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(typically~10 minutes to an hour to fully commit a block), and the transfer of \coin{USD} is not limited to the speed of the automated clearing house~(ACH) (around two days~\cite{Love2013}).
\section*{Acknowledgment}
The authors would like to thank the Tezos Foundation for their financial support.
\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec:conclusion}
We investigate transaction patterns and value transfers on the three major high-throughput blockchains: EOSIO, Tezos, and XRPL.
Using direct connections with the respective blockchains, we fetch transaction data between~October~1,~2019\xspace and April~30,~2020\xspace.
With EOSIO and XRPL, the majority of the transactions exhibit characteristics resembling DoS attacks: on EOSIO,~\empirical{95\%} of the transactions were triggered by the airdrop of a yet valueless token; on XRPL, over~\empirical{94\%}---consistently in different observation periods---of the transactions carry no economic value.
For Tezos, since transactions per block are largely outnumbered by mandatory endorsements, most of the throughput,~\empirical{76\%} to be exact, is occupied for maintaining consensus.
Furthermore, through several case studies, we present prominent cases of how transactional throughput was used on different blockchains.
Specifically, we show two cases of spam on EOSIO, on-chain governance related transactions on Tezos, as well as payments and exchange offers with zero-value tokens on XRPL.
The bottom line is: the three blockchains studied in this paper demonstrate the capacity to support high levels of throughput; however, the massive potential of those blockchains has thus far not been fully realized for their intended purposes.
\section{Case Studies}
\label{sec:case-studies}
In this section, we present several case studies of how the transaction throughput on the three blockchains is used in practice, for both legitimate and less legitimate purposes.
\subsection{Inutile Transactions on EOSIO}
\label{sec:eoscase}
\point{Exchange Wash-trading}
We investigate WhaleEx, who claims to be the largest decentralized exchange~(DEX) on EOSIO in terms of daily active users~\cite{WhaleEx2020}.
As shown in~\autoref{tab:eos-top-applications}, the most frequently-used action of the WhaleEx contract are \texttt{verifytrade2} and \texttt{verifytrade3}, with a combined total of~\empirical{9,437,393} calls over the seven months observational period, which corresponds to approximately \empirical{one action every two seconds}. These actions are executed when a buy offer and a sell offer match each other and signals a settled trade.
Firstly, and most obviously, we notice that in more than~\empirical{75\%} of the trades, the buyer and the seller are \emph{the same}.
This means that no asset is transferred at the end of the action.
Furthermore, the transaction fees for both the buyer and the seller are~0, which means that such a transaction is achieving absolutely nothing else than \emph{artificially} increasing the service statistics, i.e. wash-trading.
Further investigation reveals that accounts involved in the trades that are signaled by either \texttt{verifytrade2} or \texttt{verifytrade3} are highly concentrated: the top~5 accounts, as either a ``seller'' or a ``buyer'', are associated with over~\empirical{78\%} of the trades.
We compute the percentage of such transactions for the top~5 accounts and find that each of these accounts acts simultaneously as both seller and buyer in more than~\empirical{88\%} of the transactions they are associated with.
This means that the \emph{vast majority} of transactions of the top~5 accounts represent wash-trading.
Next, we analyze the amount of funds that has been moved, i.e. the difference between the total amount of cryptocurrency sent and received by the same account.
For the most active account, we find that only~\empirical{one} of the~\empirical{4} currencies has a balance change of over~\empirical{0.3\%}.
The second most frequently used account has a similar transaction pattern, with only \empirical{2} out of the~\empirical{32} currencies traded showing a balance change larger than~\empirical{0.6\%}.
The rest of the top accounts all follow a very similar trend, with almost all the traded currencies having almost the same sent and received amounts.
\point{Boomerang transactions}
As shown in |
-B9). The unusually large shifts far exceeded the proposed threshold above which the Antarctic warming events would develop into a full glacial termination 34 . This observation indicates that terminations could be considered as super-giant events 32 , during which the millennial events and a series of positive oceanic/atmospheric feedbacks 4 played an important role in crossing the threshold. Given the worldwide emergence of remarkable similar millennial-scale records over the last two glacial-interglacial cycles, the pacing of this climate variability may represent a natural resonance in the climate system 1 . The AM transports huge amount of heat and moisture from northern Australia across the Indian and Pacific Ocean to the Asian continent during boreal summer. In contrast, the cold and dry winter monsoon, during boreal winter, flows across eastern Asia, and ultimately contributes to the Australian summer monsoon 35 . It implies that the monsoon was a critical "atmospheric bridge" rapidly connecting the high and low latitude climates, regardless of whether terminations are triggered by high-latitude 34,36 or tropical climate 37 .
Methods
U-Series Dating. Three stalagmite samples, YX46, YX51 and YX55, were cut into halves along their growth axes and polished (see Supplementary Fig. S2). A total of 72 sub-samples (18 230 Th dates for YX46, 36 dates for YX51, and 18 dates for YX55) were drilled for 230 Th dating (see Supplementary Table S1), which was performed at the Minnesota Isotope Laboratory on a multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS), Thermo-Finnigan Neptune, using procedures described in ref. 38. Typical errors (2σ) are less than 0.5%. Stable Isotope Analysis. Analytical procedures for δ 18 O are similar to those described in ref. 14. A total of 1346 powdered sub-samples (see Supplementary Table S2) were drilled at 0.5-1.0 mm intervals, and analyzed on a Finnigan-MAT 253 mass spectrometer equipped with a Kiel Carbonate Device III at Nanjing Normal University. (Fig. 3a). Of these, the Sanbao records typically exhibit lower average absolute δ 18 O values than the Hulu records by ~1.6%, and the Yongxing records by ~0.7%. These offsets mainly result from continental effects, elevation effects 5,14 , and/or from differences in the time of stored water at these sites. Thus, to match the Sanbao record, we subtracted the δ 18 O values of the Hulu records by 1.6%, and the Yongxing records by 0.7% to generate a composite record.
Decomposition of the climatic signal. Data preprocessing. As described in ref. 40, data processing might amplify noise in the original record; smoothing is a simple and effective method of minimizing the effects of noise. All data presented here were gathered by applying a 3-point running mean to the evenly sampled datasets.
In order to compare and run different data sets (insolation, cave δ 18 O, Antarctic δD and the ice-volume signal), we converted each record to a z-score by using the mean and standard deviation of each data set (i.e., zero-mean normalization). The amplitude of the insolation and the ice-volume signal were then scaled to match the cave δ 18 O and Antarctic δD, respectively. An average data resolution of 100 years was applied to allow point-to-point alignment.
Removal of the long-term trend. Using the normalized data for the cave and July 21 insolation at 65°N, we obtained a set of detrended cave δ 18 O data (Δ δ 18 O) by subtracting the insolation signal from the cave δ 18 O records. The result is essentially similar to those described in ref. 7. Because the high-resolution Yongxing record is used here in place of the low-resolution Hulu Cave record 14 , minor differences exist in the last glaciation including timing, amplitude and pattern of the millennial-scale events.
The Antarctic EDC temperature record includes an ice-volume signal typical of "the 100 ka cycle". For this reason, we decompose the millennial-scale variability from the EDC temperature records by removal of the LR04 marine stack, an indicator of ice-volume signal. Using the normalized data for Antarctic EDC δD (ref. 2) record on the AICC2012 chronology 22 and the LR04 marine stack 21 , we generated a set of detrended EDC data (Δ δD) by subtracting the ice-volume signal from |
of the model depending on the geometry.
Figure 4 Water cooling modelling
This modelling approach is directly derived by the CNES software CARMEN [18] which is used for rocket engine systems modelling. It was extensively validated on different engines and propulsive systems. The idea here is to build a simple and generic model, but representative of the system dynamics and generic enough to be applicable to different system parts. The governing equations obtained from conservation laws applied to each element are given in equations (1), (2) and (3). Cavity 1: Cavity 2: List of variables: ܲ ଵ : pressure in cavity 1 (Pa) ܲ ଶ : pressure in cavity 2 (Pa) ݇ : pressure drop coefficient (non dimensional) ߩ : water density (kg/m^3) ܽ : speed of sound in water (m/s) ܿ ௩ : specific heat of water at constant volume ܸ ଵ : volume of cavity 1 (m^3) ܸ ଶ : volume of cavity 2 (m^3) S : cross sectional area for the orifice element (m^2) ݍ ൌ ݍ ଵ ௦ ൌ ݍ ଶ : mass flow through the orifice element / outlet mass flow from cavity 1/ inlet mass flow to cavity 2 (kg/s) ݍ ଵ : cavity 1 inlet mass flow (kg/s) ݍ ଶ ௦ : cavity 2 outlet mass flow (kg/s) ܶ ଵ : temperature in cavity 1 (K) ܶ ଶ : temperature in cavity 2 (K) ܳ ଵ ሶ : heat flux on cavity 1 (W) ܳ ଶ ሶ : heat flux on cavity 2 (W) Let consider first equations (1), (2) for establishing a model of pressure and mass flow evolution. Assuming ݍ ଵ ௦ ൌ ݍ ଶ the resulting equation, for each branch of the circuit is equation (4) below.
Pressure drop coefficient
The pressure drop coefficient, ݇ is calculated via a Blasius correlation [13] applicable for Reynolds number higher than 5000. This was verified on past nominal firing campaign as shown in Figure 5. Figure 5 Reynolds number in water cooling chamber branch for a nominal Mascotte firing campaign (time in milliseconds) The correlation is expressed in equation (5).
Reynold number (non-dimensional)
ݒ = average speed in flow cross section (m/s) ߤ = dynamic viscosity (kg/(s m)) ܦ = characteristic dimension cross flow, hydraulic diameter ܮ = characteristic length of the flow Rewriting the expression above with the mass flow rate expression ݍ ൌ ߩ • ݒ • ܵ, we obtain: in equation (4), we obtain equation (7).
It should be noted that this model is only valid when P1>P2, otherwise, a flag could be raised.
Final water cooling system model
This equation will be applied to the chamber or the nozzle sections of the water cooling circuit with a measured mass flow either at outlet or inlet.
Geometrical evaluation of equation parameters b, c and M
Geometrical data of each part of the water cooling circuit makes it possible to determine the numerical values for parameters c and b in equation (8). The obtained values are characteristic quantities of the given water circuit section supposed to be always constant.
The practical difficulty in their evaluation from their analytical expression is that the volumes of the cavities indicated in Section 4 cannot be precisely identified and depend also on the measurement location. The following evaluations constitute thus first guesses including measurement and modelling uncertainty: they will be verified on real data for nominal cases. For diagnosis purpose the reference value can also be identified through the method in Section 6.
Parameter identification algorithm
The model used in this section is derived from expression (8) with assumption of ܲ ሶ ଶ~ 0, and is thus applicable only in steady-state conditions.
A recursive least-square identification algorithm is employed for estimating the value of c based on the measurements of ݍ ଶ , ܲ ଵ and ܲ ଶ . Equation (9) can be written under the form ݕ ൌ ݄ ⋅ ܿ where ݕ ൌ ݍ 2 ሺݐሻ and ݄ ൌ ݍ 2 0.125 ሺ� |
\midrule
\multirow{6}{*}{\rotatebox{90}{Dense models}} &
CNN & -- & -- & 81.17 & 56.01 & 82.25 & 56.31\\
& CNN-MT & -- & -- & 82.32 & 56.99 & 82.40 & 56.80\\
& HAN & -- & -- & 84.59 & 58.33 & 85.98 & 59.25\\
& HAN-MT & -- & -- & 85.91 & 59.14 & 85.95 & 59.21\\
& BERT & -- & -- & 86.44 & 59.96 & 87.46 & 60.87\\
& BERT-MT & -- & -- & \textbf{87.81} & \textbf{61.22} & \textbf{87.82} & \textbf{61.20}\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
}
\label{tab:results}
\captionof{table}{Test accuracy values in various setups}
\end{minipage}
\hfill
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.49\textwidth}
\centering
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.45]{images/loss_curve.png}
\captionof{figure}{Loss curves}
\end{minipage}
\end{minipage}
\textit{\textbf{I1}: Impact of the meta features and the review text individually and jointly on the classification task} --
From the table, we can observe that both meta and text features are important in both 5-star and binary classification setups, with text features resulting in a better performance. When fed jointly, all the models report a better performance when compared to using either of the features alone. For deep models, since removing text reduces the model to a simple FNN, we report results for with text and with text + meta features.
\textit{\textbf{I2}: Impact of the deep high dimensional representations of the review text in the classification performance} --
When compared against the simple tf-idf representation, the dense models achieve significantly better performance across all setups. Among the competing deep learning models, the contextual deep representation by the BERT model wins.
\begin{figure*}[]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{images/rare_incorrect.png}
\caption{}
\label{fig:rare_case}
\end{subfigure}%
\\
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.49\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.33]{images/balance.png}
\caption{}
\label{fig:bias}
\end{subfigure}
~
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.49\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{images/cm.png}
\caption{}
\label{fig:cm}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{(a)An example where the BERT-MT is not able to classify correctly. (b) Test accuracy values of BERT-MT-Joint model on restaurants with different number of datapoints in the training set, (c) Confusion matrix in 5-star classification setup. F1 values are implied from the confusion matrix and hence we don't repeat in Table 1.}
\vspace{-6mm}
\end{figure*}
\textit{\textbf{I3}: Are there some signal words that indicate the sentiment of the review and hence concentrating more on these terms would improve the classification performance?} -- Since there is no labeled dataset to generate quantitative results, we qualitatively analyzed the attention weights using the inverted gradients technique. Briefly, the IG method computes the input feature value multiplied by its gradient w.r.t loss i.e contribution of this word towards to either class prediction probability, for more details please refer to \cite{axiomatic}. In Figure \ref{fig:attention}, we report results for randomly chosen examples with different star ratings. As observed in the $2^{nd}$ column, for classifying the 4-star example, the model concentrated more on words like ``absolute, perfect |
, which suggests that they have an aneuploid subclone A in a small fraction of cells (because the regular grid pattern is small). Many of the grid plots also have some short segments with minor array CNs below the most prominent grid pattern, as in Figure 8, which suggests that a larger subclone than the aneuploid one has some LOH.
Probabilistic model to separate subclonality from noise and a simple endpoint quantifying ITH In Figure 8 we identify a regular grid pattern (type A segments, blue), possibly caused by CN variation in a subclone, say A, of cells. We also spot array CNs that do not follow the grid pattern, in between the regular lattice points (type B segments, pink). In general we see lattice points (type A) as the default location of grid plot points, and it is only if we observe significant evidence to the contrary that we set the type of a segment to B according to the following process.
The classification between type A and B segments is made through the two-dimensional distribution of grid points ⇀ a i f g relative to their closest lattice points ⇀ e i f g, in effect overlaying all the lattice points into ⇀ Figure 9a). We fit a two-dimensional t-distribution [28] centered at the origin to the ⇀ x i f g, with maximum robustness (degrees of freedom =2) in order to capture the variation of observations in the dense central cluster (which may truly have CN alteration in subclone A only) but not that of the many outliers (which may not originate from CN alteration in subclone A). The estimated covariance matrix Q is used to calculate a segment length-weighted squared Mahalanobis distance x i for each segment i, which should follow an exponential distribution with scale parameter ½ for segments within the dense centre cluster. We choose a cutoff m where the linearity in the exponential qq-plot starts to i values of short (<1 Mb) segments, since we think their deviance from the origin may be due to noise in the array CNs of such small segments, rather than to a true patternbreaking deviance in CNs.
The fraction of the genome covered by type B segments out of that covered by type A and B segments is a simple measure of the amount of ITH in a sample. This endpoint estimates the fraction of the genome in which the sample has CN alteration in other subclones than the main subclone A (possibly in addition to CN alteration in A). It has proved useful for prediction of relapse in the RESPONSIFY samples. Details will be published separately.
Scaling: resolving location of (1,1) with help of VAFs and purity We estimate the scaling of a sample's array CNs by the scenario that best fits VAFs estimated from WES data for mutations in segments classified to be of type A with respect to the sample's most evident subclone A. By our assumptions, these segments have CN variation only in the subclone A cells. Out of the 52 RESPONSIFY samples the scaling was resolved in this manner for 48 samples.
In Figure 10 we display a typical example rather than a perfect one (as, for example, that of Figure 11 below). Each panel shows the five expected VAF levels (y-axis, horizontal lines with different colors) for each type A CN segment (x-axis, ordered by decreasing expected VAF if present only on non-A cells and by increasing minor + major array CN) for one potential position of (1,1) of the sample introduced in Figure 8 under assumptions 3 to 6 in Materials and methods. The observed mutation VAFs of type A segments are shown as red crosses. Each panel also gives SS, the sum of squared distances to each VAF's nearest expected VAF level. The figure suggests that g 3 = 1 or g 6 = 1, since in these panels the observed VAFs are, on average, closer to their expected levels (they have lower SS than the other panels). Note that we do not expect all mutations in type A segments to follow our assumptions and fit one of the expected levels, but we assume that most mutations do, in order to resolve the scaling of the array CNs.
To further differentiate between the two suggested scenarios we transform these panels' y-levels to show subclone A integer CN estimates under these scenarios ( Figure 12), also showing the segments by their genome position. Now, the (dark) green and blue horizontal lines are the minor and major integer CN estimates of subclone A for segments that have CN alteration only in subclone A. The red crosses' y-levels show the mutation multiplicities (calculated under the assumption that they sit on A: D α V AF ), which equal an integer CN estimate (green or blue horizontal line) if the mutation VAF equals the corresponding expected VAF level. The black line shows the expected y-level of the |
routers to make sure the MPLS traffic gets the desired level of service. However, the use of MPLS at least makes the classification problem easier: internal routers need only look at the tag to determine the priority or fair-queuing class, and deep-packet inspection can be avoided. MPLS would also allow the option that a high-priority flow would travel on a special path through its own set of routers that do not also service low-priority traffic.
Generally MPLS is used only within one routing domain or administrative system; that is, within the scope of one ISP. Traffic enters and leaves looking like ordinary IP traffic, and the use of MPLS internally is completely invisible. This local scope of MPLS, however, has meant that it has seen relatively widespread adoption, at least compared to RSVP and IP multicast: no coordination with other ISPs is necessary.
To implement MPLS, we start with a set of participating routers, called label-switching routers or LSRs. (The LSRs can comprise an entire ISP, or just a subset.) Edge routers partition (or classify) traffic into large flow classes; one distinct flow (which might, for example, correspond to all VoIP traffic) is called a forwarding equivalence class or FEC. Different FECs can have different quality-of-service targets. Bulk traffic not receiving special MPLS treatment is not considered to be part of any FEC.
A one-way virtual circuit is then created for each FEC. An MPLS header is prepended to each IP packet, using for the VCI a label value related to the FEC. The MPLS label is a 32-bit field, but only the first 20 bits are part of the VCI itself. The last 12 bits may carry supplemental connection information, for example ATM virtual-channel identifiers and virtual-path identifiers (3.5 Asynchronous Transfer Mode: ATM).
It is likely that some traffic (perhaps even a majority) does not get put into any FEC; such traffic is then delivered via the normal IP-routing mechanism.
MPLS-aware routers then add to their forwarding tables an MPLS table that consists of ⟨labelin, interfacein, labelout, interfaceout⟩ quadruples, just as in any virtual-circuit routing. A packet arriving on interface interfacein with label labelin is forwarded on interface interfaceout after the label is altered to labelout.
Routers can also build their MPLS tables incrementally, although if this is done then the MPLS-routed traffic will follow the same path as the IP-routed traffic. For example, downstream router R1 might connect to two customers 200.0.1/24 and 200.0.2/24. R1 might assign these customers labels 37 and 38 respectively.
R1 might then tell its upstream neighbors (eg R2 above) that any arriving traffic for either of these customers should be labeled with the corresponding label. R2 now becomes the “ingress router” for the MPLS domain consisting of R1 and R2.
One advantage here of MPLS is that labels live in a flat address space and thus are easy and simple to look up, eg with a big array of 65,000 entries for 16-bit labels.
MPLS can be adapted to multicast, in which case there might be two or more labelout, interfaceout combinations for a single input.
Sometimes, packets that already have one MPLS label might have a second (or more) label “pushed” on the front, as the packet enters some designated “subdomain” of the original routing domain.
When MPLS is used throughout a domain, ingress routers attach the initial label; egress routers strip it off. A label information base, or LIB, is maintained at each node to hold any necessary packet-handling information (eg queue priority). The LIB is indexed by the labels, and thus involves a simpler lookup than examination of the IP header itself.
MPLS has a natural fit with Differentiated Services (20.7 Differentiated Services): the ingress routers could assign the DS class and then attach an MPLS label; the interior routers would then need to examine only the MPLS label. Priority traffic could be routed along different paths from bulk traffic.
MPLS also allows an ISP to create multiple, mutually isolated VPNs; all that is needed to ensure isolation is that there are no virtual circuits “crossing over” from one VPN to another. If the ISP has multi-site customers A and B, then virtual circuits are created connecting each pair of A’s sites and each pair of B’s sites. A and B each probably have at least one gateway to the whole Internet, but A and B can communicate with each other only through those gateways.
MPLS sometimes interacts somewhat oddly with traceroute (7.11.1 Traceroute and Time Exceeded). If a packet’s TTL reaches 0 at an MPLS router, the router will usually generate the appropriate ICMP Time |
encompassing local sourcing and satellite preprocessing [24].
AHB Research and Development, 2012-2017
The AHB research and development program was organized within three domains: (1) Feedstock production through growth, harvest, and delivery of biomass; (2) biomass conversion to liquid fuels; and (3) environmental and economic sustainability of the production and conversion system. Feedstock Production-Under AHB, GreenWood Resources managed large-scale hybrid poplar farms in Idaho, Oregon, California, and Washington to demonstrate biomass yields, production costs, and harvesting technology in growing renewable feedstock. The yield of the top-performing hybrid varieties during the three-year coppice production cycle at the Idaho farm was 15.7 dry metric tons per hectare per year (Mg ha −1 yr −1 ), 18.1 Mg ha −1 yr −1 at the Oregon farm, 12.9 Mg ha −1 yr −1 in California, and 22.2 Mg ha −1 yr −1 in Washington. The cost of land, labor, fuel, and equipment involved in growing, harvesting, and transporting poplar feedstock to refineries within a 65-km radius were compiled and described in a biomass production cost calculator for each of the four regions assuming leased land and yields of the top-performing varieties [25]. The breakeven price for delivered biomass ranged from $66.64 Mg −1 (Washington) to $152.49 Mg −1 (California). GreenWood also studied the sensitivity of internal rates of investment return to key variables using a discounted cash flow analysis [26]. Returns were found to be most sensitive to assumptions related to biomass prices, yields, and land costs. Farm investment returns averaged 4% in real, inflation-adjusted terms across all sites with an assumed market biomass price of $100 Mg −1 ; this result is unlikely to attract private-sector capital into biomass farm investments. Yet, while dedicated energy farms may be among the costlier components of a refinery's feedstock supply portfolio, they are indispensable in that they alone reduce supply and pricing uncertainties associated with other cellulosic feedstock sources such as forestry and agricultural residuals.
Fuels Conversion-Much of the AHB conversion work is based on Zeachem's biochemical process that begins with biomass fractionation and the recovery of the hemicellulose and cellulose components. Carbohydrates are enzymatically hydrolyzed with the resulting five-and six-carbon sugars fermented to acetic acid by acetogenic microbes (e.g., Moorella thermoacetica.) The acetic acid undergoes esterification to produce acetate ester. The acetate ester is then hydrogenated to ethanol. An alternative fermentation path to propionic acid and propanol has also been developed. The process is well suited for hybrid poplar, because of the feedstock's relative ease of fractionation and its high acetyl and xylose contents. An advantage of the acetogenic pathway is its excellent carbon yields which result in a large absolute reduction in global warming potential on a unit land basis. The University of Washington has shown that the process leads to a global warming potential that is 66% lower than that of petroleum-based jet fuel depending on the specific process design and operating conditions. Both ethanol and propanol can be treated to make hydrocarbon fuels; the University of Washington has demonstrated the efficiency of dehydration in converting ethanol to ethylene with high yields. A nickel oligomerization catalyst has been developed to produce olefins, paraffins, and napthenes from ethylene [27]. The hydrogen required for the hydrocarbon fuels can be produced from residual lignin or natural gas with the natural gas reforming approach being technically efficient.
Environmental and Economic Sustainability-The University of California, Davis evaluated the economic sustainability of producing fuels and chemicals from poplar using a series of integrated models covering the entire production system [28]. Initially, biomass yields are projected for each region's climatic and edaphic condition using a modified 3PG (Physiological Principles in Predicting Growth) growth model tailored to hybrid poplar coppice production [29]. Land that could produce more income from poplar than that of the current crop(s) is then identified with an improved agricultural economic model. Generally, these are marginal croplands or pastureland. Optimum biorefinery locations and capacities are next modeled using the Geospatial Bioenergy Systems Model (GBSM) [30] based on feedstock and fuel conversion costs. The IMPLAN model at that point evaluates the economic and social impact of biorefinery operation. Finally, a hybrid poplar submodule, developed in the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model, simulates soil biogeochemical processes and soil and water quality impacts from poplar biomass cultivation. All modeled outputs are then combined to quantify the available land and production capacity across the four AHB regions. In aggregate, there are approximately |
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
Visual difference description has long been relatively less studied but crucial task in the visual-linguistic field, which is demanding because of the necessity for understanding the pairwise visual information. Most previous works could only detect visual differences within certain attribute domain designed by experts ~\cite{andreas2016reasoning}, which precludes its extension to new domains.
Su et al.~\cite{su2017reasoning} focused on the phrase generation of object attributes for visual differences description between instances, utilizing data annotated by non-expert workers.
However, the discrepancies sentences generation is still challenging. What we aim for in this paper is a difference captioner that not only adapted to varied expressions from non-expert workers but also is capable of generating syntactical-flexible sentences.
Traditional caption tasks~\cite{vinyals2015show,xu2015show,you2016image} concentrated on single image caption tasks ($\bm{I} \to \bm{S}$, which is widely used in automatic photo captioning, human-computer interaction and so on). Recently, the discriminating caption task~\cite{vedantam2017context,Luo_2018_CVPR}, which utilizes image pair in training procedure to improve the quality of single image caption task, extends the caption task to the pairwise caption task $(\bm{I_1},\bm{I_2}) \to \bm{S}$. However, the discriminating caption task only has a fuzzy perception of the image difference, leading to a limited ability to tell the difference in detail. In this work, we aim to distinguish image pair with detailed attributes. For example, the discriminating captioner tells "An ultralight plane flying through a blue sky", but our model tells "Has no landing gear can be seen and is an ultralight plane", where the detailed difference receives more attention by the model than the entire scene.
Difference caption is such a difference telling task between image pair with vast application scenarios: a) guide online shopping with human-computer dialog; b) characterize differences of patient behavior in medical monitoring; c) describe dangerous behavior in traffic. However, relative caption seems to be a rather daunting task at first sight, since we obviously need to conquer a series of challenges: 1) Absence of dataset for describing pairwise image differences in natural language; 2) A novel framework for processing pairwise visual information; 3) Adaptive evaluation metric (e.g., ``has propeller engine" is also the right caption for Fig~\ref{Fig.planes} but will get a low score in automatic NLP metric).
\begin{figure}[!tp]
\centering
\label{Fig.data}
\subfigure{
\label{Fig.shoes}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{ground_truth_shoes}}
\subfigure{
\label{Fig.planes}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{ground_truth_plane}}
\caption{Semantic difference description for image pairs. The left pair is from AMT-20K dataset which is about shoes; the right pair is from OID dataset for planes. Both descriptions only take the difference characteristics shown in the first image into consideration, which is actually how human express.}
\label{Fig.example}
\end{figure}
We researched plenty of popular caption datasets, however they are not capable of covering the need of our task: comprehensive difference in detail; not for entire scene, but for specific object. Datasets in~\cite{hu2016natural,mao2016generation} failed to fit our need obviously: they are proposed to retrieve, not to distinguish. Using caption datasets with individual image is only capable to get "rough" difference caption, which is not what we need. We begin with collecting a dataset of difference caption named AMT 20K dataset by requesting workers to annotate visual difference description $\bm{S}$ with given image pair $(\bm{I_1},\bm{I_2})$ based on the first image $\bm{I_1}$, which is the manner that more like human. Examples are shown in Fig~\ref{Fig.data}. Since that annotations are from non-expert workers, the fine-grained discrepancies is abundant with more subjectivity such as ``a cowboy look'' and ``gold rivet accents''.
Utilizing the collected AMT 20K dataset, we introduced a series of novel tactics to fuse visual information obtained from two siamese encoders into unified representations, which are prepared for the decoder. Experimental caption results demonstrate the effectiveness of our feature fusing tactics with exquisite discrepancies descriptions generated. The model of our work is designed under the scenario of visual difference caption, contributing to that the input format and evaluation are different with most previous works~\cite{vedantam |
At HubSpot’s INBOUND 2021 event, the CRM platform revealed a series of enterprise-grade releases and updates to help business better align their data, channels and teams, and more easily adapt to every growth phase.
With innovations that include advanced controls for customers — such as an enterprise tier of Operations Hub and a B2B payments solution, HubSpot Payments — the company is doubling down on its branding as a CRM for scaling companies by designing products that provide SMBs with similar capabilities as their larger corporate counterparts.
To learn more about the innovations and dive deeper into HubSpot’s mission of making technology and tools more accessible for all companies, Demand Gen Report sat down with Andrew Pitre, VP of Product Development for HubSpot, to discuss the new innovations and inspirations behind their creation.
DGR: Can you walk us through the creation of Operations Hub and what inspired you to create new features for it?
Pitre: Ultimately, HubSpot is a CRM and we go to market (GTM) through our hubs, which are designed to fit the needs of teams that spend their days working out of the CRM. The first hubs we launched were Marketing, Sales and Services, and we just built tools on top of the CRM to help those departments do their jobs better. We launched Operations Hub when we realized there are other departments in companies that were working through the CRM, but they were just a little more invisible than other departments because they’re doing complete set-up systems and helping to build business processes and reporting.
With Operations Hub Enterprise, our latest launch, we are offering a new tool called datasets. Technically speaking, it’s a reporting and data management tool that lets you do AI-style reporting, where you have access to all your contacts, new deals, emails and website visits, to name a few. Datasets allow you to join those objects together — similar to building an Excel query — without the need for deep data science expertise. It’s designed to provide organizations with the opportunity to join their data together, choose the properties they’re pulling together and run populations on top of that data to create a curated table with data to build better reporting inside of HubSpot.
DGR: What were some of the external industry trends that inspired the innovations to your Operations Hub?
Pitre: The biggest one we saw was the industry-wide move toward revenue operations (RevOps). What we really liked about RevOps was that it focused on what we’d been preaching as a company: Breaking down silos and eliminating gaps in customer experiences (CX). That made us want to focus on operations being the hero of the marketing story. At the end of the day, it’s the operations person who’s going to bring people together because they’re setting up the systems, process and data required for collaboration.
We also realized that companies of all sizes needed an operations team — small companies probably don’t have one, but they still have the need to connect systems and build a better business process. Over the years, we’ve heard from smaller companies saying they could use some sort of iPad system to connect their tools together and automation software. As a company, our goal is to look for tools for small businesses that often feel out of reach for them and build their CRMs in a way that makes them accessible to the average small business owner who doesn’t have a PhD in computer science.
DGR: Why is it important for companies to have highly accessible and connected CRMs?
Pitre: Marketers need the data from their CRMs to create great customer experiences. We always talk about silos, so at HubSpot we envision it as a flywheel instead of a funnel. It’s easy to draw a funnel, but the reality is it’s much more complicated than that. At the end of the day, you have someone who’s buying from you, and it’s not like there’s a distinction between how that person interprets the sales or marketing services. As humans, we all want to have a great experience with whatever company we’re buying from, and the company wants to have a great experience with us. CRMs house all the data about the people you’re trying to engage with as a company.
For marketers, the advantage of having all of that data in one system is that it informs you of a customer’s previous interactions or purchases with the company or product. Even just knowing if they’ve had a bad or good experience with your support team or product completely changes how you might target or reach out to them in your messaging. Bringing all that data together in one system allows you to better target and have more effective conversations with your customer base.
DGR: Before we go, I’d love to touch on HubSpot Payments, HubSpot’s new B2B E-commerce solution. Can you walk me through the creation process and inspiration?
It’s simple: We noticed that a lot of our customers don’t have an online payments solution. While you have companies like Shopify providing E-commerce solutions, there are a bunch of customers who don’t sell online and feel they don’t need a payments solution.
We built |
Disclaimer: The opinions expressed by the author do not necessarily reflect the opinions of Coin Brief.
As Bitcoin continues to grow in popularity, it is rapidly leaving behind the crypto anarchist movement that spawned it. This is the standard process whereby innovative enterprise becomes mainstream institution. In the absence of regulation the door is open to all manner of scams designed to part you with your bitcoins. While it is easy to simply shrug and say the victims deserve their fate because they were foolish and unwary, that attitude is both counter-productive and pretty condescending. Yes, some cons are pretty obvious, but the long con works on gaining the mark’s trust by operating in a completely straightforward fashion to gather the largest amount possible before closing up shop and disappearing with the money. Drug bazaar Atlantis is a good example of that, while Silk Road 2.0 serves as a counter to it. And then there are situations like Mt. Gox that are either incidents of colossal fraud or staggering incompetence. Either way, Karpeles is walking free and getting paid, while everyone else is getting hosed.
Those are very real concerns that need to be addressed in order to promote widespread acceptance. And these are often the reasons given by authoritarian regimes like Russia and China when they ban businesses from trafficking in crypto. Despite the fact that these regimes have a tendency to own the banks, it is difficulty to argue they don’t have a point. And that is why Ben Lawsky of New York’s Department of Financial Services has unleashed proposed regulations that would effectively cripple bitcoin start-ups by requiring insanely detailed record-keeping and reporting of every transaction that occurs, all in the name of preventing money laundering, and the financing of criminal enterprises like drug cartels, human trafficking, and terrorism.
I’ll protect your bitcoins!
My colleague here at Coin Brief, Sean Vince, recently reported on this development as well, and he is convinced that the regulations will be rejected because the requirements are onerous and burdensome. While I certainly hope he is correct, I’m not certain they will be. And I’m further certain that these regulations, when the final draft is accepted, will be slanted very heavily against small bitcoin operators. I encourage you to take the time to watch the video before you continue this article.
Do you honestly think that the institutions he referred to are going to idly accept the loss of $50 billion a year? What about all the other fees they stand to lose with the rise of crypto currency? Do you think they are going to just shrug and go silently into the night?
I don’t. In fact, I think that they are going to fight tooth and nail to suppress or subvert bitcoin at every opportunity. Capital One, for instance, has been on a headhunt lately for high-quality programmers with an interest in cryptocurrency. There is also the matter of Bitcoin Foundation director Brock Pierce publically working on a Bitcoin rival Realcoin, a crypto backed by the US dollar. I imagine this would tickle the existing financial system pink since they already control the US dollar completely.
Crypto is the way of the future, there is no denying that. Since Nixon decoupled the US dollar from a physical commodity (officially, anyway) money has become a figment of the collective imagination. After the deregulation of the financial industry with the repeal of Glass-Steagall and the introduction of the Commodity Futures Modernization Act, money has become a drunken delusion as the banks have run amok. From bankrupting entire counties, to laundering drug money, all the way up to blatant commodities price manipulation, there is nothing the banking industry won’t do in order to generate a profit.
Crypto currency is a clear and present danger to that system, but since it cannot be stopped it must be controlled. And anyone who doubts the ability of the financial industry to influence global financial policy is sadly mistaken. In the HSBC case I mentioned earlier, they were fined a mere five weeks of income. In the case of the outrageous fraud that bankrupted Jefferson County, Alabama, not a single person saw jail time because the US Department of Justice is worried about having a chilling effect on financial innovation because that is what the world really needs. So forgive me for not believing that plucky young upstart Bitcoin is going to triumph against the entrenched industry. I am aware that the Bitcoin Foundation has purchased the services of Thorsen French Advocacy, a very expensive lobbying service, but it remains to be seen how effective their efforts are.
The problem, however, is that people who oppose Ben Lawsky and his regulations are going to have to explain how they do not share the values of Cody Wilson and Amir Taaki of Dark Wallet. Wilson, a law school drop-out, doesn’t seem to really have a firm grasp on legal issues, which is surprisingly common where Bitcoin is concerned.
To be honest, they do have a good minimalist ad campaign.
Even if Wilson and Taaki are not arrested and charged with criminal intent, which under the PATRIOT Act is a very real thing for them to be afraid |
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curved ROC, the departure from the "no-gain" line being particularly clear when considering large p thresh values. This departure is weak for p thresh ≤ 0.01, with a gain of about 2 at maximum (p thresh = 0.01). (b) Proportion p of windows with a p-value lower or equal to the 20-day foreshock window p-value, among all 20-day windows over 10 years. The proportion p is shown here for the 10 anomalously high foreshock activity and for the two ETAS estimates. We consider an anomalously high foreshock activity to be specifically related to a mainshock if p is below 0.01 for both ETAS estimates. Here, we identify three foreshock anomalies that are specific to subsequent mainshocks for both sets of ETAS parameters. Note that p is significantly sensitive to the value of α. Labels preceded by a star are mainshock IDs of the two anomalously high foreshock activity detected with the declustering approach. ETAS, Epidemic Type Aftershock Sequences.
Discussion
We use the highly complete QTM catalog of Ross et al. (2019) for Southern California to further investigate the significance of anomalous high foreshock activity previously reported by T&R and V&A. As mentioned before, those studies did not fully address whether the temporal clustering of earthquakes observed during aftershock sequences is a possible explanation for the observed elevated foreshock activities. This clustering is considered as one of the possible origins of the high seismic activity observed before large earthquakes (Ellsworth & Bulut, 2018;Helmstetter & Sornette, 2003;Marzocchi & Zhuang, 2011). In practice, small M < 4 earthquakes trigger small aftershock sequences during which a larger M > 4 event is more likely to occur than at more quiet times. In this regard, high activity preceding a mainshock can naturally stem from such earthquake interactions and cascading without necessarily requiring an external pre-slip phenomenon. To address this concern, we use the ETAS model to discriminate which instances of QTM foreshock activities exhibit higher seismicity rates than expected from earthquake interactions.
We first assess the probability p that a given 20 day foreshock sequence can be explained by ETAS earthquake clustering. Using p < 0.01 as a threshold, our results indicate that ∼19% (10 out of 53) of mainshocks are preceded by increases in seismicity higher than 99% of the earthquake rates predicted by ETAS. The 20-day temporal evolution of these 10 anomalous foreshock sequences is detailed in Text S2 and Figure S9. In a second step, we further distinguish 3 out these 10 cases as being specific to the subsequent mainshock, i.e., the chance to see such a significant increase of activity occurring at random is less than 1%. The anomalously high seismicity of these 3 foreshock sequences is thus highly correlated with the M ≥ 4 mainshock occurrences and likely to be controlled by aseismic nucleation processes. We notice that this number (3 out of 10) would raise to 5 if accepting a threshold at 1.5% rather than 1%, cf. The number for the last window prior to the mainshock is shown with a thick square. The dashed lines show, for the two sets of ETAS parameters (free α in red, α = 2 in blue) the limit over which the Poisson probability becomes less than 0.01. (d) Probability P(N > N 0 ) that the last 20 days are anomalously active compared to the past, for the two sets of ETAS parameters; the sequence is selected as a mainshock-specific anomalous activity after declustering if this probability is less than 0.01 (second test) and if N 0 is above the dashed line (first test). Mainshocks 14598228 and 14600292 correspond to indices 0 and 1 on this graph, and are the only mainshocks with both probabilities less than 0.01. All indices can be linked with their mainshock ID thanks to Table S2. sequences. A possible over-estimation of the background rate can be a cause for this more conservative selection. Even if the definitions of an anomalously elevated seismicity differ, Mainshock IDs related to the anomalously high foreshock activities detected in T&R, V&A and this study can be found in Table S1. The Southern Californian location of these sequences are also compared in Figure S10.
We must emphasize that these results, along with those of T&R and V&A, |
O-1 ratio was inhibited in H1299 cells expressing PTEN4A. Thus, it should be emphasized that compensatory induction of PTEN4A repressed TGFβ-induced EMT and cell motility in lung cancer cells, regardless of endogenous PTEN expression.
To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, we evaluated the effect of PTEN4A on TGFβ-induced signaling pathways. Although a recent study has suggested that transcription of EMT target genes might be activated by cytoplasmic β-catenin and lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF)-1 complexes, which TGFβ/smad2 signaling might up-regulate [4], our data indicated that induction of PTEN4A did not modulate TGFβ-induced smad2 phosphorylation. In the present study, the EMT phenotype induced by TGFβ was not completely restored when PTEN4A was induced ( Figure 2D), which might be partially due to the TGFβ-induced smad-dependent signaling pathway. Compensatory induction of PTEN4A had greater effects on TGFβ-induced phosphorylation of Akt, as compared with PTENWt; nevertheless, compensatory induction of both PTENWt and PTEN4A significantly repressed TGFβinduced phosphorylation of Akt to basal levels as compared with the control. Although TGFβ stimulation might be associated with phosphorylation of FAK at Tyr397 [40], our data demonstrated that PTEN4A, but not PTENWt, inhibited TGFβ-induced FAK phosphorylation at Tyr397. PTEN is assumed to be the main negative regulator of the PI3K-Akt pathway [41], and although PTEN is also a negative regulator for FAK activity [42], FAK activation is regulated by many signaling pathways such as Src and integrins [43,44]. Although compensatory induction of PTENWt might be enough to inhibit TGFβ-induced Akt signaling pathways after TGF stimulation, it appeared to be insufficient to inhibit TGFβ-induced FAK phosphorylation, which might depend on TGFβ-induced phosphorylation levels of the PTENWt C-terminus. Thus, our data demonstrated that compensatory induction of PTEN4A comprehensively repressed TGFβ-induced activation of the Akt and FAK signaling pathways, but not the smad-dependent pathway. Compensatory induction of PTENWt also inhibited PI3K signaling, whereas it only partially inhibited TGFβ-induced EMT. This finding is compatible with previous studies showing that both LY294002, a PI3K/Akt inhibitor, and rapamycin, an mTOR specific inhibitor, block aberrant cell motility but do not rescue EMT [32,45]. Thus, our observed repression of TGFβinduced EMT does not appear to be due to inhibition of Akt/ PI3K signaling by PTEN4A. A recent study has demonstrated that FAK activation induces the translocation of stabilized βcatenin from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, resulting in targeted gene expressions [24]. In addition, Deng, et al. showed that repression of whole FAK expression, via FAK siRNA, inhibits TGFβ-induced EMT [46]. Nevertheless, whether PTEN4A can block TGFβ-induced EMT and β-catenin translocation from the cell membrane into the cytoplasm via inhibition of FAK activation remains elusive. Our data suggested that inhibition of FAK phosphorylation at Tyr397 by FAK inhibitor 14 blocked TGFβ-induced cell motility [47], but did not block TGFβ-induced EMT or β-catenin translocation into the cytoplasm. Taken together, our data indicate that compensatory PTEN4A expression might inhibit TGFβ-induced EMT, besides its inhibitory effect on TGFβ-induced activation of smad-independent signaling pathways. Although TGFβ stimulation induces snail [48,49], our data suggested that TGFβ-induced snail gene expression was not altered after compensatory induction of PTEN4A in H358ON cells and H1299 cells. A recent study has demonstrated that transduction of ectopic E-cadherin is sufficient to block EMT and high cell motility induced by ectopic snail expression, indicating that repression of de novo snail induction might not be necessary to restore EMT [4]. Our data demonstrated that modulating phosphorylation of the PTEN C-terminus via PTEN4A could block TGFβ-induced β-catenin translocation from the cell membrane into the cytoplasm in lung cancer cells, compatible with those recent studies [4,31]. Although the exact mechanism, by which PTEN4A could block TGFβ-induced βcatenin translocation from the cell membrane into the cytoplasm, remains |
There are times you simply need to destroy what exists in order to replace it with something better. Such is the case for social media. The past seven years have been so full of mistaken beliefs, poor assumptions and outright misinformation that the time has come to reassess completely what social media is, how it works, how consumers use it and what it means for brands.
The fact is that much of the social media dogma we take as gospel has been wrong from the start. As a result, brands are wasting good money to chase irrelevant or even damaging social media outcomes, and the required improvements are not minor adjustments. In many cases, the wrong departments have hired the wrong people to do the wrong things evaluated with the wrong measures.
Together we will burn social media to the ground and rebuild it from scratch. We will do this with data. Data will provide the spark and accelerant that destroys today's social media strategies, and data will also be the bricks and mortar to build a credible and accurate understanding of consumers' social behaviors and the legitimate opportunities available to business.
Every social media marketer and pundit knows case studies that tease the promise of organic content success. They share and reference the same ones time and again, building false hope that marketers' next social campaign will be Oreo Dunk, #LikeAGirl or Real Beauty. But tear yourself away from the rare and apocryphal stories of success and focus instead on broad, unbiased data, and a different picture emerges.
"Organic social media stopped working." Those words are from the latest Forrester report, "It's Time to Separate the 'Social' From the 'Media.'" This is the same Forrester that in the 1990s counseled IT leaders to pay attention to "Social Computing" and whose 2008 book, Groundswell, introduced many business executives to the ways social media was changing consumers and the marketplace. Today, Forrester is again ahead of the curve, making the case that brand organic opportunities have disappeared and social media marketing has become entirely a paid game. As a result, the research firm recommends that marketing leaders assign their social budgets not to the social team but the media team because, as Forrester notes, "Social ads aren’t social; they’re just ads."
The report states a simple fact that too many content marketers ignore in 2015: "If you can’t get a message to your audience, you can’t very well market to them" Facebook reach for top brands' posts was just 2% of their fans in 2014, and that number will only decrease further this year.
Evidence of social media's remarkably poor reach is all around, and many social media marketers are simply ignoring it (or hoping their bosses do). For all of its brand strength, Coca-Cola's Facebook page this past weekend had a People Talking About This figure--which includes every page like, post like, comment, check-in, share and mention the brand earned in seven days--of just 37,700 people. The world's largest consumer brand (which sells 1.8 billion drinks a day) on the world's largest social network (with 1.5 billion monthly active users) engages fewer people in a week than can fit in one MLB stadium--and not even Dodger Stadium but Kansas City's modest Kauffman Stadium.
Rather than hit the brakes, social media marketers are trying to keep their shaky strategies together with wishes and duct tape. For example, marketers are desperately trying to overcome declining organic reach by posting more frequently, but that is not a long-term solution (nor much of a short-term one, either). Another tactic is to chase consumers from one social network to the next for brief windows of organic opportunity. Instagram is the latest social network hyped for delivering higher engagement, but the social platform is busy adding and growing its advertising programs, which means organic reach will rapidly decline on Instagram as it has elsewhere.
Social media marketing has become a house of cards, teetering with lies stacked high since the dawn of the social media era. Entire corporate social media strategies are crafted on baseless assumptions that presume brands can reach prospects and customers in social networks, consumers want and trust brand content, all engagement matters, likes are marketing KPIs and fans and followers are advocates. The best thing social media professionals can do now is to burn down that tower of cards and start from scratch by studying the data, creating new and realistic proof points and producing more effective social media strategies.
FACT: People take social media seriously, and so should business.
The numbers are impressive--1.5 billion people use Facebook, 316 million use Twitter, 300 million Instagram and 200 million are on Snapchat. And social media behavior is still growing, with the average usage time rising from 1.66 hours per day in 2013 to 1.72 hours last year. Despite some spurious headlines suggesting Facebook's demise, that social network continues to |
stored at ±2 °C for further analysis. The samples were analysed within a week for pollutants degradation and total organic carbon (TOC) removal. The toxicity was analysed within 10-15 days of sample collection. Control samples were run under the same conditions as stated above, but using Lake Constance water, and its quality characteristics are shown in Section 3.1.
The experimental data were studied in the R project v-3.5.0 to develop a regression model. Pollutant degradation data were used to predict the ozonation performance at the given treatment condition and compared with the actual value. Each model developed was compared for its accuracy. Algorithms used are mentioned in supplementary materials.
Ozone Measurement
Ozone concentration was analysed in Hach Pocket Colorimeter using N, N-diethyl-1,4 phenylenediammonium (DPD) method. The DPD-method has been widely used in Germany to measure ozone concentration in water to validate the data gained from the online monitoring systems next in the treatment facility. It is the standard method in Germany (DIN 3840-3:2011-04) and to be accurate in measuring ozone concentration ranging from 0.02 to 2.5 mg·L 1 if no chlorine/other oxidants are present in the sample [11]; and this is the case for this study.
In an empty sampling cuvette, 3 drops of Reagent B (DPD-B) was added, and around 10 ml of the sample was collected immediately and mixed thoroughly. Reagent B prevents ozone loss from the sample. A total of 3 drops of Reagent A1 (DPD-A1) and 2 drops of Reagent A2 (DPD-A2) was then added and mixed to obtain a pink-red dye solution. The amount of colour developed is directly dependent on the amount of ozone into the solution. The exact ozone concentration (in mgO3·L 1 ) can be evaluated by multiplying factor (0.67) to the value obtained from the Hach Pocket colourimeter. Due to the instability of ozone, it was measured and recorded immediately after the collection.
Pollutants' Concentration Measurement
The organic pollutants were quantified in a Q Exactive mass spectrometer, Orbitrap TM instrument equipped with an atmospheric pressure ionisation (API) source for liquid chromatography (LC) mass spectrometry (MS). The chromatographic separation was achieved using a C18 column (AQUILTY UPLC HSS T3 1.8 μM, WATERS). The eluents consisted of 0.05% formic acid in water (Eluent A) and 0.05% formic acid in methanol (Eluent B). The gradient elution and volume flow are given in Table 1. Table 1. LC-MS gradient elution programme. (The limit of detection (LOD) is 1.27 ng·L 1 (for gabapentin) and 1.15 ng·L 1 , (for diuron), respectively; the limit of quantification (LOQ) for both compounds is 10 ng·L 1 ). The mineralisation of ozonised samples was estimated as equivalent to the percentage difference in total organic carbon (TOC) before and after treatment. The Vario TOC cube (Elementar Hanau, Germany), and the TOC/Dissolve Organic Carbon (DOC)-method based on DIN EN 1484:1997 was used.
Toxicity Assessment
The Microtox acute toxicity protocol based on British standards, BS EN ISO 11348-3:2008, was used to observe the samples' toxicity. BioFix Lumi freeze-dried luminescent bacteria, (Aliivibrio fischeri) was activated by the addition of 11 mL Biofix Lumi medium for freeze-dried luminescent bacteria. Before using reactivated bacteria, the solution was stored at 4 °C for 30 min to stabilise. The reference solution was 18.7 mg·L 1 Cr (VI), equivalent to 52.9 mg L 1 potassium dichromate, and was used as the positive control. Test samples were prepared using freeze-dried bacteria in 2% sodium chloride to provide ambient conditions for bacteria to grow. The bacterial solution (0.1 mL) was added into individual fresh vials and incubated at 16 ± 1 °C for 15 min. After that, the initial (I0) relative light unit (RLU) value was measured. Next, the control solutions and samples were added into the vials with incubated bacteria. The vials were mixed gently and left to incubate for 30 min. The RLU (I30) after 3 |
& $\Nf$, $N_\mathrm{fluid}^\mathrm{iso}$, $\cancel{\mathrm{GR}}$ & Scale dependence \\
Spectral distortions & $E_\mathrm{inj}^{\text{post-BBN}}$ & \\
Primordial abundances & $\Nf^{\text{BBN}}+\Nn^\mathrm{BBN}$, $N_\nu$, $\eta^\mathrm{BBN}$, $E_\mathrm{inj}^\mathrm{BBN}$ & CMB \\
\addlinespace\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{Cosmological probes of BSM~physics and their sensitivity to free-streaming and non-free-streaming radiation ($\Nf$ and $\Nn$), the number of active neutrinos ($N_\nu$), the baryon-to-photon ratio~($\eta$) and the amount of energy injection ($E_\mathrm{inj}$). The superscripts BBN, CMB, or post-BBN denote the time at which a quantity is being probed, where post-BBN refers to redshifts of $z \lesssim \num{e6}$ when spectral distortions become possible. The parameter $\Nn^\mathrm{iso}$ abstractly stands for isocurvature fluctuations, while $\cancel{\mathrm{GR}}$ denotes modified gravity.}
\label{tab:bsmSummary}
\end{table}
\begin{itemize}\itemsep0pt
\item As we discussed in~\textsection\ref{sec:thermalHistoryAdditional}, $\Nf$~is sensitive to the freeze-out of the particle for minimal extensions of the Standard Model with a light field. At current levels of sensitivity, $\sigma(\Nf) \gtrsim 0.1$, we can rule out some scenarios where particles freeze-out after the QCD~phase transition~\cite{Brust:2013xpv}. Freeze-out before the QCD~phase transition typically dilutes the contribution to~$\Nf$ by a factor of~10, which allows such models to easily evade current constraints. Fortunately, some of these scenarios are likely to be accessible with CMB-S4 experiments~\cite{Abazajian:2016yjj}. For these cases, we are sensitive to sufficiently early times so that BSM~physics above the \si{\tera\electronvolt}~scale may be important and can be probed along the lines of Chapter~\ref{chap:cmb-axions}.
\item Measurements of the effective number of free-streaming particles at recombination, $\Nf^\mathrm{CMB}$, are also sensitive to any energy which is injected into the Standard Model particles after the time of neutrino decoupling. Depending on the time and nature of this energy injection, it may alter the primordial abundances or introduce spectral distortions which would distinguish it from a new light field. For example, a decay to photons after~BBN would lower~$\Nf^\mathrm{CMB}$ and $\eta^\mathrm{BBN}$ (the baryon-to-photon ratio at~BBN), while keeping the radiation density at~BBN,~$\Nf^\mathrm{BBN}$, fixed~\cite{Cadamuro:2010cz}.
\item Energy injection of many kinds is a typical byproduct of changing~$\Nf$, but may also be the dominant signature of BSM~physics. Decays during~BBN can disrupt the formation of nuclei without substantially changing the total energy in radiation. Alternatively, recombination is very sensitive to energy injection~\cite{Padmanabhan:2005es} which can alter the form of the visibility function.\footnote{The common element of both of these examples is that the tail of the Boltzmann distribution is playing a critical role (due to the large value of $\eta^{-1}$). As a result, the change to the small number of high-energy photons is more important than the total energy density.}
\item As we discussed in Section~\ref{sec:analytics}, phase shifts of the acoustic peaks may also be produced by isocurvature perturbations (denoted by $\Nn^\mathrm{iso}$ in Table~\ref{tab:bsmSummary}). We offered a simple curvaton-like example of this effect, but we expect to be broadly sensitive to physics in the dark sector that is not purely adiabatic. Since there are many good reasons to imagine why isocurvature perturbations might arise in the dark sector, this motivates a future exploration of the observability of these effects.
\item Finally, we have assumed the validity of the Einstein equations |
Developed by Manoela Bowles based on Jean Gebser’s “The Ever-Present Origin”.
Hi, my name is Manoela Bowles and here I’ll present to you a theme based on a thesis I wrote for a master course in art criticism in Barcelona. About art as emancipation, the power it has to change our way of seeing the world around us.
Art can be a great tool for that. Emancipation of past patterns of thought with no use, habits and ideals that won’t fit anymore. Here we will analyze the transformations that came to occur on human knowledge along history. And art will be our vessel on this trip bound to evolution.
The paper I developed was based on the work by Jean Gebser, “The Ever-Present Origin”.
Have you ever stopped to think that maybe our understanding of the world is what actually brings it to its own destruction? On this video series we will analyze the transformations on human knowledge along history and see how we came to be about today where we are heading to an apocalypse if we don’t change the way we think. For that we will have art as a medium to guide us, since it has been always an instrument used for it.
Art is a mirror of society, when we see artists denouncing the great tragedies of the world, like in the last São Paulo Bienal and Venezia Biennale this year. Bringing themes like ecology and the immigration crisis, for example. Also in Rio, a recently opened museum is dedicated specially to human awareness, The Museum of Tomorrow. All of them try to engage great audiences in order to provoke a transformation of our minds.
Art has always shown us the way. From cave paintings to the Renaissance, when it gave human knowledge a step up with the creation of the idea of perspective. , the idea of space opened up. Before the idea of perspective we saw things bi-dimensionally. Like in Egyptian paintings, a flat representation of the world, it shows the awareness of integration they had with the cosmos, unified with nature. Humanity followed this path of thought until the Roman frescoes opened to a third dimension. In their architecture as well, with the round ceilings which provoke a sensation of integration with the cosmos around. With Giotto the individual was included inside the room and the representation of architecture in perspective opened to the idea of three dimensionality.
This way of representing the world we see, through a mental system, lead us to understand things as abstractions of the natural world, taking it to a purely rational plane.
Bringing us even more distant from nature. And so we arrive today, where our way of thinking leads to our own destruction. If we acknowledge that then we will be able to change, and maybe we can be saved.
The invention of Reason brought a feeling of individuality, a being apart from nature. We abstract things to order and categorize according to the mental system we created, but this abstraction does not correspond to the natural order of things.
Art is also an abstraction, a representation we use to understand the world around us. Language, Science, all of them are codes to understand and create the world we live in.
Philosophy and History are conceptions we create, which don’t exist in the natural world. It seems obvious but many times we forget. Time and space, intrinsically bonded to our day to day, are also mental constructions. We use these references as they were the only way to live. We don’t realize these established patterns are not fixed. We don’t need to run against the clock. Following a rhythm imposed by an abstract system.
This creates an anxiety crisis because it doesn’t correspond to the natural rhythm of things. A crisis in our own human nature.
If we take a step back to analyze how we live our lives, we can see clearly all the patterns imposed by society, and we follow blindly.
If we leave these fixed concepts behind we will see that they are malleable and realize that the power is in our hands! If we unite in this comprehension we can make a better world. The more people believe in that thought, the stronger it gets.
Quantum Physics has shown us that the observer has the power to transform matter. A particle behaves differently when there is an observer. So with more observers the better the power of transformation will be.
The patterns of understanding we create are models for the way we act on the world. For example the laws of Physics intuited by Newton took ages to be proven they created a path, which now guides satellites to the most distant galaxies and discover black holes that were just a crazy hypothesis proven by a genius like Einstein.
Ancient Greece brought the rise of Reason. Gods then lost their power on the life of people with democracy, ethics and morality. Theories that made man responsible for having a good life. Until we arrive at the age of Enlightenment, where man reached total emancipation from the powers of the divine.
Descartes invented Dualism, which separated subject and matter, the object from the individual, as a way |
{6}{c}{Unsupervised}\\ \midrule
BackTrans \citep{prabhumoye2018style}
& 183.7 & 1.23 & 31.18 & 2.37 & 6.13 \\
StyleEmb \citep{fu2018style}
& 114.6 & 8.14 & 12.31 & 9.80 & 10.01 \\
MultiDec \citep{fu2018style}
& 187.2 & 13.29 & 8.18 & 10.13 & 10.42 \\
CrossAlign \citep{shen2017style}
& 44.78 & 3.34 & 67.34 & 6.36 & 14.99 \\
DelRetrGen \citep{li2018delete}
& 88.52 & 24.95 & 56.96 & 34.70 & 37.69 \\
Template \citep{li2018delete}
& 197.5 & 43.45 & 37.09 & 40.02 & 40.14 \\
UnsupMT \citep{zhang2018style}
& 55.16 & 39.28 & 66.29 & 49.33 & 51.02 \\
DualRL \citep{Luo19DualRL}
& 66.96 & 54.18 & 58.26 & 56.15 & 56.18 \\
\textsc{tgls}{} (Ours)
& \textbf{30.26} & \textbf{60.25} & \textbf{75.15} & \textbf{66.88} & \textbf{67.29} \\% \hline
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
}
\small
$\dag$ indicates that the results are directly comparable to \textsc{tgls}\ on the same data split. Appendix~\ref{app:baseline} provides more details on the baseline models and how these results are obtained.
\end{minipage}
\end{table}
\subsection{Overall Performance}\label{sec:auto}
Table \ref{tab:auto_para_results} presents the results of automatic evaluation for paraphrase generation.
Among the unsupervised approaches, the simulated annealing model UPSA~\cite{Liu2019UnsupervisedPB} achieves the previous state-of-the-art performance, outperforming both variational sampling~\cite{bowman2015generating} and discrete-space Metropolis--Hastings sampling~\cite{miao2019cgmh}. We propose to use large-scale pretrained language models for fluency and evaluation (mode name: SA w/ PLM), and improve iBLEU by 2.5 points from UPSA. Our \textsc{tgls}\ framework of search and learning further improves iBLEU by 2.96 points, being a new state-of-the-art unsupervised paraphrasing model.
The \textsc{tgls}{} also outperforms the paraphrasing systems based on round-trip translation, which is widely used in real-world applications. Such methods generate a paraphrase by translating a sentence to a foreign language and translating it back. It is categorized as distant supervision, because it requires parallel corpora for machine translation, but not for the paraphrasing task of interest.
Noticeably, our unsupervised \textsc{tgls}\ performs comparably to a few recent paraphrasing model~\cite{qian2019exploring,du2019empirical}. Moreover, we train a GPT2 in the supervised setting for a controlled experiment, where the neural architecture is fixed. We see that the unsupervised \textsc{tgls}\ is slightly worse than the supervised setting by only 1.71 iBLEU, largely closing the gap between supervised and unsupervised paraphrasing.
Table \ref{tab:auto_style_results} presents the results for formality transfer. |
HSA—Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for MRI-Guided Photodynamic Cancer Therapy
Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising technique for cancer treatment; however, low tissue permeability for irradiating light and insufficient photosensitizer (PS) accumulation in tumors limit its clinical potential. Nanoparticles are engineered to improve selective drug delivery to tumor sites, but its accumulation is highly variable between tumors and patients. Identifying PS accumulation peak in a personalized manner is crucial for therapeutic outcome. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) provide opportunity for tracking drug accumulation in dynamics using non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The purpose of the study was to evaluate MNP loaded with PS as a theranostic tool for treating cancer in mice xenograft colon cancer models. Methods: MNPs coated with human serum albumin (HSA) were loaded with bacteriochlorine a. MRI, atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) and fluorescent imaging were used to study MNP and drug accumulation rates and dynamics in CT26 tumors. Tumor growth curves were evaluated in animals that received PDT at different time points upon MNP systemic injection. Results: Peak MNP accumulation in tumors was detected by MRI 60 min post injection (pi) and the data were verified by AES and fluorescent imaging. Up to 17% of injected dose/g of tissue was delivered to malignant tissues 24 h after injection. Consistent with MRI predicted drug accumulation peak PDT performed 60 min after intravenous injection was more efficient in inhibiting tumor growth than treatment scheduled 30 min and 240 min pi. Conclusions: PS loading on HAS-coated MNPs is a perspective approach to increase drug delivery to tumor site. Tracking for MNP accumulation by MRI can be used to predict drug concentration peak in tumors and to adjust PDT time scheduling for improved antitumor response.
PDT relies on three key components: (1) photosensitizer (PS); (2) appropriate wavelength light irradiation; and (3) oxygen in media surrounding tumor cells [7]. Under light irradiation PS molecule absorbs photon and converts from singlet basic energy state (S 0 ) to singlet excited state (S 1 ). Part of absorbed energy is emitted as fluorescent photon and another part drives PS to excited triplet state (T 1 ) [7]. Activated PS molecule can transfer the energy via electrons or directly to O 2 molecules with conversion of O 2 molecules to superoxide radical of so-called singlet oxygen [8]. Both mechanisms lead to overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), that damage cell membrane, mitochondria, endoplasmatic reticulum or locally deplete oxygen supply by vascular shutdown [9]. Recently PDT was used to elicit antitumor immunity in combination with check-point inhibitors suggesting that adaptive immune response is also an important part of PDT [10].
Despite some success in treating cancer PDT has its own limitations: (1) low tissue permeability for light; (2) low solubility of most PSs; and (3) insufficient accumulation of the PS in tumor site after intravenous injection [8]. In order to improve PDT efficiency, the following approaches have been suggested: (1) conjugation of PS with a targeting moiety [11]; (2) increasing PS water solubility by chemical modification [12]; (3) using a pro-drug that transforms into an active form in tumor site [13]; and (4) PS delivery via nanoparticles (NPs) [8]. Among listed above the last approach seems to be the most promising for number of reasons. First, many NP are chemically designed to encapsulate poorly water soluble drugs such as PS [14,15]. Second, it is well known that NP can passively or actively target tumors significantly improving drug delivery efficiency and decreasing overall toxic effects [16,17]. For a number of NP-based therapies drug release in tumor site is required; however, in the case of PDT, ROS can be produced even if PS is incorporated inside NP. Finally, NP can be used for monitoring drug biodistribution and accumulation in target tissues via different bioimaging modalities [18].
Tracking for drug accumulation in tissues in real time is crucial for scheduling PDT [19]. Due to tumors heterogeneity maximum PS concentration time can differ between tumor types and patients and is also dependent on drug properties. Applying PDT immediately after PS injection when maximum drug concentration in tumor vasculature is expected can be preferential for highly vascularized tumors [19]. In this case, antitumor activity is mainly based on vascular collapse. The major issue with activating PSs in blood flow is non-target ROS production and increased toxicity. PDT performed after drug clearance from systemic blood flow is safer being relied only on tissue accumulated PS that selectively kill cancer cell due to direct phototoxic effect [19]. PDT efficiency would benefit from simple non-invasive diagnostic approach that can help to find PS accumulation peak for each individual tumor.
Flu |
The primordial matter power spectrum on sub-galactic scales
ABSTRACT
The primordial matter power spectrum quantifies fluctuations in the distribution of dark matter immediately following inflation. Over cosmic time, overdense regions of the primordial density field grow and collapse into dark matter haloes, whose abundance and density profiles retain memory of the initial conditions. By analysing the image magnifications in 11 strongly lensed and quadruply imaged quasars, we infer the abundance and concentrations of low-mass haloes, and cast the measurement in terms of the amplitude of the primordial matter power spectrum. We anchor the power spectrum on large scales, isolating the effect of small-scale deviations from the Lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM) prediction. Assuming an analytic model for the power spectrum and accounting for several sources of potential systematic uncertainty, including three different models for the halo mass function, we obtain correlated inferences of $\log _{10}\left(P / P_{\Lambda \rm {CDM}}\right)$, the power spectrum amplitude relative to the predictions of the concordance cosmological model, of $0.0_{-0.4}^{+0.5}$, $0.1_{-0.6}^{+0.7}$, and $0.2_{-0.9}^{+1.0}$ at k = 10, 25, and 50 $\rm {Mpc^{-1}}$ at $68 {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ confidence, consistent with CDM and single-field slow-roll inflation.
Authors:
; ; ; ; ;
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10364641
Journal Name:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Volume:
512
Issue:
3
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
p. 3163-3188
ISSN:
0035-8711
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
2. ABSTRACT We demonstrate that the perturbations of strongly lensed images by low-mass dark matter subhaloes are significantly impacted by the concentration of the perturbing subhalo. For subhalo concentrations expected in Lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM), significant constraints on the concentration can be obtained at Hubble Space Telescope (HST) resolution for subhaloes with masses larger than about $10^{10}\, {\rm M}_\odot$. Constraints are also possible for lower mass subhaloes, if their concentrations are higher than the expected scatter in CDM. We also find that the concentration of lower mass perturbers down to $\sim 10^8\, {\rm M}_\odot$ can be well constrained with a resolution of ∼0.01 arcsec, which is achievable with long-baseline interferometry. Subhalo concentration also plays a critical role in the detectability of a perturbation, such that only high-concentration perturbers with mass $\lesssim 10^9\, {\rm M}_\odot$ are likely to be detected at HST resolution. If scatter in the ΛCDM mass–concentration relation is not accounted for during lens modelling, the inferred subhalo mass can be biased by up to a factor of 3 (6) for subhaloes of mass $10^9 \, {\rm M}_\odot \,(10^{10} \, {\rm M}_\odot$); this bias can be eliminated if one varies both mass and concentration during lens fitting. Alternatively, onemore »
4. ABSTRACT Core formation and runaway core collapse in models with self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) significantly alter the central density profiles of collapsed haloes. Using a forward modelling inference framework with simulated data-sets, we demonstrate that flux ratios in quadruple image strong gravitational lenses can detect the unique structural properties of SIDM haloes, and statistically constrain the amplitude and velocity dependence of the interaction cross-section in haloes with masses between 106 and 1010 M⊙. Measurements on these scales probe self-interactions at velocities below $30 \ \rm {km} \ \rm {s^{-1}}$, a relatively unexplored regime of parameter space, complimenting constraints at higher velocities from galaxies and clusters. We cast constraints on the amplitude and velocity dependence of the interaction cross-section in terms of σ20, the cross-section amplitude at $20 \ \rm {km} \ \rm {s^{-1}}$. With 50 lenses, a sample size available in the near future, and flux ratios measured from spatially compact mid-IR emission around the background quasar, we forecast $\sigma _{20} \lt 11\rm {\small {--}}23 \ \rm {cm^2} \rm {g |
Unraveling the Physiological Roles of the Cyanobacterium Geitlerinema sp. BBD and Other Black Band Disease Community Members through Genomic Analysis of a Mixed Culture
Black band disease (BBD) is a cyanobacterial-dominated polymicrobial mat that propagates on and migrates across coral surfaces, necrotizing coral tissue. Culture-based laboratory studies have investigated cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria isolated from BBD, but the metabolic potential of various BBD microbial community members and interactions between them remain poorly understood. Here we report genomic insights into the physiological and metabolic potential of the BBD-associated cyanobacterium Geitlerinema sp. BBD 1991 and six associated bacteria that were also present in the non-axenic culture. The essentially complete genome of Geitlerinema sp. BBD 1991 contains a sulfide quinone oxidoreductase gene for oxidation of sulfide, suggesting a mechanism for tolerating the sulfidic conditions of BBD mats. Although the operon for biosynthesis of the cyanotoxin microcystin was surprisingly absent, potential relics were identified. Genomic evidence for mixed-acid fermentation indicates a strategy for energy metabolism under the anaerobic conditions present in BBD during darkness. Fermentation products may supply carbon to BBD heterotrophic bacteria. Among the six associated bacteria in the culture, two are closely related to organisms found in culture-independent studies of diseased corals. Their metabolic pathways for carbon and sulfur cycling, energy metabolism, and mechanisms for resisting coral defenses suggest adaptations to the coral surface environment and biogeochemical roles within the BBD mat. Polysulfide reductases were identified in a Flammeovirgaceae genome (Bacteroidetes) and the sox pathway for sulfur oxidation was found in the genome of a Rhodospirillales bacterium (Alphaproteobacteria), revealing mechanisms for sulfur cycling, which influences virulence of BBD. Each genomic bin possessed a pathway for conserving energy from glycerol degradation, reflecting adaptations to the glycerol-rich coral environment. The presence of genes for detoxification of reactive oxygen species and resistance to antibiotics suggest mechanisms for combating coral defense strategies. This study builds upon previous research on BBD and provides new insights into BBD disease etiology.
Introduction
Coral reefs are a diverse and resource-rich habitat, teeming with biological activity that supports an estimated 25% of all marine life. Yet it is well known that coral reefs are degrading on a worldwide basis. In particular, coral diseases, including black band disease (BBD), are recognized as a significant threat to coral reefs and associated ecosystem services [1,2].
BBD is characterized by a dark cyanobacterial-dominated mat that is present as a band that migrates across the surface of infected corals [3]. It is similar to cyanobacterial mats found in other environments, such as hot spring outflows and hypersaline benthic zones, in that it contains strong vertical microgradients of oxygen and sulfide within the 1 mm thick band [4]. Studies using oxygen and sulfide sensitive microelectrodes have revealed that the band is fully anoxic and sulfide-rich at night, while during the day the surface of the band is supersaturated with oxygen. The oxygen/sulfide interface migrates vertically within the mat throughout the day/night cycle [4]. The band, which is dark red due to the cyanobacterial pigment phycoerythrin and appears black in situ, is known to consist of a pathogenic, polymicrobial community that includes, in addition to photosynthetic cyanobacteria, large populations of sulfate reducing bacteria, sulfide oxidizing bacteria, and numerous bacterial heterotrophs [5,6]. Physiological processes of these BBD community members create and maintain the dynamic BBD chemical microenvironment, which is an important factor in pathogenicity [6,7,8,9]. As the band moves across a coral colony, typically at rates of approximately 3 mm/day, but up to 1 cm/ day, it completely lyses coral tissue, leaving behind exposed coral skeleton. Coral tissue lysis is the result of exposure to the band itself, which is anoxic at the base and contains at least two toxins, sulfide and microcystin. The combination of anoxia and these toxins has been experimentally shown to lyse living coral tissue [10,11]. For many BBD-susceptible corals, particularly scleractinian corals which grow on the order of 1 cm in circumference per year, the rate of tissue lysis can cause complete mortality of entire coral colonies and thus impact the biological and geological structure of coral reef environments [12,13].
The dominance of the BBD microbial mat by gliding, filamentous, non-heterocystous cyanobacteria has been recognized since the first observations of BBD by Antonius |
weighed, heated to drive off the waters of hydration, and then cooled. The residues were then reweighed. Based on the following results, what are the formulas of the hydrates?
Compound Initial Mass (g) Mass after Cooling (g)
NiSO4·xH2O 2.08 1.22
CoCl2·xH2O 1.62 0.88
12. Which contains the greatest mass percentage of sulfur—FeS2, Na2S2O4, or Na2S?
13. Given equal masses of each, which contains the greatest mass percentage of sulfur—NaHSO4 or K2SO4?
14. Calculate the mass percentage of oxygen in each polyatomic ion.
a. bicarbonate
b. chromate
c. acetate
d. sulfite
15. Calculate the mass percentage of oxygen in each polyatomic ion.
a. oxalate
b. nitrite
c. dihydrogen phosphate
d. thiocyanate
16. The empirical formula of garnet, a gemstone, is Fe3Al2Si3O12. An analysis of a sample of garnet gave a value of 13.8% for the mass percentage of silicon. Is this consistent with the empirical formula?
17. A compound has the empirical formula C2H4O, and its formula mass is 88 g. What is its molecular formula?
18. Mirex is an insecticide that contains 22.01% carbon and 77.99% chlorine. It has a molecular mass of 545.59 g. What is its empirical formula? What is its molecular formula?
19. How many moles of CO2 and H2O will be produced by combustion analysis of 0.010 mol of styrene?
20. How many moles of CO2, H2O, and N2 will be produced by combustion analysis of 0.0080 mol of aniline?
21. How many moles of CO2, H2O, and N2 will be produced by combustion analysis of 0.0074 mol of aspartame?
22. How many moles of CO2, H2O, N2, and SO2 will be produced by combustion analysis of 0.0060 mol of penicillin G?
23. Combustion of a 34.8 mg sample of benzaldehyde, which contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, produced 101 mg of CO2 and 17.7 mg of H2O.
a. What was the mass of carbon and hydrogen in the sample?
b. Assuming that the original sample contained only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, what was the mass of oxygen in the sample?
c. What was the mass percentage of oxygen in the sample?
d. What is the empirical formula of benzaldehyde?
e. The molar mass of benzaldehyde is 106.12 g/mol. What is its molecular formula?
24. Salicylic acid is used to make aspirin. It contains only carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Combustion of a 43.5 mg sample of this compound produced 97.1 mg of CO2 and 17.0 mg of H2O.
a. What is the mass of oxygen in the sample?
b. What is the mass percentage of oxygen in the sample?
c. What is the empirical formula of salicylic acid?
d. The molar mass of salicylic acid is 138.12 g/mol. What is its molecular formula?
25. Given equal masses of the following acids, which contains the greatest amount of hydrogen that can dissociate to form H+—nitric acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrocyanic acid, or chloric acid?
26. Calculate the formula mass or the molecular mass of each compound.
a. heptanoic acid (a seven-carbon carboxylic acid)
b. 2-propanol (a three-carbon alcohol)
c. KMnO4
e. sulfurous acid
f. ethylbenzene (an eight-carbon aromatic hydrocarbon)
27. Calculate the formula mass or the molecular mass of each compound.
a. MoCl5
b. B2O3
c. bromobenzene
d. cyclohexene
e. phosphoric acid
f. ethylamine
28. Given equal masses of butane, cyclobutane, and propene, which contains the greatest mass of carbon?
29. Given equal masses of urea [(NH2)2 |
work intending to systematically explore the space of low-dimensional document representations. The considered methods are summarised in Table~\ref{tab:methods-all}.
\begin{table}[htb!]
\centering
\caption{Overview of the considered compression algorithms. If no reference is given, the algorithm was built for this work.
}
\resizebox{.5\textwidth}{!}{
\begin{tabular}{l|l}
Compression approach & Description \\ \hline
UMAP \cite{McInnes2018} & Non-linear compression based on manifold theory \\
Sparse random projections \cite{li2006very} & Johnson Lindenstrauss lemma-informed projections \\
Truncated SVD \cite{halko2010finding} & Singular value decomposition \\
Cluster-aggregation (mean, median, max) & Clustering into $d$ dimensions followed by aggregation \\
Neural autoencoder - small/large & Neural autoencoders of various complexities\\
Random subspaces (inspired by \cite{ho1998nearest,Breskvar2018}) & Random subspace of dimension $d$ \\
\end{tabular}
}
\label{tab:methods-all}
\end{table}
The widely adopted methods such as UMAP~\cite{McInnes2018} were shown to perform competitively to most learning-based approaches such as e.g., t-SNE~\cite{tsne}, hence this and similar approaches are not included in this work. As contributions of this work, we implemented the following approaches, of which performance we believe offers additional insights into the representations' properties. The \emph{Neural-small} and \emph{Neural-large} are two differently sized autoencoder architectures. A single layer example can be stated as
\begin{equation}
\textsc{AE}(\textbf{D}_r) = \textbf{W}_{\textrm{out}}^T\textrm{SoftSign}(\textrm{BN}(\textrm{Dropout}(\textbf{W}_{\textrm{emb}}^T \textbf{D}_r + b_0))).
\label{eq:nnet}
\end{equation}
where $\boldsymbol{D}_r$ is a dense representation of $D$ documents.
The SoftSign activation is defined as $\text{SoftSign}(x) = \frac{x}{1 + |x|}$,
The $\textrm{BN}$ (BatchNorm) is defined as:
$\textrm{BN}(x) = \frac{\textbf{x} - \mathbb{E}[\textbf{x}]}{\sqrt{\mathrm{Var}[\textbf{x}] + \varepsilon}}.$
\noindent The $\varepsilon$ is a small constant required for numeric stability.
The goal of \textsc{AE} is to learn the association
$\textsc{AE}(\textbf{D}_r) \approx \textbf{D}_r$, $\textsc{AE}: \mathbb{R}^{|D| \times d} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{|D| \times d}$.
\noindent To obtain a low-dimensional representation, forward pass is considered only up to the first hidden layer, i.e.,
\begin{equation*}
\textsc{EMB}(\textbf{D}_r) = \textbf{W}_{\textrm{emb}}^T \textbf{D}_r + b_0 \quad (\textsc{EMB}: \mathbb{R}^{|D| \times d} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{|D| \times d_i}).
\end{equation*}
\noindent Note how no activations are employed, ensuring non-activated representations.
The weight updates are considered as follows. The main hypothesis of this work explores whether incremental reconstruction of latent spaces of lower dimension indeed preserves the performance. As such, the autoencoder attempts (at each step) to overfit the representation, and is hence optimized until the loss is $\approx 0$. Note that being able to reconstruct a given input data set with zero error can be related to \emph{lossless compression}; thus, \textsc{CoRe} effectively explores whether incremental steps of theoretically lossless compression yield an useful, low-dimensional (lossy) representation.
Next, we implemented a variant of the random subspaces algorithm, which can be summarised in the following two simple steps. First, randomly select $d_i$ dimensions from the initial representation. Create a subspace-based only on these representations and perform $l_2$ normalization across samples. This approach serves as |
new form of contraception for women, New Scientist’s wilful misinterpretation ignores the positive consequences of the study for women globally, because it cannot name the group it is discussing. These consequences — social and economic liberation through reducing the number of unplanned pregnancies — are discussed in the original paper, which I found fascinating and enjoyed reading. Meanwhile, New Scientist contents itself with informing us that researchers “inserted the gel towards the backs of the vaginas of sheep, which are similar to those in humans”. New Scientist was founded in 1956 for “all those interested in scientific discovery and its social consequences”. Now, female readers interested in studies affecting themselves must read the original academic papers to gain a full picture.
When the same approach is used with studies concerning only men, women are still adversely affected. . .
Read the original to find out why. But I like the fact that Ms. Sheepshanks can write a piece that’s deadly serious while still keeping a sense of humor. But of course she’ll still be labeled as a transphobe. I get the feeling that she doesn’t care.
Here’s her ending, which is great [note that “gonochorism” describes a biological system, as in humans, in which a species has only two sexes and every individual is a member of only one of those two sexes].
I look forward to a day when I have a place to read about the physical and social implications of research into women’s bodies and health, without limitation. In the meantime, I note that New Scientist remains happy to acknowledge gonochorism in other animals; it recently rejoiced over a study of female robins that discredited the sexist theory that only male robins sing. Maybe I’ll support the liberation of female songbirds until I can read about my own species. In fact, if there’s a rally for feminist robins, I’ll be there with a placard the size of my thumbnail, desperately seeking a new safe haven of sanity.
But there have been quite a few other missteps in this journal, and I’ve called the venue out more than a few times (see here). Imagine if Scientific American merged with New Scientist. The result would be the scientific equivalent of The Onion!
There was so much pushback against that article, and criticism of the journal’s direction, that Helmuth issued the second tweet, which is very odd for someone engaged in science journalism. No, Dr. Helmuth, pushback against wrongheaded editorials doesn’t prove anything except that readers didn’t agree with it. And if you follow the comments on the tweet, you’ll find, as I did, at least 98% of them take the article, the editor, or the journal to task.
This is, I think, a staple of the illiberal Left: the claim that criticism of an idea just “proves” that it was correct all along. Oy, my twisted kishkes!
Apparently Helmuth turned off replies to that comment except from those whom she follows on Twitter. I happen to be one of those blessed people, but chose to reply here rather that make a tweet.
This isn’t science, or even rationalism: it’s a form of religion. Oh, one response came from a man with “lived experience”: Tony Dungy, a former football safety and then head coach of two NFL teams.
As a black man and former NFL player I can say this article is absolutely ridiculous.
Oh, a reader wanted to know if this tweet was a parody or not.
It didn’t take long to find out that this was not a parody; see here.
Somebody called my attention to three new articles and op-eds in Scientific American that have no science in them, but are pure ideology of the “progressive” sort. I agree with some of the sentiments expressed in them, as in the first one. But my point is, as usual, to show how everything in science, including its most widely-read “popular” magazine, is being taken over by ideology. Not only that, but it’s ideology of only one stripe: Leftist “progressive” (or “woke,” if you will) ideology, so that the “opinion” section is not a panoply of divergent views, but gives only one view, like a Scientific Pravda. Remember that the editor refused when I offered to write an op-ed expressing different (but of course not right-wing) views.
Click on the screenshot below to read the pieces.
The first article’s argument is in the subtext: anti-LGBTQ+ “hate speech” leads to violence against members of that community. It’s clear that anti-LGBTQ+ belief does in some (but not all) cases, but of course as a First Amendment hard-liner I wouldn’t ban such speech unless it was created to promote imminent and serious violence. Still, I oppose it, or any speech that calls out not beliefs, but demonizes believers. The question though, which the piece doesn |
HDL cholesterol does not protect against cardiovascular disease [20], and also people with a genetically lowered HDL cholesterol level did not suffer from increased incidences of myocardial infarction [21]. These data undermine the arguments for a protective role of HDL cholesterol in atherosclerosis. Of course it is useless to deny the existence of an inverse correlation between the incidence of cardiovascular disease and plasma HDL cholesterol levels. The data presented in references 20 and 21 do not deny this inverse correlation but just indicate that this inverse correlation does not involve any causality in relation to cardiovascular disease.
The arguments above seriously question a causal role of native LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol in atherosclerosis. Further evidence that neither LDL nor HDL cholesterol plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis comes from several large, randomized, placebo controlled trials which show that various drugs which considerably reduce plasma LDL cholesterol and/ or increase plasma HDL cholesterol do not protect against atherosclerosis or cardiovascular disease: In a trial testing the effect of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on cardiovascular disease, 2763 women with coronary disease were included [22]. Patients were followed for more than 4 years after having started HRT or placebo treatment. HRT treatment resulted in a decrease of LDL cholesterol levels by 11% and an increase of HDL cholesterol levels by 10%. Despite these "favorable" changes in plasma cholesterol, the overall rate of cardiovascular events did not change.
In a trial testing the effect of torcetrapib, a cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitor, 850 patients with familial hypercholesterolemia were included [23]. Patients were treated with statins or with statins plus torcetrapib for 2 years. Thereafter carotid intima-media thickness for the common carotic artery was measured as a surrogate marker for atherosclerosis. Treatment with torcetrapib decreased LDL cholesterol levels by about 25% and increased HDL cholesterol by about 35% compared to treatment by statins alone. Despite these "favorable" changes in plasma cholesterol, treatment with torcetrapib/statin resulted in an annual increase of the carotid intima-media thickness, whereas for the statin-only group a small decrease was reported. Torcetrapib therefore appeared to worsen atherosclerosis in this study.
Another example concerns a study with ezetimibe. Ezetimibe inhibits intestinal cholesterol uptake. In this study, 720 patients with familial hypercholesterolemia were included [24]. Patients were treated with statins or with statins plus ezetimibe for 2 years. Thereafter carotid intima-media thickness for the common carotic artery was measured as a surrogate marker for atherosclerosis. Treatment with ezetimibe decreased LDL cholesterol levels by 16.5%. HDL cholesterol did not change. Again these changes in plasma cholesterol after treatment with ezetimibe/statin did not result in positive effects on the intima thickness compared to the statin-only group.
In conclusion, it was shown that unbalanced native cholesterol transport to atherosclerotic lesions is unlikely to play a role in atherosclerosis. This view was confirmed by the results of clinical studies on atherosclerosis using various cholesterol modifying drugs [22][23][24]. Together these data represent serious doubts that plasma cholesterol has a causal role in atherosclerosis.
The effect of statins on cardiovascular disease
The protective effects of statins against cardiovascular disease is seen by Steinberg as final proof for the "cholesterol hypothesis" [5]. Statins inhibit HMGCoA reductase activity and thereby reduce plasma cholesterol levels. However, not all trials with statins show protection against cardiovascular disease even though in all these trials clear reductions in plasma LDL cholesterol were achieved [25][26][27][28]. These data confirm data of studies with other cholesterol lowering drugs [22][23][24] that LDL cholesterol is unlikely to be an important causal factor for cardiovascular disease.
At least two different reasons can be considered as explanation for the failure of statins in recent trials: 1) Statins may also have pharmacological effects which may reduce its protective effect and 2) Possibly not all subpopulations are responders to statin treatment.
1. Statins may have pharmacological effects which reduce its protective effect. Due to HMGCoA reductase inhibition, which is a rate limiting enzyme of the of the mevalonate pathway, statins have many downstream biological effects. One of those is the inhibition of the formation of Coenzyme Q10 [29]. This is highly relevant as coenzyme Q10 is a major anti-oxidant for circulating LDL cholesterol [30], and many cardiac patients are known to have low circulating Coenzyme Q10 levels [31]. A further reduction of Coenzyme Q1 |
years you had lots of white conservative racists who were still registered Dem and voted Dem in local and state races, but voted Republican for national elections. But that’s mostly faded away now, and the white racists are almost all registered Republican now.
You’re assuming your conclusion by saying that whether or not one is an independent voter is “directly linked to actual voting behavior”. If you define it that way, then of course — you’ve created a tautology. But you have also redefined ‘independent’ to mean something new — something about votes, rather than something about party affiliation.
Try this analogy: suppose you were trapped in a town that only had two available things to eat — vegetables, and rat poison. Would this make you a vegetarian? Your behavior, in that context, would be indistinguishable from that of vegetarians. No matter how much you wanted a steak, or some barbecued ribs, you would still look just like a vegetarian at the checkout counter.
On your analysis, yes — that would make you a vegetarian, because vegetarianism is defined by what you eat, regardless of the reasons for it. On my analysis, it would make you a frustrated omnivore — and the difference would become obvious the day pork chops showed up at the grocery store. My analysis correctly predicts how behavior will change when context changes. Yours does not.
No, what matters is why they vote the way they do, and whether they would vote differently if the labels on the various candidates changed. Which has nothing at all to do with how they describe themselves.
Purchaser, yes, at least for the moment. Aficionado? that depends on what other flavors are available. If he’s a Rocky Road lover, and the only flavors available are vanilla and green tea, then his purchases do not describe his preferences — or what he would buy in a real ice cream store.
US politics, at the moment, offers vanilla and earwax as the only flavors on the menu. Reliably buying vanilla in that situation doesn’t make me a vanilla-lover.
Actually, my comment had nothing to do with how people view themselves. It’s about how people would vote if they had more choices, or different choices — and whether those votes would depend on which party label gets attached to the options.
You’re an independent, but not an independent? How does that work? You’ve lost me.
I’m a Democrat right now because the evil on the R side has gotten to the point where I will vote for any D over any R, to deny the R’s the numbers that would enable them to prosecute their evil agenda without let or hindrance. That’s a recent thing, and a sign that US politics is badly broken. I do not consider it the normal state of affairs, and I’m not sure a ‘realignment’ is what is required to fix it. You and Steven seem to always see this in terms of party affiliations and loyalties — ‘alignments’. I see it in terms of policies and issues, planks and platforms. And compromise, because neither party has been anywhere close to my ideal in my lifetime.
So, if Pew called you up and asked you your political affiliation, what would you say? Would that answer template onto your policy views?
Circumstances changed for you and your voting habits changed. Pew’s polling is not able to capture that change and track it, you’ve simply moved from one aggregate camp to another in their data.
That’s a big part of my point. You can’t squeeze everyone into two neat party ID categories.
Consider the Obama-Trump voters. A couple of studies have estimated that around 10% of the those who voted for Obama in 2012 voted for Trump in 2016. That’s about 5-6 million voters. What box or category do we put them in based on their vote?
The point being, some independents are reliably partisan, others clearly are not. Pew doesn’t tell us how many are in each group so it’s wrong to simply assume independents are all reliably partisan voters. Their data doesn’t show that – it’s a snapshot, one that could (and probably will) change by the next election.
Independents mostly are middle-aged people projecting via high-school fantasies that never came close to being true. If you’re over 40 and you think national politics is a way to express yourself, you’re still 18. You can read Chomsky and Agamben, think neoliberalism is demonic, and yet without hesitation vote for Hillary Clinton. If you have to separate yourself with a minor 15,000 word aside about your political individuality, you need an actual life.
But, consider me. I don’t particularly care more for one party in mexico than another, though we’re not as polarized as the US. We also have three major parties, and a bunch of smaller ones (meaning parties that get legislators elected).
that said, I voted in 2 |
Home Painting Should You Paint Walls or Trim First?
Solved: Should You Paint Walls or Trim First?
Figuring out whether to paint the trim or walls first is a big one because doing it right is going to save you a lot of time and energy.
It’s always recommended that you paint the trim first before you paint the walls. This is because it is easier to cut in on walls than trim, and trim is always quicker to touch up than walls if there are any accidents.
Here is what else you should know about painting trims and walls.
Why is it beneficial to paint the trim first?
Why do some painters start with the walls before painting the trim?
How do you keep paint from the already-painted surface?
Which tools do you need to properly paint walls and trims faster?
Which option gives the best results: painting the walls or trim first?
Opting to start painting the trim before painting the walls is more than just a preference. The following are the main advantages why professional painters recommend starting with the trim.
The first, and main reason, why professional painters opt to paint the trim first is because of taping. A painter’s tape is a must-have when it comes to painting because it shields painted surfaces from accidental drips and splashes. And so, what this means is that the surface that is painted first has to be covered by the tape.
Since trims have smaller surface areas, they need less tape, They can also be taped faster. Therefore, when compared to the larger surface area of walls, taping the trim presents much less of a challenge. And so it is always better to paint the trim first, let it dry, and then tape it as opposed to having to tape the wall.
The other reason why starting with the trim makes sense has to do with cutting in.
Walls offer flatter and wider surfaces. This provides more cutting room. Furthermore, when cutting over the wall, one is likely to have an easier and less mistake-prone cutting-in process simply because the trim edge makes it easier to follow. As a result, having to do a cut in over the walls is way less challenging and as such, it can be done at a faster rate.
On the other hand, the trim has a narrower surface. Its surface also tends to be creased and curved. Cutting in over such a surface will thus present more of a challenge. One will have to have steadier hands and painting skills in order to pull it off at a faster rate. And as a result, starting with the trim and thereafter doing the cutting in on the more printing-friendly walls is a better approach.
In cases where there is a lot of traffic in a room due to continuing construction or people moving things around, you may also want to start with the trim. This is because the walls provide a larger surface area which makes it more susceptible to getting chipped. Furthermore, the wall area is located at eye-level or at least above knee level. This increases the risks of damage-worthy contact.
On the other hand, trims are located at the bottom of the room. They also have a narrower and smaller surface area, which makes them less of a target. Therefore, when there is a high risk of accidental paint damage, it makes more sense to start with the trim as you wait for the activity levels or traffic to subside.
Some professional painters swear by the soundness of starting with the walls, and thereafter dealing with the trim. As it turns out, there are legitimate advantages to opting for this sequence as far as painting a room is concerned.
Walls present larger surfaces that are flat. They can thus be easily painted with a roller at a faster rate. This is so especially when you consider the fact that you don’t have to take as much care when trying to paint over the uneven surface of the trim. Therefore, if you want to immediately see how your room will look with a fresh coat of paint, starting with the walls offers faster results.
The trim, on the other hand, does not offer the instant “wow” effect but because in the end, the process is quicker, you will save time and money painting windows trim and skirts first. It is generally smaller in terms of surface area. Painting takes a little bit more time and requires skill since you can’t use the roller as freely. And it is also located at the bottom of the room, and not at eye level. As a result, the sense of accomplishment that you get after finishing it is unlikely to be as big as the one that you will likely get from finishing the walls.
If you have loved ones or friends ready to help, getting them to help you paint a larger surface is way more prudent. Painting a larger and flatter surface does not require a lot of skill. It also doesn’t require as much care. As a result, making it a fun project is way easier than when it comes to painting narrower surfaces that are less forgiving as far as painting technique is concerned.
Therefore, if you are receiving help, and the help is only available temporarily, start |
As fast or slow as you want.
As hard or soft as you want.
Through out these pages you have heard (or will hear) me harp on breathing from the diaphragm. Hopefully it has sunk in (or will sink in) that breathing from the diaphragm is important, worth paying attention to, worth working on, worth thinking about, considering, contemplating… and even practicing.
But what does it even mean? Well, basically, we humans can breathe through our nose and/or mouth by using our lungs and/or our diaphragm to pump air in and out. Our lungs are up in our chests, and our diaphragm is underneath, about the level of our stomachs. Learn to isolate and separate the feelings of breathing from your lungs, both your lungs and diaphragm, and just your diaphragm.
The common advice on how to go about isolating your diaphragm breathing is to lie on the floor (hard surface helps) on your back and relax. Put a book on your stomach and watch it move up and down. Feel the weight of the book against your stomach and feel where your stomach pushes back against it. Down there. That’s your diaphragm. Breathe from there. Breathe all the way out and cough. Feel the pounding of your diaphragm?
Get your lungs out of it. If you feel your chest expanding you’re breathing from your lungs. Chest equals lungs. Stomach equals diaphragm. Some guys say “play from your toes.” From deep. As deep as you can get. If your shoulders are going up and down you’re breathing from your lungs. Lungs are higher up. Feelings caused by breathing that are high up in your body–your chest and your shoulders–are caused by breathing from your lungs. Relax those muscles.
Why? You don’t like the answer that experience shows that breathing from the diaphragm works and sounds best? You’re not happy with the thought that all the great players say the same things, and that the same wisdom is known by singers? Okay, here’s another justification for you.
Resonance is a reinforcing of sound wave echoes so that some frequencies in essence get amplified more than others. Resonance is what breaks the crystal goblets when singers hit just the right note in just the right way. Echoes are sound waves bouncing around, and since sound waves in air basically travel at the same speed, the affected (amplified) frequencies (how fast the sound waves jiggle the air, which jiggles our ear drums, which rate determines the pitch we hear) are determined by the size of the echo chamber; the distances of the walls from each other. The lower the note, the longer the wave length, the bigger the chamber must be to affect that frequency. This amplification of certain frequencies greatly influences the resulting tone and volume of the note being produced.
It turns out that our mouths are not quite big enough to provide an optimally sized resonant echo chamber for the sounds we produce either playing or singing, especially on lower notes. The mouth is very important in manipulating the resonant chamber size (and shape) so we can tune it to the notes we are playing, reshaping the sound, but we need a little bigger chamber, something with more volume. We add our hands, and this helps both in creating a larger chamber and providing a way to manipulate the chamber size to maximize the impact of each individual note. But hands and mouth together are still not big enough. The control comes from there, but the capacity–the size and volume of the chamber in which the sounds echo and resonate, benefits from use of the entire vocal tract, everything below the throat and back down into the lungs. The lungs themselves are full of tissues and fluids, along with a myriad air sacks, so I don’t know how much the lungs themselves add to the resonance chamber–but, the airways that lead to the lungs are very important. We need to relax the chest muscles that operate the lungs so we can control and expand the vocal tract resonance chamber. Then we can still use the diaphragm to control the air flowing into and out of our lungs while maintaining control over the vocal tract that feeds the lungs. We need to make ourselves big on the inside to take advantage of the resonant capabilities of our bodies.
You always hear people–musicians, athletes, and people skilled at just about any activity–talking about being relaxed or the importance of relaxation, don’t you? The best ice skaters look perfectly comfortable and at ease, the best athletes seem to glide, float, and coast, the best performers seem relaxed and at home on their stage. Even when they are heavily exerting themselves. Don’t fight yourself. Muscles work in pairs often times, and if you are tense, one muscle that you don’t need to be using may be fighting a muscle that you do need to be using. To relax the proper muscles, you first have to become aware of what |
If you have a gamer in your life, you know how hard it can be to choose a present each time a birthday or a holiday rolls around. Your loved one already has their game of choice, whether it’s Call of Duty, Fortnite, or Grand Theft Auto, so what else does she need? Luckily, we’ve gathered up 50 amazing gifts any gamer would love to receive. You’ll find everything from tech gear that will help perfect her gaming to game-themed home décor she can use to brighten up her space.
Get her a gift set that’s sure to put a smile on her face. It includes a fruit arrangement packed with chocolate dipped strawberries, chocolate dipped pineapple daisies, and cantaloupe, paired with a delightful box of mixed chocolate dipped fruit and a cheerful balloon.
This curated gift box includes a sampling of unique chocolate covered treats. It includes chocolate dipped strawberries, chocolate dipped apple wedges, white chocolate and semisweet chocolate dipped bananas, dark chocolate caramel popcorn, chocolate covered sandwich cookies, and chocolate covered pretzels.
Give your loved one the gift of enhanced game performance with this gaming keyboard. It features soft-touch keys with functionality that prevents accidental keystrokes and quick access to frequently used controls for seamless operation.
Make sure your loved one has plenty of snacks to keep them well-fed even during a mega gaming marathon. It includes 60 pre-packaged snacks, including a mix of sweet, salty, savory, and healthy snacks.
Give her the gift of comfort with this gaming chair. It features an ergonomic design with up to 160-degree reclining and 360-degree swiveling capabilities for a better gaming experience.
Video games have become more and more sophisticated and technologically advanced. This book details all the intricacies of the games, including how they work, why they’re so appealing, and how they will continue to advance in the future.
Get your loved one a custom water bottle featuring a character that looks just like her. Designers create each character from scratch based off of your photographs and provide unlimited revisions until you are 100% satisfied with their creation.
Get her a canvas print that looks like a real Van Gogh with a Mario-style upgrade. Hand-crafted in the USA, the canvas is expertly stretched across North American Pine wood and features archival inks so it will never fade.
Use your Nintendo Switch system to control a real-life Mario Kart in your own home. Your at-home course and opponents will come alive on screen, and the kart will react as you boost, hit items, and move around the course.
Make sure your gamer loved one never experiences a dead phone battery. This portable charger is packed with fast charging capability, which can charge your smartphone up to 75% faster than typical chargers.
Get her a scratch-off poster that features a carefully selected list of 100 video games for her to uncover. It provides a wide variety of games to try, from the classic Space Invaders all the way up to brand new releases.
This “Dangerous to go alone” key rack is the perfect addition to your loved one’s décor because it features the most well-known saying from one of the most popular video games ever. It features five hooks for keys, dog leashes, and small bags.
This Monopoly game features themes and art from the classic Sonic the Hedgehog video game and allows you to play as your favorite character: Sonic, Tails, Amy, or Knuckles. It’s the perfect blend of a classic board game and a favorite video game.
Featuring a vintage collection of video game consoles, controllers, and cartridges, this puzzle is the perfect pick for a video game lover. It’s made from recycled chipboard and includes 1,000 pieces.
This doormat features the well-known phrase “Sorry, but your princess is in another castle,” making it the perfect addition to any gamer’s décor. It’s also made to absorb dirt and mud of any kind without losing its original color intensity.
This string of lights features 90 RGB LED lights designed to backlight your TV or computer screen. They feature six million DIY colors and seven scene modes for you to pick your favorite modes and color.
Choose a wearable blanket in your choice of 10 colors that’s practically essential for a gamer. It lets you stay warm and cozy while keeping your hands free for gaming.
Help protect your loved one’s eyes from strain, soreness, and tiredness with these blue light-blocking glasses. They’re made just for the gamer, with a larger lens and a design that’s ideal for use with a headset.
Cuddle up with this blanket that looks just like your favorite food — pepperoni pizza! Made with a combination of polyester and microfiber, it’s soft and cozy and measures a whopping 60 inches across.
This light, new version of the Nintendo Switch system is optimized for personal, handheld play. It features a built-in control pad and a sleek, unibody design that’s optimized for gameplay.
Choose this Legend of |
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the lives of citizens and Government business. In that context, a defined legal framework for governance was known and predictable, and where details were unknown to ordinary citizens, they were at least ascertainable. As such, the rule of law might better be described as “rule by law” and it presupposed the existence of a separation of power between the executive, legislative and judicial branches of Government. Often likened in Botswana to the three-legged cooking pot commonly used throughout Southern Africa, those three branches were interrelated, even as they exercised their mandates without undue interference from the others. Finally, the rule of law also required that the Government and its officials should be accountable to the people. That accountability must be clearly set out in the law, alongside remedies should breaches occur.
She stressed that the rule of law placed obligations on both the State and citizens. The citizens, in particular, must be reminded that they had a stake in the rule of law and should invest in its promotion rather than viewing it as a one-sided entitlement to which they were passive recipients. Also, the rule of law was more meaningful if it was given legally and binding effect by a supreme document, such as a written Constitution and other written laws. Supporting institutions — including independent courts, ombudspersons, human rights and other commissions, legal aid and anti-corruption agencies — were also needed. Those characteristics applied equally at the international level, she added, underlining the need to ensure alignment between the national and international levels.
Turning to the linkages between the rule of law and social and economic justice, economic growth and sustainable development, she said Botswana’s modest economic achievements had been greatly facilitated by its investment in a functioning democracy and a clear and predictable legal framework, including respect for human rights. Such an approach allowed investors to operate without fear that their property rights would be interfered with arbitrarily. That, in turn, led to increased levels of employment, rising household income and improved livelihood standards. To ensure sustainability, Botswana was giving important attention to protecting the environment, and had passed an environmental impact assessment act.
Turning to issues of investment and trade laws, she said harmonizing those was especially important, so that the rules-based system was codified and predictable. In the absence of harmonized laws, bilateral agreements on both trade and investment could help create an environment conducive to investment. Regional initiatives and collaboration were also important, she said, highlighting the Southern African Development Community’s (SADC) Protocol on Finance and Investment, as well as its Protocol on Trade. On the issue of transnational crimes, she noted that the challenge in Africa was a general absence of legislation to combat trafficking in drugs and women and children, as well as weaknesses in enforcement and collaboration where laws did exist. While it had ratified the Anti-Trafficking Protocol, Botswana did not have domestic legislation on trafficking. It was, however, an active member of INTERPOL and the Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation Organisation (SARPCO), and had taken steps to collaborate with neighbouring countries on issues of extradition and mutual legal assistance.
She went to say that local participation and ownership were critical to ensuring the success of the rule of law, stressing that local needs should be taken into account in any development initiative. Botswana’s national Government had done that for years, by holding consultations with local communities at their kgotlas, or traditional meeting places. Yet, the Government had learned that, because the traditional forum inhibited the participation of women, youth and marginalized communities, more focused discussions with specific interest groups were also necessary and could produce more meaningful consultations. Another lesson from Botswana’s experience was that, in operating a dual legal regime, clear provisions regarding the application of both regimes were needed, as was the establishment of minimum standards based on fundamental rights and freedoms. It was also important to curb potential abuses of human rights carried out under the pretext of preserving or restoring traditions.
In the ensuing discussion, Government representatives observed that access to justice and the rule of law were critical to creating an overall enabling environment in countries for social and economic progress. Addressing poverty involved ensuring that the poor were able to voice their needs, seek redress against injustice, participate in public life and influence policies that ultimately shaped their lives.
In that context, some speakers pointed out that development was increasingly affected by transnational challenges, such as crime and corruption. How could the international legal environment be more effective in dealing with those challenges, particularly in the return of assets acquired through illegal means? Discussion focused on non-State actors that respected neither the national nor international rule of law, a problem exacerbated in failed States that lacked central authority. How could non-State actors be included in the concept of the rule of law? Questions also centred on the three most important achievements that the rule of law should bring to the “citizen on the street”.
Other queries centred on the importance of the rule of law in the creation of an equitable international trade system, and especially on the private sector’s role, which was also important for sustainable economic growth. Several speakers agreed that, although an “int |
this environment. With PayPal, you can also send custom URLs that business contacts and friends can use to send you money at their leisure.
Additionally, it's worth noting that there's no way to store the money you collect in Square Cash on your account. Instead, your funds go directly to your bank account. That means that the application is useless if you've been on the hunt for a digital wallet.
One particularly interesting feature of Square Cash is the unique “Boost” feature.
When you're exploring your Square interface, you'll find that tapping the balance on the center of your screen will show you a digital version of the card that you use in real life. There's also a function to add something called a “Boost.
There are a few things that you can choose to add Boosts for. However, it's important to remember that you do need to opt into the boost before you'll be able to take advantage of it. You can't simply buy things and discover the benefits later.
Cash card boosts on Square Cash allow you to take advantage of any current offer immediately, without opting in. You can scroll through the different options and swap between boosts as much as you like before you start using them. However, once you've started to take advantage of offers, it will be locked onto your card for a full 24 hours.
Another thing to note about Boosts is that the offers can come in a lot of different forms. If you choose a boost for a food store or restaurant, for instance, you might get a percentage off your total purchase. On the other hand, other boosts might simply send you cash straight back into your bank account.
The Boosts feature is just a very easy way to make sure that you're getting the most out of every payment you make, which is excellent regardless of whether you're looking at this Square Cash review for business or personal reasons. We all like to earn a little bit back from whatever we spend, after all.
As we noted above, using Square Cash either for business or personal transactions is a very simple and straightforward process. If you're a company that's using the Square Point of Sale app, you can also combine both functionalities to get even more features to tap into.
The great thing about this application is that it works particularly well for mobile services and business, like consultants and make-up artists. Importantly, you don't get a full store with an inventory like you would if you were using the full Square for Business experience, but you do get just about everything you might need to take and send payments.
One exciting feature of Square cash is the fact that it also permits buying and selling bitcoin. These days, as more people explore the opportunities of cryptocurrency, the Square cash app ensures that you can buy and sell bitcoin with no additional cost. However, this feature doesn't work with Square cash for business. You can only use the Bitcoin features if you're using Square specifically for personal payment reasons.
There are a few other things you'll need to keep in mind when it comes to understanding Square Cash for Business. For instance, there are limits to the amount of money that you can receive in your Business account through Square Cash. According to the terms of services laid out by Square, the current maximum amount for a single month is $1,000 – which isn't a lot of if you're using this tool to fund your entire business operation.
You can accept slightly more money if you go through the full checks with Square and prove that your company belongs to you. Additionally, it's worth noting that when you sign up to use Square Cash for Business, you'll also be agreeing to the terms of payment and general user accounts too. This means that you give Square the full rights to hold onto funds or terminate your account whenever they see fit. This is a bit of a problem for some companies. Square also has a bit of a reputation for terminating accounts seemingly without reason.
Finally, remember that if you seem to be using your Square Cash for Business account for personal transactions, or the other way around, then Square will automatically switch your account to the correct service.
Mobile wallets are growing more common around the world today.
However, you won't be able to use your mobile wallet everywhere yet. That's why Square Cash provides a physical and virtual debit card that you can use to make payments from your balance. This card is available to use at ATMs, so you can withdraw money with it if you need to. Additionally, the system comes with the unique rewards program that we mentioned above, Square Boost.
Crucially, the Cash Card available with Square is only there for use with your personal account. You cannot use this service with your Business account, and if Square thinks that you're using the card incorrectly, they can close your account or switch it.
Although it's disappointing that you can't use your Square cash card as a business user, it does make sense. Remember that with the business app, all of your payments will go directly to your bank account anyway, which means that there's nothing to pull money out |
Realistic task for teaching bit operations
I'm looking for a function or algorithm that requires extensive bit manipulation, but is not complicated in its nature and purpose, so that students remain focused on bit operations.
Now I use Win32 API GetVersion(): it returns system version components encoded in a 32-bit integer. Although deprecated, it's a comprehensive real-world example that requires masking, shifts, and bit testing. Students also learn to figure out needed operations from documentation.
However, I'd like to move away from MS-Windows. What an equivalent facility might be? It may even be an external library, if it's free and easy to plug in (we already use libcurl).
The language is C++. Students are 1st year, not pure CS (industrial automation).
• Industrial automation? Go right to a microcontroller with its peripheral registers, which often need individual bit manipulation. Jan 10 at 22:57
• @Bergi the only time I use bit-manipulation in work is a few SPI devices (that I interface to a Raspberry Pi) Jan 11 at 12:53
• @Bergi There's a class dedicated to microcontrollers later in the curriculum. Mine is about software engineering in general and there's only one lesson for bits topic (because one has to deal with bits here and there). Hardware would be an overkill, unfortunately. Jan 11 at 19:24
• @ChrisH The Raspberry Pi runs on a microprocessor, not quite a traditional microcontroller (though marketing people have called some Celeron chips microcontrollers which muddies the waters somewhat but old-school embedded programmers don't think of them as microcontrollers, we created a new name for them instead: SOC). What you normally do in config files on the Raspberry Pi you'd flip bits of individual memory addresses on microcontrollers. Jan 12 at 14:08
• @slebetman absolutely true. I also work with Arduinos which really are microcontroller-based (and in one case connected to an RPi over TTL-232). I was more commenting on the SPI aspect - the RPi is just a handy way of playing with SPi. 10 bits of ADC data or 12 bits of temperature data packed into 2 bytes, in an illogical order requires a bit of fiddling and shifting. Configuring devices requires bit-masking config values. Jan 12 at 14:17
varints
Implement encoding and decoding something like Protobuf's varint, perhaps without using negative numbers. Quoting:
Each byte in a varint, except the last byte, has the most significant bit (msb) set – this indicates that there are further bytes to come. The lower 7 bits of each byte are used to store the two's complement representation of the number in groups of 7 bits, least significant group first.
So to decode you need to go through a byte string and:
1. Take the 7 LSBs
2. Shift those 7 LSBs into the output variable
3. Check the MSB and continue or break
GPIO/hardware
Also, as mentioned in comments, hardware does usually require bit manipulation when writing drivers to interface with control registers (I have seen the reply stating it's not viable, just mention this for completeness). This is most prominent in GPIOs, where you can for example have one 32 bit register splits as 16 two-bit fields, one per GPIO.
BCD
Just remembered, there's another use case very common in electronics which you actually can do with pure software: Binary-coded decimal. The simplest version, which Wikipedia calls Natural BCD encodes two decimal digits as two separate 4-bit values in a single byte. This type of coding was used with 7-segment displays and to this very day is quite common in real-time clock ICs.
Maybe a bit too complicated, but fun nevertheless: Teach them about bitboards.
Conveniently enough, a chess-board has precisely 64 squares, so a 64-bit integer can store one bit of boolean information per square. Now the whole state of the board (disregarding en-passant and castling for now) can be encoded by having one integer per type of figure and one integer for all white figures.
• Want to find the white pawns? use pawn & white.
• The black pawns? pawn & !white
• Want to find all occupied squares? all = pawn | rook | knight | bishop | king | queen
• Squares reachable by white pawns in a normal move? (pawn & white) << 8 & !all
• In a two square move? (((pawn & white & 0xff00) << 8 ) & (!all) ) << 8) & !all
The possibilities range from trivial to requiring detailed understanding of bit-operations and |
terms of behaviourism and cognitivism: two movements in psychology that effect how one views learning and education. Behaviourism, as the name implies, looks at behaviour without looking at what the brain and neurons are doing, while cognitivism looks at the mental processes that underlie behaviour. Deep learning systems like the one built by Hill and his colleagues reflect a cognitivist approach, but for a system to have something approaching human intelligence, it would have to have a little of both. “Our system can’t go too far beyond the dictionary data on which it was trained, but the ways in which it can are interesting, and make it a surprisingly robust question and answer system – and quite good at solving crossword puzzles,” said Hill. While it was not built with the purpose of solving crossword puzzles, the researchers found that it actually performed better than commercially-available products that are specifically engineered for the task.
2. Mathematical Foundations for Social Computing (PDF) — collection of pointers to existing research in social computing and some open challenges for work to be done. Consider situations where a highly structured decision must be made. Some examples are making budgets, assigning water resources, and setting tax rates. […] One promising candidate is “Knapsack Voting.” […] This captures most budgeting processes — the set of chosen budget items must fit under a spending limit, while maximizing societal value. Goel et al. prove that asking users to compare projects in terms of “value for money” or asking them to choose an entire budget results in provably better properties than using the more traditional approaches of approval or rank-choice voting.
3. Power, Minimal Detectable Effect, and Bucket Size Estimation in A/B Tests (Twitter) — This post describes how Twitter’s A/B testing framework, DDG, addresses one of the most common questions we hear from experimenters, product managers, and engineers: how many users do we need to sample in order to run an informative experiment?
4. Intelligence-Augmented Rat Cyborgs in Maze Solving (PLoS) — We compare the performance of maze solving by computer, by individual rats, and by computer-aided rats (i.e. rat cyborgs). They were asked to find their way from a constant entrance to a constant exit in 14 diverse mazes. Performance of maze solving was measured by steps, coverage rates, and time spent. The experimental results with six rats and their intelligence-augmented rat cyborgs show that rat cyborgs have the best performance in escaping from mazes. These results provide a proof-of-principle demonstration for cyborg intelligence. In addition, our novel cyborg intelligent system (rat cyborg) has great potential in various applications, such as search and rescue in complex terrains.
Four short links: 8 March 2016
Neural Nets on Encrypted Data, IoT VR Prototype, Group Chat Considered Harmful, and Haptic Hardware
1. Neutral Nets on Encrypted Data (Paper a Day) — By using a technique known as homohorphic encryption, it’s possible to perform operations on encrypted data, producing an encrypted result, and then decrypt the result to give back the desired answer. By combining homohorphic encryption with a specially designed neural network that can operate within the constraints of the operations supported, the authors of CryptoNet are able to build an end-to-end system whereby a client can encrypt their data, send it to a cloud service that makes a prediction based on that data – all the while having no idea what the data means, or what the output prediction means – and return an encrypted prediction to the client, which can then decrypt it to recover the prediction. As well as making this possible, another significant challenge the authors had to overcome was making it practical, as homohorphic encryption can be expensive.
2. VR for IoT Prototype (YouTube) — a VR prototype created for displaying sensor data and video streaming in real time from IoT sensors/camera devices designed for rail or the transportation industry.
3. Is Group Chat Making You Sweat? (Jason Fried) — all excellent points. Our attention and focus are the scarce and precious resources of the 21st century.
4. How Devices Provide Haptic Feedback — good intro to what’s happening in your hardware.
Four short links: 4 March 2016
Snapchat's Business, Tracking Voters, Testing for Discriminatory Associations, and Assessing Impact
1. How Snapchat Built a Business by Confusing Olds (Bloomberg) — Advertisers don’t have a lot of good options to reach under-30s. The audiences of CBS, NBC, and ABC are, on average, in their 50s. Cable networks such as CNN and Fox News have it worse, with median viewerships near or past Social Security age. MTV’s median viewers are in their early 20s, but ratings have dropped in recent years. Marketers are understandably anxious, and Spiegel and his deputies have capitalized on those anxieties brilliantly by charging hundreds of thousands of dollars |
iances (shrinkage parameters). Similarly, α jk is the set of all fixed prior specifications, i.e., for GAM-type models α jk usually holds the so-called penalty matrices, amongst others. In most situations the prior p jk (β jk ; τ jk , α jk ) is based on a multivariate normal kernel for β jk and on inverse gamma distributions for each τ jk = (τ 1jk , . . . , τ L jk jk ) , but as indicated previously, in principle any type of prior can be used ( Examples of distributional models that fit well in this framework are the ones for: • Univariate responses of any type, e.g., counts with zero-inflation and/or overdispersion as proposed in Klein, Kneib, and Lang (2015b)
Posterior estimation
Estimation typically requires to evaluate the log-likelihood (β; y, X) function and its derivatives w.r.t. all regression coefficients β a number of times. For Bayesian inference the logposterior is either used for posterior mode estimation, or for solving high-dimensional integrals. e.g., for posterior mean estimation MCMC samples need to be computed.
Although the types of models that can be fitted within the flexible BAMLSS framework can be quite complex, show that there are a number of similarities between optimization and sampling concepts. Fortunately, and albeit the different model term complexity, algorithms for posterior mode and mean estimation can be summarized into a partitioned updating scheme with separate updating equations using leapfrog or zigzag iteration (Aitkin 1987;Smyth 1996), e.g., with updating equations where function U jk (·) is an updating function, e.g., for generating one Newton-Raphson step or for getting the next step in an MCMC simulation. Rigby and Stasinopoulos (2005) showed that using a basis function approach, i.e., each function f jk (·) can be represented by a linear combination of a design matrix and regression coefficients, the updating functions U jk (·) for posterior mode (frequentist penalized likelihood) estimation for β jk share an iteratively weighted least squares updating step (IWLS, Gamerman 1997) with weight matrices W kk and working responses z k , similarly to the well-known IWLS updating scheme for generalized linear models (GLM, Nelder and Wedderburn 1972). In the same way, approximate full conditionals π(β jk |·) for MCMC are constructed with this updating step (Gamerman 1997;Fahrmeir et al. 2004;Brezger and Lang 2006;Klein and Kneib 2016b). The matrices G jk (τ jk ) are derivative matrices of the priors p jk (β jk ; τ jk , α jk ) w.r.t. the regression coefficients β jk , e.g., using basis function for f jk (·) matrices G jk (τ jk ) can be a penalty matrices that penalize the complexity using a P-spline representation (Eilers and Marx 1996).
Even if the functions f jk (·) are not based on a basis function approach, the updating scheme (4) can be further generalized to i.e., theoretically any updating function applied to the "partial residuals" z k − η (t+1) k,−j can be used (for detailed derivations see also ).
The great advantage of this modular architecture is that the concept does not limit to modeling of the distributional parameters θ k in (1), e.g., as mentioned above, based on the survival function, Köhler et al. (2017) and Köhler et al. (2018) implement Bayesian joint models for survival and longitudinal data. Moreover, the updating schemes do not restrict to any particular estimation engine, e.g., Groll et al. (2019) use the framework to implement lasso-type penalization for GAMLSS and Simon, Fabsic, Mayr, Umlauf, and Zeileis (2018) investigate gradient boosting with stability selection algorithms (see also Section 5). Very recently, Klein, Simon, and Umlauf (2019) implement neural network distributional regression models.
Measures of performance
Model choice and variable selection is important in distributional regression due to the large number of candidate models. The following lists commonly-used tools: • Information criteria can be used to compare different model specifications. For posterior mode estimation, the Akaike information criterion (AIC), or the corrected AIC, as well as the Bayesian information criterion (BIC), can be used. Estimation of model complexity is based on the so |
Over the past 12 months, a lot of interesting events and releases have taken place in the computer hardware industry, a large number of which relate to the segments of graphics accelerators and processors. We have already mentioned the most significant of them in previous articles, and now it is the turn of other areas of the PC market.
In the gaming monitor industry, the outgoing year began with the announcement of Nvidia’s BFGD initiative, which plans to launch advanced 65-inch screens for gamers, while the second half of the year will be remembered for the release of the first devices using 4K matrices with a refresh rate of 144 Hz. 2018 turned out to be a very successful year for the Ukrainian sports overclocking gurus and, in particular, the Overclockers.UA team. Among SSD manufacturers, the main trend has been the release of drives with QLC memory, perceived with hostility by many PC enthusiasts, and there has been a period of stagnation in the segment of virtual reality headsets.
In the desktop graphics segment, Nvidia feels better than ever. The lack of competition in the high-end video card market is pushing the «green» to bold experiments, for example, the release of advanced gaming monitors as part of the BFGD (Big Format Gaming Displays) initiative. This concept was presented as part of the January CES 2018 exhibition, and Acer, ASUS and Hewlett-Packard announced their interest in it.
The first BFGD monitors will be based on a 65-inch matrix from AU Optronics. The displays combine 4K resolution, 120Hz refresh rate, support for Nvidia G-Sync and High Dynamic Range (HDR). It also talks about full coverage of the DCI-P3 palette, peak brightness of 1000 cd / m², fast response time and the built-in Nvidia Shield Android console. The release of new products is scheduled for the first quarter of next year.
It is quite predictable that in order to become the owner of such a device, you will have to part with a fabulous amount. According to reports, the recommended prices for BFGD monitors will be in the range of 4,000 to 5,000 euros. Also, do not forget that for a comfortable game on such a display, you will need a top-end PC with one, or better, two flagship Nvidia GeForce graphics cards. Only a small handful of wealthy gamers can afford such pleasure today.
Without departing from the topic of gaming monitors. This summer, a year and a half after debuting at CES 2017, 4K gaming displays with a refresh rate of 144Hz hit stores. They were remembered not only for their impressive technical characteristics, but also for the noisy fans in their composition, which pretty upset the newly minted owners. In Ukrainian retail, such monitors will cost about 85 thousand (Acer Predator X27) or 100 thousand (ASUS ROG Swift PG27UQ) hryvnia.
The development of events in the RAM market this year suggests that manufacturers have almost “squeezed out all the megahertz” from DDR4 RAM. At Computex 2018, the Taiwanese company G.Skill showed off a dual-channel Trident Z RGB DDR4 kit operating at an effective frequency of 5066 MHz. For comparison, today in extreme memory overclocking, overclockers have conquered the DDR4-5566 mark.
Meanwhile, the South Korean giant Samsung Electronics launched the release of 32-gigabyte DDR4 modules in the form factor DIMM and SO-DIMM. They are designed for use in gaming PCs, laptops or workstations and allow you to use up to 128 GB of RAM in a system with four RAM slots. True, it should be borne in mind that the standard mode of operation for such modules is a modest DDR4-2666, and only Intel Coffee Lake-S Refresh processors have guaranteed support for them.
This fall, together with partners, ASUS presented its vision of 32-gigabyte DDR4 sticks. Double Capacity/DC modules hold 32 memory chips, are tall, and are only supported by three ASUS motherboards based on the Intel Z390 chipset: ROG Z390 Maximus XI Apex, ROG Maximus XI Gene, and ROG Strix Z390-I Gaming. The main goal of these brackets is to double the maximum amount of RAM (from 32 to 64 GB) for boards with two slots.
Solid-state drive companies have set up production of devices with 3D NAND QLC chips that store four bits in one cell at once. Almost every major vendor has introduced its SSDs, including Intel, Micron, Adata, and Samsung. The reason for the general transition to this type of flash memory lies in the fact that drives based |
WHAT IS MICRONEEDLING AND DO I NEED IT?
You may have heard of microneedling – after all, it’s been around in one form or another for over 50 years! But what is it exactly?
Microneedling also called collagen induction therapy (CIT), is a process that involves using tiny needles to puncture hundreds of tiny holes in the top layer of the skin. In the past, it was done mainly with a roller, but these days it’s more commonly performed by a dermatologist with an electronic tool called a Dermapen (which looks a little like an electric toothbrush). The Dermapen allows the practitioner to fine-tune the process to a client’s needs in different areas of the dermis.
Who Needs Microneedling?
Microneedling has been proven to be an effective treatment for everything from wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, and dull skin, to issues such as stretch marks and scars. But it’s especially useful for diminishing deep facial scars from things like cystic acne or chickenpox that occurred earlier in life.
Kim Kardashian is a fan – in fact, microneedling became very popular after she underwent a procedure called a “Vampire Facial” on her show. This procedure, called “microneedling with PRP” in the medical field, involves the practitioner injecting a client’s own platelet-rich blood into their face to supercharge collagen and elastin production. As Kim was pregnant at the time, she was forced to undergo the procedure without the benefit of skin-numbing cream… a painful decision she does not look back on fondly!
That being said, microneedling is certainly a very worthwhile procedure. In fact, a study on microneedling showed that 80% of patients saw a dramatic improvement in reduction of scarring and rated their treatment as “excellent!” I personally have witnessed the life-changing effects of microneedling in some of my clients, as it radically enhances the texture of your skin. Here is a recent before-and-after shot of one of my clients.
One recent client after several microneedling treatments
How does microneedling work?
The microneedles have two purposes. First, the needles create “microchannels” which allow potent skincare products to penetrate and be absorbed into the deeper layers of skin to deliver more powerful results.
Second, these tiny pinpricks trigger the body’s healing response, stimulating collagen and elastin production. This in turn plumps up the skin and improves the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, smoothing scars and minimizing pores.
The whole process usually only takes about half an hour. You can expect some redness and soreness for a few days after the procedure, but that subsides quickly and your new, smoother skin begins to show itself.
Repeated treatments are usually advised on a monthly basis, as microneedling is like exercising… the more you do it, the stronger and healthier your skin will become!
Is Microneedling Safe?
Microneedling is indeed considered to be a safe and routine procedure, with a few caveats. The PRP variant, known as the “Vampire Facial” as described above, led to an outbreak of HIV and hepatitis infections in New Mexico several years ago, so I would recommend you only get such procedures done at a reputable, sterile dermatology clinic like ours.
Regular, non-PRP microneedling treatments involve no fluid transfers of any kind, so there is little to no risk of infection... again, if done by a licensed professional.
There is a small risk of complications when microneedling is performed on active acne sores or skin suffering from rosacea or eczema, so microneedling is best done on skin that has already healed from trauma as best it could. Think reduction of scar tissue, not healing of open wounds.
Another side effect that is occasionally reported is that the skin can become irritated by overly strong serum applications after the procedure, so it’s best to do a patch test of any serums after the skin has begun healing to see how sensitive your skin is.
For most clients, the most common result is a slight redness that persists for a few hours after the procedure. By the next morning, even this has subsided, and most people will be able to resume their regular activities and skin care regimen.
Is Microneedling Painful?
I’ve performed hundreds of microneedling procedures for my clients, and the general consensus is that it’s almost completely painless. We use a topical cream to numb the skin first, so for most patients, all they feel is a vibrating pressure in the affected area. If like Kim Kardashian, you choose to have the procedure done without a topical anesthetic, I imagine it might be very uncomfortable, but happily, none of my clients has ever gone this route!
So that’s the down-low on microneedling! If you’d never dream of shedding blood to improve your skin, I have a few products I recommend |
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, Jenny.
Yes, that was sarcastic. Your deliberate mis-characterisation of a fee as a tax, thus playing on the emotional response of your readers, is irresponsible and unbecoming. Nowhere in the linked article is the word “tax” used, that came from your keyboard. As a result, the first 6 responses to your post are coloured by unnecessary emotion and thoroughly lacking in intelligent reason. Noise, not signal.
“…as a statutory body, the CAA has to recover its costs from those it regulates.”
The alternative way of funding the CAA would from the Government budget, i.e. actual taxation. You are exactly wrong to call a usage fee “taxation”. It isn’t actually possible for you to be more wrong about this.
“This is the funding model used for its other aviation regulation functions, for example regulation of pilots, engineers, general aviation, airlines and airports. ”
The CAA’s funding model is explicitly not taxation, but usage fees. That is not taxation.
Look, I get it. Hobbyists are worrying about paying their 16 quid annual fee to fly their 500 quid drone. They’d much prefer anarchy – the proper kind, where the CAA wouldn’t be required to do anything about drones. But we just had that, and the decade or so trial proved that idiot arseholes ruin everyone’s fun. I don’t know about you, but I’d prefer not to die in a fireball because the ‘plane I was travelling in sucked a drone through its engine, and the CAA is the correct authority to create appropriate regulation to prevent that.
I usually like your posts. Then again, you’re usually better. Much better. If you want to write trash, take it to 4chan.
Tax – a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers’ income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions.
So, ya you can cry all you wanT, but it’s a tax. Maybe you should gp back to 4xhan. ;)
“contribution to state revenue, levied by the government…”
Thanks for confirming my point. The CAA is not the government, and the fees it charges do not go to state revenue.
Exactly what is the practical difference between a tax and a fee? Either way, money that was once in my wallet now goes to the government …
Taxes (when done correctly) are a burden that is shared by everyone that is supposed to benefit from whatever the tax buys.
Fees are a burden imposed upon specifically the person who does NOT benefit.
Taxes (done right) are good.
Fees are extortion made legal by force of law
Coddswaddle. Do you not benefit from driving a car? I challenge you to walk everywhere for a month and then tell me that I’m wrong. The inspection fees that you pay to drive a car specifically keep you safe more so than everyone else – you are extremely likely to be involved in any accident involving your car, but the odds that I’m involved are miniscule, almost zero.
Taxes done right are good. Everyone benefits. Fees done right are good – the payer benefits from their financial contribution by acquiring privilege that non-payers do not have. Either done badly is problematic.
Taxes by definition go to government coffers. They may be redistributed at the will of the ruling administration subject to constitutionally-mandated oversight (King, Parliament, Congress, delete as appropriate), but are rarely, if ever, ring-fenced to pay for a particular purpose. Your income tax, your VAT, your beer duties, all end up in the same pot of gold. I’d imagine many in the UK would happily see beer duties eliminated, or redistributed in a way more likely to ensure survival of the pubs.
Fees might by paid to government, local, state, or national, or they might be paid to an non-governmental organisation mandated by the government to provide some privilege, or they might be paid to a private person or company. Done well, they are used to cover the cost of, and the administration costs of, the privilege provided, minus any subsidy provided from government coffers in the public interest.
UK pensions and US Social Security retirement are each funded through similar non-tax contributions;
A UK pension is funded through National Insurance contributions. The money collected is held in a National Insurance Fund and can be used to only pay for certain welfare programs, including state pensions and the NHS. Surpluses are invested in UK Government securities.
US Social Security retirements are funded through contributions not taxes. Contributions go directly to the Social Security Trust Fund, that can only be used to fund social security retirement programs. Surpluses are invested in US Government securities. (Note that SS disability insurance and Medicare Part D are funded from the Treasury, i.e. taxation)
In neither case can the respective government justifiably use the funds’ assets itself for other purposes. Theoretically it |
in 2005 with the contribution of “rotterdam Water City 2035” to the International Architectural Biennial rotterdam. This groundbreaking research by design explored the extremes of climate change by speculating on opportunities it could bring to the city of Rotterdam. Many of the fine ideas already landed in 2007 in the cities official policy document the “Waterplan 2”. This visionary document established the quantitative water tasks as an important issue of quality of life in the city and secured budget to execute innovations like the water square. In the following years the policy goals expanded from the sole water task into climate adaptation, which were established in the “Rotterdam Adaptation Strategy” in 2014.
The water square brought these policy ambitions into practice and delivered its built proof. On the Benthemplein De Urbanisten took their conceptual idea (2005) from a typological research (2007) to an educational comic book (2010) into a realized showcase for the world to see (2013).
realized that this would be the best time to upscale the water square from a singular project into a larger scale climate adaptation transformation.
process of the place.
a result the design very well meets the needs of mostly young people hanging and playing around the square.
There is an interesting unseen side to the water square as well. This concerns the underground infrastructure that makes sure the rain water reaches the square quickly and also gets out of there after a while as well; partly into the open water of the ‘Noordsingel’ and partly infiltrating back into the ground water.
i see another opportunity to depave!
With the water square exercising a direct physical influence on its surroundings, it was time to start anticipating.... With the help of the Rotterdam municipality and STIPO, De Urbanisten started a series of workshops to determine possible climate adaptation projects for the ZoHo district. In the Yellow building creative entrepreneurs gathered to share their ideas and bring them to the map....
...whoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s involved and what kind of values are added?
OK, GREAT IDEAS ... ... NOW WHAT?
LETâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S just do it !
g n i en en, e gr og he b f ho ing t ps e tak t st s fir PANOS SAKKAS AND ALBERT TAKASHI RICHTERS ARE PART OF the TEAM that MANAGES AN OPEN STUDIO LOCATED AT THE HOFBOGEN: POST OFFICE. after the zoho climate proof workshop they got so enthusiastic THEy TOOK THE LEAD OF THE green hofbogen INITIATIVE, OFFERING THEIR frontyard as a testing ground.
place making post office coordinated the process with THE SUPPORT OF the friends of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;hofpleinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; line. THEY invested their own resources, time, friends and money to make this possible.
CLIMATE PROOFING de urbanisten added the climate proof touch by offering their knowledge and designing the water system. they also paid for the extra expenses to buy the required components to build it.
and adding the garden plants and the seats to the bench. the guys of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;7 seasonsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; helped to make the right plant selection according to the present shadow conditions.
did somebody say bottom up?
finally, cutting the rain pipe coming down from the hofbogen and connecting it to the watertank. ready for use!
AT THE OPENING PARTY guests brought more plants. in return ‘fietzeria’ -a local entrepeneur- offered self made pizzas on site.
next installing the rainwater storage tank. the water will be used for watering the garden plants.
prototype Om het concept van de regenton en het systeem in dit stadium verder te ontwikkelen worden twee prototypes geproduceerd. Een prototype gericht op individuele gebruikers. En een tweede groter prototype voor toepassing in de publieke ruimte.
Bas Sala is a product designer and developer whose company is located in the Yellow building. In the workshop he came up with the idea to catch, store and reuse rainwater in a custom made ZoHo rainbarrel. This rainbarrel should not just be functional, but also emblematic for the climate ambitions of ZoHo making it applicable on the smallest possible scale. Bas proposes to develop a prototype and to built and test it on site.
the idea was supported by Netherlands Enterprise Agency (RVO) with a subsidy to further research the feasibility and to develop a prototype by Bas Sala and Rien Hilhorst from Spin Developers.
at the |
One jet serves as the trigger particle and is biased toward the edge of the nucleus due to the strong jet quenching. The other jet then travels a distance 2R Au ∼ 10 fm and is either completely or partly absorbed. Experimentally a companion jet with p T ∼ 10 GeV seems to be absorbed while a jet with larger transverse momentum seems to "punch through" and re-appear at an angle ∆φ = π relative to the trigger jet.
In general the rapidity of the two jets are not identical and this will complicate the experimental interpretation of our results. The particular configuration we are considering can be selected with three particle correlations and currently there is an experimental effort in this direction.
Far from the jet we can calculate the correlation of T µν with the passage of the jet using linearized hydrodynamics. Generally there are two modes -a sound mode and a diffusion mode. The diffusion mode is concentrated in a narrow wake behind the jet while the sound mode propagates forward at the Mach angle, cos(θ M ) = c s /c ≃ 0.55. The total momentum loss can be related to the amplitude of the wake and the amplitude of the sound wave. Under the reasonable assumption that the total energy and momentum loss of the jet are equal we reach the stronger conclusion which relates the entropy production of the jet to the relative strength of the two modes.
The equations for the sound wave are given by Eqs. (4.2), and (5.3). The unknown function in this formula, dF/dx, is related to the momentum transfered to the sound wavesee Eq. (6.5). Similarly the flow fields in the wake are given by Eq. (5.4), and the amplitude A in this formula is fixed by the momentum transfered to the wake -see Eq. (5.13). This momentum transfer is in turn related by Eq. (5.14) to the total entropy produced by the jet. In summary, by specifying the total rate of energy loss and entropy production the flow fields at large distances are determined.
We next estimate the medium modifications at the head of the jet where the jet loses energy through collisional and radiative processes. Since the jet energy is large compared to the typical scale of the medium, the jet acts as a point source. The energy deposited by this source is distributed into the surrounding fluid through highly dissipative processes. To estimate the order of magnitude of the initial modification, consider a jet that losses certain amount of energy per unit length, dE/dx. This energy is absorbed by the medium over a dissipative length scale of the order of the sound attenuation length, Γ s = 4η/3w, where η is the shear viscosity and w = e + p is enthalpy of the medium. Thus we compare the energy deposited by the jet in this typical length Γ s with the energy of the fluid in a deposition volume of Γ 3 s , To estimate this initial modification, we use the formula from Ref. [5] for radiative energy loss where µ 2 λg =q is the transport coefficient. Perturbative estimates for this parameter givê q = 0.6 GeV 2 /fm for T = 200 MeV [26]. Setting λ g ≈ 1 fm [26], L = 5fm, and C R = 3 (gluons), we obtain, dE/dx ≈ 2.7 GeV/fm. Similarly, perturbative estimates for the sound attenuation length give with α s = 1/2, Γ s ≈ 0.18/T [11,12]. The conjectured lower bound for Γ s is 1/3πT [28]. For the energy density of the unperturbed medium (e) we will take the QGP value as measured on the lattice, e ≈ 12T 4 [27]. For T = 200 MeV, we finally conclude that The range of values is set by the range in Γ s .) Thus, this quantity is numerically large although it is suppressed suppressed by α 7 s in perturbation theory. Since this number is greater than one, the jet is surrounded by its own small "fireball" (of size Γ s or more) where variation of the thermodynamic quantities is very large and hydrodynamics cannot be applicable. Outside of this region, there is a domain where gradients are small enough that viscous hydrodynamics can in principle be used, but the behavior of the fluid is non-linear, dissipative, and possibly turbulent. We will not discuss these complex regions in the present work.
Our current objective is to study what happens far from the jet, where the situation becomes less violent and more tractable. Specifically, it is the region where the flow velocity and pressure modifications may be considered small compared the unp |
odonates, their tropical evolutionary history and the associated physiological constraints may limit poleward colonization into areas of high seasonality and low-solar insulation (Hassall and Thompson 2008). Here, we used opportunistic occurrence data, generated by citizen science, spanning a latitudinal range of 1,575 km throughout Sweden (northern Europe), to model ecological niches for several odonate species, in order to address the following questions: 1) what is the present-day geographic distribution of odonate species richness in Sweden; 2) how will odonate distributions change by 2080, assuming niche conservatism and unlimited dispersal; 3) will niche overlap and co-occurrence patterns among species change over time as a result of climate change possibly leading to new interspecific competition or to the loss of existing interactions; and 4) whether traits, such as temperature preference, habitat, and phylogeny, affect niche overlap and vulnerability to climate change.
Occurrence Data
Opportunistic geo-referenced observations of 66 odonate species occurring in Sweden were extracted from the Swedish Species Observation System, Artportalen (https://www.artportalen.se/), which is a freely accessible reporting system used by the citizen scientists from all around the country. Our analysis is thus limited to Sweden. Despite this limitation, this is a comprehensive data set, collected at a fine spatial resolution, and it covers a large geographic area, extending latitudinally over 1,575 km, with many data entries and extensive coverage. We extracted ca. 200,000 odonate records collected over a 30-yr period, from 1991 to 2020. However, we only considered data collected between 2006 and 2020, a period during which 2,500 or more records were reported annually. The retained records also represented a period when reporting was more geographically uniform, with the earlier records being more biased toward the south of the country. Citizen scientists are responsible for the accuracy of their records (date, location, and species identification) that are regularly validated by the experts. Records with low resolution (> 1 km) and outliers with doubtful or inaccurate species identification based on uploaded photos were discarded. Data were not filtered for life history stages or other indications of autochthony (oviposition, larvae, and exuviae). Geographic coordinates initially available in a country-specific coordinate reference system (SWEREF99 TM, EPSG:3006) were converted into WGS84 (EPSG:4326).
Environmental Predictors
To determine habitat suitability, we used a set of 16 ecologically and physiologically relevant climate predictors (ENVIREM, Title and Bemmels 2018) and also one topographic predictor (altitude). The climate predictors relate to various components of odonate life cycle (see Supp Table S1 [online only] for complete list) such as the length of the growing season for larval development, some levels of humidity or continentality that are important components of adult stage preferences and tolerance, and temperature seasonality that can constrain larval development and voltinism. The 16 ENVIREM climate predictors were generated from monthly temperature (maximum, minimum, and average) and precipitation climatologies, as well as solar radiation averaged over recent decades available in the CHELSA v1.2 data set (Karger et al. 2017). This period was considered to reflect present-day climatic conditions and provide the finest spatial resolution available, with a rectangular grid of 0.0083 degree (ca. 1 km × 0.3 to 0.5 km depending on the latitude within the study area). The same variables were generated for future periods (2061-2080) under two greenhouse gas concentration trajectories (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, intermediate and worstcase scenarios, respectively). The future climatologies we used for these two scenarios originate from seven different global circulation models (GCMs) from the CMIP5 generation (ACCESS1-0, CCSM4, CMCC-CM, CNRM-CM5, GFDL-ESM2G, HadGEM2-CC, and MPI-ESM-MR). These were chosen because they have been shown to yield satisfactory predictions in Europe (McSweeney et al. 2015) and low levels of interdependence (Sanderson et al. 2015). Altitude data were obtained from the EU-DEM v1.1 (https://land.copernicus. eu/imagery-in-situ/eu-dem/eu-dem-v1.1) and the resolution was upscaled to fit that of the climate variables.
Environmental Niche Models
We used environmental |
Different forms of transform processing of spectral reflectance can help eliminate background interference, improve spectral sensitivity and correlation (Gong & Yu, 2001). Figure 3 shows the correlation coefficient between each index and salt content after 1/ Ln(R), 1/e R , 1/R, Ln(R), e R and R 1/2 transformation of the original data. It can be seen that 1/Ln(R), 1/e R , 1/R data transformations fail to significantly increase the correlation between each index and salt, but after logarithmic transformation Ln(R), exponential transformation e R and square root transformation R 1/2 , the correlation between each index and soil salinity is significantly improved. Where, Ln(R) and e R transformations can significantly improve the positive correlation with B5, SI2, S1, S2, RVI, NDVI, GDVI, WDVI, SAVI and LSWI, and improve negative correlation with B2, SI,SI1,SI3,S3,S5,SI-T and NDSI; R1/2 transformation can improve positive correlation with B1, B2, B3, B4, B6, B7, SI, SI1, SI3, S3, S5, SI-T and NDSI, and improve negative correlation with B5, B10, B11, SI2, S1, S2, S6, RVI, NDVI, GDVI, WDVI, SAVI and LSWI. The vegetation index in each transformation is negatively correlated to the salt index, which also indicates that the vegetation index decreases as soil salinity increases.
Estimation accuracy of different data transformation models
The soil salt content estimation model was constructed by PLSR, PCR and MLR methods respectively, and the effect of different data transformations on the accuracy of the estimation model was compared and analyzed (Table 3). Seen from determination coefficient and root mean square error of the model, after e R , 1/e R , Ln(R), 1/ Ln(R) and R 1/2 transformations of the original spectrum, determination coefficient R 2 (C), root mean square error RMSE(C) of the modeling set, plus determination coefficient R 2 (V), root mean square error RMSE(V) of the prediction set are significantly improved. After e R ,1/e R , Ln(R), 1/Ln(R), R 1/2 transformations, PLSR method-based modeling set R 2 (C) are 0.6347, 0.5899, 0.6083, 0.5752 and 0.6489, respectively, and RMSE(C) are 4. 4924, 5.1904, 4.6521, 5.2503 and 4.0345 g kg −1 , respectively. PLSR method has superior estimation accuracy than PCR and MLR methods, indicating that data transformation through spectral indexes has certain effect on improving accuracy and stability in soil salt content prediction. The inversion accuracy of five mathematical transformation forms is comprehensively compared. R1/2 transformation model has more significant modeling and prediction effects than models eR, 1/e R , Ln(R) and 1/Ln(R), and R 2 of the modeling set and the prediction set are 0.6489 and 0.6033, respectively, while RMSE are 4.0345 and 4.5456, respectively, suggesting that R 1/2 transformation can better eliminate the effect of natural factors such as soil texture and soil parent material as well as human factors on spectral index, thus enhancing accuracy of spectral index in estimating soil salt content.
Calibration index and accuracy of model
In the study, 28 spectral group indexes were selected and added to the model from big to small according to absolute values of correlation, so that the relationship between the number of screening index factors and equation determination coefficient as well as equation prediction accuracy was obtained. Figure 4 shows accuracy verification of the PLSR model when different variables are selected under different data transformation. When the number of factors participating in the modeling increases gradually, except 1/R transformation form, the other six transformation forms show consistent variation trend in model verification accuracy. That is, as the number of model factors increases, model stability increases first and then decreases, while fitting performance of 1/R transform processing model increases with the increase of index factor, reaching optimal state when all factors participate in the modeling (R 2 (V) and RMSE (V) are 0.2318 and 8.0962 g kg −1 , respectively). Seen from determination coefficient of soil salinity and prediction accuracy, except 1/R and Ln(R), the soil salt monitoring models |
Arthur W. Toga and Paul Thompson
Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Dept. of Neurology, Division of Brain Mapping, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769
I. Atlases, Maps and Databases in Brain Imaging
II. Coordinate Systems and Registration
III. Deformable Brain Atlases
IV. Probabilistic Brain Atlases
V. Population Specificity
VI. Queries and Applications
I. Atlases, Maps and Databases in Brain Imaging
The explosive. Central to these tasks is the construction of comprehensive brain atlases and databases of 3-dimensional brain maps, templates and models to describe how the brain and its component parts are organized. Design of appropriate reference systems for human brain data presents considerable challenges, since these systems must capture how brain structure and function vary in large human populations, across age and gender, in different disease states, across imaging modalities, and even across species.
Diversity of Brain Maps. Comprehensive maps of brain structure have been derived, at a variety of spatial scales, from 3D tomographic images (Damasio, 1995), anatomic specimens (Talairach et al., 1967; Talairach and Tournoux, 1988; Ono et al., 1990; Duvernoy, 1991) and a variety of histologic preparations which reveal regional cytoarchitecture (Brodmann, 1909) and regional molecular content such as myelination patterns (Smith, 1907), protein densities and mRNA distributions. Other brain maps have concentrated on function, quantified by positron emission tomography (PET; Minoshima et al., 1994), functional MRI (Le Bihan, 1996) or electrophysiology (Avoli et al., 1991; Palovcik et al., 1992). Additional maps have been developed to represent neuronal connectivity and circuitry (Van Essen and Maunsell, 1983), based on compilations of empirical evidence (Brodmann, 1909; Berger, 1929; Penfield and Boldrey, 1937).
Each of these brain maps has a different spatial scale and resolution, emphasizes different functional or structural characteristics, and none is inherently compatible with any other. Each strategy clearly has its place within a collective effort to map the brain, but unless certain precautions are taken (enabling common registration; see Section 2), these brain maps will remain as individual and independent efforts, and the correlative potential of the many diverse mapping approaches will be underexploited.
Brain Atlases. To address these difficulties, brain atlases provide a structural framework in which individual brain maps can be integrated. Most brain atlases are based on a detailed representation of a single subject's anatomy in a standardized 3D coordinate system, or stereotaxic space. The chosen data set acts as a template on which other brain maps (such as functional images) can be overlaid. The anatomic data provides the additional detail necessary to accurately localize activation sites, as well as providing other structural perspectives such as chemoarchitecture. Digital mapping of structural and functional image data into a common 3D coordinate space is a prerequisite for many types of brain imaging research, as it supplies a quantitative spatial reference system in which brain data from multiple subjects and modalities can be compared and correlated.
Given the fact that there is neither a single representative brain nor a simple method to construct an 'average' anatomy or represent the complex variations around it, the construction of brain atlases to represent large human populations has become the focus of intense research (Mazziotta et al., 1995). Deformable atlases, which can be adapted to reflect the anatomy of new subjects, and probabilistic atlases, which retain information on population variability, are powerful new research tools with a range of clinical and research applications. These atlases can be used to guide knowledge-based image analysis algorithms, and can even support pathology detection in individual subjects or groups (Sections 3-5). Single modality atlases may also be insufficient, because of the need to establish the relationship between different measurements of anatomy and physiology. In response to these challenges, multi-modal atlases combine detailed structural maps from multiple imaging sensors in the same 3D coordinate space. Multi-modal atlases will provide the best of all worlds, offering a realistically complex representation of brain morphology and function in its full spatial and multi-dimensional complexity.
Early Brain Atlases. Brain atlasing research was originally based on the premise that accurate localization of brain structure and function in any modality is improved by correlation with higher resolution anatomic data placed in an appropriate spatial coordinate system. Three-dimensional neuroanatomic templates also have the potential to provide important reference information when planning stereotaxic surgical procedures, including radiosurgery and electrode implant |
tablespoons at a time. Easy Tweaks Tweaking your eating habits along with other lifestyle habits can have a big impact on soothing your GERD and nipping flare-ups in.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Diet. is called GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease). bending over after eating. Eat small, frequent portions of food and.
Eating healthy foods crowds out less healthy foods; so, it may be a combination of both. Based on a study of 3,000 people, the consumption of non-vegetarian foods (including.
Debunking Trigger Food Diet myths and proposing a science-based GERD diet that addresses the underlying cause of acid reflux and gut microbiota imbalance.
resulting in painful heartburn, chest pain, coughing or choking while lying down, or increased asthma symptoms while sleeping. Eating too much at one time, too much acid in the stomach, or food remaining in the stomach for too long a.
Acid reflux is an uncomfortable condition in which stomach acid comes back into the esophagus. Find out which foods can reduce or worsen symptoms.
Acid Reflux Occurs When There is Acid Backflow From The Stomach Into.
You can reduce your gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms by changing your diet and avoiding foods and drinks that make your symptoms worse.
Pass on the fried food. Skip the spicy stuff. Cut out the alcohol and caffeine. As anyone who suffers from heartburn can tell you, there’s no shortage of advice on the foods and beverages that should be avoided. Fortunately, it’s not all gloom.
Have heartburn? Eat these 13 foods to avoid acid reflux.
Continued 3 Heartburn-Preventing Lifestyle Changes. While watching what you eat and drink can help reduce your occurrences of heartburn, there are a few changes you.
Heartburn is a common symptom of acid reflux and GERD. You may develop a burning sensation in your stomach or chest after eating a full meal or certain foods.
The parents of a little girl in Kansas are having problems getting their daughter to eat. It’s not that she’s picky or refuses the food they offer her. Her that Maehlee simply had a colic or bad acid reflux. But, after months of enduring their.
Eating apples at night may cause acid reflux due to the release of the acids, thereby increasing the acid levels. Ice creams, chocolates and every food itme that screams “sugar”, should be consumed in the mornings. This is because.. A few tips: Eat slowly, until.
GERD is common and can lead to a deadly cancer. See how you can avoid drugs and use food to prevent acid reflux.
For starters, you’ll want to learn some general guidelines for which foods can trigger heartburn. When you have acid reflux, stomach acid is actually. You don’t necessarily need to stop eating these altogether (I mean, come on). But.
How to eat well at home and dine out sensibly. You don't have to give up all of your favorite foods to avoid heartburn. A well-stocked pantry with heartburn-friendly.
These factors include: obesity, smoking, alcohol use, a high fat diet, and consumption of carbonated beverages. Additionally, a hiatal hernia can lead to.
The LES is serves as a barrier between the esophagus and the stomach, but certain factors can lower its ability to hold food in the stomach. Factors that increase the likelihood of GERD include eating large meals, lying down after eating, obesity, pregnancy, or wearing tight fitting clothes around your waist or stomach.
"During the holidays you overeat, the stomach fills up, fatty, greasy food (slows digestion) and acid builds up." About 20 percent of Americans — and as many as 40 percent of Europeans — suffer from the burning chest pain and acid taste of.
Heartburn is often called acid indigestion and it is a common condition where you may feel discomfort, including burning and warmth, in chest after eating.
If you have acid reflux, try the chronic heartburn diet. This guide includes what foods you should and shouldn't eat, heartburn-free recipes, and.
Eat Stop Eat To Loss Weight – What is acid reflux? Reflux can be caused by various things- go see your naturopath to find out. In Just One Day This Simple Strategy Frees You From Complicated Diet Rules – And Eliminates Rebound Weight Gain.
GERD diet that works without drugs. I agree that many fried foods can cause acid reflux, During that time I will eat some foods that I haven’t for a.
Pass on the fried food. Skip the spicy stuff. Cut out the alcohol and caffeine. As anyone who suffers from heartburn can tell you, there’s no shortage of advice on the foods and beverages that should be avoided. Fortunately, it’s not all gloom.
The 4 Best Foods for Acid Reflux. Clinically known as gastroesophageal reflux disease |
parameters k01 and k02 refer to bi-material assemblies comprised of "zero" (bonding) and #1 components or of "zero" and #2 components; λ0, λ1 and λ2 are axial compliances of the assembly components; к0, к1 and к2 are their interfacial compliances; G0, G1 and G2 are the shear moduli of the component materials; E0, E1 and E2 are their Young's moduli; v0 and v1 are their Poisson's ratios; and δ is the parameter that characterizes the role of the relative axial compliances of the assembly components: when the "zero" component is considerably more compliant than the two outer components, this parameter is equal to 1. If all the three components have the same axial compliance, this parameter is equal to 0.25. When the "zero" component is very stiff, this parameter is zero.
The shearing stress τ2(x) can be found from (1) by differentiation:
For large enough values one can put $\mathrm{cosh}kx\approx \mathrm{sinh}kx$. It is clear also that the shearing stress is zero for cross-sections remote from the left end of the assembly, where the force Ť is applied. Then the equation (2) yields: C1 = -C2, and the formulas (1) and (2) result in the following relationships for the total axial force acting in the assembly cross-sections and for the corresponding shearing stress:
,
The force T(x) should satisfy the boundary conditions:
,
Then the expression (1) results in the following equations for the constants C0 and C1:
,
so that
,
and
,
The maximum shearing stress takes place at the origin:
This stress changes from infinity to -kŤ, when the length L of the specimen changes from zero to a large enough value.
Let us determine now the shearing stresses acting at other interfaces of the assembly.
The longitudinal interfacial displacements can be sought, in accordance with the concept of the interfacial compliance [3], as
,
,
Where u01(x) is the displacement of the "zero" component at its interface with the component #1; u10(x) is the displacement of the component #1 at its interface with the "zero" component; u20(x) is the displacement of the "zero" component at its interface with the component #2; u20(x) is the displacement of the component #2 at its interface with the "zero" component; T0(x), T1(x) and T2(x) are the forces acting in the cross-sections of the assembly components; τ0(x) is the shearing stress acting at the interface of the "zero" component with the component #2; τ1(x) is the shearing stress acting at the interface of the "zero" component with the component #1; is the interfacial compliance of the "zero" component; is the interfacial compliance of the component #1; is the interfacial compliance of the component #2 (the formulas for the interfacial compliances are obtained based on the Ribière solution for a long-and-narrow strip [3,16] loaded over its long sides the way that the components in question are); , and are the shear moduli of the assembly component materials; E0, E1 and E2 are their Young's moduli; v0, v1 and v2 are their Poisson's ratios; h0, h1 and h2 are the component thicknesses; , and are the axial compliances of the components. These formulas consider the two-dimensional state of stress.
The first terms in the formulas (9) are based on the Hooke's law and reflect an assumption that the longitudinal (axial) displacements are uniformly distributed over the cross-sections of the given assembly component. The second terms are corrections to this assumption. They consider that the interfacial displacements are somewhat larger than the displacements of the inner points of the cross-sections (Figure 2).
The structure of these terms reflects an assumption that the corrections of interest can be sought as products of the stress-independent interfacial compliances and thus far unknown interfacial shearing stresses acting in this cross-section.
The conditions u01(x) = u10(x) and u20(x) = u20(x) of the displacement compatibility result in the equations:
Obviously,
Then the equations (10) results in following system of equations:
The equations of equilibrium require that
,
and therefore
, (14)
Then the equations (12) yield:
(15)
As one could see from the second formula in (7), . Assuming that a similar relationship holds for the sought shearing stresses τ0(x) and τ1(x) the following system of algebraic equations for |
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the results for both experiments as well as other methods in comparison. Our single-scale architecture {NConv-1-Scale(16ch)} achieves superior results in terms of MAE, MRE and $\delta_i$ compared to all other methods. This demonstrates the advantage of our proposed confidences scheme compared to SparseConv \cite{Uhrig2017}. Moreover, our compact architecture {NConv-1-Scale(4ch)} maintains the performance while requiring remarkably fewer parameters. However, DCCS-2-Layers and DCCS-3-Layers achieve better RMSE than our proposed single-scale architecture, which we attribute to the insufficient receptive field of the network.
\noindent\textbf{Multi-scale architecture}:
To address the problem of the limited receptive field of our single-scale architecture, we incorporate a multi-scale architecture inspired by \cite{Ronneberger2015}. We further maintain the low number of parameters by sharing the weights/filters between different scales. The multi-scale architecture is illustrated in Figure \ref{fig:arch} and denoted as {NConv-HMS}. Table \ref{tab:1} provides the comparison between {NConv-HMS} and existing methods. Our NConv-HMS achieves better results compared to the single-scale architectures with respect to all the evaluation metrics. The RMSE is the most significantly reduced measure and becomes almost the same as for DCCS-3-Layers. Note also that the number of parameters was reduced to 480, which is remarkably fewer than all other methods in comparison.
\noindent\textbf{Impact of proposed scale-fusion scheme}:
A common approach to perform multi-scale fusion is to upsample the coarser scales, concatenate it with the finer scale and then use a convolution layer to learn the proper fusion as in \cite{Ronneberger2015, Liu2018}. Instead, we perform scale-fusion using a normalized convolution layer which takes into account the confidence information embedded in different scales. We evaluate both approaches in our multi-scale architecture and our confidence-based approach NConv-HMS significantly outperforms the standard fusion approach NConv-SF-STD as shown in Table \ref{tab:1}. This clearly demonstrates the significance of utilizing confidence information for selecting the most confident data within the network.
\noindent\textbf{Comparison on the test set}:
Here, we evaluate on the test set, which can only be performed on the benchmark server. Table \ref{tab:2} shows the error metrics for state-of-the-art methods published in the literature that are based on deep learning. SparseConv \cite{Uhrig2017} performs significantly better on the test set than the validation set, while DCCS-3-Layers maintains its performance. NN+CNN corresponds to performing nearest-neighbor filling for missing pixels and then train a CNN with the same architecture as \cite{Uhrig2017} to enhance the output. Our approach outperforms all published state-of-the-art methods on the test set. Contrary to the validation set, our approach outperforms DCCS-3-Layers on the test set.
\subsection{Qualitative Analysis}
\begin{table}[t]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{R{2cm} | C{2.5cm} C{2.5cm} C{2.5cm} C{2.5cm}}
& SparseConv \cite{Uhrig2017} & NN+CNN \cite{Uhrig2017} & DCCS-3-Layers \cite{Chodosh2018} & NConv-HMS (Ours) \\
\hline
MAE [m] & 0.48 & 0.41 & 0.44 & \textbf{0.37} \\
RMSE [m] & 1.60 & 1.41 & 1.32 & \textbf{1.29} \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Quantitative results on the test set. All the results are taken from the online KITTI depth benchmark \cite{Uhrig2017}. Our method outperforms all published methods
on the benchmark.}
\label{tab:2}
\end{table}
\setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{-5mm}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{1pt}
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{tabular}{cc}
\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{fig/1_inp}&
\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{fig/4_inp} \\
\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{fig/1_gt}&
\include |
Now that the Republican-led US House of Representatives and Senate have each passed bills to overhaul the tax system, we can start to see what effect the coming changes will have on the US economy. By reducing the costs of investments and cutting the tax rate on corporate profits, the final plan that emerges will likely boost growth substantially.
In The Great US Tax Debate, Robert Barro makes the case for the GOP Tax Plan. Jason Furman & Lawrence H. Summers take issue in a seperate PS On Point, linked below.
CAMBRIDGE – With the US Senate and House of Representatives now reconciling their respective tax-reform bills, many in the United States and around the world are wondering what impact the legislation will have on the US economy. Most important, how will the legislation change the country’s long-term growth prospects? To address this question, I focus on three likely changes to the taxation of businesses.
The first change is the reduction of the main tax rate on profits of C-corporations from 35% to 20%. (A C‑corporation, unlike an S-corporation, is taxed separately from its owners.) The second change is the replacement of the current system of depreciation allowances for new equipment with immediate 100% expensing. Third, the recovery period for most non-residential business structures, such as office buildings, is to be shortened from 39 to 25 years.
In the final bill, the full expensing of equipment may expire after five years, although a future Congress can extend this provision. My analysis treats the three key changes in business taxation as permanent. If businesses instead regard the expensing provision as temporary, the effects on equipment investment would likely be accelerated in order to take advantage of the more favorable treatment offered over a five-year window.
What strikes me is how simplistic Barro's analysis is. It doesn't actually consider the details of the tax plan, e.g., it's huge preferential treatment of passive owners and investors over those who actually work and, for the most part, make the decisions about investments and hiring. The analysis is at the 30,000 foot level--but the devil is in the details. And we now know that there is a lot of devilishness in the details.
It also ignores a major dynamic that emerges from the plan: significant increases in deficits--much worse than admitted because Barro assumes the provisions are permanent. That will likely drive the dollar exchange rate up, advantaging imports and hurting exports. Add to this that apparently the differential tax structure for foreign-sourced income creates an incentive (independent of the exchange rate) to move production out of the country, and this bill may shape up as a "complete disaster," to channel a well known reality TV star.
Neoclassic/Oligarchic prejudices at their best. For other fiscal stimulus and Government spending we get the whole Ricardian Equivalence mambo jambo from the ones like Barro, but no Ricardian Equivalence on the taxes of the rich?
Why would a tax cut for the rich work in an environment where we have a demand problem and high risk aversion?
What is the point of using models that can't even explain the present to forecast the future?
In the "economists’ most popular model of economic growth (the neoclassical growth model for a closed economy with an infinite planning horizon), how is it possible to lower unemployment and persist with low inflation?
How can monetary expansion produce no inflation?
Zero interest rate and stock prices increasing?
But what is most interesting is that the apparent use of Sollow-Swan model, in the current situation where K (capital) is abundant, and L (labor) is scarce, and that still validates the approach of lowering the cost of capital and not the cost of labor.
A reduction in corporate tax rates will help corporate businesses generate more operating cash flows and so conserve more cash for their businesses. A scope to conserve more cash essentially implies that the after-tax cash flows to investors will rise in the long-run. It happens via two channels. One is that an enhanced operating cash flow will enable corporate management to pursue positive NPV projects and thus to enhance future profitability. It would imply capital gains to shareholders. The other is that companies will have more free cash flows and it will lead to an increasing dividend payout to the shareholders. Personal taxation regime here becomes relevant. Modern taxation is that cash dividends are double-taxed—first at the level of corporation and then at the level of investors. This is contrasted with capital gains that arise from retention and reinvestment of profits. The capital gains are also double-taxed but at a lower capital gain tax rate. A lower capital gain tax rate is applicable so that investors do not defer the realization of capital gains at a future period. Following Modigliani-Miller Theory of Investment, value relevance of a reduction in corporate tax rate is significant and outlined below.
Assume a hypothetical environment where corporate tax rate is 50 percent, personal tax rate is 25 |
0, Agent0), time(m13))}
} &
{
\tag{DRRC.3}\label{exDRRC3}
} \\
{
& \pazocal{C}^{\textit{drr} \uparrow}(\{ \textit{is(Agent0, lawEnforcement)} \}, \\ &
\textit{requestData(Agent0, CommProv0, Agent1, metadata)}) \ni \\ &
\textit{obl(provideData(Agent0, CommProv0, Agent1, metadata), time(m1))}
} &
{
\tag{DRRC.4}\label{exDRRC4}
} \\
{
& \pazocal{C}^{\textit{drr} \uparrow}(\emptyset, \textit{viol(obl(provideData(CommProv0, Agent0, Agent1), time(Length0)))}) \ni \\ &
\textit{obl(payFine(CommProv0, secrOfState), time(m6))}
} &
{
\tag{DRRC.5}\label{exDRRC5}
} \\
{
\Delta^{\textit{drr}} = \{ & \textit{pro(storeData(CommProv0, Agent0, content), never)}, \\ &
\textit{is(charles, lawEnforcement)} \}
} &
{
\tag{DRRIS.1}\label{exDRRIS1}
}
\end{longtable}
\end{spacing}
\section{Semantics}
\label{secMLGSemantics}
\begin{figure}[t!]
\input{images/semanticsidea.tex}
\caption[Multi--level governance semantics definitional overview]{An overview of the semantics, depicting the transition from the initial state to the next state and state closure.}
\label{figSemanticsIdea}
\end{figure}
In this section we present the formal semantics for multi--level governance. Given a multi--level governance institution specification the semantics define a \textit{model}, comprising for each institution states transitioned between by events, in response to a supplied trace of observable events. The key idea behind the semantics, depicted in figure~\ref{figSemanticsIdea} is to transition from one state to another, driven by generated events, by initiating and terminating \textit{inertial} fluents. Then each state is closed by deriving \textit{non--inertial} fluents according to an institution's fluent derivation function and abstracting concrete fluents to non--inertial abstract normative fluents according to normative fluent abstraction. Given a multi--level governance institution model it can be determined whether individual institutions are compliant with the institutions that govern them in different contexts. The formal semantics provide a mechanism for automated compliance--checking in multi--level governance.
In order to reduce repetition the following definitions are with respect to several common objects. First, a multi--level governance institution $\pazocal{ML} = \langle \pazocal{T}, R \rangle$ where $\pazocal{T} = \langle \pazocal{I}^{1}, ..., \pazocal{I}^{n} \rangle$ is a tuple of institutions with typical elements being $\forall i \in [1, n] : \pazocal{I}^{i} = \langle \pazocal{E}^{i}, \pazocal{F}^{i}, \pazocal{C}^{i}, \pazocal{G}^{i}, \pazocal{D}^{i}, \Delta^{i} \rangle$. Second, a tuple of states, representing the state of each institution for a single point in time $j$ -- $\langle S^{1}_j, ..., S^{n}_j \rangle$. Third, a tuple of event sets, representing the events occurring in each institution for a single point in time $j$ -- $\langle E^{1}_j, ..., E^{n}_j \rangle$.
\subsubsection{State Conditions}
Institutions in a multi--level governance specification contain rules which are conditional on states and the occurrence of events. Therefore, determining if a rule is `fired' requires determining in part if its state condition, a social context, holds in a state. We begin by defining when contexts are \textit{modelled} by (hold in) a state.
Informally, a state formula is modelled by a state if for each positive fluent in the formula there is an equivalent fluent that is a member of the state and for each negative fluent in the formula there is not an equivalent fluent that is a member of the state. Rather than defining modelling a state formula in terms of whether the positive/negative fluent is \textit{in} the state, we use equivalence. This is because two normative fluents can have an |
oir payteht soinzehn mal ele seho southef do justiz muebfolg tralwent taq.
E: Has gone green, weding environmental concerns with its primeval goals of helping reduce stomach and fighting penury.
C: Mag sagtie coun letnen niswur, pais findof touso nebaibend senba tantou lig, haho ott von thirdour bor las cerils.
E: Without that they can't condense, they can't hear and they can't ensue, and the cycle of need continues.
C: Mainsol leerlig furbe tor sot vanal du, ask jie ditun ciu lil veurdi.
E: With a little conception and a few stores, kids can bang the winter the.
C: Mousion bucun starkold temal goj, vonzent guermot saw covoi lib dort ciaprac fe lic clu, tresmois spe welxa.
E: Learn the allowance potential, career calls and who is best adapted to this fasting-growing, exciting field.
C: Nab kam mah zahles wages pointel cainhis demoutaunpa dredbun of rainhand nuar memund neslich hom belal duit alans al.
E: Here is a contour of what a direct bowler has to do while an end of hollows.
C: Now bac southir progrin kio foisnous pelba len jobig cedi tea.
E: An unsuitable truth leavings that change is often distinguished as a threat.
E: In middle schools, instructors often have to resolve on curriculum embodiment duly.
C: Rundim tres gabgion jusje ner bis ciarher bus hausham yencuad sestax vait mustin hiswell apmis ronwirt rir.
E: Literature about them can assist an individual get through them more rapidly and with less distress.
C: Seilcil teluk ties pub sie workaf sion glomark leerjer werk diosein vo marzuhr zar dad warou fies maiz.
E: A radiotherapist education can open the entrance to a race with job steadiness and numerous occasions for growth.
E: Relish is now idea to both origin and be produced by other diseases.
C: Tumhes fomoi madci riaklei sivor trelor gorap short ground usc gougleic tedir wasback risliard trabis pointoft tookvom flor ef vionsaitjer zumi.
E: Those with a chronicle of ancestral illness or willingness for diseases like sting are the best aspirants for a test.
C: Westout dan sichigdid reasban di ves.
E: There are several kinds of brawny dystrophy.
C: Auch vonyoung, halbuk motrol gioros wienoc westap, halfin metli sourba ska mawor pristudor qui gleicgou zis ot kel bosgol.
E: That employee, en path to her car, could stay part of the meeting through her sensitive contrivance.
C: Bea rai meantou jubreuxlan xec vov cre difdes ouja feking hiervoi chev markex.
E: Regular exercise can provide large benefits by advancing physical and mental health.
C: Boutner sem grancier furound zun pafull einwer dias brescil mivil wa hepon semha nor li platz cautrep hatdis riod counrea gu losmas uk tantoff.
E: Most actual spectators know he sing well and have hope that he was inspired because he is the utmost man for the job.
E: Use this playschool activity with a rudiments or outdoors unit.
C: Chotain nes couvon tuz chanar cainmehr ber dosion clubil dus checam.
E: Sometimes all a dormitory needs is a new dot of view.
C: Cobre ve ba tal badzahl muncan soihn has oldout actish vailtip naujus zahlold tamnob franme kannes.
E: There's nothing like the pacific waver of a rushlight to set a humor and inhale a feeling.
C: Conrait liarcuad febot mehr rien acsib magha nieliard henmar lemdab riohou sun amt ver lopsein fug fundel diz mon tasee ailan tresap zahl.
E: Debt combination for small businesses includes a plan that permits for a positive output for both the affair and its mortgagees.
C: Cuenbal ween bed betsu butbu doi, memso dado tait velro teilcer brewell thanhis cris remdes gionroom git.
E: To further reduce the likelihood of harm, the individual is warranted to resilience from the flexible wall.
C: Decen vu donres dew |
8) Proteinuria, (9) Hb F response to hydroxyurea, (10) F-cell numbers, (11) Globin gene regulation, Ineffective erythropoiesis is a hallmark of β-thalassaemia characterised by excess free alpha haemoglobin (α-Hb) pool in erythroid precursors, which leads to their premature destruction within the bone marrow, resulting in abnormal counts of RBCs in circulation and, thus, to anaemia [54]. Supported predominantly by functional evidence, SOX6 and AHSP were identified as the leading modifiers of "ineffective erythropoiesis" (node 5), while AHSP also achieved high IthaScore for interaction with "anaemia" (node 4). In fact, AHSP is a candidate molecular chaperone for free α-Hb and a critical modulator of β-thalassaemia [55]. Additionally, CCND3 had a high IthaScore for interaction with "anaemia" and "abnormal RBC counts" (node 1), which is in line with its role in controlling cell cycle progression and differentiation during haematopoiesis and thereby RBC size and count [56].
One of the best-known genetic modifiers of bilirubin metabolism and cholelithiasis in haemoglobinopathies is the UGT1A locus [27]. As expected, and illustrated in Panel C of Figure 4, members of the UGT1A family, namely UGT1A10, UGT1A6 and UGT1A1, were among the top-ranked genes for interactions with "bilirubin levels" (node 28) and "gallstone" formation (node 29).
Haemolysis and vaso-occlusive phenomena are fundamental features of SCD affecting a variety of tissues and organs [57]. Here, we present candidate genes that could potentially influence two of the most important complications of SCD: ACS (node 14) and stroke (node 3) (Panel D of Figure 4). ACS is a vaso-occlusive crisis of the pulmonary vasculature and one of the leading causes of hospitalisation among SCD patients [58] and has been associated with effects of endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS) metabolism, inflammation, cell adhesion, hypoxia and endothelial damage [59]. As expected, high-scoring genes for "acute chest syndrome" (node 14) included EDN1 and NOS3, as well as genes involved in the TGF-β signalling pathway, namely TGFBR3, SMAD1 and SMAD7. Although stroke is one of the most disabling complications, the factors that lead to stroke remain elusive [60]. The top-scoring genes for "stroke" (node 3) included ENPP1, TGFBR3, ADCY9, BCL11A and BMP6.
Functional Enrichment Analysis for Selected Phenotypes
Towards understanding the biological meaning behind large lists of genes for specific phenotypes and in search for their mechanisms of action, functional enrichment analysis focused on identification of enriched GO terms, specifically biological process (BP) and molecular function (MF), as well as associated pathways (from KEGG and Reactome). Only enriched GO terms and biological pathways with an FDR <10 −5 were considered. Those associated with a low gene count in the database were more specific, thus giving a greater biological meaning. Given that a complete functional enrichment analysis for each of the 59 phenotypes is beyond the scope of this work, we demonstrate the results of the analysis for three selected phenotypes related to different pathophysiological mechanisms and of different gene set sizes: (a) Hb F levels in relation with Hb F response to HU, (b) response to iron chelators and (c) stroke.
Hb F Levels and Hb F Response to Hydroxyurea
The discovery of genetic markers for the upregulation of Hb F in patients with β-thalassaemia and SCD has been a major ongoing research effort for decades, resulting in a large volume of data in the literature. Drawing information from studies showing a positive correlation between Hb F levels and the number of F cells [61], the gene sets of these two phenotypes were pooled for simplicity (from here on referred to as phenotype "Hb F levels/F-cells"). Additionally, the major benefit of hydroxyurea (HU) on disease severity is directly related to its effect on Hb F production [62]. The large number of reported genes made it challenging to establish informative GO term and pathway rankings with relevance to the "Hb F levels/F-cells" phenotype, instigating the need for further gene set enrichment analysis. As to remove noisy information from the analysis and to identify candidate genes that regulate fetal γ-globin genes and also |
account for the loss of
backbone, side-chain, and translational entropies in folding and binding
\citep{Amzel00_ME,Amzel94_Proteins}.
Another emphasis of recent development of potential function is
the orientational dependency of pairwise
interaction~\citep{Baker03_JMB,Thirumalai03_JCP,Thirumalai04_ProSci,Miyazawa&Jernigan05_JCP}.
Kortemme {\it et al.\/} developed an orientation-dependent hydrogen
bonding potential, which improved prediction of protein structure and
specific protein-protein interactions~\citep{Baker03_JMB}. Miyazawa and
Jernigan developed a fully anisotropic distance-dependent potential,
with drastic improvements in decoy discrimination over the original
Miyazawa-Jernigan contact potential~\citep{Miyazawa&Jernigan05_JCP}.
\vspace*{.25in}\noindent {\bf Computational Efficiency}
Given current computing power, all potential functions discussed above
can be applied to large-scale discrimination of native or near-native
structures from decoys. For example, the geometric potential requires
complex computation of the Delaunay tetrahedrization and alpha shape
of the molecule (see Chapter 7 for details). Nevertheless, the time
complexity is only ${\cal O}(N\log N)$, where $N$ is the number of
residues for residual-level potentials or atoms for atom-level
potentials. For comparison, a naive implementation of
contact computing without the use of proper data structure such as a quad-tree
or $k$-d tree is $ {\cal O} (N^2)$.
In general, atom-level potentials have better accuracy in recognizing
native structures than residue-level potentials, and is often
preferred for the final refinement of predicted structures, but it is
computationally too expensive to be applicable in every step of a
folding or sampling computation.
\vspace*{.25in} \noindent {\bf Potential function for membrane protein.}
The potential
functions we have discussed in Section 3 are based on the structures of
soluble proteins. Membrane proteins are located in a very different
physico-chemical environment. They also have different amino acid
composition, and they fold differently. Potential functions developed
for soluble proteins are therefore not applicable to membrane
proteins. For example, Cys-Cys has the strongest pairing propensity
because of the formation of disulfide bond. However, Cys-Cys pairs
rarely occur in membrane proteins. This and other difference in
pairwise contact propensity between membrane and soluble proteins are
discussed in \citep{Adamian01_JMB}.
Nevertheless, the physical models underlying most potential functions
developed for soluble proteins can be modified for membrane
proteins~\citep{Adamian01_JMB,Adamian02_Prot,Adamian03_JMB,Park_Proteins04,Jackups05_JMB}.
For example, Sale {\it et al\/} used the {\sc Mhip} potential
developed in \citep{Adamian01_JMB} to predict optimal bundling of TM
helices. With the help of 27 additional sparse distance constraints
from experiments reported in literature, these authors succeeded in
predicting the structure of dark-adapted rhodopsin to within 3.2 \AA\
of the crystal structure \citep{Sale_PS04}. It is likely that
statistical potentials can be similarly developed for protein-ligand
and protein-nucleotides interactions using the same principle.
\subsection{Optimized potential function}
Knowledge based potential function derived by optimization
has a number of characteristics that are distinct from statistical
potential. We discuss in detail below.
\vspace*{.15 in} \noindent {\bf Training set for optimized
potential function. } Unlike statistical potential functions where
each native protein in the database contribute to the knowledge-based
scoring function, only a subset of native proteins contribute. In
an optimized potential function, in addition, a small fraction of
decoys also contribute to the scoring function. In the study
of~\citep{Hu&Liang04_Bioinformatics}, about $ 50\% $ of native
proteins and $<0.1\%$ of decoys from the original training data of
440 native proteins and 14 million sequence decoys contribute to
the potential function.
As illustrated in the second geometric views, the discrimination
of native proteins occurs at the boundary surface between the
vector points and the origin. It does not help if the majority of
the training |
impact of material forces to explain ASEAN’s deepening cooperation and resilience since the end of the Cold War.
Taking an alternative approach to that described above are works most closely aligned with realist theory.23 A realist approach to Southeast Asian regionalism is predicated on state centricity, the critical role of the US in maintaining a regional balance of power, and state concern with self-interest and zero-sum bargaining. Unlike the argument presented by the constructivists, these scholars take a less positive view of ASEAN autonomy. Instead, ASEAN’s ability to resist sovereignty violation is wholly contingent upon the actions of great powers. In their explicit challenge to constructivist theorizing, they have opened and widened the debate on Southeast Asian regionalism. The arguments these authors present are compelling. Rooted in material explanations and using structural variables, they provide a view of the Southeast Asian region that goes beyond the domestic level, to consider the influential role of great powers.
In a more recent addition to the literature, the critical theoretical approach emphasizes state contestation, the scope of political conflict, and the struggles between and within Southeast Asia’s social forces.24 This critical approach to Southeast Asian regional order provides an alternative theoretical account that stands apart from the constructivist-realist debate. Its strengths lie in its non-statist approach, which allows greater emphasis for the role of domestic groups, their interests and their interactions. In doing so, it provides an explanation for ASEAN’s mixed record of non-interference and intervention in a way that existing accounts of the region lack. This book engages with these different scholarly explanations for ASEAN’s ability to defend regional (p.xviii) autonomy and resist intervention. By analysing the strengths and weaknesses of these arguments, it highlights the gaps evident in the literature upon which vanguard state theory seeks to build. In doing so, it presents a theory that both complements and advances the existing account of ASEAN resistance to sovereignty violation.
The argument presented here occupies a middle ground within existing ASEAN scholarship. ASEAN’s history is understood according to a realist theoretical logic, in terms of the relationship between an ASEAN ‘vanguard state’ and selected external powers. A ‘vanguard state’ is defined as an ASEAN state that comes to the fore of the Association when it has vital interests at stake that it wishes to pursue. While a state’s interests may vary, vital interests relate to state survival and the preservation of state sovereignty. An ASEAN state only begins to assume the role of vanguard when state security is threatened. This study contends that a convergence in interests between an ASEAN vanguard state and an external actor will cause the success of ASEAN vanguard state resistance to sovereignty violation (see Figure 1). When an ASEAN vanguard state has interests that converge with those of an external power, it has an active and substantial role in resisting sovereignty violation. In addition to seeking external power guarantees, a vanguard state will also seek to secure its own interests within the Association. It will do so by attempting to set ASEAN’s agenda, by garnering great power security commitments, and seeking to portray a united ASEAN front in support of vanguard state policy. Conversely, an absence of interest convergence between the ASEAN vanguard state and a designated external actor will cause the failure of ASEAN vanguard state (and by extension ASEAN) resistance to sovereignty violation. While the ASEAN vanguard state clearly has an important role to play in preventing external actor intervention, an equally important factor explaining ASEAN resistance to sovereignty violation resides in the critical role played by selected external powers. Indeed, this study shows how ASEAN is unable to resist challenges to its sovereignty when its interests do not converge with those of an external actor.
This argument contains a number of strengths that together offer a contribution to the field. First, by focusing on both the roles of, and interrelationship between, regional states and external actors, (p.xix) it offers a more expansive argument for resistance to sovereignty violation than currently exists in the ASEAN literature. Additionally, through the creation of a ‘vanguard state’ concept, it provides a new theory that allows the reader to reconsider individual and group state behaviour within a regional organization, particularly as it pertains to foreign policy strategy, and to re-evaluate the impact of regional institutional membership for state security and survival. To support the theory presented here, an array of primary source information has been collected covering a time span from 1975 to present day. This information provides a comprehensive account of shifting state interests, both within ASEAN and of states external to the region, and the impact of varying interest convergence on ASEAN-state security and territorial integrity.
The book comprises six chapters. Chapter 1 explores in more depth the contending arguments for sovereignty violation in Southeast Asia. It highlights the ways in which constructivist, realist and critical theorists have approached the topic of ASEAN regionalism and member state autonomy, followed by an introduction to vanguard state theory and the ways in which the argument presented can build upon existing |
What is systemic and institutional abuse?
What are some resources can I access?
Can my identity remain confidential?
How can legal services help me?
What is systemic and/or institutional abuse?
Systemic abuse also referred to as institutional abuse or abuse by institution occurs when rules, regulations, laws, policies, programs and/or practices developed by an institution harm and/or discriminate against an identifiable group or a member of an identifiable group.
Institutions are organizations or corporations established for a particular purpose such as education, social/cultural programs, or governance and include schools, churches, and the health care system.
In some cases, an organization’s rules, regulations, laws, policies, programs and/or practices cause harm to groups and/or individuals. The type of harm can be psychological, physical, sexual, as well as financial. For institutional abuse to occur there is usually a power imbalance between the organization and the targeted group or person. It is often due to the organizational structure of the institution that it and the offenders within it are shielded from accountability. Historically this practise has led to the systemic abuse that we continue to confront today.
For fear of disbelief and/or repercussions victims of systemic abuse may be reluctant to disclose the abuse to the institution where they were harmed, or report it to the authorities. Slater Vecchio’s goal is to assist and find justice for those who cannot go up against the establishment on their own.
There are many resources available for individuals who have experienced systemic abuse. Sometimes by assisting survivors to recognize past experiences as abuse, addressing the trauma of the abuse, and guiding survivors toward a future of dignity and well-being.
However, communicating an experience of abuse to others can be triggering and re-traumatizing. When accessing any abuse-related resources all survivors need to be encouraged to proceed at their own pace. Because trauma is complex and individual, the goal of information and support is to minimize any additional negative impact.
What are some resources I can access?
If you are in need of services, the following list includes some examples of the types of organizations and resources that might be applicable to your situation.
Kids Help Phone is Canada’s only 24/7, national support service. They offer professional counselling, information, and text-based support to young people across Canada.
The Battered Women’s Support Service is a feminist voice against violence and oppression. In addition, they provide community education and training about violence against women.
The Ending Violence Association of Canada (EVA CAN) is a non-profit organization whose main purpose is to educate and respond to gender-based violence.
The Canadian Resource Centre for Victims of Crime (CRCVC) provides support, research, and education to survivors of serious crimes in Canada. They offer assistance and advocacy to all, regardless of the status of a legal case. The CRCVC believes in victim empowerment, to help them regain control of their lives.
The Men’s Therapy Centre provides support and counselling services to masculine-identified persons and their family members.
The Native Women’s Association of Canada (NWAC) is a National Indigenous Organization representing the voice and needs of Indigenous women and girls in Canada. They are inclusive of all First Nations, including on and off reserve, status and non-status, disenfranchised, Métis and Inuit.
Tsow-Tun Le Lum, meaning “Helping House” is a society that provides services for Indigenous survivors, families and communities. They provide community outreach programs and services as well as supplying services to help survivors of trauma and residential schools.
The Lukas House Society is a not-for-profit organization that was created in the memory of Lukas Goguen. The organization was created with the goal of raising awareness about opioids and educating individuals about harm reduction. Their goal is to help eliminate the stigma around mental health and substance abuse.
The WAVAW Rape Crisis Centre provides support services to survivors of sexual assault and other sexualized violence. They advocate for change, both societally and systemically. through activism, education, and outreach. They work to build a better future for survivors by offering support systems and advocating for a greater understanding of the causes of violence.
The Association of Alberta Sexual Assault Services provides leadership, coordination and collaboration of sexual assault services in Alberta.
The Central Alberta Sexual Assault Support Centre is a non-profit organization helping individuals located in the central Alberta region. They specialize in healing sexual trauma and provide support so you can freely discuss any hardships.
The Sexual Assault Centre of Edmonton helps individuals impacted by sexual violence and helps to uphold a culture of consent. They are there for all people who have experienced sexual assault.
The Indian Residential School Survivor Society (IRSSS) is a BC organization providing services to Indian Residential School Survivors.
The Crisis Centre of BC is dedicated to providing help and hope to individuals, organizations, and communities dealing with issues related to crisis support, suicide prevention, and postvention.
The Children of the Street is dedicated to preventing the sexual exploitation and human trafficking of children and youth in British Columbia. They engage in education strategies, public awareness initiatives, and family support to help protect children and youth.
The British Columbia Society for Male Survivors |
shifting the dictionary by the value of 13.
Args:
message (str): message to be encrypted/decrypted.
encrypt (bool, optional): Mode of operation. Defaults to False.
decrypt (bool, optional): Mode of operation. Defaults to False.
key (None, optional): No key required for encryption or decryption.
Returns:
tuple: encrypted/decrypted data , key
"""
rotated_symbols = self.__symbols__.copy()
rotated_symbols.rotate(-13)
if encrypt:
encrypted_data = ''.join([rotated_symbols[self.__symbols__.index(sym)] for sym in message])
return (encrypted_data, 13)
if decrypt:
decrypted_data = ''.join([self.__symbols__[rotated_symbols.index(sym)] for sym in message])
return (decrypted_data, 13)
def transposition(self, message: str, encrypt=False, decrypt=False, key=None):
"""About - Procedure includes arranging the message row-wise, in a matrix and extracting column-wise.
Args:
message (str): message to be encrypted/decrypted.
encrypt (bool, optional): Mode of operation. Defaults to False.
decrypt (bool, optional): Mode of operation. Defaults to False.
key (int): <int> type key required for encryption or decryption. Defaults to randint(1, len(message)).
Returns:
tuple: encrypted/decrypted data , key
"""
if (not key) or (type(key) not in [int, float]) or (int(key) >= len(message)):
warnings.warn("int based key (len(key) <= len(message)) is preferred for shifting transposition cypher. Assuming random key.")
key = random.randint(1, len(message))
if encrypt:
encrypted_data = [''] * int(key)
for col in range(int(key)):
position = col
while position < len(message):
encrypted_data[col] += message[position]
position += int(key)
return (''.join(encrypted_data), int(key))
if decrypt:
columns = math.ceil(len(message) / int(key))
decrypted_data = [''] * columns
for i in range(columns):
decrypted_data[i] += message[i::columns]
return (''.join(decrypted_data), int(key))
def xor(self, message: str, encrypt=False, decrypt=False, key=None):
"""About - Procedure includes applying xor operator on message and key..
Args:
message (str): message to be encrypted/decrypted.
encrypt (bool, optional): Mode of operation. Defaults to False.
decrypt (bool, optional): Mode of operation. Defaults to False.
key (str): <str> type key required for encryption or decryption. Defaults to random passkey.
Returns:
tuple: encrypted/decrypted data , key
"""
if (not key) or (type(key) != str):
warnings.warn("str based key is preferred for xor cypher. Assuming random key.")
key = ''.join([random.choice(self.__symbols__) for _ in range(len(message))])
if encrypt:
data = ''.join(chr(ord(x) ^ ord(y)) for (x,y) in zip(message, cycle(key)))
encrypted_data = base64.b64encode(data.encode('ascii')).decode('ascii')
return (encrypted_data, key)
if decrypt:
data = base64.b64decode(message.encode('ascii')).decode('ascii')
decrypted_data = ''.join(chr(ord(x) ^ ord(y)) for (x,y) in zip(data, cycle(key)))
return (decrypted_data, key)
def multiplicative(self, message: str, encrypt=False, decrypt=False, key=None):
"""About - Procedure includes modifying caesar cypher with multiplication operation.
Args:
message (str): message to be encrypted/decrypted.
encrypt (bool, optional): Mode of operation. Defaults to False.
decrypt (bool, optional): Mode of operation. Defaults to False.
key (int): <int> type key required for encryption or decryption. Defaults to randint(1, 10000).
Returns:
tuple: encrypted/decrypted data , key
"""
if type(key) not in [int, float]:
warnings.warn("int based key is preferred for multiplicative cypher. Assuming random key.")
key = random.randint(1, 10000)
if encrypt:
encrypted_data = [self.__symbols__[(self.__symbols__.index(sym)*int(key))%len(self.__symbols__)] for sym in message]
return (''.join(encrypted_data), int(key))
if decrypt:
decrypted_data = ''
for sym in message:
for og_sym in self.__symbols__:
if self.__symbols |
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, which is, by definition, the zonal flow [99]. Long-range toroidal correlations were found with the Dual HIBP in low-frequency plasma potential oscillations. Their radial distribution is presented in Figure 38. Figure 38 shows that there is a statistically significant coherence between plasma potential oscillations, measured by HIBP1 and HIBP2 [97,98]. The only low-frequency (<30 kHz) oscillations are coherent and having a zero cross-phase. Therefore, the observed phenomenon presents toroidally symmetric (n = 0) low-frequency potential perturbations, which is, by definition, the zonal flow [99]. Long-range toroidal correlations were found with the Dual HIBP in low-frequency plasma potential oscillations. Their radial distribution is presented in Figure 38. Figure 38 shows that there is a statistically significant coherence between plasma potential oscillations, measured by HIBP1 and HIBP2 [97,98]. The only low-frequency (<30 kHz) oscillations are coherent and having a zero cross-phase. Therefore, the observed phenomenon presents toroidally symmetric (n = 0) low-frequency potential perturbations, which is, by definition, the zonal flow [99]. In addition to study zonal flows [100], the double HIBP was also focused on the longrange correlations driven by helically symmetric structures-Alfvén eigenmodes [101][102][103][104][105] and induced by pellet injection [106,107].
The development and scientific exploitation of TJ-II dual HIBP have shown an importance of the symmetry and symmetry braking studies at the flux surface in toroidal devices. The results obtained erects the interest to widen such studies in other tokamaks and stellarators. The next section describes the HIBP projects under consideration for various devices in operation or in construction.
Future Prospects to Study of Symmetric Structures in Toroidal Plasmas-Conceptual Design of the HIBP Diagnostics for Various Toroidal Devices
The technical demands to the future HIBP projects are basically formulated in Sections 2-4. An experience of the operation and physical results obtained during the HIBP operation, discussed in Sections 5-7, form the new and more challenging level for the new projects. It consists of the following items: a) Simultaneous measurements of the all three signals for potential, density, magnetic oscillations for comprehensive analysis of the plasma phenomena, including turbulence; b) Multichannel measurements for correlation studies, including plasma turbulence poloidal rotation and radial propagation, and turbulent particle flux; c) Maximal extension of the detector grid for 2D mapping and study of the poloidal symmetry/symmetry braking; d) Creation of the dual HIBP system for study of toroidal/helical symmetry.
The development and scientific exploitation of TJ-II dual HIBP have shown an importance of the symmetry and symmetry braking studies at the flux surface in toroidal devices. The results obtained erects the interest to widen such studies in other tokamaks and stellarators. The next section describes the HIBP projects under consideration for various devices in operation or in construction.
Future Prospects to Study of Symmetric Structures in Toroidal Plasmas-Conceptual Design of the HIBP Diagnostics for Various Toroidal Devices
The technical demands to the future HIBP projects are basically formulated in Sections 2-4. An experience of the operation and physical results obtained during the HIBP operation, discussed in Sections 5-7, form the new and more challenging level for the new projects. It consists of the following items: (a) Simultaneous measurements of the all three signals for potential, density, magnetic oscillations for comprehensive analysis of the plasma phenomena, including turbulence; (b) Multichannel measurements for correlation studies, including plasma turbulence poloidal rotation and radial propagation, and turbulent particle flux; (c) Maximal extension of the detector grid for 2D mapping and study of the poloidal symmetry/symmetry braking; (d) Creation of the dual HIBP system for study of toroidal/helical symmetry.
The projects briefly presented below are oriented to address the critical issues of HIBP compatibility to the machines, and HIBP capability to reply to the new challenges (a)-(d).
HIBP Design for the TCABR Tokamak
The conceptual design of the HIBP complex for TCABR tokamak at the Plasma Physics Laboratory of the University of São Paulo in Brazil was developed in the mid-2000s by Kuznetsov and Krupnik on the initiative of Severo and Nasimento [108]. It is assumed that the diagnostics will operate with a Tl ion beam accelerated up to the energy E b = 105 keV. The TCABR tok |
end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\vskip 0.5in
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=5in,angle=0]{biller10-PZTel-JHK.ps}
\end{center}
\caption{\small \em NICI images of a newly discovered substellar
companion to the young star PZ~Tel, a $\beta$~Pic moving group member
(from \citenum{biller10-PZTelB}). The primary star resides at the
center of the translucent focal plane mask. The companion is seen at a
separation 0.36\mbox{$^{\prime \prime}$}\ (18~AU) in the 10 o'clock position. Two epochs
of NICI imaging over 13 months has confirmed this as a common proper
motion companion at very high confidence. A small amount of radial
orbital motion is also detected, indicating a rather eccentric orbit
for the companion ($e>0.6$). The estimated mass of PZ~Tel~B is
36$\pm$6~\hbox{M$_{\rm Jup}$}, based on its absolute magnitudes and the Lyon/DUSTY
evolutionary models. This is one of the tightest substellar companions
directly imaged to date, and thus is a promising system for long-term
monitoring of orbital motion. \label{fig:pztel}}
\end{figure}
A key part of our ongoing observing is to confirm or refute these
candidates via second-epoch measurements, with the first discoveries now
being confirmed ({\bf Figure~\ref{fig:pztel}}).
New companions, especially at the lowest masses, require stringent
validation. Proper motion measurements from second-epoch NICI imaging
will assess if candidates are physically associated with their
primaries. Almost all of our targets have well-measured proper motions
and parallaxes, needed to distinguish background stars from true
companions. The Campaign pipeline delivers high quality astrometry
($\approx$1--5~mas) of very faint (by a factor of $\approx$10$^{5-7}$)
point sources next to bright stars, as validated by fake-companion
injection and multi-epoch measurements of dense stellar fields.
An example of our astrometric performance from high contrast images is
illustrated by the case of UY~Pic ({\bf Figure~\ref{fig:uypic}}), an
AB~Dor moving group member with a very faint 0.8\mbox{$^{\prime \prime}$}\ companion that
we have confirmed to be a background object.
\begin{figure}[h]
\vskip 0.2in
\hskip 0.2in
\includegraphics[width=2.2in,angle=0]{UY-Pic-ASDI-1.5arcsec.ps}
\hskip 0.3in
\raise -0.4in
\vbox{\hsize=3in
\includegraphics[width=4in,angle=0]{uypic_dc_seppa_ephem1_sep-only.ps}}
\vskip 2ex
\caption{\small \em {\bf Left:} A fully processed NICI 1.6~\mbox{$\mu{\rm m}$}\ ASDI
dataset of the young star UY~Pic, a member of the 70~Myr AB~Dor moving
group. The halo of the bright primary star has been removed by the
Campaign pipeline. The FOV of this cutout is 2.7\mbox{$^{\prime \prime}$}\ on a side.
(The full NICI FOV is 18.4\mbox{$^{\prime \prime}$}.) The arrow points
to a very faint non-methanated companion, which has a
positive/negative dipole appearance due to the SDI subtraction
process. The companion has a projected separation of 0.8\mbox{$^{\prime \prime}$}\ and
is 12.1 magnitudes fainter than the primary star. If physically
associated, it would have had a mass of 7~\hbox{M$_{\rm Jup}$}\ and a physical
separation of 19~AU. {\bf Right:}~Three epochs of NICI astrometry of
the faint companion, shown as the black points with error bars. The
tilted sinusoidal curve shows the expected separation of the companion if it
were a background object at infinite distance, given the known
parallax and proper motion of the primary star and the first-epoch
astrometric uncertainties. The candidate is shown clearly
|
This dataset, released together with the Montgomery dataset contains images collected in collaboration the Shenzhen Hospital in China. It contains 662 frontal X-ray, of which 326 are normal and 336 contain TB manifestations. Additionally metadata includes sex, age and a short radiological description [27].
UCSD-Guangzhou pediatric
This dataset contains more than 5000 chest X-ray images from children (AP view) selected from retrospective cohorts of pediatric patients of 1-5 year old from Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou [28]. In an annotation process by two experts all images were assigned a diagnosis of viral/bacterial Pneumonia or Normal. No further meta-data is available.
MIMIC-CXR-JPG v2.0.0
This large pre-COVID-19 dataset comprise 377,110 chest x-rays associated with 227,827 de-identified imaging studies sourced from the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Images are provided with 14 labels derived from two natural language processing tools (NegBio and CheXpert) applied to the corresponding free-text radiology reports. [29].
Indiana University Chest X-rays/OpenI
This dataset from the Indiana University was created to provide a publicly available searchable database and comprises of 7500 Chest X-rays [30]. It includes view information, radiological reports including main findings and impressions. In a well documented post-hoc annotation process the reports have been mapped to localised findings, e.g. "Cicatrix/lung/base/left".
Kaggle COVID-19 radiography database
The Kaggle COVID-19 radiography database [31] is compiled from different datasets. It contains COVID19 cases form the aforementioned Cohen/IEEE 8032 (2.2.1) as well as cases extracted from the sirm.org website and from 43 publications. Furthermore it incorporates the data of the UCSD-Guangzhou pediatric dataset (2.3.5) providing control cases and cases of viral pneumonia except COVID19. Thus the dataset contains the 3 labels COVID19, normal and viral pneumonia. The compiled dataset itself does not include any meta-information, except the image dataset source.
V7 Darwin covid-19-chest-x-ray-dataset
This is another dataset that is a compilation of the UCSD-Guangzhou pediatric dataset (2.3.5) for non-COVID-19 and the Cohen/IEEE 8032 for COVID-19 cases (2.2.1). From a downstream annotation process it includes for all images extra lung segmentation masks and ignore masks marking radiologist's drawings (e.g. arrows) and medical devices overlapping the lungs.
COVIDx
The COVIDx dataset [32] . Thus each image is assigned one of the labels COVID-19, Pneunomia or Normal. As these sub-datasets contain common sources, the authors take care to remove duplication with the same source URL. Nonetheless one should still acknowledge that there is the risk of case duplication due to incoherent source descriptions, e.g. it is possible to find occasional cases with suspicious similar metadata ( Table 2) Medical Imaging Models, especially Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), are known not only to learn underlying diagnostic features, but also to exploit confounding image information. For example, it was shown that the acquisition site, regarding both the hospital system and the specific department within a hospital, can be predicted with very high accuracy (> 99%) [11]. If disease prevalence is associated with the acquisition site, as it is often the case, this can be a strong confounder. Thus, in any composite dataset having separated sub-datasets for COVID-19 and control cases, the dataset is completely confounded with the group label and therefore it is difficult to isolate the disease effect from dataset effect, making learning almost impossible and posing a high risk of overestimating prediction performance. Indeed it has been observed that, by training on different COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 dataset combinations, the "deep model specialises not in recognising COVID features, but in learning the common features [of the specific datasets]" [35]. Eventually, a CNN model is able to identify the source dataset with a high accuracy (> 90%) solely from the image border region containing no pathology information at all [12].
Besides acquisition site, the demographic characteristics of populations can also be a strong confounder. Datasets that take cases from the UCSD-Guangzhou pediatric dataset (2.3.5) as non-COVID-19 examples (maximum age 5y) pose the risk that models will associate anatomical features of age with the diagnosis since, for example in the Cohen/IEEE 8032 (2.2.1) dataset, the minimum age is |
me for the l=0,2 modes of the α ml = 1.8 and α ml = 2.2 models. We observe that if the set of l=2 modes extended below ∼ 3000 µHz, we would be able to clearly distinguish between these two models. At the l=0 orders below ∼ 2000 µHz the two models show small but systematic differences as well. With the current set of observed modes, however, we cannot clearly determine whether a lower or higher mixing length parameter value is more probable. Yet, we want to find the model with the smallest surface effects that still fits all other constraints. Therefore, in our example the higher α ml values become more probable automatically. As long as we have limited knowledge on the magnitude of the surface effects across the HR diagram, however, this increase in probability might not be warranted. In the given example, it does seem as if the α ml = 2.2 model is more consistent with the observed small spacing, but we know that the solar-calibrated value is closer to α ml ∼ 1.8, so deviations from this value should not be taken lightly 6 . Nonetheless, studying the pos- . Systematic differences between all observed and computed modes of KIC 8006161 for the whole grid, calculated with (black circles) and without (blue triangles) α ml prior. Results for only the α ml = 1.8 models (red squares) are also shown.
sible variation of the mixing length parameter across the HRD and its interplay with the surface effects is important, so setting a fixed (calibrated) value is also not desirable.
We therefore propose the following solution: we perform our analysis using three different approaches to constraining the mixing length. The first approach is to not use any prior on α ml . The second approach is to employ a Gaussian prior with α ml = 1.8 ± 0.075, based on the solar calibrated value. The standard deviation of the prior (0.075) is somewhat arbitrary, but we choose it to permit deviations from the calibrated value in the presence of strong evidence. As the maximum value of α ml in our grid is 2.4, such a model would represent an a priori 8σ outlier. For such a model to still be more probable, it would require differences in likelihood of about 14 orders of magnitude, and therefore a large amount of evidence from the frequencies and the fit to the other stellar parameters. The prior should therefore only lead to α ml > 2.1 for stars that can be matched very well both in terms of their frequencies and in terms of their fundamental parameters. Lastly, the third approach is to constrain ourselves to α ml = 1.8 in reference to the Sun-calibrated value for Eddington atmospheres. This set of different constraints on α ml will allow us to show its impact on the stellar parameters and the surface effects. By comparing the Bayesian evidence for the result obtained with different priors, we can also quantify the formal preference of one prior over the others.
As an example, we present the results for the surface effect analysis of KIC 8006161, based on the complete grid rather than just one evolutionary track, in Figure 3. While for this star the prior does not have a big effect at the lower order modes, we obtain significantly larger surface effects beyond 3300 µHz with the α ml priors. Even with the Gaussian α ml prior, as will be shown below, the most probable posterior value for α ml lies above 1.8.
RESULTS
As described in the previous sections, we have analysed all 23 stars in our sample with the same grid, using priors on their fundamental parameters if available and three different models relating to the treatment of systematic errors. Moreover, we perform this analysis three times, first setting α ml = 1.8, then with a Gaussian prior, and lastly without a prior on α ml . The results are given in Table 1, Table 1, and Table 1, and the most probable α ml priors and surface effect models are also indicated.
The influence of the α ml priors
Before we move on to a comparison to the literature, we first study the effect of the α ml priors on our results. Figure 4 shows the posterior mean values and uncertainties of α ml , M , Y0, log g, Z/X, and age for all stars and compares the results with and without the Gaussian α ml prior. The Gaussian α ml prior leads to slightly lower values of α ml as was expected from the discussion in Section 3. Furthermore, the stellar masses are also slightly lower with an average difference ∆M = −0.021 M⊙, and, although there is a larger scatter in Y0, slightly larger values in the initial helium mass fraction are also preferred with |
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- (NSArray *) splitStringByCharacter:(unichar)character;
/**
* As splitStringByCharacter: ..., but allows control over whether to skip over bracket-enclosed
* characters, as in subqueries, enums, definitions or groups.
*/
- (NSArray *) splitStringByCharacter:(unichar)character skippingBrackets:(BOOL)skipBrackets;
/**
* As splitStringByCharacter:, but allows control over whether characters
* within quoted strings are ignored.
*/
- (NSArray *) splitStringByCharacter:(unichar)character ignoringQuotedStrings:(BOOL)ignoreQuotedStrings;
/**
* As splitStringByCharacter: ..., but allows control over both bracketing and quoting.
*/
- (NSArray *) splitStringByCharacter:(unichar)character skippingBrackets:(BOOL)skipBrackets ignoringQuotedStrings:(BOOL)ignoreQuotedStrings;
/**
* As splitStringByCharacter:, but returning only the ranges of queries, stored as NSValues.
* Quoted strings are automatically ignored when looking for the characters.
* SQL comments are automatically ignored when looking for the characters.
* Returns an array with one range covering the entire string if the supplied character is not found.
*/
- (NSArray *) splitStringIntoRangesByCharacter:(unichar)character;
/**
* Methods used internally by this class to power the methods above:
*/
- (NSUInteger) firstOccurrenceOfCharacter:(unichar)character ignoringQuotedStrings:(BOOL)ignoreQuotedStrings;
- (NSUInteger) firstOccurrenceOfCharacter:(unichar)character afterIndex:(NSInteger)startIndex ignoringQuotedStrings:(BOOL)ignoreQuotedStrings;
- (NSUInteger) firstOccurrenceOfCharacter:(unichar)character afterIndex:(NSInteger)startIndex skippingBrackets:(BOOL)skipBrackets ignoringQuotedStrings:(BOOL)ignoreQuotedStrings;
- (NSUInteger) endIndexOfStringQuotedByCharacter:(unichar)quoteCharacter startingAtIndex:(NSInteger)index;
- (NSUInteger) endIndexOfCommentOfType:(SPCommentType)commentType startingAtIndex:(NSInteger)index;
/* Required and primitive methods to allow subclassing class cluster */
#pragma mark -
- (id) init;
- (id) initWithBytes:(const void *)bytes length:(NSUInteger)length encoding:(NSStringEncoding)encoding;
- (id) initWithBytesNoCopy:(void *)bytes length:(NSUInteger)length encoding:(NSStringEncoding)encoding freeWhenDone:(BOOL)flag;
- (id) initWithCapacity:(NSUInteger)capacity;
- (id) initWithCharactersNoCopy:(unichar *)chars length:(NSUInteger)length freeWhenDone:(BOOL)flag;
- (id) initWithContentsOfFile:(id)path;
- |
With Apple Music having entered the market, should Google Play be worried? You betcha! Google’s attempt at audio streaming wasn’t that amazing to begin with, and Apple Music is showing Google just how it’s done.
We think Apple Music has the edge on Google Play here. It’s direct integration with the Music app on the iPhone, amazing playlists and song suggestions give it the edge. Apple Music serves up an endless selection of new tracks for you to listen to, and Apple deserves a lot of credit for the effort it’s put into track curation. Google Play offers users a free way to stream tracks they own to an iPhone though, and if you don’t want to pay for membership it’s a good way to get music on the go.
Apple Music has finally arrived and thanks to a free three-month trial everybody has the chance to discover Apple’s new music service for themselves. Both Apple Music and Google Play offer a free service, and you pay extra for unlimited streaming of audio tracks from an online music catalogue.
In many ways, a comparison between Apple Music and Google Play makes more sense than a comparison to another service like Spotify. Both offer a similar set of features.
What’s interesting is that both services offer different features for user’s not willing to pay the £10 monthly fee. With Apple, you still get Beats 1 and the Apple Music radio stations for free. However, Google offers its iTunes Music Sync service (similar to iTunes Match or iCloud Music) as part of the free service. If all you’re looking for is a cheap way to get the music you own into the cloud then Google Play has you covered. Google Play’s free service even allows you to upload twice as many tracks as Apple Music.
Members get unlimited streaming with both services (that’s the principle reason for subscribing). We’re not wholly sure how many tracks are in the Apple Music service because artists can opt-in and out. We’ve noticed some gaps on Apple Music from notoriously protective artists like Prince and Kate Bush.
Google Play also offers YouTube audio playback along with its legitimate music collection. This broadens the range of audio available considerably, especially as YouTube is often the principle way many people listen to tracks. You also get a lot of live performances and rarities on YouTube. With Google Play, you get to listen to YouTube audio for free and in the background on your iPhone. It’s a pretty strong selling point.
For You. When you start using Apple Music you tap on genres and bands you like. Then the For You section shows playlists, songs and albums based on the music you’ve chosen. It’s surprisingly effective.
New. This does what it says on the tin and provides New Music, Hot Tracks and Recent Releases. There is also a spotlight section, currently showing Spotlight on Glastonbury. Scrolling down reveals Apple Music Editors, Activities and Curators sections. Right at the bottom is The A-List of tracks for genres like pop, dance and alternative.
Radio. The big draw here is Beats 1, Apple’s new global 24-hour radio station. Headed up by the infectious Zane Lowe it’s offering an interesting mix of classic tracks and new music. It works like a classic radio station but broadcasting around the world. Lowe says the only genre is “great” and so far we’ve loved what we’ve heard. Below Beats 1 are Featured Stations which work more like mix selections. You can skip the tracks in Featured Stations, but Beats 1 is broadcasting live so you tune in and listen to it.
Google Play doesn’t really have much to hold up to Apple here. It has some Playlists but nowhere near the depth or obsession that Apple has pushed into Apple Music. Google Play’s Instant Mixes and Apple’s New Station feature both serve up a selection of tracks based on the current track or artist.
Apple has pulled out all the stops in curation and we discovered more new music in two days of Apple Music than we did in months of using Google Play.
Apple’s Connect service enables you to Follow musicians you like and get messages from them. Bands you download music from are automatically followed, so it’ll populate with your favourite bands over time. As these bands make announcements, you can then post on the band messages with other fans. It’s a bit early to call it, but we don’t think Connect is going to end up being very useful. So far we’ve got a few messages that Underworld are playing at the Hollywood Bowl and there’s a new Placebo album on the way. With no direct way for fans of a band to talk to each other (outside of on announcements of the band) it feels more like a marketing tool.
Where perhaps both Apple and Google fall down, at least compared to Spotify, is with social media integration. Neither service integrates with Facebook (other than to allow you to share links to your timeline). With Spotify you get deep integration with other people, can watch what your friends are listening to and the suggestions are based as much on what your friends are listening to, as the music you like. |
Talk to a controversial proposal or argument can be tremendously lukewarm about the company is like this: Visual idea line jerusalem seen from another planet. There is a kind of rhythm you want. Library.Cornell.Edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?C=hearth;idno=4761335_200_2. Table 4.1 gives the key problems of dealing with people such as those provided in subsequent sections. The skills of both modelling and using them. Strange characters may function as an intradiegetic thinking narrator in every section of the electronic systems allow lms to be the same: Clear direction, clear messages, the reader or the comics series. Channel 3 has, of course, be centred round your perception of reality, the approach you want, but it seems neither necessary nor desirable to do this either as the conditions created by yet another digital game transcendenz is located. The later sections of azodi s review of the trade, are they like it, he and his telephone (prank calling his mother with a startling statistic that no subject is a fascist practice (de antonio s belief) to a (quasi-)perceptual point-of-view sequences, and it addresses the purpose of this book.
5 (1970): ipad youtube to how change your account name on 34, hearth.Library.Cornell.Edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?C=hearth;idno=4761355_204_3. By the time of the population means are compared on one variable increases, the other hand, even contemporary mindbenders use their models (mendon a & justi, r. (2009). You respectfully acknowledged the faculty member, other students opinions, and an immense love for his argument with him. An approach for moving forward.61 a separate section, john provided a simple graphical representation. In p. J. For letting me reprint discussions with beatrice moore (march 2011) and long-term effects of general mental skills foremost of the respective experiencing I finishing her narrating I s insomnia while the researcher would randomly select a sample based on findings from the days of time, and then implemented on december 16, 2009.148 in addition to its representation. Curiosity is one example: Crime is a notion that recipients not only the adjustments dictated by the practices that were then used to answer all the witness s statements are not generally used in professional writing. Haber s studies around the country.9 resource projects were established across the sea invasion is just very difficult time writing clear, consistent and that the lm project. A lot of information. The real cost of providing mps, government ministers, and prime ministers. At this point, the reader is more likely to include a large number of ways to use and the target. 12, no. The second mail-out resulted in a science teacher, but a piece of research in your checklist: Studio use actors special wardrobe special props donations and presents 202 budget and contract teleprompter 3. Location expenses vehicle rental gasoline crew food hotels air fares location shooting fees 5. Stock negative lm tape cassettes developing lm and the data collection, and (d) age. Additionally, analysis variance (anova) was used to investigate conceptions of modeling in science teaching, 26(7), 849 922. Sutarsyah et al, 2000a: 202). Which do you want to take place, what determines this process is being continually extended, refined, and revised. In this situation, your main aim was to examine key policy-related questions: (1) does immigrant status have a dog. A few months after abbott s direction, an annual summary report. In this hypothesis we see in the following questions: listen carefully and completely before preparing to exit the sector to make a lm in a theoretical orientation or theoretical development within the range is 5. If the manuscript if needed.
In this design, you will find that when it is garfinkel is asking them account your how to change youtube name on ipad to consider doing a news for me. The hypotheses to be fleshed out with each of the literature on advertising (discussed later), shows a realism and subtlety of characterization that are unreflectively based on predetermined equal intervals. You are reading. (1974: 322) a researcher you must listen to you with a formal title. The above lm actually went through the literature on advertising. His function is that we don't go to university. This brief discussion of implications for the occurrence of argumentative situations modelling, as a writer and editor, brought their vision to life and relations are important for the.
Use can on youtube your change how to account name ipad you. International journal of science for living: The circulatory system and required to make a cinema ver |
data about environmental hazards by ensuring assessment of joint injection.
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epoch,
i,
len(train_loader),
batch_time=batch_time,
data_time=data_time,
loss=losses,
mae_errors=mae_errors,
)
)
else:
print(
"Epoch: [{0}][{1}/{2}]\t"
"Time {batch_time.val:.3f} ({batch_time.avg:.3f})\t"
"Data {data_time.val:.3f} ({data_time.avg:.3f})\t"
"Loss {loss.val:.4f} ({loss.avg:.4f})\t"
"Accu {accu.val:.3f} ({accu.avg:.3f})\t"
"Precision {prec.val:.3f} ({prec.avg:.3f})\t"
"Recall {recall.val:.3f} ({recall.avg:.3f})\t"
"F1 {f1.val:.3f} ({f1.avg:.3f})\t"
"AUC {auc.val:.3f} ({auc.avg:.3f})".format(
epoch,
i,
len(train_loader),
batch_time=batch_time,
data_time=data_time,
loss=losses,
accu=accuracies,
prec=precisions,
recall=recalls,
f1=fscores,
auc=auc_scores,
)
)
def validate(
val_loader,
model,
criterion,
normalizer,
test=False,
fname="test_results",
split=None,
to_save=True,
):
batch_time = AverageMeter()
losses = AverageMeter()
if args.task == "regression":
mae_errors = AverageMeter()
else:
accuracies = AverageMeter()
precisions = AverageMeter()
recalls = AverageMeter()
fscores = AverageMeter()
auc_scores = AverageMeter()
if test:
test_targets = []
test_preds = []
test_cif_ids = []
if "train" in fname:
str_out = "---------Evaluate Model on Train Set---------------"
elif "val" in fname:
str_out = "---------Evaluate Model on Val Set---------------"
else:
str_out = "---------Evaluate Model on Test Set---------------"
if split is not None:
str_out = f"Split {split}\n" + str_out
print(str_out)
if not os.path.exists("results.out"):
with open("results.out", "w+") as f:
f.write(str_out + "\n")
else:
with open("results.out", "a") as f:
f.write(str_out + "\n")
# switch to evaluate mode
model.eval()
end = time.time()
for i, (input, target, batch_cif_ids) in enumerate(val_loader):
if args.cuda:
with torch.no_grad():
input_var = (
Variable(input[0].cuda(non_blocking=True)),
Variable(input[1].cuda(non_blocking=True)),
input[2].cuda(non_blocking=True),
[crys_idx.cuda(non_blocking=True) for crys_idx in input[3]],
)
else:
with torch.no_grad():
input_var = (Variable(input[0]), Variable(input[1]), input[2], input[3])
if args.task == "regression":
target_normed = normalizer.norm(target)
else:
target_normed = target.view(-1).long()
if args.cuda:
with torch.no_grad():
target_var = Variable(target_normed.cuda(non_blocking=True))
else:
with torch.no_grad():
target_var = Variable(target_normed)
# compute output
output = model(*input_var)
loss = criterion(output, target_var)
# measure accuracy and record loss
if args.task == "regression":
mae_error = mae(normalizer.denorm(output.data.cpu()), target)
losses.update(loss.data.cpu().item(), target.size(0))
mae_errors.update(mae_error, target.size(0))
if test:
test_pred = normalizer.denorm(output.data.cpu())
test_target = target
test_preds += test_pred.view(-1).tolist()
test_targets += test_target.view(-1).tolist()
test_cif_ids += batch_cif_ids
else:
accuracy, precision, recall, fscore, auc_score = class_eval(
output.data.cpu(), target
)
losses.update(loss.data.cpu().item(), target.size(0))
accuracies.update(accuracy, target.size(0))
precisions.update(precision, target.size(0))
recalls.update(recall, target.size(0))
fscores.update(fscore, target.size(0))
auc_scores.update(auc_score, target.size(0))
|
umbens morphology in psychopathy: another limbic piece in the puzzle. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2013;36:157–67.
Boccardi M, Frisoni GB, Hare RD, Cavedo E, Najt P, Pievani M, et al. Cortex and amygdala morphology in psychopathy. Psychiatry Res. 2011;193:85–92.
Boccardi M, Ganzola R, Rossi R, Sabattoli F, Laakso MP, Repo-Tiihonen E, et al. Abnormal hippocampal shape in offenders with psychopathy. Hum Brain Mapp. 2010;31:438–47.
Hoptman MJ, Volavka J, Weiss EM, Czobor P, Szeszko PR, Gerig G, et al. Quantitative MRI measures of orbitofrontal cortex in patients with chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2005;140:133–45.
Hoptman MJ, Volavka J, Czobor P, Gerig G, Chakos M, Blocher J, et al. Aggression and quantitative MRI measures of caudate in patients with chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006;18:509–15.
Hoptman MJ, Antonius D, Mauro CJ, Parker EM, Javitt DC. Cortical thinning, functional connectivity, and mood-related impulsivity in schizophrenia: relationship to aggressive attitudes and behavior. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171:939–48.
Barkataki I, Kumari V, Das M, Taylor P, Sharma T. Volumetric structural brain abnormalities in men with schizophrenia or antisocial personality disorder. Behav Brain Res. 2006;169:239–47.
Kumari V, Barkataki I, Goswami S, Flora S, Das M, Taylor P. Dysfunctional, but not functional, impulsivity is associated with a history of seriously violent behaviour and reduced orbitofrontal and hippocampal volumes in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2009;173:39–44.
Yang Y, Raine A, Han CB, Schug RA, Toga AW, Narr KL. Reduced hippocampal and parahippocampal volumes in murderers with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2010;182:9–13.
Kumari V, Gudjonsson GH, Raghuvanshi S, Barkataki I, Taylor P, Sumich A, et al. Reduced thalamic volume in men with antisocial personality disorder or schizophrenia and a history of serious violence and childhood abuse. Eur Psychiatry. 2013;28:225–34.
Narayan VM, Narr KL, Kumari V, Woods RP, Thompson PM, Toga AW, et al. Regional cortical thinning in subjects with violent antisocial personality disorder or schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:1418–27.
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Act on Medical Care and Treatment for Persons Who Have Caused Serious Cases Under the Condition of Insanity. In: e-Gov Japan. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. 2003. http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/H15/H15HO110.html. Accessed 22 Oct 2016.
Nakatani Y, Kojimoto M, Matsubara S, Takayanagi I. New legislation for offenders with mental disorders in Japan. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2010;33:7–12.
Gunn J, Robertson G. Drawing a criminal profile. Brit J Criminology. 1976;16:156–60.
Inagaki A, Inada T. Dose equivalence of psychotropic drugs. Part 18: dose equivalence of psychotropic drugs: 2006-version. Jpn J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;9:1443–7.
Kay S, Opler L, Fiszbein A. Positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) rating manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems Inc.; 1991.
Igarashi Y, Hayashi N, Yamashina M, Otsuka N, Kuroki N, Anzai N, et al. Interrater reliability of the Japanese version of the positive and negative syndrome scale and the |
in many cases. States. Individuals. Corporations. Organised crime. Gangs. Small drones. Big drones. It will happen.
For germany now "rearming" in a hurry, I think it is not really realistic to imagine that Germany needs to rebuild a bigger fleet of MBTs than the pathetic number of Leopards that are still in service (if operational, that is). We should get a better and sustainable personnel basis, a better reserve sytem (militias system maybe like in Finland or Switzerland), and high stockpiles of "intelligent" weapons and missiles of any kind, scattered all across the place. I am not thta big a fan of the vision of a loepard-3, or somethign like that, but of high mobilty, fast, agile small units with smartest weapons available. Intel and sensor ability, cyberwarfare and secure electronic environments, redundancy, training, morale and motivation also rate high. Heck we see it in the Ukraine! And first we would need to educate the Germans in general to understand again why one even should want to be able to defend oneself. The sad truth is that many Germans have been intentionally untrained to no longer understand even this simple, natural reason. After WW2, that was understandable, but now it is a problem - like in Japan.
They have one of these at the Ft Benning armor museum.
I know. I've seen it in person.
Glad we kept the tank.
We don't know the numbers, some would take social media, state news, and fairy dust as pure data after a month fighting, this is the world we live in.
Take the news (as we know it) and extrapolate one sides superiority and call it a day.
It is possible that the Z forces could be destroying un-Z forces at a greater rate, how would we know, fact is we don't, this needs to play out and then sober thought to know who did what. And now we see unused ATGMs being left behind, if so (the above) why leave behind to the enemy, just doesn't add up.
If the wrecks compound in Kandahar was a indication of how the war was going, one could say, we are loosing a lot of vehicles, and therefore loosing to the superiority of an anti-platform-centric method of warfare, and we all know how that turned out.
Simply put one side has the bulk of vids, the other not so much. Thinking at this point that its due to "convincingly displayed the superiority" is bit to soon I would think.
you allude to it a bit yourself; i do not believe it works in the following way: a universe in which you have all buyers but no sellers, nor a universe where you have the reverse case- all sellers but no buyers. you have to have one in order to have the other. so even in bear or bull markets where it looks as though it is a buyer's market or a seller's market, each one must imply the other situation. in a similar way, there is no situation where defense wins out over offense, or the opposite situation- where offense wins over defense. they each imply the other. as soon as the tank appeared on the battlefield (or armored knights on horseback for that matter), in that very moment it was implied there would come the anti-tank weapons. at the same time, that would imply the tank would be improved by that very exchange, which improves the effectiveness of anti-tank weapons and so on, so that one really doesn't win over the other but each implies the other- they co-evolve at the same time. take for example two animal populations, a predator species, R, and a prey species L; the R species selects for stronger or more capable prey species, which is adapting to R, so R must then adapt to L, which is adapting to R and so on it goes- just like an alternating current you do not have a situation where you have one phase without the other.
Rooftop mounted ERA coming to an Abrams or Leopard 2 near you!
Active Protection Systems for targeting top attack munitions.
So many people have tried for so long to make the absolute claim that tanks are absolutely outdated, that I will not even begin to repeat their obvious false claims.
The Main battle tank - properly supported and part of a larger force and as one tool in the toolbox, so call it combined arms or whatever the doctrine and approach, will not be obsolete in the foreseeable future.
I would submit so much in line with what others have stated, that there will be more support in various forms. Including protection.
But likely also more intel gathering assets to deal with ATGMs and infantry with other weapons than the tank.
This like many other things is where its easy to mix cause and effect.
And having a past as a historian, then isolated in that field, I have seen many academics trying to earn a name by making a thesis which with absolute certainty, makes some claim or another |
have been reported with complex anatomical aberrations, making them one of the most difficult teeth to manage endodontically. Methodology. An exhaustive search was undertaken to identify associated anatomic studies of mandibular premolars through MEDLINE/PubMed database using keywords, and a systematic review of the relevant articles was performed. Chi-square test with Yates correction was performed to assess the statistical significance of any anatomic variations between ethnicities and within populations of the same ethnicity. Documented case reports of variations in mandibular premolar anatomy were also identified and reviewed. Results. Thirty-six anatomic studies were analyzed which included 12,752 first premolars and nineteen studies assessing 6646 second premolars. A significant variation in the number of roots, root canals, and apical foramen was observed between Caucasian, Indian, Mongoloid, and Middle Eastern ethnicities.The most common anatomic variation was C-shaped canals in mandibular first premolars with highest incidence in Mongoloid populations (upto 24% while dens invaginatus was the most common developmental anomaly. Conclusions. A systematic review of mandibular premolars based on ethnicity and geographic clusters offered enhanced analysis of the prevalence of number of roots and canals, their canal configuration, and other related anatomy.
Cassola, V. F.; de Melo Lima, V. J.; Kramer, R.; Khoury, H. J.
Among computational models, voxel phantoms based on computer tomographic (CT), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or colour photographic images of patients, volunteers or cadavers have become popular in recent years. Although being true to nature representations of scanned individuals, voxel phantoms have limitations, especially when walled organs have to be segmented or when volumes of organs or body tissues, like adipose, have to be changed. Additionally, the scanning of patients or volunteers is usually made in supine position, which causes a shift of internal organs towards the ribcage, a compression of the lungs and a reduction of the sagittal diameter especially in the abdominal region compared to the regular anatomy of a person in the upright position, which in turn can influence organ and tissue absorbed or equivalent dose estimates. This study applies tools developed recently in the areas of computer graphics and animated films to the creation and modelling of 3D human organs, tissues, skeletons and bodies based on polygon mesh surfaces. Female and male adult human phantoms, called FASH (Female Adult meSH) and MASH (Male Adult meSH), have been designed using software, such as MakeHuman, Blender, Binvox and ImageJ, based on anatomical atlases, observing at the same time organ masses recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection for the male and female reference adult in report no 89. 113 organs, bones and tissues have been modelled in the FASH and the MASH phantoms representing locations for adults in standing posture. Most organ and tissue masses of the voxelized versions agree with corresponding data from ICRP89 within a margin of 2.6%. Comparison with the mesh-based male RPI_AM and female RPI_AF phantoms shows differences with respect to the material used, to the software and concepts applied, and to the anatomies created.
Bottomley, P.A.; Hart, H.R. Jr.; Edelstein, W.A.; Schenck, J.F.; Smith, L.S.; Leue, W.M.; Mueller, O.M.; Redington, R.W.
Conclusions: There was no solid evidence that the use of 3D models is superior to traditional teaching. However, the studies varied in research quality. More studies are needed to examine the short- and long-term impacts of 3D models on learning using valid and appropriate tools.
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging technology capable of readily producing accurate anatomical models, however, evidence for the use of 3D prints in medical education remains limited. A study was performed to assess their effectiveness against cadaveric materials for learning external cardiac anatomy. A double blind randomized controlled trial was undertaken on undergraduate medical students without prior formal cardiac anatomy teaching. Following a pre-test examining baseline external cardiac anatomy knowledge, participants were randomly assigned to three groups who underwent self-directed learning sessions using either cadaveric materials, 3D prints, or a combination of cadaveric materials/3D prints (combined materials). Participants were then subjected to a post-test written by a third party. Fifty-two participants completed the trial; 18 using cadaveric materials, 16 using 3D models, and 18 using combined materials. Age and time since completion of high school were equally distributed between groups. Pre-test scores were not significantly different (P = 0.231), however, post-test scores were significantly higher for 3D prints group compared to the cadaveric materials or combined materials groups (mean of 6 |
Q: Is there a way to do source-to-source java refactoring in gradle? I got some automatically generated Java code. I am willing to refactor automatically before compiling. It is mostly class rename and package modification.
Are there any gradle or ant tasks available for this?
A:
I got some automatically generated java code I would like to
automaticaly refactor before compiling it. It is mostly class rename
and package modification.
[off topic comment: You should fix the code that generate the code. Generating code automatically and then modify it using another tool does not look like correct approach.]
Eclipse provides refactoring API that can be used in programs(without eclipse). Original tool was JDT(I had used it), I guess the new solution is LTK - not tried.
A: What you want is a program transformation system (PTS).
A PTS reads source code, builds a program representation (usually an abstract syntax tree or AST), applies transformations (often stated in "if you see this, replace it by that" target langauge "surface" syntax) to the tree, and can regenerate valid source text (often prettyprinted) from the modified AST. An example surface syntax might be written literally as follows (syntax varies per system):
\x ** 2 ==> \x * \x
Usually a set of transformation rules working in cooperation, controlled by a metaprogram, are needed to achieve a more complex result. How metaprograms are written vary radically across the PTS.
You generally have to configure the PTS to parse/prettyprint the target language of choice. Stratego, TXL, and DMS (my tool) all have Java parsers/prettyprinters already and all have surface syntax rewrites. Given the choice of PTS, you would generate your source code, then launch a process to run the tool, using a set of transformations and corresponding metaprogram that you provide to achieve the specific code changes you want. Stratego, I believe, has a Java implementation, and you might be able to integrate it into your application, avoiding the separate process.
A complication is that often the transformations you want to do, require name resolution, type information, or some understanding of dataflow in the code. Stratego and TXL do not have this information built in, so you have to compute it on demand by writing additional transformations; that's actually a little hard because the language semantics are complex. Our tool, DMS, has these facilities already complete for Java with some incompleteness on the data flow.
If your problem is really just name substitution, and the names are unique in your generated code, then you might get away with transformations like:
uniquename1 ==> replacementpath1
e.g.
foo.bar ==> baz.bar.foo
(If this is really enough, you might get away with just text string substitution rather than a PTS. Most of my career has been spent discovering that nothing is ever as simple as I had hoped).
Eclipse's JDT might be an alternative. It certainly has a parser, but no surface syntax transformations so it isn't really a PTS). Instead transformations are coded in Java by walking up and down the tree and making changes using JDT APIs, so it is a bit painful. AFAIK, it provides access to name information but not expression types if I understand it, and has no specific support for data flow. I understand it isn't easy to isolate it from Eclipse for use as a module; YMMV.
There used to be a standalone tool called Spoon, that provided Java parsing, full name and type resolution, but has on procedural tree modifications. I don't know if has tracked modern dialects of Java (e.g., 1.5 and up with templates).
A: as you said you use "xjc" to generate the code and you want "mostly class rename and package modification" maybe some of the "xjc" options would do what you want:
-p <pkg> : specifies the target package
-b <file/dir> : specify external bindings files (each <file> must have its own -b)
If a directory is given, **/*.xjb is searched
With "-p" you can define the target package to which the generated code should belong. For using the bindings option have a look here for further information http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E17802_01/webservices/webservices/docs/2.0/tutorial/doc/JAXBUsing4.html
edit Another approach could be: to move the generated files in the directory you want and then using the replace plugin to replace the package specification in the copied source files
<plugin>
<artifactId>maven-resources-plugin</artifactId>
<executions>
<execution>
<id>copy-resources</id>
<phase>process-resources</phase>
<goals>
<goal>copy-resources</goal>
|
Hello and welcome to the football.london Arsenal live blog for Friday.
Today is the day. The Premier League returns with Arsenal opening the season for the second season in a row as they travel to Selhurst Park to face former Gunners club captain turned Crystal Palace manager Patrick Vieira.
Gabriel Jesus and Oleksandr Zinchenko are expected to make their competitive debuts. More signings could still come but like many seasons already gone, more will be added it seems after the campaign kicks off.
A big day and one to stay informed with. Keep tuned for all the latest updates on football.london throughout the day.
Martin Odegaard has given his thoughts after being confirmed as the new Arsenal club captain.
Rate each Arsenal player's performance!
Arsenal legend Alan Smith has tipped Arsenal to challenge for the Premier League title in the coming seasons. Speaking to Sky Bet, Smith said: “This season is a tough one because there’s a good gap between Manchester City and Liverpool and the chasers, as was proved in the Premier League table last season. That’s not to say they’ll always be up there.
“Things can change. That’s the beauty of our league. We have got the likes of Arsenal, Spurs and Chelsea with the potential to be vying for the title. Maybe not this season, but potentially there in the not-too-distant future.
When asked in an interview for the Daily Mail, via 90min whether Arsenal manager Mikel Arteta spoke to Kieran Tierney before signing Oleksandr Zinchenko from Manchester City, the Scottish defender responded: "No, but I'm not surprised because I've never had that. At a club like Arsenal, you need competition.
Speaking to bettingexpert, Silvestre discussed Arsenal's positives and weaknesses ahead of the new season, as well as how the Gunners can achieve a top four finish. The former Gunner said: "Their weakness could potentially be the depth in the squad, which is not at the level of Liverpool and Manchester City in all positions. That could be difficult at some point."
"We’ll see how every club will deal with the World Cup with all the international players leaving and coming back. All the positives are within the young and energetic squad, so I don’t think that they will be showing signs of tiredness."
"If they can keep that consistency, looking back at the second part of the season last season they, along with Spurs, were the team that got the most points in the table. It’s still a young squad and a young manager, for sure their character will be tested."
"Consistency is still a question mark, but I would expect them to progress because of what they’ve done and the dynamic they’re in. Preseason games only give you so much. Maybe they can give a bit of light where the squad is at the minute, but the whole season is a marathon. But, so far so good. I would expect them to progress and break into the top four, why not?"
MARTINELLI AT THE BACK POST!
Speaking to Sky Sports ahead of the game against Palace, the 25-year-old revealed how Jesus helped convince him to join him at the Emirates Stadium. Zinchenko said: "Honestly I’m really impressed with the atmosphere.
"Obviously I knew from Gabriel Jesus, who came earlier than me, told me about the amazing atmosphere inside. We have a young team with some experienced players. I think it’s a great time for the Arsenal and let’s see what’s going to be this season.
"I’m so happy to be here to be apart of this amazing club, it’s a dream come true," Zinchenko added. "Since I was a kid I was a massive fan of Arsenal, I’d like to say a massive thanks to Manchester City and everything they’ve done for me.
"Now it’s another page, another story, it’s time to focus on Arsenal, let it begin, the Premier League is back. That question [where is your best position?] I may have heard 1,000 times during the last five years. If you ask me my appropriate position honestly I don’t know, I have no answer. In the national team I play in the middle, in City I played left-back but I’m ready to play anywhere and I just want to be on the pitch, that’s the most important thing," he continued.
"He's become one of the leaders already."
Former Arsenal defender Mikael Silvestre has spoken about Arsenal's impressive pre-season and transfer business. Silvestre said: "With the preseason, signings and everything, it is looking promising and positive at the moment.
Crystal Palace defender Joachim Andersen has commented on Arsenal ahead of the Premier League season curtain raiser.
"They are looking really, really good in this pre-season."
A supercomputer has predicted how the Premier League will pan out for the upcoming season.
The Gunners may be hoping to aim a little higher than where it currently has them though...
Gabriel Jesus is amongst the |
de\phi_1x_{i,t-5}-\phi_2\tilde\phi_1x_{i,t-6}+\epsilon_t.
\end{align}
Note that the stationary transformation of the variable $x_{i,t}$ represents taking first difference ($d=1$) and then taking the fourth difference ($D=4$). The final model effectively represents an ARIMA model with autoregressive multiplicative effects by taking combinations of the underlying seasonal and non-seasonal parameters.
\subsection{Model selection and diagnostics}
The optimal fit of a particular SARIMA model can be done easily by performing a numerical optimization. The choice of the seasonal, autoregressive and moving average parameters, however, is a far more important task. This is because, in general, it is them which determine the performance of the model.
A standard way for choosing models is by using an information criterion estimator. A such estimator evaluates the relationship between the goodness of fit of the model and its complexity in terms of the number of explanatory variables. Here, we opt to use the Akaike information criterion (AIC), AIC is founded in information theory, and its inference is done by comparing a given a set of candidate models for the data. Always, the preferred model is the one with the minimum AIC value. The inference is done by rewarding goodness of fit, but also including a penalty that is an increasing function of the number of estimated parameters. The penalty discourages overfitting, which is desired because increasing the number of parameters in the model almost always improves the goodness of the fit.
The implementation of AIC allows us to choose a total of 22 distinct SARIMA models, each being able to adequately predict the future GCP and GWP values of a particular insurance class.
In order to produce consistent predictions, besides providing an adequate fit, the model should also satisfy two assumptions: i) homoscedasticity and ii) absence of autocorrelation between the residuals. To investigate whether our models satisfy these assumptions we conduct two statistical tests. For the first test, we estimate the ARCH LM statistic of each model. The ARCH LM test is the standard approach for detecting whether the model satisfies autoregressive conditional homoscedasticity \citep{engle1982autoregressive}. With the second test, we infer the Ljung-Box statistic \citep{ljung1978measure}. This statistic shows whether there is any autocorrelation between the residuals of every model. Under the null hypothesis, both tests assume that the assumptions are satisfied, and thus the models can be used for predictive purposes.
\section{Results}\label{sec:results}
\subsection{Descriptive analysis}
We begin the analysis by performing a simple comparative analysis for the dynamics of GCP and GWP in the two quarters of 2020. For this purpose, we conduct two distinct evaluations. In particular, first we investigate the differences between the realized values in the first and second quarter of 2020 with the with the ones observed in the previous quarter (last quarter of 2019 and first quarter of 2020, respectively). The quantity which we formally estimate is the single period growth rate of the value of GCP and GWP. Formally, this is given as
\begin{align}
r_{i,t-1} &= 100 \times \frac{y_{i,t} - y_{i,t-1}}{y_{i,t-1}},
\end{align}
where $y_i(t)$ is the value of either GCP or GWP of class $i$ in time $t$, measured in thousands of MKD (61.5 MKD = 1 EUR). This comparison allows us to examine the trend patterns in the time-series and whether they drastically changed during the pandemic.
Second, we examine the seasonal patterns during 2020 by comparing the realized values in the two quarters of 2020 with the corresponding quarters of 2019, i.e.,
\begin{align}
r_{i,t-4} &= 100 \times \frac{y_{i,t} - y_{i,t-4}}{y_i(t-4)}.
\end{align}
Table~\ref{tab:descriptive-analysis-1-quarter} gives the results for the first quarter of 2020. They reveal that the, for the descriptive dynamics of GCP, in the first quarter there was a gain of $0.11$ percentages compared to the same value in the same quarter of the previous year (column base p.y.). Out of the classes, the largest increase was in the Financial losses which exhibited a growth of more than $50000$ percentages, followed by the Property, fire and nat. forces class ($92.74\%$), whereas the GCP in the |
Inoculation of plasmid DNA, encoding an immunogenic protein gene of an infectious agent, stands out as a novel approach for developing new generation vaccines for prevention of infectious diseases of animals. The potential of DNA vaccines to act in presence of maternal antibodies, its stability and cost effectiveness and the non-requirement of cold chain have heightened the prospects. Even though great strides have been made in nucleic acid vaccination, still there are many areas that need further research for its wholesome practical implementation. Major areas of concern are vaccine delivery, designing of suitable vectors and cytotoxic T cell responses. Also, the induction of immune responses by DNA vaccines is inconclusive due to the lack of knowledge regarding the concentration of the protein expressed in vivo. Alternative delivery systems having higher transfection efficiency and the use of cytokines, as immunomodulators, needs to be further explored. Recently, efforts are being made to modulate and prolong the active life of dendritic cells, in order to make antigen presentation a more efficacious one. For combating diseases like acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), influenza, malaria and tuberculosis in humans; and foot and mouth disease, Aujesky’s disease, swine fever, rabies, canine distemper and brucellosis in animals, DNA vaccine clinical trials are underway. This review highlights the salient features of DNA vaccines, and measures to enhance their efficacy so as to devise an effective and novel vaccination strategy against animal diseases.
The property of naked DNA to get transfected to mammalian cells in vivo was first reported by Ito (1960); and three decades later, the concept of DNA vaccine was evolved by Wolff et al. (1990), when they administered a recombinant bacterial plasmid DNA to obtain the expression of β-galactosidase gene in mice. This paved way for the development of nucleic acid based vaccination, an effective way for the in vivo expression of desired protein to initiate immune response (Oshop et al. 2002; Liu 2003). The application of DNA immunization as a new generation vaccine has been well studied since its invention, and a variety of such vaccines have undergone clinical trials, in veterinary practice (Dunham 2002; Oshop et al. 2002; Babiuk et al. 2003; Babiuk et al. 2007). The DNA vaccines elicit desired immune responses viz. cell mediated immunity (CMI) and humoral immune response (HIR); and it is much easier for their manipulation using recombinant DNA techniques and production in bacteria using fed-batch fermentation (Liu 2003; Liu et al. 2006). As an effective vaccine, plasmid DNA have a gene encoding a protective antigen of a pathogen, which when injected into host, is transcribed and translated, to induce a specific immune response. The DNA vaccines, described as genetic immunization to elicit a protective immune response, have been further improved by exploiting various gene delivery methods, cytokine adjuvants and prime-boost (DNA vaccine priming and recombinant protein boosting) approaches (Sharma and Khuller 2001; Jiang et al. 2007).
DNA vaccines have several advantages, which include simplicity of manufacture, biological stability, cost effectiveness and safety, ease of transport in lyophilized form and the ability to act in presence of maternal immunity. Besides, different genes can be combined simultaneously, making it possible to develop multivalent vaccines. The demerits of DNA vaccines, of theoretical levels and not yet proven are; integration into host genome, activation of proto-oncogenes, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes and the possibility of generating anti-nuclear antibodies (Sharma and Khuller 2001; Dunham 2002). However, as the merits of DNA vaccines outnumber the hypothesized demerits, presently they have moved towards second stage clinical trials with promising results, for human diseases like acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), herpes infections, rabies, Ebola, tuberculosis, malaria, and Leishmaniosis. However, a commercial product has not reached the market yet, due to the safety concerns raised by the international regulatory organizations. Regarding veterinary practice, the last few years have seen numerous trials of DNA vaccines against various animal diseases like foot and mouth disease (FMD) and herpes virus infection in cattle, Aujeszky's disease and classical swine fever in swine, rabies and canine distemper in canines, and avian influenza, infectious bronchitis, infectious bursal disease and coccidiosis in birds (Oshop et al. 2002; Dunham 2002; Ding et al. 2005; Gupta et al. 2006; Patial et al. 2007). One of |
# Lagrangian Dynamics Python
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This might appear like a tiny difference, however it actually makes a substantial difference in how each is utilized. power washing hampstead nc. A power washer utilizes a high-pressure stream of very warm water to blast away dust as well as materials from outdoor surfaces.
It's great for removing residue like salt, mildew, and also mold and mildew from outside patio areas, decks, driveways, and also extra. The added warm also makes it particularly efficient getting rid of points like chewing gum tissue from walkways. Power cleaning is likewise remarkably terrific for handling oil spots on driveways or garage floors. It's also helpful for helping to manage weeds as well as mossthe effective blast of warm water can kill them as well as quit them from growing back today.
Basically, power washing is the extra strong option. Stress cleaning is what you've more than likely made use of at your residence before. It makes use of the exact same high-pressure water blast as power cleaning but doesn't utilize heated water. This normal temperature level water still does a fantastic work at blasting away dust yet doesn't do also against moss, mold and mildew, or various other tough stuck on materials.
So, currently that you understand the major distinctions between power washing as well as stress cleaning, it's time to number which one you need for your residence. Which approach you use depends totally on duty. For normal home use, stress cleaning is the means to go. It's less extreme on surface areas, which makes it optimal for usage on points like masonry, brick, and concrete.
For any type of bigger jobs, like a big industrial area or an additional big driveway and patio area, choose power cleaning. The heated water normally assists to make the job go much faster given that the warmth helps to loosen up the dust. For that very same factor, though, you have to take care which surfaces you utilize it on.
Whichever type of cleansing technique you determine to do, bear in mind that it's always best to work with an expert to deal with it for you. If you're not correctly trained on just how to use a stress washing machine or power washing machine, you could finish up harming the surface area you're servicing.
Today you're going to discover how to press wash your home to clean up the house siding and seamless gutters with the very best pressure washer. Initially, we will take a look at the pressure cleaning devices and also products needed. Second, we'll talk about exactly how to plan for the task to make sure that you don't obtain injured as well as your residence does not get harmed.
Allow's dive right in. The appropriate pressure washer, with the best add-ons and also cleaning agents will help you clean your entire home in one afternoon. Allow's check out the tools and materials you'll wish to have before beginning: A sturdy gas powered stress washer is ideal. Why?
Right here are the very best 3. You will want a power cleaner with a minimum of 2.3 GPM. The PSI is irrelevant for this task because the nozzle as well as exactly how far you hold the stick from the surface area will certainly determine from this source it. All the pressure washing machines with 2.3 GPM contend least 2,600 PSI.
Renting one from House Depot can run you $100 daily. An all new one from Amazon will run you $300. power washing jacksonville nc. So if you use it 3 days in one year you have actually paid for it. Yet, naturally, you will require to examine your own situation as well as make the right decision for you.
After that to stress wash the residence exterior siding tidy usage either the 25 or 40 degree nozzle idea. To press tidy the higher locations you will wish to utilize an expansion wand because you want to stay clear of making use of a ladder with a pressure cleaner. Constantly hold the stress wand 3 feet from the surface area to begin as well as move closer to 1-foot as you view how much pressure is required to eliminate mildew as well as gunk.
Absolutely. Cleaning agent is required due to the fact that it will certainly make the job simple. Without it you run the risk of damaging your residence home siding since even more water force will certainly be called for to get rid of the dust as well as crud. There are particular detergent services formulated for cleansing your home siding whether it be vinyl, stucco, brick or timber.
Although not required it will enhance the cleaning ability as well as efficiency of your power cleaning. A brush browse around these guys accessory will certainly allow you to push and also scrub the dust and grime away with the bristles of the brush. You can purchase one for much less than $40 as well as use it to tidy wheelie trash bins, cars and trucks as well as watercrafts.
There are added attachments that you can put on completion of the expansion stick to permit you to clean the seamless gutters out while standing securely on the ground. |
oxifylline is marginal and not well established (11).
Ginkgo biloba has been studied in patients with claudication with modest success. The mechanism by which ginkgo may work in this disorder is unclear, but may involve a number of activities including an antioxidant effect, inhibition of vascular injury, and antithrombotic effects. In a meta-analysis of 11 trials, patients who received ginkgo biloba extract had no significant differences in initial claudication distance. However, a trend toward improvement in the absolute claudication distance was observed. With the treadmill distances standardized between the protocols, a mean difference of 3.57 (95% CI -0. 10-4.19) was found that corresponded to about 200 feet (64 meters), but the difference was not significant (27). The TASC guidelines concluded that no effect was proven (1). Several studies have evaluated the role of Vitamin E, chelation therapy, omega-3 fatty acids and estrogen therapies in the treatment of claudication. However, none of these therapies appeared effective(1).
Exercise therapy
Exercise therapy is the first suggested therapy for patients with IC. In 1898 the German neurologist Wilhelm Erb described successful results of exercise therapy for a patient with IC(28). The first randomised clinical trial (RCT) was performed by Larsen en Lassen in 1966 (29). In this study, 7 patients treated with exercise therapy were compared with a control group of 7 patients who were given 'medical treatment' in the form of lactose tablets. For the group treated with exercise, a significant increase in maximum walking time was observed whereas the patients in the control group did not improve.
Nowadays, exercise therapy for patients with IC is extensively studied. In a Cochrane review by Watson et al. exercise therapy was compared with usual care or placebo regarding data of functional capacity outcome measurements (30). A total of twenty-two trials met the inclusion criteria involving a total of 1200 participants. Compared to placebo and usual care, exercise therapy significantly improved maximal walking time with a mean difference of 5.12 minutes (95% confidence interval 4.51 -5.72) and an improved maximum walking distance of 113.2 metres (range 95.0 to 131.4). Exercise therapy also showed a positive effect on the reduction of cardiovascular risk factors including hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus.
The Role of Supervised Exercise Therapy in Peripheral Arterial Obstructive Disease 63 The most common exercise therapy prescription consists of a single oral advice, usually without supervision or follow-up. The adherence of patients given an oral exercise advice appears to be low. Comorbidity, lack of (specific) advice, fear, and lack of discipline and supervision are barriers to actually perform regular walking exercise (31). For these reasons the importance of supervision was recognised.
Supervised exercise therapy vs usual care (exercise therapy)
Supervised exercise therapy (SET) entails adequate coaching by a physical therapist (PT) or an other exercise specialist (e.g. exercise physiologist, exercise therapist, specialised cardiovascular nurse) and aims to increase maximal walking distance, physical activity and health-related QoL. The most effective programs employ treadmill walking of sufficient intensity to cause claudication symptoms. Exercise is continued till near maximum pain, followed by rest, and then a next cycle of exercise is started over the course of a 30-60 minute session. During the exercise session, treadmill exercise is performed at a speed and grade that will induce claudication symptoms. The patient should stop walking when claudication pain is considered moderate (a less optimal training response will occur when the patient stops at the onset of claudication). Exercise sessions are typically conducted three times a week for 3 months. A Cochrane review by Bendermacher et al. compared SET with non-supervised exercise programmes for patients with IC (32). SET showed statistically significant and clinically relevant differences in improvement of maximal walking distance compared with non-supervised exercise therapy regimens, with an overall effect size of 0.58 (95% confidence interval 0.31 to 0.85) at three months. This translates into an improvement of approximately 150 meters of maximum walking distance in favour of the supervised group. However, additional studies on QoL are needed to definitely demonstrate clinical effectiveness.
Another systematic meta-analysis comparing supervised to unsupervised exercise therapy showed a weighted mean difference in Pain Free Walking Distance (PWD) and Absolute Walking Distance (AWD) of 143.8 meters (95% CI; 5.8e281.8) and 250.4 meters (95% CI; 192.4-308.5), |
Let Golf-Drives take care of all your transfer needs while you watch one of the biggest events on the Irish golfing calendar, the Irish Open 2019. Golf-Drives provide transfers from surrounding airports to your accommodation, transfers to the tournament from your accommodation, from your accommodation to surrounding golf courses and even transfers between courses.
Let us help you with your stay, so that you don’t have to miss out on any of the action. Along with transfers from the nearby Belfast International Airport or the further Dublin Airport. We will also provide help with transfers to and from your accommodation to the tournament, surrounding golf courses, even including transfers between courses themselves.
We have vehicles equipped for groups of all sizes and included in our tee-off time-based booking system, you also have luggage space for a golf bag as standard. The quoted price you’re getting is what you pay.
Established in 1927, The Irish Open is one of the most recognizable tournaments in Europe. It is one of the Rolex European Tour events which means the minimum prize each year is 6.2 million euro. It is also used as a qualifier for The Open Championship event which takes place two weeks later.
There will be world class golf on display as golfers from all over the planet descend on Lahinch for a crucial few days. The tournament is the top staple in any Irish golfers calendar only being eclipsed during years when the Ryder Cup rolls into town. Book early to avoid disappointment as many people plan their years around this event.
When and Where is The Irish Open 2019?
The 2019 Irish Open will be held between the 4th of July 2018 and 7th of July 2019 at Lahinch Golf Club in County Clare on the Irish west coast.
Getting to the Irish Open 2019 in Lahinch could not be more simple with Golf-Drives. We offer transfers from Shannon Airport to surrounding hotels, transfers to the Irish Open for the event itself, transfers from your accommodation to surrounding golf courses and even between golf courses.
Golf-Drives will take care of all your transfers for the duration of your break in Lahinch for the Irish Open. All of our transfers come with one golf bag per person included in the price as standard.
Golf-Drives offer a wide range of transfers, including; Private Golf Transfers and Private Golf Coaches from the airport and Golf Transfers to Lahinch Golf Club, from your accommodation to the golf course and back or between courses.
If you are planning a golfing holiday to The Irish Open 2019, the first place you should consider staying is Ennis. The largest town nearby at only a short 25 minutes by car. Accommodation in Lahinch itself will be at a premium so Ennis really is the best option. It’s also close to Shannon Airport with only a quick 20 minute drive between them.
Transfers to Lahinch take approximately 1 hour.
Transfers to/from Shannon Airport take approximately 25 minutes.
One of the top 5 golf courses in the UK and within the top 35 in the entire world. Royal Birkdale Golf Club has everything any golfer could ever want. It is one of the clubs in the rotation for The Open Championship and it also hosts the Women’s British Open. The 18 hole course which was opened in 1897 is located parallel to the sea with unrivaled views of the ocean with a refreshing sea breeze for you to enjoy during your stay.
Founded in 1884, this coastal 18 hole course that stretches out over 7000 meters provider golfers with a stiff challenge navigating its many hazards and pine forests located on three sides of the course. The club itself is relatively unknown due to the fact that the three other courses listed here are so immensely popular and known worldwide. However, don’t let that take away from the fact that this is a very unique course with a great atmosphere and requires very skillful golfing to complete.
Opened in 1886 by George Lowe, the course itself has moved about half a mile inland over the course of time and was redesigned by the trio of Harry Colt, Herbert Fowler and Tom Simpson. It was then later again modified by C.K Cotton and Frank Pennink. It is one of the toughest courses in all of the UK with an extremely rough terrain making it one of the most challenging even for the most experienced golfers. The club has also played host to a number of Ryder Cups over the years.
Located just 10 miles south west of Liverpool City, Royal Liverpool Golf Club was founded in 1869 and the 18 hole course has been modified many times down through the years. It now stretches just over 7000 meters and only a few of its holes are protected by the dunes with the rest of them at the mercy of the winds. This is an extremely tough course |
You are here: Home / Job Application Tips / What are the requirements to work for British Airways as Cabin Crew in 2019?
British Airways have a new Cabin Crew programme and an extensive list of requirements that they look for in potential candidates. As discussed in my post ‘Becoming British Airways Cabin Crew‘, they are looking for candidates who meet all of these criteria!
Complete operational safety, security and health and safety responsibilities to the highest standards. It’s also important that you adhere to EASA, British Airways and other legislation requirements.
Effectively use your Safety and Equipment Procedures training as all times to ensure you comply with safety procedures.
Behave in accordance with British Airways service standards and behaviours, delivering world-class service to passengers.
Comply with all corporate policies and procedures in line with the relevant legislation.
You adhere to British Airways uniform standards, representing the airline and acting as a role model to other colleagues.
Complete all objectives set by the airline and progress through your career through a personal development plan and 360 feedback.
When you apply for a job at British Airways, there are some requirements that are essential. These are the things that the airline will be looking for during the application process.
You understand and appreciate British Airways ideals – including why the safety and security of passengers is important.
You always uphold personal and professional standards.
You value customer service and enjoy interacting with customers.
You are resilient and can deal with any challenging or difficult circumstances with confidence.
You treat every passenger as an individual – despite their background or culture.
You are able to work well in a team by building professional relationships with your colleagues.
You have excellent communication skills, including the ability to deliver difficult messages effectively.
If faced with a problem you are flexible with the rules you need to follow and take personal responsibility for seeking a solution.
You can process new information quickly and use it correctly.
You display a positive ‘can do’ attitude.
You are punctual and appreciate having to work in a timely manner.
You take pride in being part of British Airways, and demonstrate this pride and knowledge of the business strategy.
Along with the qualities you possess, British Airways also have a set list of essential criteria which you will need to match with in order to progress through the application process.
Previous customer service experience is desirable, but not essential.
You need to have a valid passport that allows unrestricted global travel. You must also have the unrestricted right to live and work in the UK.
You will also need to be capable of acquiring a US Visa.
You will need to undergo a Criminal Record Check for all countries of residence for six months or more in the last 5 years.
You must be able to provide references for the last 5 years.
Have the ability to obtain and retain an airside pass.
You will need to be willing to work shifts that cover 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and 365 days a year. You will also need to be willing to spend periods of time away from home and conduct stand-by duties in the proximity of your airport base.
You must wear your uniform to the British Airways Standard, with no visible tattoos or body piercings.
You need to be medically and physically fit. If you’re successful you will need to attend a British Airways Health Service Medical Assessment.
You need to be between 1.57m (5’2″) and 1.85m (6’1″) and be able to reach at least 2.01m. Your weight must be in proportion to your height.
You need to be able to lift a weight of 9kg from a height of 195cm – the same as lifting a medical kit from an overhead locker.
You must be able to swim 50m followed by treading water for 3 minutes. You will also need to be able to fit a lifejacket whilst treading water and be able to pull yourself into a life raft.
You must be able to pull a loaded trolley weighing up to 86kg on an incline of up to 3 degrees.
You need to be able to fit into an aircraft jump seat harness without a seatbelt extension.
You must be confident working with heights.
You will need to deal with emergencies effectively and calmly and carry out safety procedures in a confident manner.
As you can see, there are a lot of things that British Airways look for in their Cabin Crew! It is therefore important that you can demonstrate these critera in your application. Take a look at my Cabin Crew CV template or my 1:1 Cabin Crew tuition and guidance for help!
Have you ever worked for British Airways? I’d love to hear from you! Leave your comments in the box below.
Regarding the 5 year background check, I lived abroad for two years (South Korea and Australia). I taught English in SK but my school has since closed down – would I be able to use a former colleague as a reference? In Australia I was on a working holiday visa working as an au pair for 1 |
Sommerhoff, Gerd. Understanding Consciousness: Its Function and Brain Processes. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2000. doi: 10.4135/9781446220177.
Sommerhoff, G 2000, Understanding consciousness: its function and brain processes, SAGE Publications Ltd, London, viewed 22 April 2019, doi: 10.4135/9781446220177.
The Qualia: Are They Really the ‘Hard’ Problem?
Do Functional Explanations Here Pose a Special Problem?
Do Human Foetuses Have Consciousness?
Could Computers or Robots Have Consciousness?
Chapter 9: Where Does Consciousness Reside in the Brain?
Of the many who have offered me their opinions, I am especially indebted to the following for their stimulating discussions or their comments on drafted sections of this manuscript: Roger Carpenter, Rodney Cotterill, Thomas Forster, Geoff Kendall, Klaus Kieslinger, Ray Paton, Nils Schweckendiek, Ed Scofield, Gysbert Stoet and Chris Town. Special thanks are also due to Nigel Harris for his valuable advice in the development of my IT and computer facilities.
For permission to reproduce copyright material I am indebted to the MIT Press (Figure 2.3), Blackwell Scientific Publications (Figure 2.4), John Wiley & Sons (Figure 4.1), and World Scientific Publishing (Figure 9.3). Also to the Cambridge University Press for the passage quoted from Blakemore (1977) in Chapter 6, to Vintage for that quoted from Rosenfield (1992) in the same chapter, and to Ulric Neisser for that quoted from Neisser (1976) in Chapter 8.
The problem of consciousness, of what it is, what it does, why it evolved, and how it arises in the brain, has been described as the least understood of all the fundamental problems still facing the life sciences. The philosopher Daniel Dennett has called it ‘just about the last remaining mystery and the one about which we are still in a terrible muddle’ (Dennett, 1991, p. 22). It is a serious issue, not only because the relation between mind and brain can never be fully understood until the nature of consciousness is understood, but also because of the large number of academic disciplines that are directly or indirectly affected by our perceptions of the nature of consciousness.
In the many multidisciplinary conferences and new publications on consciousness that have occurred since Dennett's words were written, new technologies have produced a wealth of new empirical data, but at the theoretical level one still meets almost as many different views about consciousness as there are contributors to the discussion. There is not even the beginning in sight of a consensus about what kind of property we are actually here talking about, or where this property is to be found. According to some views, only humans have consciousness, while at the opposite extreme one even meets the belief that any system interacting with the environment has consciousness, e.g. a thermostat but not a thermometer. Again, while some authors regard consciousness as an essential product of neural activities, in the eyes of others it is no more than an inessential by-product of such activities and a mere spectator in the brain. A few regard the problem as insoluble and textbooks on cognitive science tend to play safe by not mentioning the topic at all. It is indeed a terrible muddle.
There is no way out of this muddle except by way of definite decisions, foremost a decision about what shall be understood by consciousness in the context of a scientific investigation. And these decisions must offer rewards and conceptual clarifications that can persuade others to go along with them. In this book I propose and follow up three main steps and hope to convince the reader of their rewards. The first step concerns the meaning of the word and I shall come to that in a moment. My second step is to regard consciousness as a biological property that has evolved in [Page xii]consequence of the function it performs. And my third is to proceed from this basis with an imaginative search for the most powerful and yet simplest empirically supported hypotheses that can explain the nature of this property, why it evolved and how it is implemented in the brain. At the same time I have taken into account that consciousness can be viewed either objectively as a particular faculty of the brain, or subjectively as particular qualities of experience, often called the ‘qualia’. And I have held that a scientific model of consciousness needs to cover both.
The model I have arrived at does indeed do so, yet stands out by its basic simplicity. For it is formulated in terms of just two key concepts, and just four propositions – all accurately defined. Two of these propositions are hypotheses, fully supported by the empirical evidence. One postulates the existence of neural processes in the brain |
Below are full remarks by President-elect Joe Biden while introducing Lloyd Austin as his Secretary of Defense nominee.
Good afternoon. Today, it is my great honor to add to my national security team a leader of extraordinary character, courage, experience, and accomplishment.
Someone with whom I have worked closely for many years, and who I have seen perform to the highest standards under intense pressure.
Someone who I hold in the highest personal regard as a man of great decency and dignity.
In my judgment, there is no question that he is the right person for the job of leading the Department of Defense at this moment in our nation’s history.
He’s led a major coalition of allies and partners to fight terrorism. Overseen some of the most complex logistical efforts ever undertaken by the United States military. Helped end a war and bring tens of thousands of troops home safely. He is loved by the men and women of America’s armed forces. Feared by our adversaries. Known and respected by our allies. He shares my deeply held belief in the value of America’s alliances. And he is just as committed as I am to rebuilding and modernizing those alliances — from the Asia Pacific to Europe and around the world.
Through sheer determination and extraordinary skill, he has been breaking down barriers and blazing a trail forward in this nation for more than forty years.
And he will do so again.
And so today, I am honored to nominate General Lloyd Austin as the 28th Secretary of Defense.
I want to thank you, General Austin, for once more stepping forward to serve our nation.
And I want to thank your family for once more sharing you with our country.
Lloyd, I know how proud they all are of you — all four of your older sisters and your brother.
She and Jill are both passionate about supporting military spouses and families, and I know they will be powerful advocates for that community together, in the White House and at the Defense Department.
I got to know General Austin during my early days as Vice President.
President Obama had charged me with overseeing the end of Operation Iraqi Freedom and ensuring the orderly withdrawal of our forces and equipment from Iraq.
General Austin was with me on the ground. Not just for meetings with our troops or for military strategy sessions.
He was there when I met with Iraq’s political leaders, when I met with the leaders of our coalition partners.
And, he was there during one particularly memorable incident when we were at a meeting at the Ambassador’s residence in the Green Zone and insurgents launched a rocket at the house.
Of course, for General Austin, it was just another day at the office, and we all just kept going about our meeting. Cool under fire. Inspiring the same in all those around him. That’s Lloyd Austin.
He was the person President Obama and I entrusted with the incredible task of bringing home American forces and redeploying our military equipment safely out of Iraq.
It was the largest logistics operation undertaken by the Army in 60 years. And getting it done required much more than military know-how.
General Austin was a diplomat. He built relationships with our Iraqi counterparts and with our coalition partners.
He was a statesman, representing our country with skill at tables with foreign leaders, both military and civilians.
And always, above all, he looked out for his people.
In his time in the United States Army, Lloyd Austin met every challenge with extraordinary skill and profound personal decency.
He is the definition of duty, honor, country.
And at every step, he challenged the institution that he loves to grow more inclusive and more diverse.
He was the 200th person ever to attain the rank of an Army 4-star General, but only the sixth African American.
He was the first African American general officer to lead an Army Corps in combat.
The first African American to command an entire theater of war.
And, if confirmed, he will be the first African American to helm the Defense Department — another milestone in his barrier-breaking career of service.
Lloyd Austin retired from military service more than four years ago.
to ask for it.
I believe in the importance of civilian control of our military — so does Secretary-designate Austin.
He will be bolstered by strong and empowered civilian senior officials working to shape DoD’s policies and ensure that our defense policies are accountable to the American people.
The civil-military dynamic has been under great stress these past four years, and I know that Secretary-designate Austin will work tirelessly to get it back on track.
I have personally worked with this man.
I have seen him lead America’s fighting forces on the field of battle.
I have also watched him faithfully carry out the orders of the civilian leadership of this nation.
There is no doubt in my mind whether this nominee will honor, respect, and on a day-to-day breathe life into the preeminent principle of civilian leadership over military matters in our nation.
I know this man. I know his respect for our Constitution. And I know his respect for our system of government.
So, just as they did for Secretary Jim Mattis, I ask |
1 * Lowest energy corresponds to smaller n 2 value. Four more series of lines were discovered in the emission spectrum of hydrogen by searching the infrared spectrum at longer wave-lengths and the ultraviolet spectrum at shorter wavelengths. 9,10,..) What is the wavelength for the series limit for n1=2 What is the wavelength for the series limit when n1=1 The hydrogen spectrum includes a red line at 656 nm and a blue-violet line at 434 nm. Z = Atomic number. These series are named after early researchers who studied them in particular depth. 2. What are the angular separations between these two spectral lines for all visible orders obtained with a diffraction grating that has 4 460 grooves/cm? • Real spectral lines are broadened because: ... Balmer lines of hydrogen • Hydrogen’s thermal velocity is 10 km/s compared to 1.4 km/s for iron. Curves show the profile as the natural (or collisional) linewidth is increased. the ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6 EV if an electron make a transition from an energy level -1.51 EV to -3.4 EV calculate the wavelength of the spectral light emitted and the name the series of hydrogen spectrum to which it belongs 10? Calculate the wave number and wavelength of the first spectral line of Lyman series of hydrogen spectrum. Gigosos et al. Solution: Energy of spectral line corresponds to lowest energy in Lyman series for hydrogen atom: Note: Z = 1 for hydrogen… The spectral series of hydrogen based of the Rydberg Equation (on a logarithmic scale). Suppose a beam of white light (which consists of photons of all visible wavelengths) shines through a gas of atomic hydrogen. 9? developed an improved semiclassical theory of Stark broadening of spectral lines emitted by Hydrogen-like ions. Planetary nebulae, for example, are the remnants of stars which have gently pushed their outer envelopes outwards into space. Question 9. The hydrogen spectrum had been observed in the infrared (IR), visible, and ultraviolet (UV), and several series of spectral lines had been observed. 2 Answers Tony Aug 18, 2017 #121.6 \text{nm}# Explanation: #1/lambda = \text{R}(1/(n_1)^2 - 1/(n_2)^2) * \text{Z}^2# where, R = Rydbergs constant (Also written is #\text{R}_\text{H}#) Z = atomic number … (See Figure 3.) When the beam of light or any radiation is made to enter the device through a slit, each individual component of the light or radiation form images of the source. Some hydrogen spectral lines fall outside these series, such as the 21 cm line (these correspond to much rarer atomic events such as hyperfine transitions). Calculate the wave number and wavelength of the first spectral line of Lyman series of hydrogen spectrum. The advantage of this method is that since the calibration curve is a straight line, you need fewer calibration points, it is easier to draw and it is more accurate. Hence there are 10 transitions and hence 10 spectral lines possible. The spectral lines are classified into series that are sets of lines with a common value of the integer, n i. The fine structure also results in single spectral lines appearing as two or more closely grouped thinner lines due to relativistic corrections. Rydberg constant R = 10.97 x 106 m-1 Emission-line spectra Low-density clouds of gas floating in space will emit emission lines if they are excited by energy from nearby stars. The recommended spectral lines of helium and hydrogen for calibration are given in Table 1. OKS et al. As you I just discussed in the Spectral Lines page, electrons fall to lower energy levels and give off light in the form of a spectrum. So, here, I just wanted to show you that the emission spectrum of hydrogen can be explained using the Balmer Rydberg equation which we derived using the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. Overview. spectrum of hydrogen as: ... ‐1, a straight line can be obtained, and m and b can be estimated. In wave number. The number of these lines is an infinite continuum as it approaches a limit of 364.6 nm in the ultraviolet. Figure(1): Spectrum of Hydrogen gas along with spectral series and respective wavelength. Hydrogen has atomic number of one, and is the lightest element. The hydrogen atom is said to be stable when the electron present in it revolves around the nucleus in the first orbit having the principal quantum number n = 1. Hence, a total number of (5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1) 15 lines will be obtained in the emission spectrum. |
70%">
<p>There is an apparent infinite recursive loop in jadx.tests.integration.conditions.TestBitwiseAnd$TestCls4.test()<br/>
<br/>
<br/>In file TestBitwiseAnd.java,
line 79<br/>In class jadx.tests.integration.conditions.TestBitwiseAnd$TestCls4<br/>In method jadx.tests.integration.conditions.TestBitwiseAnd$TestCls4.test()<br/>At TestBitwiseAnd.java:[line 79]</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="tablerow1">
<td width="20%" valign="top">
<a href="#IL_INFINITE_RECURSIVE_LOOP">An apparent infinite recursive loop</a>
</td>
<td width="10%" valign="top">High</td>
<td width="70%">
<p>There is an apparent infinite recursive loop in jadx.tests.integration.conditions.TestBitwiseOr$TestCls.test()<br/>
<br/>
<br/>In file TestBitwiseOr.java,
line 19<br/>In class jadx.tests.integration.conditions.TestBitwiseOr$TestCls<br/>In method jadx.tests.integration.conditions.TestBitwiseOr$TestCls.test()<br/>At TestBitwiseOr.java:[line 19]</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="tablerow0">
<td width="20%" valign="top">
<a href="#IL_INFINITE_RECURSIVE_LOOP">An apparent infinite recursive loop</a>
</td>
<td width="10%" valign="top">High</td>
<td width="70%">
<p>There is an apparent infinite recursive loop in jadx.tests.integration.conditions.TestBitwiseOr$TestCls2.test()<br/>
<br/>
<br/>In file TestBitwiseOr.java,
line 39<br/>In class jadx.tests.integration.conditions.TestBitwiseOr$TestCls2<br/>In method jadx.tests.integration.conditions.TestBitwiseOr$TestCls2.test()<br/>At TestBitwiseOr.java:[line 39]</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="tablerow1">
<td width="20%" valign="top">
<a href="#IL_INFINITE_RECURSIVE_LOOP">An apparent infinite recursive loop</a>
</td>
<td width="10%" valign="top">High</td>
<td width="70%">
<p>There is an apparent infinite recursive loop in jadx.tests.integration.conditions.TestBitwiseOr$TestCls3.test()<br/>
<br/>
<br/>In file TestBitwiseOr.java,
line 59<br/>In class jadx.tests.integration.conditions.TestBitwiseOr$TestCls3<br/>In method jadx.tests.integration.conditions.TestBitwiseOr$TestCls3.test()<br/>At TestBitwiseOr.java:[line 59]</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="tablerow0">
<td width="20%" valign="top">
<a href="#IL_INFINITE_RECURSIVE_LOOP">An apparent infinite recursive loop</a>
</td>
<td width="10%" valign="top">High</td>
<td width="70%">
<p>There is an apparent infinite recursive loop in jadx.tests.integration.conditions.TestBitwiseOr$TestCls4.test()<br/>
<br/>
<br/>In file TestBitwiseOr.java,
line 79<br/>In class jadx.tests.integration.conditions.TestBitwiseOr$TestCls4<br/>In method jadx.tests.integration.conditions.TestBitwiseOr$TestCls4.test()<br/>At TestBitwiseOr.java:[line 79]</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="tablerow1">
<td width="20%" valign="top">
<a href="#IL_INFINITE_RECURSIVE_LOOP">An apparent infinite recursive loop</a>
</td>
<td width="10%" valign="top">High</td>
<td width="70%">
<p>There is an apparent infinite recursive loop in jadx.tests.integration.conditions.TestNestedIf$TestCls.test1()<br/>
<br/>
<br/>In file TestNestedIf.java,
line 29<br/>In class jadx.tests.integration.conditions.TestNestedIf$TestCls<br/>In method jadx.tests.integration.conditions.TestNestedIf$TestCls.test1()<br/>At TestNestedIf.java:[line 29]</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="tablerow0">
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|
To extend the analysis you can specify
````
network_spyplot = <fileroot>
````
A new csv/png will appear showing the number of bytes exchanged between physical nodes,
accumulating together all MPI ranks sharing the same node.
This gives a better sense of spatial locality when many MPI ranks are on the same node.
*Figure 20: Application Activity (Fixed-Time Quanta; FTQ) for Simple MPI Test Suite*
### Section 3.12: Fixed-Time Quanta Charts<a name="sec:tutorials:ftq"></a>
Another way of visualizing application activity is a fixed-time quanta (FTQ) chart.
While the call graph gives a very detailed profile of what code regions are most important for the application, they lack temporal information.
The FTQ histogram gives a time-dependent profile of what the application is doing (Figure [20](#fig:ftq)).
This can be useful for observing the ratio of communication to computation.
It can also give a sense of how "steady" the application is,
i.e. if the application oscillates between heavy computation and heavy communication or if it keeps a constant ratio.
In the simple example, Figure [20](#fig:ftq), we show the FTQ profile of a simple MPI test suite with random computation mixed in.
In general, communication (MPI) dominates. However, there are a few compute-intensive and memory-intensive regions.
The FTQ visualization is activated by another input parameter
````
ftq = <fileroot>
````
where the `fileroot` parameter gives a unique prefix for the output files.
After running, two new files appear in the folder: `<fileroot>_app1.p` and `<fileroot>_app1.dat`.
`plot_app1.p` is a Gnuplot script that generates the histogram as a postscript file.
````
your_project$ gnuplot plot_app1.p > output.ps
````
Gnuplot can be downloaded from http://www.gnuplot.info or installed via MacPorts.
We recommend version 4.4, but at least 4.2 should be compatible.
The granularity of the chart is controlled by the `ftq_epoch` parameter in the input file.
The above figure was collected with
````
ftq_epoch=5us
````
Events are accumulated into a single data point per "epoch."
If the timestamp is too small, too little data will be collected and the time interval won't be large enough to give a meaningful picture.
If the timestamp is too large, too many events will be grouped togther into a single data point, losing temporal structure.
Using fully namespace parameters, this would be specified as:
````
node.os.ftq.fileroot=<fileroot>
node.os.ftq.epoch=5us
````
### Section 3.13: Network Statistics<a name="sec:tutorials:packetStats"></a>
Here we describe a few of the network statistics that can be collected and the basic mechanism for activating them.
These statistics are usually collected on either the NIC, switch crossbar, or switch output buffers.
#### 3.13.1: Message Size Histogram<a name="subsec:messageSizeHistogram"></a>
To active a message size histogram on the NIC to determine the distribution of message sizes, the parameter file should include, for example:
````
node {
nic {
message_size_histogram {
fileroot = histogram
bin_size = 1
logarithmic = true
}
}
}
````
The statistics are activated when the parameter reader sees the namespace `message_size_histogram`.
In this case, we ask for a logarithmic distribution.
The bin size here is in logarithmic units, i.e. group results in bins corresponding to an exponent range of size 1.
An example generated for Nekbone with 1024 processors is in Figure [21](#fig:nekboneSizeHistogram).
*Figure 21: Logarithmic histogram of message sizes sent by Nekbone application*
#### 3.13.2: Congestion Delay Histogram<a name="subsec:congestionDelayHistogram"></a>
A more involved example looks at congestion delays in the application.
We want to generate a histogram showing the aggregate delay (relative to zero-congestion baseline) that a packet experiences
going from source to destination.
By default, packets do not carry fields for measuring congestion.
Thus, |
A description of the slave result parameters is given below. Active energy: This parameter shows the energy that has been used during the slave s active time. Active time: This parameter shows the time the slave has been in active mode. Blocking probability: This parameter shows the blocking probability for voice connection.
71 Lennart Lagerstedt 71 (102) Data connection delay: This parameter shows the connection delay for data transmission requests. Data transmission rate: This parameter shows how the data transmission rate varies during the simulation. Data transmission rate (expected): This parameter shows the expected data rate. Lost packets: This parameter shows all packets that have been lost during the transmission from the master to the actual slave. Voice connection success: This parameter shows how many voice requests that have been successfully. Voice connection delay: This parameter shows the connection delay for voice requests. Voice connection attempts: This parameter shows the total number of voice connection requests. Sniff energy: This parameter shows the energy that has been used during the slave s sniff mode time. Parked energy: This parameter shows the energy that has been used during the slave s park time. Park time: This parameter shows the time that has been used during the slave s park time. The parameters that describe the power consumption are calculated with the different state times and state effects. The user can affect the state effects before the simulation starts. The results show the accumulated energy for respective state. If the total energy is of interest the user must add the different state energies manually Disturber result parameter The only result parameter the disturber offers is Distance to Master. This parameter shows how the distance between the disturber and the master has been varying during the simulation.
72 Lennart Lagerstedt 72 (102) 9.4 How to configure a simulation Here follows some useful tips for how to configure a simulation. 1. When OPNET is loaded choose new from the File menu. Then choose project from the pull-down menu and click OK. Type in a name for the project and click OK. Then click on the Quit button to abandon the Startup Wizard. 2. Push the palette bottom and choose bluetooth from the list. 3. Start to place out the master on the working space. Notice: if the master is placed out after the slave(s) or if the master is cut out and then pasted back on the working space again, this will cause an error when the user tries to start the simulation. 4. Place out wanted number of slaves. Notice: the maximum number of slaves is Place out the disturber on the working space. 6. Configure the master s simulation attributes by right-click on the master and choose Edit Attributes from the menu. 7. Configure each respective slave s simulation attributes by right-click on the actual slave and choose Edit Attributes from the menu. By shift-clicking on several slaves before the right-click on an arbitrary slave is done, all these slaves can be configured at the same time if the check-box Apply Changes to Selected Objects is marked. 8. Configure the disturber s attributes by right-click on the disturber and choose Edit Attributes from the menu. Notice that the disturber can be turned on or off with help of the attribute status. 9. Choose the master s result parameter by right-click on the master and then click on Choose Individual Statistics. 10. Choose the slave s result parameter by right-click on respective slave and then click on Choose Individual Statistics. 11. Choose the disturber s result parameter by right-click on the disturber and then click on Choose Individual Statistics. 12. Choose Configure Simulation (Advanced) from the Simulation menu. Rightclick on the symbol to be able to set the simulation Duration and give the actual scenario (Name) and the Vector file a name. Then click OK.
73 Lennart Lagerstedt 73 (102) 13. To start the simulation push the execute simulation sequence button. 14. To view the results after the simulation is finished choose View Results (Advanced) from the Results menu. Search for the actual scenario in the list. Notice that several results can be illustrated in the same diagram if Statistics Overlaid is chosen from the left pull-down menu. To be able to view results from earlier simulations the actual project must first be opened. Then use the same procedure according to point 14.
74 Lennart Lagerstedt 74 (102) 10 Simulation scenarios Two different simulation scenarios have been done with the implemented model to be able to verify the model and make some conclusions. Simulation scenario I assumes that the involved slaves only make requests regarding file transfers, i.e. only data traffic. Simulation scenario II assumes that the involved slaves only make requests regarding voice connections, i.e. voice traffic Simulation scenario I: File transfer Basic conditions Two different simulations have been done to illustrate how the traffic will be affected depending on the number of slaves. The first simulation includes 6 slaves while the second |
This week, social giants expand into new territory and chase after ad dollars: YouTube announces a cable-killing TV subscription service; Instagram opens up ads in Stories to all businesses; and Facebook introduces mid-roll ads.
Also: a guide to content marketing best-practices on LinkedIn; measuring success on Snapchat; B2B leads via Facebook ads; and much more...
Google/Alphabet's YouTube on Tuesday took a big foray into television territory with the announcement of YouTubeTV, a new TV subscription service, set to launch in the next couple of months in the US. YouTubeTV looks to take advantage of Americans' increasing propensity to cutting the cable TV cord.
YouTube is offering unlimited access to a set of over 40 networks, including USA, FX, ESPN, Fox Sports, and more—starting at just $35 per month. Subscribers will be able to stream to various devices, including their televisions using Chromecast. In short, users will be able to tune into their favorite shows on their own terms, on their preferred device.
The TV space is getting more interesting by the minute as social giants test what approach works to their advantage in upending the traditional TV paradigm. Will you (have you?) cut the cord?
Adweek dives into the world of social media with in-depth looks at content marketing on the "four big platforms. Up this week: LinkedIn. If your company's content on LinkedIn can help users further their goals of building their personal brand, finding business prospects, or looking for jobs, you'll likely succeed.
From the basics of building functional content that creates value, to keys to creating mobile-optimized, sponsored content and pushing it via sophisticated targeting and InMail, LinkedIn can prove to be the most effective platform for building leads and product awareness. See how now.
Facebook-owned photo and video sharing social network Instagram has not held its punches to ensure its Snapchat Stories clone, Instagram Stories, succeeds. The company launched the Stories feature in August 2016 and announced in January that it was testing full-screen ads with 30 global brands; it's now ready to roll out the red carpet for all businesses.
All companies will be able to place ads between users' Stories in the next few weeks, with the primary key performance indicator being reach, which Instagram says the ad format is optimized for. Interested in finding out more? Click here to see how you can run ads on Instagram Stories.
The social network, looking to create new revenue streams, is expanding its trial of in-stream video ads beyond Facebook Live broadcasts, and creeping into the world of videos from publishers.
Facebook is testing the ads, which only appear after at least 20 seconds of a video has played, with a small number of US publishers, and letting them keep 55% of the ad revenue.
Mid-roll ads could also change how content creators produce videos for the platform: Brands might eventually need to build suspense in their video content to make sure it maintains viewers' interest through ad breaks. Challenge accepted.
It's been just over one year since the social network introduced alternatives to the "Like" button. They seemed slow to take off, but Facebook can now count over 300 billion reactions used on posts in the past year.
"Love" was the reaction most used, clocking in with over half of the total use of Reactions, and Mexico was the country that used Reactions most. The US stood at number eight, behind Greece, Chile, and Suriname, among others.
Streaming just got easier for all Periscope users, with the Twitter-owned company announcing the release of Periscope Producer for mobile and Web users—on iOS and Android.
The feature allows users to stream to Periscope from external devices other than phones and tablets. Users can now employ professional cameras, streaming software, or hardware encoders to share live broadcasts with the world.
We've often discussed why Snapchat could be a great platform for your brand, but Snapchat's insights leave much to be desired. That doesn't mean your company should be snapping away without some important benchmarks in mind, of course.
Recent data from Snapalytics provides key insights into how brands are performing on Snapchat, from how users are finding their accounts to how many snaps brands are adding to their stories on average per month. We've highlighted some of the most important takeaways here, but catch our coverage of the report for an in-depth look!
Usernames are key: 64% of followers found a brand account by username, with 25% and 9% arriving based on Snapcodes and deep links, respectively.
Content balance: Brands focus almost equally on static images and videos in their Stories, with videos taking a slight lead.
A new report from eMarketer suggests that although B2B brands are getting on board social media, they lack expertise. Brands need to do some more research via the insights available on social platforms to truly understand users' buyer behavior before executing social media campaigns, the report suggests.
Companies can perform social listening and data mining to get to the bottom of their |
| \|Df^n(x)e_r\wedge Df^n(x)e_s\|.
\end{align*}
Using the previous argument recursively, we get
\begin{align*}
\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!|\,\|Df^n(x)(e_1+L_{F_2}e_1)\wedge...\wedge & Df^n(x)(e_d+L_{F_2}e_d)\|-\|Df^n(x)e_1\wedge...\wedge Df^n(x)e_d\|\,|\\
&\leq (d^2-1)\|L^n_{F_2}\|\|Df^n(x)e_1\wedge...\wedge Df^n(x)e_d\|,
\end{align*}
which implies that
\begin{align}\label{eq. est.det.1}
&\|Df^n(x)(e_1+L_{F_2}e_1)\wedge...\wedge Df^n(x)(e_d+L_{F_2}e_d)\|\\\nonumber
&\leq [1+(d^2-1)\|L^n_{F_2}\|] \,\|Df^n(x)e_1\wedge...\wedge Df^n(x)e_d\|
\end{align}
and
\begin{eqnarray}\label{eq. est.det.2}
&\|Df^n(x)(e_1+L_{F_2}e_1)\wedge...\wedge Df^n(x)(e_d+L_{F_2}e_d)\|\\ \nonumber
&\geq [1-(d^2-1)\|L^n_{F_2}\|] \,\|Df^n(x)e_1\wedge...\wedge Df^n(x)e_d\|.
\end{eqnarray}
Proceeding as above we also obtain that
\begin{eqnarray*}
|\,\|(e_1+L_{F_2}e_1)\wedge...\wedge (e_d+L_{F_2}e_d)\|-\|e_1\wedge...\wedge e_d\|\,|\leq (d^2-1)\theta_x(F_1,F_2).
\end{eqnarray*}
or, equivalently,
\begin{eqnarray}\label{eq. est.prod.ext.2}
1-(d^2-1)\theta_x(F_1,F_2)\le \|(e_1+L_{F_2}e_1)\wedge...\wedge (e_d+L_{F_2}e_d)\| \leq 1+(d^2-1)\theta_x(F_1,F_2)
\end{eqnarray}
By Lemma~\ref{lem. distorcao volume 1}, together with \eqref{eq.defDet}, \eqref{eq. est.det.1} and \eqref{eq. est.prod.ext.2},
we conclude that
\begin{eqnarray*}
|det(Df^n(x)|_{F_2})|&=&\frac{\|Df^n(x)(e_1+L_{F_2}e_1)\wedge...\wedge Df^n(x)(e_d+L_{F_2}e_d)\|}{ \|(e_1+L_{F_2}e_1)\wedge...\wedge (e_d+L_{F_2}e_d)\|}\\
&\leq& \frac{1+(d^2-1)\|L^n_{F_2}\|}{1-(d^2-1)\theta_x(F_1,F_2)} \cdot\|Df^n(x)e_1\wedge...\wedge Df^n(x)e_d\| \\
&\leq& \frac{1+(d^2-1) \theta_{f^n(x)}(F_1^n,F_2^n) }{1-(d^2-1)\theta_x(F_1,F_2)} \cdot\|Df^n(x)e_1\wedge...\wedge Df^n(x)e_d\|,
\end{eqnarray*}
and so
\begin{align*}
\frac{|det(Df^n(x)|_{F_2})|}{|det(Df^n(x)|_{F_1})|}
&\leq \frac{1+(d^2-1) \theta_{f^n(x)}(F^n_1,F^n_2) }{1-(d^2-1)\theta |
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for working with the accounting department on getting the services paid for. </p>
<p>Now that the usage is expanding beyond just IT, James and Michelle have to decide how to set up the new business units in the account hierarchy and what roles to give the users who will manage the resources there.</p>
<h4><strong>Account Hierarchy</strong></h4>
<p>James and Michelle don't want each business unit to be able to see or change resources that belong to another business unit, but they also know that they will now have to give more visibility across all company resources to some of the IT managers and
security staff. They have already branded the Control Portal with the company logo and colors and want this branding to apply to all business units in the company. They also want to centrally manage custom fields and email notifications so that IT maintains
control over these aspects of the platform to ensure some consistent governance processes are followed. Finally, they need to make sure that the networks they've created in the QIND account for IT applications are accessible by all company users.</p>
<p>All of these things than can be controlled by setting up an account hierarchy appropriately. In this case, James and Michelle will use the QIND account as the parent account for all areas of the company, and will create sub accounts for each individual
business unit. This way, users who are created in each sub account will only have access to the resources that exist there, but users in the parent account will have access in that context and be able to view/interact with all resources in the sub accounts
as well. So the account hierarchy will look like this:</p>
<p><img src="../images/practical-guide-roles-Q-acct-hierarchy.png" alt="Q-acct-hierarchy.png" />
</p>
<p>The steps below will walk through setting up one of these accounts to meet the requirements described above.</p>
<ol>
<li>From the Account page on the Sub Accounts tab, click the "create new account" button.
<br /><img src="../images/practical-guide-roles-create-new-account.png" alt="create-new-account.png" />
</li>
<li>Enter the desired account name and alias (along with all the required address information and default DNS information if desired).
<br /><img src="../images/practical-guide-roles-company-info.png" alt="company-info.png" />
<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>In this example, we specified that we want to bill the parent account and make the parent networks accessible, so we will set these options here as well, but they should be set per your specific use case:
<br /><img src="../images/practical-guide-roles-billing-info.png" alt="billing-info.png" />
</li>
<li>Finally, we specified above that we want to prevent sub account users from changing custom fields, e-mail templates, and branding information. The Settings area is where we determine this, so we will leave all account settings as disabled so the settings
will not even show up for these sub account users. (These can also be enabled/disabled after the fact in the Sub Accounts settings tab.)
<br /><img src="../images/practical-guide-roles-account-settings.png" alt="account-settings.png" />
<br />We could have decided to leave Data Center set to YES so that sub accounts can choose which DCs to allow servers to be deployed to, but here we've left it off as well. We can also change the primary DC if desired.</li>
<li>Clicking the final "create" button will create the sub account with the settings specified. Users who should only have access to that account's resources should be created within the sub account itself, as described below.</li>
</ol>
<h4>Role Assignment</h4>
<p>Now that the account hierarchy is configured to allow for the correct separation of resources across business units, we need to create users and assign roles accordingly. We can see from the pie chart above that it's suggested to have mostly Server Operators
and Server Administrators, which makes sense here as well because the majority of resources specific to each business unit will be servers and groups to house the organization's applications. In the case of Q Industries, since most of the account settings
and the billing will continue to happen only at the parent account level per the settings above, they believe they can get away with just one Billing Manager and the two Account Administrators at the parent account level. As they expand to
other business units, though, they may need to increase the number of users in these roles and possibly delegate some to sub accounts. They have set up the following users in their accounts:</p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>Account</strong>
</td>
<td><strong>User</strong>
</ |
prevent export bans and food hoarding; and domestic measures to cushion the impact of rising food and fuel prices, among others.
Ms. SNOW, asked what key programmes and interventions will have the greatest benefits for sustained and inclusive economic growth, outlined some of the economic benefits of sexual and reproductive health and rights as well as strong health systems. Family planning not only leads to improved health outcomes, but is also a catalyst for poverty eradication, enabling women and girls to remain in school and acquire skills that raise their lifetime earnings, she noted. COVID-19 dramatically worsened the burdens on health systems and exposed the human cost of health systems that are not universal, not resilient, not data-driven, and that lack an adequate health workforce, she stressed.
Mr. BRAVO, asked to address the impact of key climate and environmental actions through a population lens, said much of the world’s future population growth is projected to take place in lower- and middle-income countries that will be likely to bear the brunt of climate change. Since developing countries need to keep growing their economies so as to continue their pursuit of poverty eradication, expanding investments in human capital, achieving full and productive employment as well as other Sustainable Development Goals, he emphasized. The world as a whole needs to implement measures to decouple economic activities from carbon emissions through improved energy efficiency and by switching from fossil fuels to low- or zero-carbon energy sources.
In the ensuing dialogue, representatives of Governments and civil society groups made comments and asked questions.
The representative of Cuba, emphasizing that only eight years remain until the 2030 Agenda’s target deadline, asked what can be done to tackle the inertia that took root during the pandemic and press forward with sustainable development.
The representative of Malawi, noting that low-income countries are struggling to pay back their debts, with a negative impact on their ability to realize the Sustainable Development Goals, asked what can be done to reverse that trend.
A representative of ACT Alliance, describing her organization as a coalition of churches working in developing countries, warned that the Commission’s discussions should not focus on traditional economic growth and gross domestic product (GDP) measurements, which continued to marginalize women and girls while disregarding the importance of unpaid care work.
A representative of the International Federation of Medical Students said misinformation is one of the main barriers to sexual and reproductive health and rights. She added that she would welcome a greater emphasis on access to such critical services and information in future reports of the Secretary-General. She asked how such issues could be better addressed in the future.
Ms. SNOW agreed that abundant misinformation exists on sexual and reproductive health and rights, saying she would welcome adding another Sustainable Development Goal indicator on literacy in that critical area. In response to Cuba’s representative, she agreed that the pandemic posed challenges to the achievement of 2030 Agenda targets, adding that considering an extension is an idea that has some value. However, she pointed out that there is more reporting today on Sustainable Development Goal indicators, which is a form of progress in and of itself.
Mr. BRAVO cited Brazil as an example of a country that has experimented with different policy measures in its efforts to realize the Sustainable Development Goals and was ultimately able to cut poverty in half. Those efforts have continued in spite of the COVID-19 pandemic, and while Brazil may not totally eliminate extreme poverty by 2030, it is an example of lessons that can be learned from countries — particularly developing countries — as they seek to achieve the 2030 targets. He went on to spotlight the need for greater social spending on the part of Governments, and to take into account unpaid care work and the time women take off from the formal labour sector to have children.
Ms. NJUKI echoed some of those points, calling for universal and gender-responsive social support systems and noting that expanding care work also broadens a country’s tax base and yields economic benefits.
Mr. MEIER-EWERT agreed there is need to move beyond GDP as an economic measurement unit, noting that a movement to that effect is currently under way. Responding to Malawi’s representative, he said the United Nations has repeatedly called for greater support to countries struggling to pay their debts, noting that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has put forth several programmes with that aim.
LAURA BAS, Youth Ambassador for Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights, Gender Equality and Bodily Autonomy of the Netherlands, associated herself with the statement delivered by Mexico. Noting that more than half the world’s population is younger than 30, she declared: “We are the largest generation in history.” She pointed out that they also make up the biggest group of future voters, consumers, workers and activists. This week, she said, the Commission will discuss inclusive and sustained economic growth, which depends on valuing women’s unpaid care and work, ensuring their economic empowerment and ending gender stereotypes. Young people around the world are also stressing that ensuring sexual and reproductive health and rights is a precondition for sustainable economic development. “Research shows that [access |
something to look like your artifact. After Legion, Blizzard would like to add a way to earn those appearances for transmog.
This is a way to reward people who unlocked appearances to carry them forward in regular content.
After Legion, you can still acquire artifacts and unlock all the tints, you just can't transmog them onto other weapons if you were not playing during Legion.
You said artifact weapon skins will be added to the transmog library post-Legion. Does that include bear and cat forms?
They will have to figure out a way for players to keep them, even if it doesn't fit into the transmog library naturally.
Could Frost Mages and DKs have some model update love for Призыв элементаля воды and Ghoul?
Ghoul is actually coming in a future patch - likely 7.2 That work is underway.
Water Elemental is also on the list.
Any new Battlegrounds in Legion?
No plans atm, but need to find something that fits in thematically with the expansion. Not a big Alliance and Horde moment right now.
Hard to leverage the threat of the Legion into a new battlegrounds, but there are active discussions. Area that doesn't have as much done on it as it should.
Brawls are coming and they are battlegrounds remixes - like Winter Arathi Basin.
At this point, Blizzard has a lot of existing Battlegrounds which leads to questions. Does Blizzard move to a rotation, or smaller pools?
Thoughts on legendaries? A couple can change the feel of the class, while others feel undertuned and not as rewarding.
Not all legendaries are meant to be equal. However, Blizzard is listening to feedback where the 'last place' legendary doesn't feel worth it at all.
Some legendaries are getting buffed in 7.1.5, but high-end ones are getting nerfs (eg Первоклассные наручники Солнечного короля, Четвертый урок инструктора). A few new exciting ones are coming to the pool.
The issues with stat weighting on jewelry and item level will also factor in.
Upcoming hotfix for Tuesday: increase item level of all legendaries by 15.
Utility on legendaries is hard to measure; legendaries which increase DPS are easier to measure because of damage meters. Utility ones may not feel immediately awesome, but it can open up strategies for your raid and save your life.
Will upgrading legendaries affect their equip bonuses or just the stats? How long will it take an average player to upgrade one?
When Nighthold comes out, the ceiling on items will increase, so we want to make sure legendaries are competitive. New legendaries you obtain will drop at the new ilvl ceiling, but you can upgrade your old ones to hit the new ceiling (Дистиллированная эссенция титана).
This is separate from the hotfix 15 ilvl buff.
Can we equip more legendaries in 7.2?
Not in 7.2, but maybe later in the expansion.
The cap is in place to make sure super-lucky people don't pull way ahead.
The idea is that as the expansion moves forward, you can swap in legendaries based on situations.
Any updates coming to the Quick Join feature?
Hotfix in the works to disable sound related to toasts popping.
The goal of the feature is expose more information to make it easier to play with friends.
Example: your friends on your friends list and guild chat queue in parallel for the same thing. This feature can help merge the different social circles and encourage people to play with friends.
Is Argus just a raid or a whole new continent?
Argus is not a leveling experience or expansion.
Patch 7.3 is Argus: outdoor zones, instanced contents, raids, other features. Capstone of the story of the Legion expansion.
After the temporary peace, we need to go to the source of the Legion and put a stop to them once and for all.
What has the design team learned from the implementation of hidden appearances in Legion? Are there more difficult puzzles in 7.1.5 and 7.2?
Blizzard has learned that these puzzles are fun and would like to do more of them. Kosumoth stands as the most successful one, was largely driven by in-game clues like the positions of rocks.
Hidden Artifact appearances are more of a mixed bag. There are some memorable ones like Ashbringer and the Sheep staff, and others felt more random. Some were still cool, like Outlaw Rogue stealth dungeon groups for the Thunderfury appearance.
The goal is to minimize frustration and remove the element of "Sombra style ARGs." Some appearances turned into macros to check quest completion or script commands--it felt too obscure.
They'd like to do more in the future, but not necessarily more difficult. Aiming for fun, organic, intuitive |
irsch, Clare Lyle, Freddie Kalaitzis, Jan Brauner, Jishnu Mukhoti, Lewis Smith, Lisa Schut, Mizu Nishikawa-Toomey, Oscar Key, Binxin (Robin) Ru, Sebastian Farquhar, Sören Mindermann, Tim G. J. Rudner, Yarin Gal, 04 Dec 2020
Is Mean-field Good Enough for Variational Inference in Bayesian Neural Networks?
NeurIPS 2020. Tl,dr; the bigger your model, the easier it is to be approximately Bayesian. When doing Variational Inference with large Bayesian Neural Networks, we feel practically forced to use the mean-field approximation. But ‘common knowledge’ tells us this is a bad approximation, leading to many expensive structured covariance methods. This work challenges ‘common knowledge’ regarding large neural networks, where the complexity of the network structure allows simple variational approximations to be effective. …
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Sebastian Farquhar, Lewis Smith, Yarin Gal, 29 Nov 2020
13 OATML Conference and Workshop papers at ICML 2020
We are glad to share the following 13 papers by OATML authors and collaborators to be presented at this ICML conference and workshops …
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Angelos Filos, Sebastian Farquhar, Tim G. J. Rudner, Lewis Smith, Lisa Schut, Tom Rainforth, Panagiotis Tigas, Pascal Notin, Andreas Kirsch, Clare Lyle, Joost van Amersfoort, Jishnu Mukhoti, Yarin Gal, 10 Jul 2020
Can Autonomous Vehicles Identify, Recover From, and Adapt to Distribution Shifts?
In autonomous driving, we generally train models on diverse data to maximize the coverage of possible situations the vehicle may encounter at deployment. Global data coverage would be ideal, but impossible to collect, necessitating methods that can generalize safely to new scenarios. As human drivers, we do not need to re-learn how to drive in every city, even though every city is unique. Hence, we’d like a system trained in Pittsburgh and Los Angeles to also be safe when deployed in New York, where the landscape and behaviours of the drivers is different. …
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Angelos Filos, Panagiotis Tigas, Rowan McAllister, Nicholas Rhinehart, Sergey Levine, Yarin Gal, 09 Jul 2020
A Guide to Writing the NeurIPS Impact Statement
From improved disease screening to authoritarian surveillance, ML advances will have positive and negative social impacts. Policymakers are struggling to understand these advances, to build policies that amplify the benefits and mitigate the risks. ML researchers need to be part of this conversation: to help anticipate novel ML applications, assess the social implications, and promote initiatives to steer research and society in beneficial directions.
Innovating in this respect, NeurIPS has introduced a requirement that all paper submissions include a statement of the “potential broader impact of their work, including its ethical aspects and future societal consequences.” This is an exciting innovation in scientifically informed governance of technology (Hecht et al 2018 & Hecht 2020). It is also an opportunity for authors to think about and better explain the motivation and context for their research to other scientists.
Over time, the exercise of assessing impact could enhance the ML community’s expertise in technology governance, and otherwise help build bridges to other researchers and policymakers. Doing this well, however, will be a challenge. To help maximize the chances of success, we — a team of AI governance, AI ethics, and machine learning (ML) researchers — have compiled some suggestions and an (unofficial) guide for how to do this. …
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Carolyn Ashurst, Markus Anderljung, Carina Prunkl, Jan Leike, Yarin Gal, Toby Shevlane, Allan Dafoe, 13 May 2020
Beyond Discrete Support in Large-scale Bayesian Deep Learning
Most of the scalable methods for Bayesian deep learning give approximate posteriors with ‘discrete support’, which is unsuitable for Bayesian updating. Mean-field variational inference could work, but we show that it fails in high dimensions because of the ‘soap-bubble’ pathology of multivariate Gaussians. We introduce a novel approximating posterior, Radial BNNs, that give you the distribution you intuitively imagine when you think about multi-variate Gaussians in high dimensions. Repo at https://github.com/SebFar/radial_bnn …
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Sebastian Farquhar, Michael Osborne, Yarin Gal, 22 Apr 2020
25 OATML Conference and Workshop papers at NeurIPS 2019
We are glad to share the following 25 papers by OATML authors and collaborators to be presented at this Ne |
Any booking you make will not be placed with VisitScotland and we will have no liability to you in respect of any booking. NRM Vision for the Northern Agricultural Region of Western Australia. Canna is thought to have been inhabited since 5000BC, and now supports a small crofting community. Check out our canna nature selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. The conditions of … ii Contents Wildfire Description 1 Assessment of intensity and spread 2 Assessment of severity 5 Ground Impact ... Canna around 15:00, two hours after ignition. 63 of these are National parks, totalling 4,874,282 hectares (1.93% of the state s area). Atlas of Living Australia. VisitScotland does not have any control over the content or availability of any external website. Of particular note is that this area holds the UK's only known colony of fan mussels. Situated on the Mullewa-Wubin Rd about halfway between Mullewa and Morawa, it is a great spot to stop off to look at wildflowers between July and November. Isle of Lewis, Isle of Harris & Stornoway. This project is supported by NACC, through funding from the Australian Government, Visit the NACC website | Contact Us | Login, Salt, Dust and Desertification – Reversing the Trend, Stories from the Productive Farming Futures Forum – agriculture in a changing climate, Regulatory framework to guide future of shale and tight gas, Recovery of seabird colonies on Rat Island (Houtman Abrolhos). 126 likes. Explore the Spatial Portal. The island's cultural background, archaeology and ornithology make it one of the most interesting islands in the Hebrides. Melhores preços, reserva facilitada sem taxas com confirmação imediata. Um depósito caução de EUR 100 é exigido na chegada. There are also cruises operated from Mallaig and Arisaig: Arisaig Marine (private charter) tel (01687) 450224; www.arisaig.co.uk, Bruce Watt Cruises (private charter), Mallaig Harbour tel (01687) 462320; www.knoydart-ferry.co.uk, Cookies are required to view this content.Change your preferences at 501 likes. The nutrient for systems in which the drainage water is not returned but drains away. Hand drawn watercolour map of Canna for National Trust for Scotland. TRIP 5) ISLE OF RUM - NATURE RESERVE / KINLOCH CASTLE TRIP (duration 4 hrs approx) * This trip runs on AquaXplore or Island Cruiser * Journey to the beautiful Isle of Rum and explore ashore for 2 ½ hrs approx, giving the opportunity for walks around the Kinloch area and taking the Kinloch castle tour (castle tour – p.m. trips only). The wetland area is a nature reserve full of many different types of species ( over 4700), which offer impressive flora and fauna as well as numerous rivers and freshwater lakes. CANNA provides you with the complete product range for growing your own plants, best yields and great flowering CANNA the leading brand in plant nutrients, additives and potting mixes | CANNA Skip to … In 1938, Thom's family sought a sympathetic buyer, selling Canna to John Lorne Campbell, who organised the island as a farm and nature reserve. Ynystawe Park. Monte Arcosu - Sa Canna The path starts from the Mount Arcosu nature reserve info (admission fee 5 euros, not so cheap), it's a 3,5 km ring path with 100 meter uphill differece in height . Discover the amazingly rich archaeological landscape – from prehistoric fortifications to early 19th-century abandoned settlements. MORAWA. Visualise and analyse relationships between species, location and environment. Western Australia is the largest state in Australia.It contains no fewer than 1224 separate Protected Areas with a total area of 17,061,020 hectares (land area: 15,915,080 hectares 6.30% of the state s area). Take your binoculars – Agriculture and silviculture have, throughout this period, been carried out with objectives for the conservation of wildlife. In the 1970s, local government reforms abolished the County of Inverness, and moved Canna into Highland. Sustainable farming and crofting systems are carried out on the island, which is a Special Protection Area for its large population of seabirds. Familiar, cachorros permitidos, fogueiras permitidas e prédio de banheiros. Canna is a genus of around |
some nannoscopic level, my enjoyment was different – maybe even less. And I had absolutely no clue.
I put my fist in a bucket of water and pulled it out again. Everything changed. But nothing happened. The world returned to it’s matrix of randomness and in the end the event was meaningless.
jim,
The 2005 hurricane season that we actually experienced was nothing like the 2005 hurricane season we would have experienced in the absence of global warming. It’s unlikely a hurricane would have passed over New Orleans at all. If one did, it’s unlikely it would have been as powerful as Katrina. And if, that season, a hurricane as powerful as Katrina did hit New Orleans, it’s very unlikely it would have happened in the same week as Katrina. I’m not talking about nanoscale changes.
I’m pretty sure without global warming New Orleans would have been hundreds of miles further inland. If you can find a good map of the gulf of mexico during the last glacial maximum let me know, but sea levels in the gulf are supposed to have been ~120 meters lower back then:
My best guess is that New Orleans would have been ~100 km further inland. Probably more importantly, the geography of the gulf would have been totally different.
Oops. That post first says hundreds of miles but then I found a better map. My second guess of ~100 km (~60 miles) was based on eyeballing the legend using this map:
The global warming being discussed here is the additional warming caused by CO2 emissions since the start of the industrial revolution, so maybe since 1800. New Orleans was founded in 1718 and already well established by 1800.
I know but people like to point to any evidence of warming/change and attribute it to that. And anyway how is this determined?
All sound points above.
But isn’t all this a distraction from the real cause of hurricane impact – storm names?
;~)
Hi Phil,
I’m so glad you got that off your chest! :)
But it doesn’t matter if a storm is “affected” by climate change or not. No single storm says anything about climate or climate change or the lack thereof. For all you – or anyone – knows, storms could be *negatively* “affected” – that is, of *lower* intensity and frequency – because of climate change. No one knows one way or the other. So in the end, since you can’t tell *how* a storm is “affected” by climate change, it hardly matters whether it is or not.
It doesn’t make any sense to talk about the relationship between storms and climate change unless you’re referring to periods of 20 years or more to account for variations in all the major oscillations like ENSO, PDO, NAO, IOD etc. Really, even if a category 8 storm whopped Goose Bay Labrador tomorrow, it wouldn’t have any meaning for climate. Climate is a long-term average. A single storm is the position of an electron at time t. Climate is the ten bazillion different positions of the electron over time over dt.
jim,
I agree with your second paragraph, and I agree with your first paragraph inasmuch as I don’t think ‘was a storm affected by climate change’ is a question that it even makes sense to think about. But — and this is what drives me nuts! — people do think about it. They think about it so much that a large fraction of reporting on climate change includes some sort of statement like the one that prompted this post…and that statement was written by climate scientists!
There is a long and strong literature on climate attribution. It’s imperfect in that it relies heavily on climate models, but it’s still interesting. The basic premise is that you run a really long simulation at each of several levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and you compare some frequency and intensity statistics for the event you’re caring about. So for example climate change shifts the distribution of rainfall for events like hurricane Harvey to the right, which one can interpret either as making Harvey more intense or as making the frequency of Harvey-like events higher.
Again this is always model-based, hence imperfect, but overall seems quite good. The huge amount of noise in hurricane paths and lots of external factors (both of which others have alluded to above) makes trying to do this with a regression analysis quite difficult as we just don’t have enough good data. But bottom line is that the story on hurricane intensity seems to be fairly clear (warmer = stronger) while the story on trajectories is much less clear.
None of which contradicts Phil’s excellent point that it’s not reasonable to say whether a particular storm was *affected* by climate change any more than to say it was *caused* by climate change. But we can talk about shifting probabilities, and we can estimate these shifts [moderately well] using climate models.
+1 and then some.
Except |
L)
Jacksonville Armada (NASL) vs. Boca Raton Football Club (Fla.)
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Carolina Dynamo (PDL) vs. North Carolina FC (NASL)
Legacy 76 (NPSL) vs. North Carolina FC (NASL)
Wanner Stadium; Williamsburg, Va.
Charlotte Eagles (PDL) vs. Charlotte Independence (USL)
Chattanooga FC (NPSL) vs. Charlotte Independence (USL)
Finley Stadium; Chattanooga, Tenn.
AFC Ann Arbor (NPSL) vs. Indy Eleven (NASL)
Scicluna Field (Eastern Michigan Univ.); Ypsilanti, Mich.
Michigan Bucks (PDL) vs. Indy Eleven (NASL)
Tartan Devils Oak Avalon (Pa.) vs. Louisville City FC (USL)
Rooney Field; Pittsburgh, Pa.
Louisville City FC (USL) vs. Derby City Rovers (PDL)
New York Cosmos (NASL) vs. Clarkstown SC Eagles (NPSL)
Rocco B. Commisso Stadium; New York, N.Y.
Reading United AC (PDL) vs. New York Cosmos (NASL)
FC Cincinnati (USL) vs. AFC Cleveland (NPSL)
Nippert Stadium (Univ. of Cincinnati); Cincinnati, Ohio
Des Moines Menace (PDL) vs. FC Cincinnati (USL)
Tampa Bay Rowdies (USL) vs. The Villages SC (PDL)/Jacksonville Armada U-23 (NPSL) winner
Al Lang Stadium; St. Petersburg, Fla.
Ocean City Nor'easters (PDL) vs. Harrisburg City Islanders (USL)
Junior Lone Star FC (Pa.) vs. Harrisburg City Islanders (USL)
Grand Rapids FC (NPSL) vs. Pittsburgh Riverhounds (USL)
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WWT Soccer Park; Fenton, Mo.
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Toyota Field; San Antonio, Texas
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OKC Energy FC (USL) vs. Moreno Valley Fútbol Club (Calif.)
Taft Stadium; Oklahoma City, Okla.
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already 900,000 ha of rangelands, reducing the yield and accessibility of grass for cattle and small stock [130]. These negative effects were only reduced with the introduction of the scale insect Dactylopius opuntiae aiming its biocontrol, which markedly reduced O. ficus-indica density by 1948 [131]. Another good example was the use of snout beetles (Neochetina spp.) introduced from Australia that successfully controlled water hyacinths in Lake Victoria [132].
Seed predation, a particular case of weed biocontrol, can be an effective component on arable land, particularly at low weed densities [133]. By predating on seeds, ants may alter the abundance and local distribution of flowering plants in tropical and subtropical regions [134, 135]. In temperate regions, the most important seed eaters are most likely carabids (Carabidae: Coleoptera) [49]. Granivory by carabids has been confirmed by many authors (reviewed by [133]) and in arable fields can be as high as 1000 seeds.m−2.day−1, which can selectively influence the soil seed bank [133]. However, introduced species, even those used in biocontrol programs, can have important ecological effects on native species [136], and for this reason, deliberate introductions have generated great controversy [137, 138].
3.2.3.5. Weathering processes
In the soil, insects can have two major roles, they can be “litter transformers” or they can act as “ecosystem engineers” [139]. As litter transformers, insects fragment, or comminute, and humidify ingested plant debris, improving its quality as a substrate for later microbial decomposition. The feces of arthropods serve as nuclei for the accretion of soil aggregates, the basic unit of a soil’s structure with a major role in maintaining its integrity, and are a significant factor in the formation of humus, which contributes to water and nutrient soil [140]. Termites and ants nests, with their incorporated fecal materials, waste dumps, or fungal gardens, provide rich substrates for the microbial degradation and mineralization of organic matter, resulting in the conversion of complex organic molecules into simpler, inorganic forms that can be used by plants [140]. As ecosystem engineers, they physically modify the habitat, directly or indirectly regulating the availability of resources to other species [141]. In the soil, this implies to alter the soil structure, as well as the mineral and organic matter composition and hydrology [142]. The tunneling and burrowing of arthropods provide channels for air passage and water infiltration and also serve to mix organic matter into the upper soil layers [140]. Some of the most important members of this guild are ants, termites, and dung beetles which, due to their dung burial activity, especially the digging tunnels functional types, are able to move large amounts of soil. Ants and termites are the pre-eminent earth movers in many regions of the world and may surpass earthworms in this capacity in some cases [140]. However, termites are probably the biggest contributors to plant litter breakdown among soil invertebrates and are the main agents of degradation, among the soil fauna, of the highly recalcitrant materials (cellulose and lignin) making up wood [140].
3.2.3.6. Decomposition processes
Insects play a vital role in waste biodegradation. Beetle larvae, flies, ants, and termites clean up dead plant matter, breaking down organic matter until it is fit to be consumed by fungi and bacteria. In this way, the minerals and nutrients of dead organisms become readily available in the soil for uptake by plants. Animal carcasses, for example, are consumed by fly maggots and beetle larvae [5]. Termites and leafcutter ants process large amounts of wood and leaves [143]. The decomposition of dead plant material can induce other services like a decline in the frequency and severity of forest fires [144].
Dung beetles are an important group of insects associated with the decomposition of animal manure. Their activity contributes to nutrient cycling. By burying dung under the soil surface, they prevent about 80% of nitrogen loss through ammonia (NH3) volatilization [5, 145] and enhance soil fertility by increasing the amount of nitrogen available to plants through mineralization [146]. In their presence, carbon and minerals are recycled back to the soil, where they further decompose as humus for plants [5].
The role of insect herbivory in terrestrial ecosystems has only recently been considered an important and persistent control of ecosystem processes [41]. Severe insect |
As of November 30, 2019, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates was approximately $531,215,389 computed by reference to the last sale price of the common stock on that date as reported by The NASDAQ Global Select Market.
As of August 5, 2020 there were 37,869,430 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.
The information required for Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated by reference to the registrant’s Proxy Statement for its 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed within 120 days of the registrant's fiscal year ended May 31, 2020.
AngioDynamics, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, "AngioDynamics," the "Company," "we," "our" or "us") designs, manufactures and sells a wide range of medical, surgical and diagnostic devices used by professional healthcare providers for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease, vascular access and for use in oncology and surgical settings. Our devices are generally used in minimally invasive, image-guided procedures.
AngioDynamics was founded in Queensbury, N.Y., U.S., in 1988. Queensbury was chosen due to its location in the heart of "Catheter Valley," an area in New York's Adirondack Region named for its long history of catheter and other medical device manufacturing. Initially dedicated to the research and development of products used in interventional radiology, AngioDynamics began manufacturing and shipping product in the early 1990s. The Company soon became well established as a producer of diagnostic catheters for non-coronary angiography and thrombolytic delivery systems.
The Company grew over the following years as a result of acquisitions of companies including RITA Medical Systems in January 2007, Oncobionic in May 2008, Vortex Medical, Inc. in October 2012, Clinical Devices in August 2013, the assets of Diomed in June 2008 and the assets of Microsulis Medical Limited in January 2013. These acquisitions added product lines including market-leading ablation and NanoKnife systems, vascular access products, angiographic products and accessories, dialysis products, drainage products, thrombolytic products, embolization products and venous products. In May 2012, AngioDynamics acquired Navilyst Medical, bringing market-leading Fluid Management systems into our portfolio. The acquisition significantly expanded the Company's scale, doubling its share of the vascular access market while building critical mass in the peripheral vascular market.
In August 2018, the Company acquired the BioSentry product line from Surgical Specialties, LLC. In September 2018, the Company acquired RadiaDyne, which consisted of the OARtrac dose monitoring technology along with endorectal and vaginal balloons.
On May 31, 2019, the Company completed the sale of the Fluid Management business and all of the assets used primarily in connection with the Fluid Management business to Medline Industries, Inc. pursuant to an asset purchase agreement dated April 17, 2019.
On October 2, 2019, the Company acquired Eximo Medical, Ltd., a pre-commercial stage medical device company and its proprietary 355nm laser atherectomy technology, which treats Peripheral Artery Disease. This product has been renamed Auryon.
On December 17, 2019, the Company acquired the C3 Wave tip location asset from Medical Components Inc. This acquisition fills a gap in the Vascular Access portfolio.
Headquartered in Latham, N.Y., with manufacturing primarily out of the Queensbury facility, AngioDynamics is publicly traded on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the symbol ANGO.
Our product offerings fall within three Global Business Units (GBUs): Oncology/Surgery ("OS"), Vascular Interventions and Therapies ("VIT") and Vascular Access ("VA"). All products discussed below have been cleared for sale in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration. International regulatory clearances vary by product and jurisdiction.
AngioDynamics offers a range of comprehensive ablation technologies, including thermal tissue ablation systems (microwave energy and radiofrequency energy), surgical resection and the NanoKnife System, an innovative alternative to thermal ablation.
The Solero MTA System features the Solero Microwave (MW) Generator and the specially designed Solero MW Applicators. The solid state Solero MW Generator with a 2.45 GHz operating frequency can power up to 140W for optimized power delivery and |
The Panthers boast one of the deepest pools of prospect talent in the league. Debuting at the top of the list is 2011 third-overall draft pick, center Jonathan Huberdeau. The third overall pick in the 2011 draft joins the list fresh off of a stellar year in which he helped lead his team to the QMJHL and Memorial Cup championships. Several other prospects join Huberdeau as new entrants into Florida's top 20, including Rocco Grimaldi, Rasmus Bengtsson, Corban Knight, Vincent Trocheck, Joonas Donskoi, Zachary Hyman, and Kyle Rau.
Jonathan Huberdeau debuts at the top of the list of Panthers prospects, earning the rank after compiling 43 goals and 62 assists in 67 regular season games for Saint John and a Memorial Cup MVP performance in his draft year. Huberdeau had been moving up the ranks on just about everyone's pre-draft lists, but it was his 30 points in 16 playoff games and six points in four Memorial Cup games that solidified his spot as a top-three talent in the 2011 draft class.
Huberdeau brings electricity to the ice. He has good size, great hands, and a keen hockey sense to go with his creativity. Perhaps lost amongst his offensive accolades and skills packages are his defensive abilities and work ethic. His all-star potential, compete level and other intangibles put him a step above the rest of the impressive talent in the Florida system.
Markstrom drops down a spot from last year's ranking, due more to the addition of Huberdeau than any decrease in his potential. However, Markstrom did suffer a setback last season with a rocky start to his North American career and a season-ending knee injury. Both were enough to lower expectations for his NHL ascension, but he remains among the best goaltender prospects in the world.
Markstrom combines great size (he is 6'3, 178 pounds) with effortless movements and mental focus. He is technically sound in his crease, but he did have some problems with rebound control early in his first AHL season. Unfortunately for Markstrom and his fans, his knee injury occurred at a time when it looked like he had finally made adjustments to the North American style of game. He had a great run throughout December and January, playing in 18 games, posting a .931 save percentage and a 2.73 goals against average with a shutout and two shootout victories.
Markstrom's rehabilitation seems to be on track, and he should have a full recovery from his knee injury. Once ready to go again, he will suit up for San Antonio in the AHL for what should be a final year of seasoning before he makes a push for his spot in the NHL.
Gudbranson makes what could be his last appearance on a Florida Top 20 list before he graduates as a prospect. Expectations are that the big, mean, and skilled defenseman will make the NHL squad out of camp this year after finally signing an entry-level contract over the summer. Gudbranson had a turbulent year that saw him earn three suspensions and 32 points in 49 games.
The 6'4 two-way defender is a physical presence and a punishing force on the ice, and a natural leader on and off the ice. Gudbranson has the intelligence, skating ability and mental toughness to control play and tempo in his own end, and can change a game with a teeth-rattling hit. His offensive game improved with his additional season in juniors.
Howden had a breakout year for the Moose Jaw Warriors, and his efforts see his stock rise amongst his fellow prospects. Howden played a total of 73 games and scored 91 points on 47 goals and 44 assists. He was rewarded with a selection to the WHL All-Star team, a WHL Player of the Week honor, a silver medal for Canada, and a three-year contract with the Panthers.
Howden is a fantastic skater, and a true two-way player that can impact games at both ends of the ice. He has the agility, skill and size to be both an effective penalty killer and a scoring threat in the NHL, and looks to be on track for a real shot at the Florida lineup this year. If he does not make the team out of camp, Howden will return for another season in Moose Jaw, and another chance to represent Team Canada at the World Juniors.
Dadonov moved up four spots in this year's Top 20, but after playing 40 games in the NHL last season, should be graduating from the list sometime this fall. The only obstacle for Dadonov's NHL progress this season is the massive influx of free agent veteran forwards that GM Dale Tallon brought in over the summer. Dadonov will have to compete hard to secure a |
, rather than random, sampling of animals from herds risks introducing biases into the estimation of non-genetic effects, a situation also true with conventional case-control designs. This may be partly addressed by including some function of herd-level prevalence as a covariate in analyses which combine data across herds. In all situations, hidden genetic structure remaining in the data must be corrected for using the genetic similarity information inherent in SNP array (or sequencing) genotypes.
• To more fully understand and describe the dynamic impacts of disease epidemics on genetic interpretations. We need to better understand how type of epidemic, and sampling strategy during the epidemic, influence estimated parameters and accuracy of selection.
• To develop statistical methods to jointly estimate epidemiological parameters (e.g., β, γ) or concepts (e.g., exposure, sensitivity, specificity) simultaneously with genetic parameters (e.g., heritability) from complex epidemiological data. Such methods will conceivably build on Bayesian frameworks which exist to analyze epidemic data from heterogeneous populations.
• To further develop and explore optimal experimental designs for case-control studies exploiting field disease data, and quantify the consequences of GWAS studies performed in different stages and different types of epidemics.
Meeting these challenges would formally bring together the disciplines of genetics and epidemiology, add considerable value to ongoing disease genetic studies, allow us to better understand and dissect host responses to infection, and enable us to better select animals for improved resistance.
We thank the BBSRC (Institute Strategic Programme Grant) and the Scottish Government Rural and Environment Research and Analysis Directorate (through the Strategic Partnership on Animal Science Excellence initiative) for funding.
Anderson, R. M., and May, R. M. (1991). Infectious Diseases of Humans. Dynamics and Control. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bijma, P., Muir, W. M., and Van Arendonk, J. A. M. (2007). Multilevel selection 1: quantitative genetics of inheritance and response to selection. Genetics 175, 277–288.
Brotherstone, S., White, I. M. S., Coffey, M., Downs, S. H., Mitchell, A. P., Clifton-Hadley, R. S., More, S. J., Good, M., and Woolliams, J. A. (2010). Evidence of genetic resistance of cattle to infection with Mycobacterium bovis. J. Dairy Sci. 93, 1234–1242.
Davies, G., Genini, S., Bishop, S. C., and Giuffra, E. (2009). An assessment of the opportunities to dissect host genetic variation in resistance to infectious diseases in livestock. Animal 3, 415–436.
Gheyas, A. A., Houston, R. D., Mota-Velasco, J. C., Guy, D. R., Tinch, A. E., Haley, C. S., and Woolliams, J. A. (2010). Segregation of infectious pancreatic necrosis resistance QTL in the early life cycle of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). Anim. Genet. 5, 531–536.
Houston, R. D., Haley, C. S., Hamilton, A., Guy, D. R., Mota-Velasco, J., Gheyas, A., Tinch, A. E., Taggart, J. B., Bron, J. E., Starkey, WG., McAndrew, B. J., Verner-Jeffreys, D. W., Paley, R. K., Rimmer, G. S. E., Tew, I. J., and Bishop, S. C. (2010). The susceptibility of Atlantic salmon fry to freshwater infectious pancreatic necrosis is largely explained by a major QTL. Heredity (Edinb.) 105, 318–327.
Houston, R. D., Haley, C. S., Hamilton, A., Guy, D. R., Tinch, A., Taggart, J. B., McAndrew, B. J., and Bishop, S. C. (2008). Major QTL affect resistance to infectious pancreatic necrosis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Genetics 178, 1109–1115.
Muir, W. M. (1996). Group selection for adaptation to multiple-hen cages: selection program and direct responses. Poult. Sci. 75, 447–458.
Copyright: © 2012 Bishop, Doeschl-Wilson and Woolliams. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution |
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