ledyba]], engage in combat with an enemy [[Breloom]], [[Doduo]], and [[Vileplume]]. The battlefield is overlaid on a grid, with [[tactical role-playing game\|tactical]] commands and a map also visible on the bottom screen. More detailed team information occupies the top screen.]] The player starts out as a human who turned into a Pokémon, which can be one of sixteen Pokémon ([[Bulbasaur]], [[Charmander]], [[Squirtle]], [[Pikachu]], [[Chikorita]], [[Cyndaquil]], [[Totodile]], [[Treecko]], [[Torchic]], [[Mudkip]], [[Meowth]], [[Psyduck]], [[Machop]], [[Cubone]], [[Eevee]] and [[Skitty]]) and is determined by a personality quiz taken at the beginning of the game.<ref name="IGN update"/> The player chooses a partner Pokémon between the remaining Pokémon, excluding the last six stated above and the Pokémon of the same type.<ref name="IGN update"/> The game is mission-based with many jobs, which can be found on the bulletin board, requested by mail, or initiated through story events, and include rescuing Pokémon, delivering items, and escorting clients.<ref name="IGN update"/> If the player successfully completes a job, they receive a reward, and Rescue Points, which increase a team's rank.<ref name="IGN update"/> These jobs take part in dungeons, of which the layout is randomized.<ref name="IGN update"/> The objective is to either finish a job, or go through all the floors to find the exit.<ref name="IGN update"/> In the dungeon, there are wild Pokémon that battle with the player's team.<ref name="IGN update"/> These battles are [[Turn-based strategy\|turn-based]], and take place in the dungeon map.<ref name="IGN update"/> Pokémon fight using the four moves they know, by using a standard "A button" attack,<ref name="IGN update"/> or using projectiles and other items.<ref name="gamespot review"/> While going through the dungeon, the player gets hungry and has to eat food, either found in the dungeon or bought in advance.<ref name="IGN update"/> The player will fail if the main character or a client that needs to be escorted is defeated. Before the credits, the player will also fail if the partner is defeated. However, supplementary allies (including the partner, after the credits) can be lost, at which point they will return to the base. ==Plot== The player wakes up one day finding that they have been transformed into a Pokémon,<ref name="IGN update"/> without any memory of their past. In a world devastated by many [[natural disaster]]s — that have only begun to happen quite recently — <ref name="IGN update"/> the player and a newly made friend join forces and form a rescue team. The team meets other rescue teams, including a top-ranked rescue team consisting of [[Abra, Kadabra, and Alakazam\|Alakazam]], [[Charizard]], and [[Tyranitar]], named Team ACT. The team makes enemies unwittingly with another rescue team, Team Meanies, consisting of [[Gengar]], [[Ekans]], and [[Medicham]], who seek world domination under the disguise of a rescue team. Not far into the storyline, the player is told of a legend about a Ninetales laying a 1000-year curse on a human who had deliberately grabbed Ninetales' tail. The trainer’s [[Gardevoir]] however selflessly took the blow for them, leaving the Gardevoir as a spirit (who occasionally appears in the player’s dreams throughout the main story.) Ninetales predicted that the human would eventually be reborn as a Pokémon, and that the natural balance of the world would be upset. In the quest to discover the player's lost memory and purpose as a Pokémon, the team journeys to where the fortune-teller [[Xatu]] resides. Xatu is quick to realize that the player was once a human and tells that the player's human-to-Pokémon transformation is tied together with the natural disasters. This conversation is eavesdropped upon by Team Meanies' Gengar, who ‘reveals’ the player's secret to the townsfolk and says that eliminating the human-turned-Pokémon in the legend would return the world to normal. They are confronted by Alakazam, who says the Pokémon held a town meeting on what they must do to save the world: they must find and kill the player and anyone who sides with them. As they give the team one night to get away, the two leave Pokémon Square as fugitives and make their way to the northeasternmost part of the world in an effort to elude the teams that are now hunting them down. Along the way, they encounter the legendary birds [[Moltres]] and [[Articuno]], who feel the effects of the disasters in their respective areas. They befriend an [[Absol]] who seeks to find the true cause of the natural disasters. The trio reaches the top of Mt. Freeze only to be cornered by Team ACT. They get ready to finish the player and partner off, but are stopped by Ninetales, who reveals that the player is not the human in the legend, that both parts of the legend are coincidental occurrences, and that the world is in greater danger caused by the awakening of [[Groudon]]. Team ACT proceeds to try and stop Groudon, while the team heads home to clear all remaining suspicion at Pokémon Square. After a few days, the player and the partner worry, as Team ACT has not come back from their mission to quell Groudon. Asking to rescue the missing Team ACT, [[Lombre]] refuses to let them go, saying there are plenty of tougher Pokémon than them. [[Shiftry]] convinces three of the strongest Pokémon; [[Blastoise]] of Team Hydro, [[Octillery]] of Team Constrictor, and [[Golem (Pokemon)\|Golem]] of Team Rumblerock, to form a special rescue team and rescue Team ACT. After a few days, the special team returns defeated. After being discouraged by Gengar, the player and partner are able to get everyone's spirits back up, and volunteer to rescue Team ACT themselves. When the team reaches Magma Cavern, they find Charizard and Tyranitar defeated, with Alakazam fighting against Groudon alone before quickly being defeated. The team takes matters into their own hands and defeat Groudon. They return to town as heroes, but their celebration is short-lived as grave news arrives from Xatu. A huge meteor, revealed to be the true cause of the natural disasters, is heading for the world, threatening to destroy it. The only way to stop it is to ask for help from the sky guardian [[Rayquaza]]. The player has one more dream before this journey, with Gengar using Dream Eater to enter the dream, though a light scares him off shortly after, but is still able to see the dream. The aforementioned Gardevoir states that she still likes the human from the legend that abandoned her, even if he was selfish, which makes Gengar run away crying. She then tells the player about their purpose in this world, which is to save it from the meteor, and how they agreed to this, alongside losing memory as human to fully go into that role. The next day, Xatu, Alakazam, and Gengar (who left beforehand) create a Teleport Gem, letting the player’s team go to Sky Tower, Rayquaza’s resting place. It is less than cooperative, but after a battle, Rayquaza agrees to use its Hyper Beam to destroy the meteor. It is assumed both the player and their partner are killed from the blast, leaving them adrift, though the Gengar of Team Meanies makes a return, bringing their spirits back, under the ruse of ‘sending them to the dark world’ and ditching them. The team reawakens on the ground, surrounded by their supporters, where they find that the world is safe once again. However, the player must return to being a human and leave the Pokémon world behind. After the credits roll, the player wishes and wishes on how they want to return. Shortly after they do reappear at the rescue team base in Pokémon form, to much shock from everybody else. As time passes, many more secrets are revealed. A shard of the destroyed meteor opens a secret cave under [[Whiscash]] Pond, enabling evolution. It is later revealed that another shard hit [[Latias and Latios\|Latias]]' wing, and the team rescues her at Pitfall Valley. It is eventually discovered that Gengar was the human from the legend; after uncomfortably getting the player's assistance, he manages to remove the part of the curse that affected his old partner [[Gardevoir]]. ==Development== Prior to this game, Chunsoft's products were considered mediocre, even if few games showed signs of recovery such as ''[[Torneko's Great Adventure 3 Advance: Mystery Dungeon]]'' and ''3-Nen B-Gumi Kinpachi Sensei: Densetsu no Kyoudan ni Tate!'' in 2004. During the development of ''Rescue Team'', Kouji Malta, one of the programmers for these two games, and contributed previously on ''[[EarthBound]]'' and ''[[Shiren the Wanderer 2]]'', stated the company went through bad business performance, as employees from Chunsoft would leave the company progressively.<ref name="interview_1101">{{cite web \|url=https://www.1101.com/intern/kobune_2020/interview/malta/malta03.html \|title=ほぼ日の学生採用企画 \|date=January 31, 2020 \|publisher=1101.com \|access-date=May 10, 2024 \|language=ja \|quote=『ポケモン不思議のダンジョン』とかも作りかけていたけど、おそらくこれも売れないだろうし、先行きの見通しがない状況だったと思うんです。でも、なんとその後、その『ポケモン不思議のダンジョン』が大ヒット。あんなにたくさんの人が辞める必要はなかったんじゃないかな、と思いますけど。で、ぼくも他の人と同じように別の開発会社に転職してテレビゲームの開発を続けるかどうかを考えはじめました。でも、その前にそうとう泣きましたよ。 \|archive-date=July 16, 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716180318/https://www.1101.com/intern/kobune_2020/interview/malta/malta03.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> First revealed in August 2005,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://ds.ign.com/articles/640/640249p1.html\|title=New Pokemon Games\|last=Gantayat\|first=Anoop\|date=August 9, 2005\|website=[[IGN]]\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103151018/http://www.ign.com/articles/2005/08/09/new-pokemon-games\|archive-date=November 3, 2012\|url-status=live\|access-date=April 19, 2010}}</ref> the Japanese release date was announced in September.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://ds.ign.com/articles/647/647522p1.html\|title=Pokemon Mysterious Dungeon Dated in Japan\|last=Gantayat\|first=Anoop\|date=September 2, 2005\|website=[[IGN]]\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103151026/http://www.ign.com/articles/2005/09/02/pokemon-mysterious-dungeon-dated-in-japan\|archive-date=November 3, 2012\|url-status=live\|access-date=April 19, 2010}}</ref> More details were released later that month, showing information about the gameplay and plot.<ref name="IGN update">{{cite web\|url=http://ds.ign.com/articles/653/653736p1.html\|title=Pokemon Mysterious Dungeon Update - Nintendo DS Preview at IGN\|last=Gantayat\|first=Anoop\|date=September 25, 2005\|website=[[IGN]]\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130230009/http://www.ign.com/articles/2005/09/26/pokemon-mysterious-dungeon-update\|archive-date=January 30, 2016\|url-status=live\|access-date=April 19, 2010}}</ref> At [[E3 2006]], Nintendo announced the English release of the games<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://ds.ign.com/articles/706/706193p1.html\|title=E3 2006: DS Games at Nintendo Conference\|author=Nix\|date=May 9, 2006\|website=[[IGN]]\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103151119/http://www.ign.com/articles/2006/05/09/e3-2006-ds-games-at-nintendo-conference\|archive-date=November 3, 2012\|url-status=live\|access-date=April 19, 2010}}</ref> and revealed the release date later that month.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://ds.ign.com/articles/710/710514p1.html\|title=Nintendo's Latest Line-up\|last=Harris\|first=Craig\|date=May 30, 2006\|website=[[IGN]]\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913002011/http://www.ign.com/articles/2006/05/30/nintendos-latest-line-up\|archive-date=September 13, 2012\|url-status=live\|access-date=April 19, 2005}}</ref> ===Technical issue=== In November 2005, Nintendo announced a [[Software bug\|bug]] in the ''Blue Rescue Team'' version involving its [[Nintendo DS#Compatibility\|connectivity with]] its GBA counterpart, ''Red Rescue Team'', which would erase the save file of any other Game Boy Advance game besides ''Red Rescue Team'' that was loaded into the system. Nintendo quickly patched the bug upon discovering it and issued a new shipment of replacement [[Nintendo game card\|DS cards]] with the patch on December 8.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://ds.ign.com/articles/671/671778p1.html\|title=Pokemon Mysteriously Buggy\|last=Gantayat\|first=Anoop\|date=November 28, 2005\|website=[[IGN]]\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103151111/http://www.ign.com/articles/2005/11/28/pokemon-mysteriously-buggy\|archive-date=November 3, 2012\|url-status=live\|access-date=April 19, 2010}}</ref> ==Reception== {{Video game reviews <!-- Aggregators --> \|MC = 62/100 (DS)<ref name="MC DS">{{cite web\|url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/pokemon-mystery-dungeon-red-rescue-team/critic-reviews/?platform=game-boy-advance\|title=Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Red Rescue Team\|access-date=May 2, 2020\|website=[[Metacritic]]\|publisher=[[Red Ventures]]}}</ref><br>67/100 (GBA)<ref name="MC GBA">{{cite web\|url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/pokemon-mystery-dungeon-blue-rescue-team/critic-reviews/?platform=ds\|title=Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team\|access-date=May 2, 2020\|website=[[Metacritic]]\|publisher=Red Ventures}}</ref> <!-- Reviewers --> \|1UP = A−<ref name="1UP DS"/> \|EGM = 7.2/10<ref name=EGM>{{cite magazine\|date=November 2006\|title=storing and retrieving items is too much of a hassle\|series=[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]]\|magazine=[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]]\|publisher=EGM Media, LLC\|page=138\|editor=James "Milkman" Mielke}}</ref> \|EuroG = 7/10<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/r-pokemondungeon-ds\|last=McCarthy\|first=Dave\|title=Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team review\|website=[[Eurogamer]]\|date=October 27, 2006\|access-date=August 2, 2024\|archive-date=August 2, 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802182238/https://www.eurogamer.net/r-pokemondungeon-ds\|url-status=live}}</ref> \|Fam = 35/40 \|GRadar = {{Rating\|3\|5}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/pokemon-mystery-dungeon-blue-rescue-team-review/\|last=Padilla\|first=Raymond\|title=Pokemon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team review\|website=[[GamesRadar+]]\|date=September 19, 2006\|access-date=August 2, 2024\|archive-date=August 2, 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802182238/https://www.gamesradar.com/pokemon-mystery-dungeon-blue-rescue-team-review/\|url-status=live}}</ref> \|GSpot = 5.2/10<ref name="gamespot review"/> \|GSpy = {{Rating\|4\|5}}<ref name="GSpy DS"/> \|GamePro = 5/10 \|GI = 3/10 \|GameRev = D-<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.gamerevolution.com/review/37482-pokemon-mystery-dungeon-review\|title=A pocket monstrosity.\|website=[[GameRevolution]]\|date=September 21, 2006\|access-date=August 2, 2024\|archive-date=August 2, 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802182238/https://www.gamerevolution.com/review/37482-pokemon-mystery-dungeon-review\|url-status=live}}</ref> \|IGN = 6.5/10<ref name="IGN review"/> \|NLife = 6/10<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/ds/pokemon_mystery_dungeon_blue_rescue_team\|title=Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team Review\|last=Reddick\|first=Stuart\|work=Nintendo Life\|date=April 4, 2009\|access-date=August 2, 2024\|archive-date=August 2, 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802182238/https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/ds/pokemon_mystery_dungeon_blue_rescue_team\|url-status=live}}</ref> \|NP = 80%<ref name="NP DS"/> \|ONM = 7/10 \|PALGN = 6/10 \|PG = {{Rating\|2.5\|5}}<ref>{{cite magazine\|url=https://www.pocketgamer.com/pokemon-mystery-dungeon-blue-rescue-team/pokemon-mystery-dungeon-blue-rescue-team/\|title=Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team\|date=October 20, 2006\|last=Stuart\|first=Keith\|magazine=[[Pocket Gamer]]}}</ref> \|RPGFan = 70/100<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.rpgfan.com/review/pokemon-mystery-dungeon-red-rescue-team/\|last=Tucker\|first=John\|title=Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Red Rescue Team\|website=RPGFan\|date=November 30, 2008\|access-date=August 2, 2024\|archive-date=August 2, 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802182238/https://www.rpgfan.com/review/pokemon-mystery-dungeon-red-rescue-team/\|url-status=live}}</ref> \|VG = 7/10<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.videogamer.com/reviews/pokemon-mystery-dungeon-red-rescue-team-review/\|title=Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Red Rescue Team Review\|last=McDonald\|first=Keza\|website=VideoGamer.com\|date=June 6, 2021\|access-date=August 2, 2024\|archive-date=August 2, 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802182238/https://www.videogamer.com/reviews/pokemon-mystery-dungeon-red-rescue-team-review/\|url-status=live}}</ref> }} ''Rescue Team'' has received mixed or average reviews on both hardware.<ref name="MC DS"/><ref name="MC GBA"/> ''[[IGN]]'' rated the game a "Passable" 6.5, feeling that the DS version could have been better if it did not have to be made for Game Boy Advance. They stated, "For a game that encourages team play, it's amazing that [[Chunsoft]] missed the boat when it comes to exploring dungeons and finishing missions with a friend".<ref name="IGN review">{{cite web\|url=http://uk.ds.ign.com/articles/733/733777p1.html\|title=Pokemon Mystery Dungeon Review\|last=Harris\|first=Craig\|date=September 20, 2006\|access-date=August 3, 2008\|website=[[IGN]]\|archive-date=September 11, 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911075111/http://www.ign.com/articles/2006/09/20/pokemon-mystery-dungeon-review\|url-status=live}}</ref> The game has been criticized for its visuals, with reviewers stating that the DS version does not improve graphically on the GBA version.<ref name="IGN review"/> ''[[GameSpot]]'' gave it a 5.2, stating, "No matter how much you claim to love Pokémon, you should probably skip Pokémon Mystery Dungeon", further stating, "Chunsoft's dungeon hack game wasn't that good to begin with, and the injection of Pokémon elements hasn't done a thing to change that".<ref name="gamespot review">{{cite web\|url=http://www.gamespot.com/ds/rpg/pokemonblue/review.html\|title=Pokemon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team Review for DS - GameSpot\|last=Provo\|first=Frank\|date=September 20, 2006\|website=[[GameSpot]]\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329010502/http://www.gamespot.com/ds/rpg/pokemonblue/review.html\|archive-date=March 29, 2010\|access-date=April 19, 2010}}</ref> [[1UP.com\|1UP]] gave the games an A−, saying, "you may realize the game isn't 'perfect,' but somehow it's addictive".<ref name="1UP DS">{{cite web\|url=http://www.1up.com/do/reviewPage?cId=3153731\|title=Pokemon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team\|last=Barnholt\|first=Ray\|date=September 18, 2006\|website=[[1UP.com]]\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013091521/http://www.1up.com/reviews/pokemon-dungeons_5\|archive-date=October 13, 2012\|url-status=dead\|access-date=April 19, 2010}}</ref> ''[[GameSpy]]'' gave it a 4/5, stating, "It may confuse some and frustrate others, but its addictive nature should keep you hooked until you learn to appreciate the art of the dungeon crawl".<ref name="GSpy DS">{{cite web\|url=http://ds.gamespy.com/nintendo-ds/mysterious-dungeon/733506p1.html\|title=GameSpy: Pokemon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team – Page 1\|last=Theobald\|first=Phil\|date=Sep 19, 2006\|publisher=[[GameSpy]]\|access-date=April 19, 2010\|archive-date=January 27, 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127164258/http://ds.gamespy.com/nintendo-ds/mysterious-dungeon/733506p1.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nintendo Power]] gave the game an 80/100, saying, "Mystery Dungeon is not perfect, but its robust and original aspects form a game more solid than many expected".<ref name="NP DS">{{cite magazine\|date=November 2006\|title=Mystery Dungeon is not perfect, but its robust and original aspects form a game more solid than many expected\|series=[[Nintendo Power]]\|magazine=[[Nintendo Power]]\|publisher=[[Nintendo]]\|page=86\|editor=Chris Slate}}</ref> [[Electronic Gaming Monthly]] gave the game a 7.2/10, stating, "storing and retrieving items is too much of a hassle"; they also did not like that when the player faints, they lose all of their valuable items.<ref name=EGM/> Despite the mixed reception, the [[Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences]] nominated ''Pokémon Mystery Dungeon'' for "[[D.I.C.E. Award for Family Game of the Year\|Children's Game of the Year]]" at the [[10th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.interactive.org/awards/award_category_details.asp?idAward=2007&idGameAwardType=10\|title=2007 Awards Category Details Children's Game of the Year\|publisher=[[Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences]]\|website=interactive.org\|access-date=8 November 2023\|archive-date=2 February 2024\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202042405/https://www.interactive.org/awards/award_category_details.asp?idAward=2007&idGameAwardType=10\|url-status=live}}</ref> By the end of 2006, ''Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team'' had sold over 761,000 copies in Japan, while ''Red Rescue Team'' had sold just over 715,000 copies.<ref name="EBsales">{{cite book\|title=Famitsū Gēmu Hakusho 2007\|publisher=[[Enterbrain]]\|year=2007\|isbn=978-4-7577-3577-4\|location=Tokyo\|page=387\|id={{JPNO\|21240454}}\|lang=ja\|script-title=ja:ファミ通ゲーム白書2007\|trans-title=Famitsu Game Whitebook 2007\|chapter=2006年ゲームソフト年間売上TOP500\|trans-chapter=2006 Game Software Annual Sales Top 500}}</ref> As of July 25, 2007, ''Blue Rescue Team'' has sold 3.08 million copies worldwide while ''Red Rescue Team'' sold 2.20 million copies by March 31.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2007/070427e.pdf\|title=Nintendo Co. Ltd. Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2007 Supplementary Information about Earnings Release\|publisher=Nintendo Co., Ltd.\|access-date=December 2, 2017\|archive-date=August 4, 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804171141/https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2007/070427e.pdf\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nintendo-Q108">{{cite web\|url=http://wii.ign.com/articles/807/807852p1.html\|title=Nintendo Sales Update\|last=Casamassina\|first=Matt\|date=July 25, 2007\|website=[[IGN]]\|access-date=July 25, 2007\|archive-date=August 22, 2012\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822032138/http://wii.ign.com/articles/807/807852p1.html\|url-status=dead}}</ref> The game's success not only helped giving more popularity in the ''Mystery Dungeon'' franchise, it also helped Chunsoft from avoiding bankruptcy.<ref name="interview_1101"/> ==Sequels== {{Main\|Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time and Explorers of Darkness{{!}}''Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time'' and ''Explorers of Darkness''}} {{nihongo foot\|'''''Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time'''''\|ポケモン不思議のダンジョン時の探検隊\|Pokémon Fushigi no Danjon Toki no Tankentai\|lit. Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Time Exploration Team\|lead=yes\|group=lower-alpha}} and {{nihongo foot\|'''''Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Darkness'''''\|ポケモン不思議のダンジョン闇の探検隊\|Pokémon Fushigi no Danjon Yami no Tankentai\|lit. Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Darkness Exploration Team\|lead=yes\|group=lower-alpha}} are a matched pair of ''[[Pokémon]]'' [[Pokémon (video game series)\|games]] for the [[Nintendo DS]]. The two games were released in Japan on September 13, 2007, and in North America on April 20, 2008.<ref name="USreleasedate">{{cite web\|url=https://www.gamespot.com/ds/rpg/pokemonfushiginodungeona/news.html?sid=6186749\|title=Two new DS Pokémon games coming\|last=Emma\|first=Boyes\|date=February 26, 2008\|website=[[GameSpot]]\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624042548/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/two-new-ds-pokemon-games-coming/1100-6186749/\|archive-date=June 24, 2018\|url-status=live\|access-date=February 27, 2008}}</ref> New features include the addition of Generation IV Pokémon, improved [[Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection\|Wi-Fi]] features, and more [[touchscreen]] options. == See also == {{Portal\|Video games\|2000s}} ''[[Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Ginji's Rescue Team]]'' (the [[manga]] serial based on the games) ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist\|30em}} ==External links== [http://www.pokemonmysterydungeon.com/ Pokémon Mystery Dungeon Official site] {{Pokémon Generation 3}} {{Pokémon spinoffs}} {{Mysterious Dungeon series}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pokemon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team And Red Rescue Team}} [[Category:Role-playing video games]] [[Category:Chunsoft games]] [[Category:Game Boy Advance games]] [[Category:Nintendo DS games]] [[Category:Nintendo Classics games]] [[Category:Tactical role-playing video games]] [[Category:2005 video games]] [[Category:Video games developed in Japan]] [[Category:Video games with gender-selectable protagonists]] [[Category:Video games scored by Arata Iiyoshi]] [[Category:Video games using procedural generation]] [[Category:Virtual Console games for Wii U]] [[Category:Roguelike video games]] [[Category:Pokémon Mystery Dungeon]]	1,295,495,142	[{"title": "Pok\u00e9mon Mystery Dungeon: \u00b7 Blue Rescue Team \u00b7 Pok\u00e9mon Mystery Dungeon: \u00b7 Red Rescue Team", "data": {"Developer(s)": "Chunsoft", "Publisher(s)": "- JP: The Pok\u00e9mon Company - WW: Nintendo", "Director(s)": "Seiichiro Nagahata", "Producer(s)": "Koichi Nakamura \u00b7 Hiroaki Tsuru \u00b7 Atsushi Sugimoto \u00b7 Kunimi Kawamura \u00b7 Hitoshi Yamagami", "Designer(s)": "Hiroshi Nakamura \u00b7 Fujimi O-nishi \u00b7 Yoshihito Takaishi", "Programmer(s)": "Masayasu Yamamoto", "Artist(s)": "Fuyuhiko Koizumi", "Writer(s)": "Shin-ichiro Tomie \u00b7 Emiko Tanaka", "Composer(s)": "Arata Iiyoshi \u00b7 Atsuhiro Ishizuna", "Series": "Pok\u00e9mon Mystery Dungeon", "Platform(s)": "Game Boy Advance (Red) \u00b7 Nintendo DS (Blue)", "Release": "- JP: November 17, 2005 - NA: September 18, 2006 - AU: September 28, 2006 - EU: November 10, 2006 - KOR: August 30, 2007 (Blue Rescue Team)", "Genre(s)": "Roguelike"}}]	false

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