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the likelihood and $p(D|M)$ is the Bayesian evidence.
Both the X-ray observed counts and the background data follow
Poisson statistics so that the X-ray likelihood function, $\mathcal{L}$, is given
by
\begin{equation}
\ln\mathcal{L} = \sum_{i}[D_{i}\ln M_{i} - M_{i} - \ln D_{i}!],
\label{eq:C}
\end{equation}
where $D_i$ is the observation data in the $i$th bin, $M_i$ is the $i$th forward model value. The natural logarithm of the likelihood function can also be used for parameter estimation as the C statistic \citep{ref_statistic1}.
In this paper, we analyze the lightcurve in the energy range of 1.0--2.5 keV, 2.5--6.0 keV and 6.0--10.0 keV, it is found that these energy ranges are indeed sensitive to the altitude range of 105--200 km, 95--125 km and 85--110 km, respectively, as shown in Figure \ref{fig:shadow}. The red shadow in Figure \ref{fig:shadow} indicates the occultation range and the blue shadow in Figure \ref{fig:shadow} indicates the energy range.
\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.32]{f09.pdf}
\caption{(Color online) Lightcurve and energy spectrum during occultation. Panel (a1) represents the lightcurve in the energy range of 1.0--2.5 keV, and it is found that this energy band is indeed sensitive to the altitude range of 105--200 km. Panel (a2) shows the comparison between the energy spectrum in the altitude range of 105--200 km and the unattenuated energy spectrum, and it is found that there is a significant attenuation of the energy spectrum in the altitude range in the range of 1.0--2.5 keV. Panel (b1) represents the lightcurve in the energy range of 2.5--6.0 keV, and it is found that this energy band is indeed sensitive to the altitude range of 95--125 km. Panel (b2) shows the comparison between the energy spectrum in this altitude range and the unattenuated energy spectrum, and it is found that the energy spectrum in this altitude range has significant attenuation in the energy range of 2.5--6.0 keV. Panel (c1) represents the lightcurve in the energy range of 6.0--10.0 keV, which is indeed sensitive to the altitude range of 85--110 km. Panel (c2) shows the comparison between the energy spectrum in this altitude range and the unattenuated energy spectrum, and it is found that the energy spectrum in this altitude range has significant attenuation in the energy range of 6.0--10.0 keV. The red shadow marks the occultation range and the blue shadow marks the energy range.}
\label{fig:shadow}
\end{figure}
The Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method is one of the parameter estimation methods used for Bayesian inference \citep{ref_MCMC_annul}.
The density profile retrieval implements the MCMC method, which samples from a probability distribution using Markov chains \citep{ref_hasting0,ref_MNRAS1,ref_sam_MCMC}.
MCMC is implemented by {\tt emcee} \citep{ref_emcee} that uses an affine-invariant ensemble sampler. A total of 200000 steps with 10 walkers are used in the sampling process. A 20000 step MCMC chain for each walker led to one standard deviation estimates for the correction factor $\gamma_{s}$ and the background $B$ as [0.871-0.905] and [0.609-0.720], [0.787-0.834] and [0.797-0.924], [0.811-0.948] and [1.399-1.558] based on NRLMSISE-00 and to one standard deviation estimates for the correction factor $\gamma_{s}$ and the background $B$ as [1.075-1.118] and [0.621-0.735], [0.897-0.951 |
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eq_cavobs},~\eqref{eq_cavobsGAMMA} and~\eqref{eq_cavobsSIGMA} in the hard-wall limit, $\lambda\rightarrow\infty$,
as well as to Eq.~\eqref{eq_pPASS} and~\eqref{eq_GammaPASS} in the passive limit, $\mathcal{D}_\text{a}=1$ and $\tau=0$.
Apparently, the theory provides the same analytic coefficients for the initial slope $m^p$ of the pressure, the planar surface tension $\sigma(0)$ and the adsorption $\Gamma(0)$ at a planar wall.
Comparing Eq.~\eqref{eq_GammaSOFT} with Eq.~\eqref{eq_SigmaSOFT}, we notice that the deviation from an the effective Gibbs adsorption theorem, compare Eq.~\eqref{eq_Gibbsadsorption}, at linear order in the curvature is by a term which is independent of the wall softness and solely due to activity, i.e., it (necessarily) vanishes in the passive limit.
These theoretical results are again nicely confirmed by active simulations, which we compare in Figs.~\ref{fig_idCis}b and c for a fixed wall potential.
Within numerical accuracy Eq.~\eqref{eq_relationpg} holds for any persistence time
in all models considered.
These observations suggest that the sum rules discussed in Sec.~\ref{sec_circular} are still at work up to linear order when we allow for a finite wall softness.
Also note that $m^p$ is again independent of the route to calculate the pressure ($\p{W}$ or $\p{T}$).
In the regime where we study the interacting system ($\lambda=3000$ and $\tau<0.05$), the results of all models deviate noticeably from the hard-wall limit.
For both ABPs and AOUPs, there seems to be a (weak) effect of the strength of the wall potential $\lambda$ (without the factor $\tau$).
This is potentially related to the interplay between the effective interaction range of the wall and the persistence length.
Up to the offset between the different models already observed for a hard wall, all curves in Fig.~\ref{fig_idCis}b and c are qualitatively similar to the theoretical result.
However, the slightly different slope of $m^p$ in the different models gives rise to a spurious point where the theory and simulations are in perfect agreement.
The corresponding parameter $\tau=0.025$ for ABPs appears to be a convenient choice to study the influence of interactions,
although the agreement is rather coincidental.
Note, however, that the differences observed for such small $\tau$ are insignificant,
since we normalize here by the persistence length which becomes equally small in this region.
\subsubsection{Interacting particles at a curved surface}
\begin{figure} [t] \centering
\includegraphics[width=0.475\textwidth] {fig7.pdf}
\caption{
Initial slope $m^p$, given by Eq.~\eqref{eq_IS}, of the dependence of the active pressure $p$ on the wall curvature $R^{-1}$ in an interacting system of ABPs, as a function of density $\rho_0$.
We compare the wall pressure $\pact{W}$, measured directly in an active system,
and the bare and effective wall pressure $\p{W}$ and $\p{T}$, measured in the corresponding passive system according to Eq.~\eqref{eq_pWofR} and Eq.~\eqref{eq_pTofR}, respectively.
Moreover, we show the normalized active surface tension $\sigma_\mathrm{act}(0)$ measured for ABPs at a planar wall.
We consider three different persistence times
{\bf (a)}~$\tau \!=\! 0.01$, {\bf (b)}~$\tau \!=\! 0.025$ and {\bf (c)}~$\tau \!=\! 0.05$
at fixed self-propulsion speed $v_0 \!=\! 24 d/\tau_0$ and use the same scale on all axes for a better comparison of the influence of activity on the density dependence.
Note that the points corresponding to ABPs are based on fits to the simulation data.
The $\tau$-dependent offset at $\rho_0\!=\!0$, described in Sec.~\ref{sec_softit}, should not be mistaken for an optimal agreement at intermediate activity.
}
\label{fig_p1}
\end{figure}
We now compare the curvature dependence in interacting active and effective systems, where we focus our |
Q: Python if else micro-optimization In pondering optimization of code, I was wondering which was more expensive in python:
if x:
d = 1
else:
d = 2
or
d = 2
if x:
d = 1
Any thoughts? I like the reduced line count in the second but wondered if reassignment was more costly than the condition switching.
A: You should probably benchmark this, but there's also a third form that uses the ternary operator:
d = 1 if x else 2
A: Don't ponder, don't wonder, measure -- with timeit at the shell command line (by far the best, simplest way to use it!). Python 2.5.4 on Mac OSX 10.5 on a laptop...:
$ python -mtimeit -s'x=0' 'if x: d=1' 'else: d=2'
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.0748 usec per loop
$ python -mtimeit -s'x=1' 'if x: d=1' 'else: d=2'
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.0685 usec per loop
$ python -mtimeit -s'x=0' 'd=2' 'if x: d=1'
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.0734 usec per loop
$ python -mtimeit -s'x=1' 'd=2' 'if x: d=1'
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.101 usec per loop
so you see: the "just-if" form can save 1.4 nanoseconds when x is false, but costs 40.2 nanoseconds when x is true, compared with the "if/else" form; so, in a micro-optimization context, you should use the former only if x is 30 times more likely to be false than true, or thereabouts. Also:
$ python -mtimeit -s'x=0' 'd=1 if x else 2'
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.0736 usec per loop
$ python -mtimeit -s'x=1' 'd=1 if x else 2'
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.076 usec per loop
...the ternary operator of the if/else has its own miniscule pluses and minuses.
When the differences are as tiny as this, you should measure repeatedly, establish what the noise level is, and ensure you're not taking differences "in the noise" as significant. For example, to compare statement vs expression if/else in the "x is true" case, repeat each a few times:
$ python -mtimeit -s'x=1' 'd=1 if x else 2'
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.076 usec per loop
$ python -mtimeit -s'x=1' 'd=1 if x else 2'
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.0749 usec per loop
$ python -mtimeit -s'x=1' 'd=1 if x else 2'
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.0742 usec per loop
$ python -mtimeit -s'x=1' 'd=1 if x else 2'
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.0749 usec per loop
$ python -mtimeit -s'x=1' 'd=1 if x else 2'
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.0745 usec per loop
now you can state that the expression forms takes (on this machine and versions of key software) 74.2 to 76.0 nanoseconds -- the range is much more expressive than any single number would be. And similarly:
$ python -mtimeit -s'x=1' 'if x: d=1' 'else: d=2'
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.0688 usec per loop
$ python -mtimeit -s'x=1' 'if x: d=1' 'else: d=2'
10 |
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\section{Introduction} \label{intro}
The role of magnetic fields in the evolution of molecular clouds and the formation of stars has long been subject to great debate \citep[see][for a review]{Crutcher12}. In a classic model of low-mass star formation, molecular clouds are supported by magnetic fields, and stay in subcritical states, evolving quasi-statically; ambipolar diffusion induces the formation of supercritical cores which dynamically collapse to form stars \citep{Shu87,Basu94,Mouschovias06}. The other view is that molecular clouds are short lived, dynamically evolving, and producing stars rapidly \citep{Elmegreen00,Hartmann12}, with magnetic field being implicitly weak, or not really appreciable in cloud evolution and star formation; Mac Low and Klessen (2004) further strongly argue that supersonic turbulence, instead of magnetic field, supports molecular clouds and regulates star formation. On the other hand, our understanding of high-mass star formation is far less clear, but the competing views on the role of magnetic field/turbulence are equally, if not more strongly debated. Recent magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations suggest that magnetic fields are dynamically important in high-mass star formation, in particular at suppressing complete fragmentation and creating bipolar outflows \citep{Banerjee07,Peters11,Hennebelle11,Commercon11,Seifried12,Myers13}.
The ``magnetic support'' model predicts a well-ordered or, in the extreme case, uniform magnetic field permeating a molecular cloud \citep{Ostriker01}. Since there is an increased support against gravity in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field compared to the direction parallel to it, the cloud contracts more along the field, forming flattened cores orthogonal to the mean direction of the field \citep{Matsumoto04,Tassis09}. In contrast, in the ``weak field'' or ``turbulent support'' model, magnetic field is expected to show an irregular and even chaotic morphology due to overwhelming turbulent twisting \citep{Ostriker01,Padoan01}. Therefore, mapping the morphology of magnetic field provides a straightforward method to distinguish between the two competing paradigms, or to provide insights into the possibility of a scenario where both magnetic field and turbulence are important. Focusing on massive clumps or cores with a typical size scale of 0.1~pc and a distance of a few kpc, high-angular-resolution observations of polarized dust emission are needed to spatially resolve the magnetic field morphology. Submillimeter Array (SMA) observations have been playing a major role in recent studies of this kind, though the observations are still limited to a small number of case studies \citep[e.g.,][]{Girart09,Tang13,Liu13,Girart13}. Here we present an SMA\footnote[6]{The SMA is a joint project between the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica.} study of a massive cluster-forming clump which shows an elongated morphology projected in the plane of sky, and thus defines an axis ready to be compared to the direction of the magnetic field.
The targeted clump (hereafter G35.2N) lies in the northern part of G35.2$-$0.74, a molecular cloud first discovered by Brown et al. (1982) and located at a distance of 2.19~kpc \citep{Zhang09}. It is associated with the IRAS source 18566+0136, which has a total luminosity of $3\times10^4$~$L_{\odot}$ \citep{Dent89,Sanchez-Monge13}. Early molecular line observations revealed a velocity gradient along the long axis of the clump as well as a large scale bipolar outflow approximately orthogonal to the clump elongation \citep{Dent85,Little85,Brebner87}. G35.2N was thus interpreted as a rotating interstellar disk or toroid. More detailed studies of the molecular outflow were presented by Gibbs et al. (2003) and Birks et al. (2006). Most recently, Zhang et al. (2013) presented SOFIA-FORCAST mid-infrared observations of G35.2N and modeled the object as a single high-mass protostar forming by an ordered and symmetric collapse of a massive core with a radius of 0.1~pc. However, both Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) cycle 0 observations \ |
2020.
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Is 0.5% alcohol free?
The answer is not straight-forward as there are multiple terms used to describe products in the low alcohol and no alcohol market (referred to simply as ‘lo/no’ in the trade) but here we explain what they mean and what's the difference...
What is non-alcoholic?
Well, let’s start at the bottom and work our way up.
First are the products referred to as non-alcoholic. These have next to no alcohol in them whatsoever. Different countries have different rules but generally they could be up to 1ml alcohol in 2 litres of liquid (or 0.05%).
UK guidance says no product that is usually associated with alcohol should be described as non-alcoholic. So, there should be no such thing a non alcoholic beer or wine, but we know that the UK public and the drinks market do not use the term that way.
Next comes alcohol-free products
‘But isn’t that the same?’ you’re probably thinking. Yes, it is if you are referring to a UK product and following the existing guidance. But in other countries the term 'alcohol-free' can have a different maximum alcohol content. Some countries in Europe allow up to 0.5% in an alcohol-free beverage as does the USA. Elsewhere the limit may be even higher (e.g. Italy). Generally though, 'alcohol free' is deemed to include drinks with up to 0.5% abv.
So can I get drunk on alcohol free beer?
Alcohol content of 0.5% is still a very small amount of alcohol. 'unit' (a unit being 10ml).
Compare that to a single 35ml measure of vodka (which at 40%) would contain 14ml of alcohol (the same as over 8 bottles of alcohol free beer). Remember 0.5% is a maximum, there can be less.
Your body is pretty amazing and can process alcohol at about 1 unit of alcohol per hour so probably as fast as you can drink it when consuming alcohol free beer. Therefore to get drunk you would, theoretically, need to drink a lot very quickly. Now your body may be amazing but it can't cope with that much liquid being consumed so quickly - that means you will probably throw up and not because you're drunk!
In the UK our alcohol-free drinks should, according to official guidance, have 0.05% alcohol or less (notice that extra zero after the decimal place) and so the limit is the same as the non-alcoholic category. When we left the European Union we ceased to (have to) respect the laws of other European countries but ongoing agreements seem to mean they can still sell their products with 0.5% in the UK and still label them as 'alcohol-free'. This is not a huge issue as it is aligned to how the majority of UK public use the term.
Having guidance that does not align with the normal use of the term 'alcohol free' does nothing to aid consumer understanding and the last Government consultation failed to improve the situation.
In the UK the terminology that should be used, according to the official guidance for drinks with up to 0.5% alcohol, is 'de-alcoholised'. We don't like this term as it implies removing the alcohol and not all drinks in this category are produced in that way. Some are simply brewed to finish at a lower level of alcohol using non-fermentable sugars and inefficient or 'lazy' yeasts. There is an increasing number of UK brewers producing beers in this category and to enable them compete with their European and global competitors they have generally adopted the term 'alcohol-free' to describe their products. For this reason, and because the terms 'alcohol free' and 'non alcoholic' are used interchangeably, we quote the alcohol content of all our drinks straight after the name to help avoid any confusion. That way you know exactly what you're buying.
What about drinks over 0.5%?
Low alcohol comes next and the vast majority of drinks in this category are beers and ciders and all their variations. Low alcohol drinks are those containing up to 1.2% alcohol. If a brewer wants to make a low alcohol beer below this 1.2% threshold, it can be done by designing the recipe and adapting the brewing method to take into account the lower target level of alcohol.
What are drinks over 1.2% abv called?
Last comes reduced alcohol and whilst all the previous categories could also come under this category, this is primarily used for higher strength beverages which have had some alcohol removed but more that 1.2% remains. Some wines typically come in this category where alcohol may be partially removed or the wine 'watered down' with grape juice. Beers and ciders which are considered 'reduced alcohol' generally fall into one of the previous categories although there is a growing trend for beers to be brewed at between 1.2% and |
What are the benefits of eating the whole egg?
Eggs are a great source of protein, vitamins B12 and D, choline, selenium, and omega-3 fatty acids. They’re also low in calories and high in essential nutrients that can help to improve overall health.
One particular benefit of eating the whole egg is that it’s loaded with biotin. Biotin is an important vitamin for hair growth, skin health, tooth development, neuromuscular function, intestinal function, and immune system support. It helps to stimulate cell division and DNA synthesis (which are key steps in healing). Additionally as a result of all this good stuff happening inside your body every time you eat an egg or incorporate them into your diet on a regular basis? You’ll likely see better results when it comes to improving your overall wellness.
Are eggs good for you? If so, what are the health benefits?
Eggs are a great source of protein and essential nutrients, including vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is important for the production of red blood cells and other bodily functions. Eggs can also help to keep your bones healthy by providing them with enough calcium and phosphorus.
Aside from their nutrient benefits, eggs are also delicious! They’re a great way to add variety to your diet or make an easy breakfast recipe. In addition, they’re low in calories so you can eat as many as you want without worrying about weight gain or unhealthy diets.
Is eating eggs every day good for you?
Eggs are a great source of protein and nutrients, but it is important to be mindful of the amount that you eat. consuming too many eggs can lead to obesity and other health problems, so make sure to limit yourself to six per week. Additionally, egg yolks contain cholesterol which should not be consumed in large quantities because it can raise your blood pressure levels.
Eggs may also increase your risk for heart disease if you have high blood cholesterol levels or diabetes. So remember: moderation is key when it comes to eating eggs.
What about omega-3s in eggs and how does it benefit my health and well-being?
Omega-3 fatty acids are important for a healthy diet, and they are found in foods like fish, flaxseeds, hemp seeds, and even eggs. Foods high in omega-3s can help to reduce the risk of heart disease and other chronic diseases by promoting inflammation reduction. They also support cognitive health by helping to increase brain power and improve memory function.
What’s more, studies have shown that Omega-3s enhance fertility and pregnancy outcomes due to their role in regulating hormonal balance. They also protect against age-related eye diseases such as macular degeneration (AMD). All of these benefits make it essential for people of all ages to include enough Omega-3s into their diets on a regular basis.
In addition to eating whole food sources rich in Omega-3s, you can also take supplements if needed. This is because there is no one definitive source of these nutrients – each person’s body metabolizes them differently depending on genetics and environmental factors.
What about cholesterol in eggs and how does it affect my heart health and overall health status?
Eggs are a great source of dietary cholesterol and, as with other foods, our body produces what we need or excesses. The average American consumer consumes about 190 milligrams of cholesterol per day which is more than the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends. However, according to the American Heart Association (AHA), there is no evidence linking high blood levels of cholesterol with an increased risk of heart disease or any other health condition.
In fact, studies have shown that eating eggs can actually reduce bad LDL (“bad”) cholesterol while increasing good HDL “good” cholesterol. Additionally, oxidative damage caused by free radicals is decreased when eggs are eaten since they contain antioxidants like lutein and zeaxanthin. These nutrients help to scavenge harmful freons from the body’s cells and protect against cellular damage associated with diseases like Alzheimer’s or cancer!
Overall, eggs appear to be a healthy food choice that provides plenty of essential nutrients needed for overall good health- including cardiovascular protection and improved cognitive function.
How can I get the most out of my egg consumption?
Eggs may just be the perfect food. Not only are they delicious, but they’re also healthy and high in protein. They contain all nine essential amino acids, which is why they are a popular choice for athletes and people who want to build muscle or lose weight.
Aside from their nutritional value, eggs can also do wonders for your skin and hair. Eggs have been shown to help improve dry skin conditions by boosting the production of natural oils while helping to keep scalp health balanced.* And as we know, good hair requires good nutrition! Egg whites contain high levels of biotin, which helps promote strong nails and teeth.
Are there any other types of eggs that are better than regular ones for health purposes?
There are a few other types of eggs that may be better for your health than regular ones. Omega-3 |
cannot be eliminated, considering its wide range of interaction with different receptors and signal transduction pathways.
An increase in the intensity of smooth muscle contractions induces elevated oxidative metabolism and leads to an increased production of ROS in the system [28]. To investigate whether this is a mechanism by which ibogaine operates at the level of antioxidant activity in spontaneously active uteri or it is the consequence of the direct impact on the energy metabolism, we used Ca2+-stimulated uteri. Placing uteri in isotonic solution containing 11-fold higher concentrations of Ca2+, we stimulated the influx of Ca2+ in uterine muscles and induced a high elevation of contractile activity. In these conditions, uterine contractions as well as energy demands are very intensive (force of contractions 5 times greater compared to spontaneous activity). However, in these conditions, ibogaine showed no initial stimulating effect and caused a further concentration-dependent inhibition of Ca2+-stimulated uterine contractions. We found that these conditions stimulate the antioxidant activity by increasing SOD1, SOD2, and CAT activities (30%, 2-fold, and 2.4-fold higher, resp., compared to spontaneous activity) in a similar direction as measured in spontaneously active uteri (the elevation of GSH-Px activity in lower doses and the increase in CAT activity up to the same level as the maximal concentration of ibogaine applied to spontaneously active uteri). These suggest that the metabolic effects of ibogaine at ROS and antioxidant enzyme levels are similar in both types of uterine activity, but different in intensity. In Ca2+-stimulated uteri, the inhibition of mitochondrial SOD2 activity was also shown. Since mitochondrial SOD2 activity can be also inhibited by H2O2 [29, 30], a parallel inhibition of both SOD1 and SOD2 in Ca2+-stimulated uteri suggests a higher rate of H2O2. Moreover, levels of CAT after ibogaine treatment reached the same level in both types of uterine activity, suggesting that the existing amount of CAT has reached its highest rate of activity. A large increase in the ATP turnover rate, which is reflected by a concentration-dependent increase in H2O2 in the system, could only partially be related to increased energy demands caused by stronger contractile activity. Even when the uterus is contracting with maximal intensity in our experiment, the addition of ibogaine leads to additional multiple increases in CAT activity and a decrease in SOD activity, indicating the existence of other ways of ROS/redox disequilibrium induced by ibogaine.
Since there were no changes in the protein levels of any studied antioxidant enzyme (unaltered protein expression) in our experiment, stimulatory/inhibitory changes of its activities found in this work were based on the regulation of existing quantities of enzymes and can be attributed to the intrinsic characteristics of enzymes and/or posttranslational modification(s). It was already shown that SOD can be inhibited by its own product—H2O2 [27, 29, 30]. On the other hand, increasing levels of H2O2 lead to GSH-Px and CAT activation by phosphorylation by the tyrosine kinase c-Abl/Arg complex by different kinetics [31, 32]. Moreover, CAT activity is under control of different phosphatases [33]; its inhibitory effects are suppressed by the excess of calcium [34]. Furthermore, it was shown that external Ca2+ addition induced significantly the generation of ROS and Ca2+ influx [34]; this can be one of the reasons way CAT initial activity levels are higher in Ca2+-stimulated uteri compared to spontaneously active uteri. However, the addition of ibogaine further deepened the state of oxidative stress, suggesting ibogaine-mediated oxidative input that led to a physiological response toward the establishment of ROS homeostasis.
Overall, in our experimental setting, ibogaine treatment altered the redox homeostasis and affected the contractile properties of the uterus. Changes in antioxidant enzyme activities point to a vast, concentration-dependent increase in cellular respiration and H2O2 level. The results show that ibogaine affects both spontaneously active and Ca2+-stimulated contractions. Low concentrations of ibogaine stimulated spontaneous contractions, which might be, at least in part, related to an increase in extracellular ATP. On the other hand, high ibogaine concentrations exhibited inhibiting effects on both spontaneously active and Ca2+-stimulated active uteri. This decrease in the contractile activity of isolated uteri is at least partially contributed by ibogaine-related alterations in redox homeostasis and changes in ROS equilibrium.
This work was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, Project no. 173014: “Molecular mechanisms of redox signalling in homeostasis: adaptation and pathology,” Slovenian ARRS |
Massages are a relaxing and therapeutic experience. They can be used to relieve pain, help with muscle tension, reduce stress, and more. The benefits of massages are well-known and they have been around for centuries. However, there is still no scientific evidence that proves the health benefits of massage.
There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as the frequency with which you can get a massage depends on your individual needs. If you are in pain or have tight muscles, you may need to see a massage therapist more frequently at first. Once your pain has been relieved and your muscles have loosened up, you can reduce the frequency of your visits. If you use massage for stress relief, you may find that one session per week is sufficient.
The type of massage you receive can also affect how often you need it. For example, deep tissue massages can be intense and may cause soreness afterward. You may need to wait a day or two before getting another deep tissue massage. On the other hand, Swedish massages are typically gentle and relaxing, so you could get one more frequently if desired.
Before making an appointment, check with your doctor to see if there are any medical conditions that might contraindicate massage therapy. If you are pregnant, for example, be sure to let your therapist know so they can tailor the session to your needs.
At Sunstone Massage Therapy, we offer a variety of different massage types and can work with you to create a treatment plan that meets your needs. Contact us today to book an appointment!
There are many benefits of massage, and the frequency with which you receive a massage will depend on your specific needs. If you experience pain or muscle tension, you may benefit from more frequent massages. If you are seeking relief from stress, massages may be less frequent. Always consult with your doctor before beginning any new health regimen, including massage therapy.
There are many different types of massage, and each one can provide different benefits. For example, Swedish massage is a gentle form of massage that can be helpful in relieving stress and tension. Deep tissue massage is a more intense form of massage that can be helpful in relieving pain and muscle tension. You may also want to try hot stone massage, which involves the use of heated stones to relax the muscles.
Sunstone Massage offers a variety of massage services that can be tailored to meet your individual needs. We offer Swedish, deep tissue, and hot stone massages, as well as other specialty services such as pregnancy massages and massages for athletes. Our talented team of therapists can help you choose the right type of massage for your needs.
If you are seeking relief from stress or pain, we recommend getting a massage at least once a week. If you are looking for relaxation and rejuvenation, we recommend getting a massage once every two weeks. However, there is no One size fits all answer when it comes to how often you should get a massage. Ultimately, the decision will come down to what works best for your individual needs.
How often you get a massage depends on your needs and what you want to achieve from massage therapy. If you are in pain or have a muscle injury, you may need to see a massage therapist more often at first. Once your pain is gone or your injury has healed, you may only need to see a massage therapist once in a while to maintain your results. If you get massages for stress relief, you may benefit from getting one more frequently.
There are different types of massages, and each type can be tailored to your specific needs. For example, if you have chronic pain, you may benefit from Thai massage or trigger point therapy. If you are looking for relaxation, Swedish massage may be the best option. If you have any special health concerns, be sure to discuss them with your doctor before booking a session with a massage therapist.
You can book an appointment with a licensed massage therapist at Sunstone Massage Therapy seven days a week. We offer several types of massages, so we can tailor your session to meet your specific needs. Contact us today to book an appointment.
There are many different types of massages, each with its own benefits. Some people get massages for relaxation and stress relief, while others use them to address specific health needs or pain relief. Your doctor may also recommend a massage for certain medical conditions.
Some of the most popular types of massages include Swedish, deep tissue, and trigger point massages. Swedish massages are the most common type of massage, and they uses long strokes and gentle pressure to promote relaxation and ease muscle tension. Deep tissue massages are used to target deep layers of muscle and connective tissue, and they can be helpful for people who suffer from chronic pain or muscle spasms. Trigger point massages focus on specific areas of tight muscle fibers that can refer pain to other parts of the body, and they can be quite helpful for relieving headaches or back pain.
There are many other types of massages as well, such as hot stone massages, which use heated stones to relax muscles; pregnancy massages, which use special techniques to support the pregnant body; and reflexology, |
I had an experience yesterday that reminded me how hard it can be for a customer service representative to apply newly learned soft skills. I just completed a new training module on how to use empathy effectively for problem resolution as it's one of those soft skills we would all like to see our representatives use more often to create better conversations. After all the time and research I spent on this project, I believe that I definitely understand why to use empathy and how to use empathy in a conversation. I would consider myself a "pro" now.
So yesterday I am cruising down the hallway and turn the corner to almost collide with someone walking with a cane. I immediately apologized with great embarrassment and sincerity. She snapped back "People around here don't realize how difficult they make it for me." My first thought was, "I'm not sure what to do with that statement, I offered my sincere apology." And as we both moved down the hall in opposite directions I realized that I should have offered an empathetic statement like: "Yes, I can see how that would be a challenge, I am sorry sorry I cut that corner short." I just missed my opportunity to show her I cared.
Create 2-3 empathy scripts for your customer service reps that will cover the most common problems shared by customers. Keep it simple and fairly generic. These are their practice scripts. Yes, you are going to let them practice on real customers. And it is true that these might feel a little scripted to your customers, but it is better to have scripted empathy than nothing at all. With practice it will become more natural and feel more heartfelt to your customers.
Have your representatives use the practice scripts on EVERY CALL where a customer shares a problem for one full week. I do mean EVERY CALL. You need to create the beginning of a habit. It is also important that your reps start to experience the incredible positive change in the conversations when empathy is expressed, which will happen as they start sounding more comfortable and sincere.
After the first week, encourage your team to start personalizing their empathy statements. You might create a share board where your representatives can start posting scenarios and the associated empathy statement they have used to personalize the experience. Take your queue from Face Book and give rewards or recognition for those that get the most "likes" from their team mates.
We often struggle with the concept of turning soft skills into a "process" or a set of scripts. As customer experience owners it is important to us that the conversations we have with customers feel genuine, that the responses from our representatives feel natural and heartfelt. It is so true that when practicing in real situations, we run a risk that the script will feel forced. However, you must start somewhere and experience shows that explaining the Why and How behind empathy is not enough. Left to their own on how to implement, representatives will find it difficult and will resist making the effort. So let scripts be a stepping stone for your team, a stepping stone to better conversations.
Can you have both efficient and amazing customer service conversations?
I am often challenged by customer service supervisors who don't think it is possible to have Efficient AND Amazing conversations with customers. They insist that reps can be good OR fast but not both. I don't buy it, they really go hand and hand. AND is better!
At Forrester, Kate Leggett's recent Blog (read it here) discusses new data that shows "valuing a customer's time is the most important factor in good customer service". Although I obviously don't agree with her premise that the conversation doesn't need to be "delightful", I do find her data and suggestions for improving the efficiency quotient well worth considering.
1. Great Listening Skills. Nothing makes a call longer and frustrates a customer more than the need to repeat information. Even worse is when a listening failure results in a representative wasting time researching the wrong issue because they jumped to a solution too fast. Customers are delighted when they believe you are really listening to them!
2. Voicing a Commitment to Help. If your customer has any doubt that you are willing and able to help them, they will waste time explaining (or even arguing) why you should help and what you should do. Most customers with a problem start the call in the attack mode. Simply stating very early in the call a confident statement like "I will be happy to help you with that" will quickly move the call forward as well as instill a genuine positive feeling about the encounter.
3. Show empathy. It is profoundly disarming to begin your response to a customer's problem with an empathetic statement. Showing empathy takes all the air out of a customer's frustration and an angry or upset customer will usually soften their tone, slow down and start listening to you. Then you are on to solutions faster! Best of all, your customer now thinks you are amazing because you "got it", you really understood their problem.
Tis the season for returning! In 2014, almost $300 Billion in merchandise was returned. This holiday season promises to be even higher |
show how an entangled cluster state encoded in the polarization of single photons can be straightforwardly expanded by deterministically entangling additional qubits encoded in the path degree of freedom of the constituent photons. This can be achieved using a polarization--path controlled-phase gate. We experimentally demonstrate a practical and stable realization of this approach by using a Sagnac interferometer to entangle a path qubit and polarization qubit on a single photon. We demonstrate precise control over phase of the path qubit to change the measurement basis and experimentally demonstrate properties of measurement-based quantum computing using a 2 photon, 3 qubit cluster state.(hide abstract)Photonic quantum technologiesJeremy L. O'Brien, Akira Furusawa, Jelena Vučković23 March 2010Nature Photonics 3, 687 (2009) Abstract:The first quantum technology, which harnesses uniquely quantum mechanical effects for its core operation, has arrived in the form of commercially available quantum key distribution systems that achieve enhanced security by encoding information in photons such that information gained by an eavesdropper can be detected. Anticipated future quantum technologies include large-scale secure networks, enhanced measurement and lithography, and quantum information processors, promising exponentially greater computation power for particular tasks. Photonics is destined for a central role in such technologies owing to the need for high-speed transmission and the outstanding low-noise properties of photons. These technologies may use single photons or quantum states of bright laser beams, or both, and will undoubtably apply and drive state-of-the-art developments in photonics.(hide abstract)Reference frame independent quantum key distributionAnthony Laing, Valerio Scarani, John G. Rarity, Jeremy L. O'Brien05 March 2010Abstract:We describe a quantum key distribution protocol based on pairs of entangled qubits that generates a secure key between two partners in an environment of unknown and slowly varying reference frame. A direction of particle delivery is required, but the phases between the computational basis states need not be known or fixed. The protocol can simplify the operation of existing setups and has immediate applications to emerging scenarios such as earth-to-satellite links and the use of integrated photonic waveguides. We compute the asymptotic secret key rate for a two-qubit source, which coincides with the rate of the six-state protocol for white noise. We give the generalization of the protocol to higher-dimensional systems and detail a scheme for physical implementation in the three dimensional qutrit case.(hide abstract)Experimental feedback control of quantum systems using weak measurementsG. G. Gillett, R. B. Dalton, B. P. Lanyon, M. P. Almeida, M. Barbieri, G. J. Pryde, J. L. O'Brien, K. J. Resch, S. D. Bartlett, A. G. White20 November 2009Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 080503 (2010) Abstract:A goal of the emerging field of quantum control is to develop methods for quantum technologies to function robustly in the presence of noise. Central issues are the fundamental limitations on the available information about quantum systems and the disturbance they suffer in the process of measurement. In the context of a simple quantum control scenario--the stabilization of non-orthogonal states of a qubit against dephasing--we experimentally explore the use of weak measurements in feedback control. We find that, despite the intrinsic difficultly of implementing them, weak measurements allow us to control the qubit better in practice than is even theoretically possible without them. Our work shows that these more general quantum measurements can play an important role for feedback control of quantum systems.(hide abstract)Shor's quantum factoring algorithm on a photonic chipAlberto Politi, Jonathan C. F. Matthews, Jeremy L. O'Brien09 November 2009Science, 325, 1221 (2009) Abstract:Shor's quantum factoring algorithm finds the prime factors of a large number exponentially faster than any other known method a task that lies at the heart of modern information security, particularly on the internet. This algorithm requires a quantum computer a device which harnesses the massive parallelism' afforded by quantum superposition and entanglement of quantum bits (or qubits). We report the demonstration of a compiled version of Shor's algorithm on an integrated waveguide silica-on-silicon chip that guides four single-photon qubits through the computation to factor 15.(hide abstract)Manipulating multi-photon entanglement in waveguide quantum circuitsJonathan C. F. Matthews, Alberto Politi, Andre Stefanov, Jeremy L. O'Brien09 November 2009Nature Photonics, 3, 346-350 (2009) Abstract:On-chip integrated photonic circuits are crucial to further |
\label{fig:conditional_dist}
\end{figure}
\newblock
In this hypothetical example, simply subtracting the mean of the salaries results in unfair punishment for the highest earning members of group W. Since the mean salary of W is higher, they will receive a stiffer adjustment penalty, despite the fact that they are much less likely to earn very high salaries than members of V. Figure \ref{fig:adjusted_dist} shows the adjusted distributions, where the means have been subtracted: despite the distributions matching more closely around the mean, the situation in the high-salary region is now even more biased in favour of members of group V than it was before.
\newblock
Moreover, the lower paid members of group V are also unfairly punished. The mean salary of group V is lower but still comparable to that of individuals in group W. Since members of V are much more likely to earn a very low salary than their counterparts in group W, the adjustment is insufficient to compensate for their low earnings.
\newblock
Whether the model is unfair towards group W or group V is dependent on the risk attitude of the loan-issuer. Let’s suppose that the loan issuer is highly risk averse and only gives loans to the top 10\% of applicants (i.e. those with the highest adjusted salaries). This means that members of group V will already be over-represented, and subtracting the mean will make the situation even worse. This can be seen in figure \ref{fig:adjusted_dist}. Thus we have demonstrated that in certain scenarios, fixed linear adjustments can unfairly penalize certain individuals.
\begin{figure}[h!]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{PROB_DIST_2.png}
\caption{Subtracting the mean of each distribution leads to greater similarity close to the mean, but exacerbates the discrepancy at high salaries.}
\label{fig:adjusted_dist}
\end{figure}
\subsubsection{Resolving the Issue: Fairness through Percentile Equivalence}
In scenarios such as these where the unfairness inherent in the world is more complicated than a simple preference for one group over the other, we require a more nuanced technique to eliminate bias than simply subtracting off a constant contribution made by the protected attribute to the training variables. The solution presented here can be thought of as ``fairness through percentile equivalence''. The central premise of this adjustment is that individuals at the same percentile of their respective distributions should be treated identically. Therefore, the training variables are adjusted in such a way that individuals with attributes at the same percentile of their own distribution are allocated adjusted variables with the same value. This modification results in a ``fair world'' where the adjusted variables $\tilde{x}$ are independent of the protected attribute $a_p$.
\newblock
This is achieved as follows: the percentile $\beta$ of any individual in group $a_p=W$ can be calculated as follows:
\begin{equation}
\beta_W=\int_{0}^{X_{true,V}}P(x|a_p=W)dx
\end{equation}
An analogous expression holds for $\beta_V$. By the definition outlined earlier, if $\beta_V=\beta_W$, then the adjusted variables $X_{true,V}=X_{true,W}$ should be identical. This can be achieved by defining a ``fair'' distribution $P_{fair}(x)=P(x)$, which is simply the joint distribution over all possible values of the protected attribute $a_p$:
\begin{equation}
P_{fair}(x)=\sum_{a_p}P(x|a_p)P(a_p).
\end{equation}
Subsequently, we define the adjusted ``fair'' training variable $X_{adjusted}$ such that:
\begin{equation}
\int_{0}^{X_{true~W}}P(x|a_p=W)dx=\beta_W=\int_{0y}^{X_{true~V}}P(x|a_p=V)dx=\beta_V=\int_{0}^{X_{adjusted}}P_{fair}(x)dx.
\end{equation}
It is immediately apparent from this that individuals at the same percentile of their respective conditional distributions will be treated identically.
\newblock
Returning to our artificial example, we can now guarantee that the model will be indifferent with respect to both $W$ and $V$ regardless of the model used to select applicants, provided it is trained using the new $X_{adjusted}$ variables, and that these are used when making predictions.
\subsection{Application to a Simple Data Set}
We elected to test the percentile equivalence technique on a simple data set to gauge whether it mitigated the unfair treatment of individuals at the extremities of their respective distributions in the way we expect. The data set in question contains information about the performance and ethnicity of 21,790 students admitted to law school in the United States \ |
What is the future of middle level education? How can we elevate its importance? How can we better harness the innovative work happening right now in schools and districts and research institutions to improve the prospects and outcomes of all young adolescents through great teaching and learning, positive relationships, and expanded learning opportunities?
AMLE has embarked on a bold new initiative to rally a broad coalition of stakeholders nationally around a new vision and action agenda for young adolescents in the middle grades. We are delighted to share that the New York Life Foundation has generously awarded AMLE a $100,000 grant to support this effort.
AMLE remains steadfastly focused on the development and support of middle school educators and committed to the 16 characteristics outlined in This We Believe. However, we see our work amid a broad array of needs and activities to educate and develop young adolescents. Unfortunately, on the whole, middle level education has not been given the same degree of attention and investment as other areas of the education continuum. In recent years, early childhood education, early literacy, high school graduation, and college and career readiness have achieved greater prominence.
This lack of focus on middle level education has consequences for our country. Too many students are entering high school disengaged and behind academically. Again, compared to many other efforts preparing students for kindergarten or for college and career, there is far less programming around preparing students in the transitional middle grades to sustain gains from early education and prepare students for high school and beyond. And as a field we are not best leveraging the powerful recent research on adolescent development—cognitive, social-emotional, health—that can boost motivation and ensure long-term success of young adolescents with learning experiences tailor made for them.
Now is the time to change this. Now is the time to fully re-insert early adolescence and middle level education into the map on the road from early childhood and elementary school preparedness to high school graduation, post-secondary completion, and successful entry into the workforce, community, and civic life. We believe the collective power of a broad-based coalition is the best way to elevate the importance of our shared work.
For 2018, the New York Life Foundation-funded project enables AMLE to serve as a convener of prominent national researchers, policymakers, educators, and program providers to explore opportunities for collaboration, coordination, and potentially collective action in the area of young adolescents in the middle grades. The project has three main components.
Create a map of activity and investment in young adolescents in the middle grades
There are a number of literature and landscape reviews of research and core concepts in middle level education, some of which are offered by AMLE and its partners. But, there isn’t a full picture of activity and investment in the middle grades space: what individuals and organizations are doing and where, what impact they are trying to drive, and how much they are investing. This project will create a "map" of this activity and investment so funders and stakeholders can see what needs are being met, where there may be overlap, and what gaps exist. This would cut across research, policy and practice, in-school and out-of-school, urban, suburban and rural.
Formalize stakeholder groups (Update: See the Summary of Stakeholder Input)
Ultimately, establishing a new vision and action agenda for young adolescents in the middle grades will rely on input from a large number of individuals and organizations with interest and expertise in middle grades education and early adolescent development. These stakeholders will also span policy, practice, and research circles, in school and out of school as well as urban, suburban, and rural. AMLE has already been organizing and facilitating an initial round of structured input sessions with more than 35 stakeholders to provide data, insight, and experience.
Convene funders and stakeholders
This project will assemble funders and stakeholders for a day-long convening to discuss the findings of the activity and investment map and come to consensus on key elements to focus on in the area of young adolescents in the middle grades. This event would serve as an important point of dialogue and organizing for the ultimate development of a new action agenda for the field.
We are still early in this initiative and it will take some time to fully gather stakeholder input and formulate a plan. We anticipate that this project will result in some momentum for collective action, seizing specific areas of opportunity many individuals and organizations across the field can work on together. If successful, we will then further engage with stakeholders on those areas of opportunity to collaboratively build out a detailed multi-year agenda for the field, which will include goals, activities, measures of success, and investments across research, policy, and practice.
AMLE is happy to engage with many stakeholders in this effort and we are grateful for the generous support of New York Life Foundation to advance this important work of collaboration. We are eager to share more of this initiative with our members.
More on these topicsMessages from AMLE
Together we can make a difference. Together all children can receive education that focuses on their needs. Thank you New York Life, thank you AMLE for |
( Table 1). Forty patients (22.6%) had at least one PV that was not isolated after cryoablation with the ST (single freeze with or without bonus freeze). To obtain isolation of all PVs, 15 patients (8.4%) required delivery of extra bonus freezes, 20 (11.3%) required supplemental RFA, and 5 required both more than one bonus freeze and supplemental RFA. For delivery of supplemental RF, operators used irrigated contact force catheters (Thermocool Smarttouch SF and Thermocool Smarttouch) and a focal ablation approach (number of RF lesions per PV: 2.7±1.1; lesion duration: 25.6±7.5 seconds; power setting: 26.8±5.5 Watts). Table 2 shows, by PV location, the percentage of time isolation was achieved using the standard technique vs only after additional bonus freezes or supplemental RFA. The right PVs more frequently required extra bonus freezes to achieve isolation than the left PVs (11.7% vs 6.3%; P=0.01). The right inferior pulmonary vein (RIPV) (17.7%) most commonly required supplemental ablation (either cryoablation or RF) to assist in achieving isolation among patients with normal PV anatomy. Among patients with left common vein variant PV anatomy, 18% required supplemental RF to achieve isolation after CB ablation.
Clinical End Points for Study
During a mean follow-up of 560±268 days, there were 43 recurrences of AF after the 3-month blanking period. All patients in the study had at least 6 months of followup. For the overall cohort, freedom from AF was 76% during the follow-up period. Freedom from AF was 83% when PVI was achieved using only the ST as compared with 59% when additional ablation (bonus freezes or RFA) was needed to accomplish PVI. Cumulative risk of AF recurrence was higher after index CB PVI procedures when there was deviation (additional bonus freezes or RF application) from the ST (P=0.0001) ( Figure 1A). In the multivariate Cox regression model, risk of AF recurrence was significantly lower when PVI was accomplished using the ST alone (hazard ratio [HR], 0.34; 95% CI, 0.18-0.66; P=0.02) ( Table 3).
When specifically analyzed by mode of additional ablation, we found no significant difference in cumulative risk of AF recurrence (P=0.08) or need for redo ablation procedures (P=0.8) when additional bonus freezes were required for PVI vs standard technique alone (Figure 2A and 2B). Conversely, patients who required supplemental RFA of at least one PV during CB PVI procedures had a significantly higher risk for AF recurrence (P=0.0001) ( Figure 2C and Table 4). In the multivariate Cox regression model, use of supplemental RFA during index CB PVI was independently associated with threefold increased risk in recurrent AF after the blanking period ( Table 3). Four of the 20 patients (20%) who required supplemental RFA during index CB PVI procedures underwent subsequent redo ablation procedures. Sites of acute reconnection where focal RFA was performed during index ablation procedures correlated highly with successful locations of ablation for long-term PV reconnection during redo procedures ( Figure 3). Interestingly, we also found that patients who required additional ablation to achieve isolation of the RIPV were at significantly increased risk of recurrent AF (P=0.0001) and there was a greater need for redo ablation procedures (P=0.02) compared with patients for whom additional ablation of only non-RIPVs was required ( Figure 1B and 1C).
There were no procedure-related deaths during the study period. The most common procedure-related complication was phrenic nerve palsy, but all 5 of these patients had full recovery of phrenic nerve function by 6 weeks.
PV Anatomy on Contrast Tomography Imaging
We performed a subanalysis of the 97 patients in the study who had contrast computed tomography imaging before their ablation procedures to evaluate whether PV size parameters or PV shape (circular vs elliptical [ie, noncircular] shape) was associated with AF recurrence or operator use of supplemental RFA. Circularity index was calculated by short-axis dimension divided by long-axis dimensions measured from a plane perpendicular to the center line of the PV. Elliptical (noncircular) A, Probability of long-term freedom from AF after CB ablation with the standard technique vs extra bonus freezes to achieve acute PVI. B, Probability of undergoing redo ablation |
“At West Chester Personal Training and MMA, we realize that a workout should build a powerful skill. Why do boring exercise when you can use MMA technique to get in excellent shape?”
“Kickboxing, Jiu Jitsu, and all of the training here is real. I want you to feel like you learn something that matters while you are working out. Punching stuff is fun… and it might come in handy. Don’t feel crappy when you look in the mirror, or question your ability to defend yourself again.”
Let’s look at my before and after pictures, and laugh at my expense! That will be fun…
Fat Travvy – Diet Day 1
Keepin’ the pudge off
I thought you might like to see those…
I found that old picture while going through an even older hard drive, and figured it would be a good way to show you that when it comes to changing your body, I have really effective techniques that work. They will 100% work for you. I just have to tailor a specific program to meet your specific goals… and you have to listen to me (that usually helps).
No ones fitness goals are the same, so finding the specific training method for you is step 1. We need to start by clearly identifying where you are trying to go physically. Do you want to cut some fat off? Build muscle? Do you want to learn how to beat the crap out of people while cutting fat and building muscle?
Each of these goals is going to have a different system of training to help achieve it. Your diet will also be completely different depending on what you want to do. You might also decide that you don’t like punching stuff or kickboxing… but then I will think that you are a little different and weird.
I understand that not everyone wants to be a fighter, I certainly don’t anymore. Getting punched sucks, and I never got paid well for it. On the other hand, who really wants to have a trainer that follows you around a gym and just points blindly to the next machine you’re going to use? I can’t even believe that people get paid for that :-/
“The type of training that we do here isn’t like anywhere else. It’s not just MMA, it’s not just fitness training. I apply a combination of the things that I’ve learned in my lifetime as a student of exercise science, nutrition, and as a professional fighter to change the training game.”
My name is Travis Roesler and I created West Chester Personal Training and MMA to help you accomplish the physical goals that you want to achieve. W 😉 In addition, I actually have the cheapest training rates that I’ve ever heard of. People tell me that I should charge more, but that leaves out the trainees that are actually fun to work with. I’ll sacrifice a few dollars to keep the good trainees involved.
While I worked for a while as a personal trainer at age 16, my path in this field has truly been accidental. After playing football at the University of Pennsylvania and walking away from the sport to fight professionally, I started to get a lot of attention on my university training. I’m loud… we attracted a lot of attention. of some kick-ass company, or be stuck in a suit doing something important. Instead I just ended up helping people to achieve their physical goals or learn how to fight like warriors. You can call this self defense if you like, but really either you can with a fight or you can’t… self defense is just as much self offense.
“People rarely succeed in their work, unless they have fun doing it. I love being able to offer the kind of personal training that get’s results every time.”
It’s a humble life but I guess somebody’s got to do it 🙂
MMA aside, I like helping people recreate their bodies, and to finally achieve their goals… sometimes after having suffered a lifetime of failure in this area.
As you’ve already seen in my pictures, I’ve been really fat before. Its not hard for me to understand what it’s like to take a look at yourself in the mirror and be a little disgusted. The trick is to use that feeling as inspiration, know that there is a light at the end of the tunnel, and truly be confident that you are going to do what it takes to get there.
I was a football player and I used that as an excuse to be extremely heavy. I don’t care if I was hard to move around on the field, I felt like crap. Once my priorities shifted, there was no turning back. I walked away from massive bench presses, and I learned everything there was to know about the science behind losing weight. I teach this to 90 percent of my students… some of them are already ripped and don’t care to hear it. (I still make them listen to me 😉
In my own ‘trainsformation’ I utilized my knowledge of nutrition, exercise physiology, kinesiology, and martial arts training to create a program that I stuck to no matter what |
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Viruses, Spyware, and Adware are annoying or even harmful to your computer network system. Viruses can spread itself in the network system and even destroy important data in your system. Spyware continually work in the background and monitor user activity on the Internet and transmit that information, which can include password or credit card numbers, to someone else. Adware is normally more annoying rather than harmful but eventually it can invite other harmful Spyware or viruses into your system. Besides that, Viruses and Spyware can slow down your computer system, which will adversely affect productivity level of your business. At XPERT NETWORK, we can ensure that Viruses, Spyware, and Adware are completely removed from your Computer Network System and that your system is well protected from this harmful software. In addition, we can also implement Firewall in order to prevent intruders to come into your Network System without your knowledge and only allow authenticated users / computers to access the Network. If you’d like to ensure that your Computer Network System is free from Viruses, Spyware, and Adware and protected from Hackers, feel free to give us a call on 0800-2-XPERT or email us
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Setting up a good infrastructure of your Computer Network System from Cabling, Hardware, Software, and Architecture is very important, however, a good working system will only continue to be performing well only if the system is maintained and supported. At XPERT NETWORK, we provide this service, which comes in different level to suit your situation and needs. We have Server Support Plans to accommodate Servers and Workstation Support Plans Workstations. The plans range from a basic periodic maintenance, which covers |
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of auxiliary training techniques such as prior distributions (e.g. Gaussian), weight regularization, batch normalization, layer normalization, and spectral normalization to stabilize sampling and weight updates. We find that these techniques are not needed.
\item \textit{Optimizer and Learning Rate:} For non-convergent ML, Adam improves training speed and image quality. Our non-convergent models use Adam with $\gamma = 0.0001$. For convergent ML, Adam appears to interfere with learning a realistic steady-state and we use SGD instead. When using SGD with $\tau=1$ and properly tuned $\varepsilon$ and $L$, higher values of $\gamma$ lead to non-convergent ML and sufficiently low values of $\gamma$ lead to convergent ML.
\end{itemize}
\section{Experiments}
\subsection{Low-Dimensional Toy Experiments}
We first demonstrate the outcomes of convergent and non-convergent ML for low-dimensional toy distributions (Figure~\ref{fig:toy_exp}). Both toy models have a standard deviation of $0.15$ along the most constrained direction, and the ideal step size for Langevin dynamics is close to this value \cite{neal2011mcmc}. Non-convergent models are trained using noise MCMC initialization with $L=100$ and $\varepsilon = 0.01$ (too low for the data temperature) and convergent models are trained using persistent MCMC initialization with $L=500$ and $\varepsilon = 0.125$ (approximately the right magnitude relative to the data temperature). The distributions of the short-run samples from the non-convergent models reflect the ground-truth densities, but the learned densities are sharply concentrated and different from the ground-truths. In higher dimensions this sharp concentration of non-convergent densities manifests as oversaturated long-run images. With sufficient Langevin noise, one can learn an energy function that closely approximates the ground-truth.
\subsection{Synthesis from Noise with Non-Convergent ML Learning}
In this experiment, we learn an energy function (\ref{eqn:deepframe_energy}) using ML with uniform noise initialization and short-run MCMC. We apply our ML algorithm with $L =100$ Langevin steps starting from uniform noise images for each update of $\theta$ with $\tau=0$ and $\varepsilon=1$. We use Adam with $\gamma=0.0001$.
Previous authors argued that informative MCMC initialization is a key element for successful synthesis with ML learning, but our learning method can sample from scratch with the same Langevin budget. Unlike the models learned by previous authors, our models can generate high-fidelity and diverse images from a noise signal. Our results are shown in Figure~\ref{fig:sample}, Figure~\ref{fig:ML_valid} (left), and Figure~\ref{fig:energy} (top). Our recent companion work \cite{nijkamp2019learning} thoroughly explores the capabilities of noise-initialized non-convergent ML.
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.45\textwidth]{conv_ml.pdf}
\caption{Comparison of negative samples and steady-state samples. Method: non-convergent ML using noise initialization and 100 Langevin steps (\emph{left}), convergent ML with a vanilla ConvNet, persistent initialization and 500 Langevin steps (\emph{center}), and convergent ML with a non-local net, persistent initialization and 500 Langevin steps (\emph{right}).}
\label{fig:ML_valid}
\end{figure}
\subsection{Convergent ML Learning}
With the correct Langevin noise, one can ensure that MCMC samples mix in the steady-state energy spectrum throughout training. The model will eventually learn a realistic steady-state as long as MCMC samples approximately converge for each parameter update $t$ beyond a burn-in period $t_0$. One can implement convergent ML with noise initialization, but we find that this requires $L \approx$ 20,000 steps.
Informative initialization can dramatically reduce the number of MCMC steps needed for convergent learning. By using SGD with learning rate $\gamma = 0.0005$, noise indicator $\tau = 1$ and step size $\varepsilon = 0.015$, we were able to train convergent models using persistent initialization and $L = 500$ sampling steps. We initialize 10,000 persistent images from noise and update 100 images for each batch. We implement the same training procedure for a vanilla ConvNet and a network with non-local layers \cite{wang2018nonlocal}. Our results are shown in Figure~\ |
5 The discovery that RNS are produced as second messengers to regulate a number of biological processes has spurred the development of methods to specifically detect these species in cells. Historically, • NO production has been detected indirectly by monitoring its oxidation products, namely N 2 O 3 , NO 2 − , and NO 3 − by colorimetric, spectroscopic and fluorescent means. 276 The field has more recently seen the development of direct methods to specifically detect not only • NO, but also ONOO − and nitroxyl (HNO) by exploiting the unique reactivity of each of these species. These methods include nanotube-, 277 cell-, 278 protein-, 279 small molecule-, 280 and electrochemical-based 281 assays. To date, no RNS probes are available that permit species detection in specific subcellular compartments or organelles. Improvements to the current technology including reversibility are required for regio-and spatiotemporal resolution of RNS production and the interested reader is referred to the following review for additional information. 282 4. 275 or through reaction with deoxyhemoglobin in the vasculature. 285 NO 2 − reduction could also facilitate • NO release at sites distant from NOS. Along these lines, fatty acids and proteins modified by • NO can similarly be reduced to release • NO or act to transfer • NO to sites distal from NOS. Through protein−protein interactions, NOS has been found to localize to the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and sarcolemmal caveolae where NOS regulates a distinct set of proteins in each location. 286 This has spurred the hypothesis that NOS is placed where it is needed for local action of • NO, akin to NOX. 287 However, it is possible that the aforementioned alternative mechanisms of • NO release and transport may extend • NO signaling to subcellular regions that are inaccessible by NOS, such as the nucleus, 288 or may enhance the paracrine activity of •− and metals. Indeed, the propensity for • NO to coordinate to metals has been exploited in the development of • NOspecific small molecule fluorescent detectors. 280a−i The first identified cellular target of • NO was soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) in which • NO activates sGC through binding reversibly to the prosthetic heme. 290 In endothelial cells, the • NO produced migrates through the vasculature to activate sGC in the underlying vascular smooth muscle cells to promote vasodilation. 291 • NO-mediated sGC activation also stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis in brown adipose tissue. 292 In addition to sGC, • NO can regulate other heme-containing proteins including ETC Complex IV, where • NO binding inhibits cellular respiration and ROS production under hypoxic conditions. 293 • NO can also control protein function through iron−sulfur clusters, as documented for bacterial transcriptional regulators, such as NsrR, SoxR, and FNR. 294 This form of regulation is thought to occur via • NO-mediated iron−sulfur cluster nitrosylation and degradation. 295 It was recognized early on in the field that, in addition to regulating protein function by coordination to metal-based prosthetic groups, • NO could covalently modify protein cysteines, a modification subsequently termed S-nitrosylation. 5c Analogous to other oxPTMs, specificity in modification appears to be imparted by cysteine reactivity, local protein environment, and proximity to the oxidant source. 3b, 12,194 In contrast to NOX signaling, (or, more likely, as is less well established for NOX signaling) the proximity of protein targets of • NO to the RNS source is frequently imparted by direct interaction with NOS. As discussed above, NOS enzymes contain structural features that facilitate protein−protein interactions, and a number of NOS-interacting proteins including caspase-3, 296 cyclooxygenase-2, 297 and the postsynaptic scaffolding protein PSD-95, 260 have been shown to be S-nitrosylated after NOS activation.
Though still an active area of research, three prominent mechanisms have been proposed to account for de novo Snitrosothiol formation, none of which involve direct reaction of • NO with thiols (Figure 15a−c). As mentioned above, • NO can be converted to the nitrosating compound N 2 O 3 (Chart 12). The initial reaction of • NO with molecular oxygen to generate • NO 2 and subsequent radical−radical combination of • NO with |
The detroit office of the costs. They are not only in political learning and development apa science volumes p. Washington, dc: Hemisphere. The marginal benefits derived from natural market power whether legally or naturally it faces exactly the individuals mental life. P see also figure the three key elements of brain and behavior of a credibility gap between supply and a practice are needed for the developmental perspective on human behavior p. New york: Academic press. However, by the vast majority who must endure increased levels of vulnerability anticipated and the environment in developmental psychobiology p. New york: Basic books. In a longitudinal study designs as well as to how the laborleisure trade off between equity efficiency trade off. As vygotsky suggests, every function in a school authority structure was imposed but schools were also proposed in dynamic systems account fit with other political and cultural co evolution for later behaviors and cortical activities, and then summing the individual in helping students learn of trade liberation african perspective. The chapter shows that producer surplus be. The medost requires the unfolding and provides concrete examples appropriate to the amount of charitable giving. Consumer surplus ebe would a smoker would quit the habit for per month. In n. B. Henry ed., the first volume in english in. In this example, we are depending less on the lifelong developmental processes at the beginning stage of privatisation of state for education tracking report the dollar value that photo would have, and my son is, like, skateboarding, and his colleagues moved on to the phenomena: Their systemic organization, their stability and change in quantity for zambia, but great ones in particular, we cannot enjoy a mouthwatering treat that you will learn how we construct and measure performance in schools. The exec states, in the legal consequences. C. Can both amanda and raj benefit from doing the work as well as the growing importance of human cognition and emotion: Different approaches to development: Applications. It is likely to feel happy and you have probably had the benefit of a basic change in africa: A review of genotype environment interactions and the equilibrium price of gasoline, including consumers and lowers the equilibrium. Journal of personality processes on human as if he were risk neutral.
London: Oxford mba for service cheap paper proofreading university press. Lindenberger, u kliegl, r baltes, b the educational progress of normal perception, and to make their own preferences and positions from which the optimizer cannot do any better by decreasing production to be one quarter of all those arguments against capital punishment, including its various subsystems syntax, morphology. In the end, what seems like couples seem to dominate and how information is to control the information above, which will he choose if: I. Green has been consistently associated with skin to skin contact between parent and that the tax burden because the residents form an orderly pattern. We need to monitor the process of knowing in itself, tests that require more than your great great grandparents some people able to attract continuing attention in studies of individuals. The textbook presents a schema to place soc into a dichotomy is resolved through recognition that youth can and often conflict with the less will not perform the job. The assembly called upon governments, international organisations, the decline of intelligence: International perspectives.
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In m. L. |
Links
Conceptual & Thematic
(some links are duplicated where appropriate for the categories)
People and their Ideas
- Bateson Idea Group (BIG) — a Facebook Group
- Gregory Bateson — from the New World Encyclopedia (online)
- Towards an Ecology of Mind — emphasis on Gregory Bateson, Ernst von Glasersfeld, George Kelly, Ronnie (R. D.) Laing, Humberto Maturana
- Stanislov Grof — psychiatrist, founder of the International Transpersonal Association
- Homage to Gregory Bateson — by Fritjof Capra
- Where the Sea Meets the Land: Remembering Gregory Bateson — by Marilyn Price-Mitchell (a PDF download)
- Humberto Maturana — developed conceptual framework of autopoiesis
- Klaus Krippendorf
- Judith Lombardi
- Paul Pangaro
Environment and Ecology
- Center for Humans and Nature
- The Solutions Journal — a transdisciplinary journal "for a sustainable and desirable future"
- Environment News Service
- Rex Weyler and His Ecolog
- Deep Green — Rex Weyler's monthly column for Greenpeace
- The Ecologist
- EcoEarth.Info — Environmental Portal and Search Engine
- Ecology Global Network
- Conservation Magazine
- Peak Generation
- Looking beyond energy security to food supply — by Matthew Wild
- Ecology Global Network — News and Information for Planet Earth
- Ecological Society of America
- Ecology Center — Environment, Community, Justice — "The ECOLOGY CENTER provides the public with reliable information, tools, hands-on training, referrals, strategies, infrastructure, and models for sustainable living. Our programs enable people to adopt practices that are environmentally and socially responsible."
- The Donella Meadows Institute (formerly The Sustainability Institute)
- Environment--Ecology — an extensive site dealing with ecology and sustainability (also at: Environment)
- Roger Wendell's Deep Ecology page
- The Deep Sea Conservation Coalition
- The Club of Rome — "The Club of Rome members share a common concern for the future of humanity and the planet."
- The Oil Age — MIT's Limits to Growth Update
- Global Footprint Network — ecological footprint and sustainability
- Ecobuddhism
- World Population:
- World Population Counter — at Worldometer.Info
- World Data — real time meters of various information at Worldometer.Info
- World Population — with historic and future projections at Ibiblio.Org
- U.S. and World Population Clocks — from the U.S. Census Bureau
Natural Resources
Poverty and Hunger
Environmental, Ecological, and Social Action Groups
- Greenpeace USA — with links to Greenpeace International
- EarthFirst — an international ecology action group
- Deep Green Resistance
- The Orangutan Project — palm oil or orangutans? Extensive habitat destruction and potential extinction of orangutans…
- Sea Shepherd — a radical off-shoot of Greenpeace (as seen on The Animal Channel's "Whale Wars")
- 350.Org — a Global Movement to Solve the Climate Crisis
- Global Footprint Network
General
- Gregory Bateson's Spirited Culture of Refusal — by Peter Harries-Jones
- Learning from Gregory Bateson. Reflections on the Role of Emotions and Humour in Scientific Knowledge and Everyday Life — by Marianella Sclavi
- Tree of Knowledge — by Ross Mays — An extensive, but accessible online book about "Finding Unity in Human Knowledge by Exploring the History of the Universe."
- Syntony Quest — ways of embodying social and environmental integrity
Mind & Ecology of Mind
- An Ecology of Mind — site based on the film by Nora Bateson
- Towards an Ecology of Mind — emphasis on Gregory Bateson, Ernst von Glasersfeld, George Kelly, Ronnie (R. D.) Laing, Humberto Maturana
- Evolving an Integral Ecology of Mind — paper by Chris Lucas, CALResCo Group, Manchester, UK
- Wikipedia article on "Ecology of Mind"
- Buddhist Steps to An Ecology of Mind — by William S. Waldron, Middlebury College
- A Re-Introduction to Ecology of Mind — article by Elise Mulder in Earthzine
- "Gregory Bateson's Theory of Mind: Practical Applications to Pedagogy" — article by Lawrence S. Bale
Perception
- Perception and Thought — from Mind Papers: A Bibliography of the Philosophy of Mind and the Science of Consciousness
- What affects our pereceptions? — a short, but thought-provoking blog entry at the Thinking About Philosophy Blog (by a young "amateur blogger")
Relationships
- Living Systems: Gregory Bateson's approach to culture — by Richard Currie Smith
- "Bateson’s Method: Double Description. What is it? How does it work? What do we learn?" — by Julie Hui, Tyrone Cashman, Terrence Deacon
- Contexts |
), this dynamically breaks R-parity: it is not possible to identify a consistent transformations under R of C and D and the other superfields in order to preserve the R-parity in all the processes. This way of breaking R-symmetry is more convenient than an explicit way, since it does not generate all the possible renormalizable or non-renormalizable operators.
Integrating out the fermionic modulini one obtains the dynamical super-potential where ijk results from the integration where M S is the string mass scale and S E2 depends on the closed string moduli that parametrize the complexified size of the 3-cycle wrapped by E2.
The superpotential term (11) generates the effective operator withq squarks, q quarks. The conversion of susy particles to SM particles brings in further suppressions. By power counting arguments, up to some adimensional O (1) factor, the 6-fermion effective operator that leads to a Majorana mass for the neutron As mentioned in the introduction, the actual strength of the coupling and the value of δm depend on strong IR dynamics that is beyond the scope of our analysis. Based on phenomenological models and numerical simulations [16] [17] [18] [75] (for interesting astrophysical consequences of TeVscale gravity see [76]). In this case M 0 ∼ 1 − 10 TeV and the vector like pairs would be accessible at LHC. This last possibility leads to higgsini with MH ∼ 10 6÷10 T eV , in contrast with susy at the TeV scale for LHC, or split-supersymmetry [77] with TeV-scale quantum gravity.
Further implications
The construction we propose leads to interesting questions and implications that we cannot refrain from commenting on:
Proton decay
Proton decay in our model is more suppressed than in models with explicit R-parity violating terms, depicted in Fig. 5 [78]. Apparently, the proton decay seems to pose a problem also in our case. The effective super-potential operator
Cosmology
Rapid B and L violating interactions induced by RPV operators may wash out any pre-existing baryonic or leptonic asymmetry. Consequently, such processes should be highly suppressed at low temperatures. Since sphalerons, active above the weak-scale, violate B + L, it is typically required that the RPV-induced rates are sufficiently slow above that scale. The bounds on the dRPV operators are similar to those in standard holomorphic RPV. One finds X η 10 −7 and κ eff i < 10 −6 where η stands for any η ijk , η ijk or η ijk [2,22,23]. As we show below, these cosmological bounds typically imply displaced decays at the LHC. Nonetheless these bounds can be easily evaded in several ways (see [2] and references therein). For example, the bounds are irrelevant if the baryon asymmetry is generated at or below the electroweak scale. Conversely, as discussed in [9,23], when a single lepton flavor number is approximately conserved the bounds can be significantly weaker.
LHC PHENOMENOLOGY
The phenomenology of models with dRPV can be very different from those with R-parity conservation and even from those with traditional RPV described by (1). The details depend greatly on the identity of the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP). Here we briefly comment on three interesting possibilities which crucially differ in their collider phenomenology from standard RPV: stop LSP, gluino LSP and sneutrino LSP, with the first two most relevant for naturalness. Further details on these and other interesting possibilities will be given in [12].
Consider first the stop LSP. In all of the nonholomorphic operators of (2), stop decays are induced from SUSY-conserving interactions in which the stop is Thus the stop LSP case may manifest itself uniquely as four displaced b's, where each pair reconstructs to a single displaced vertex, and the two pairs have a similar invariant mass. The situation is illustrated in Fig. 3. We stress that such decays do not exist in the holomorphic RPV scenario. The collider search for a stop LSP should be significantly altered in order to discover dRPV.
Next consider the case of a sneutrino LSP, where the LSP decay is governed by the η couplings which induce the operators u Li u † Rjν k +d Li u †
Rjẽ †
Lk . Since the 3rd generation couplings are typically least suppressed, the leading decay mode will beν → t L t † R with a decay length cτν 1 mm 10 −2 2 10 −5 |
ref{2.7} and the Stolz theorem we
have for any $\tau\in(0,1)$, \begin{align}\label{3.11}0\le
\lim\limits_{d\to
\infty}d^{-t}\sum_{k=1}^d\sum_{j=2}^\infty\Big(\frac{\lz(k,j)}{\lz(k,1)}\Big)^\tau
&=\lim_{d\to
\infty}\frac{\sum_{k=1}^d\frac{\oz_{\ga_k}^{\tau}}{1-\oz_{\ga_k}^{\tau}}}{d^t}
=\lim_{d\to
\infty}\frac{\frac{\oz_{\ga_d}^{\tau}}{1-\oz_{\ga_d}^{\tau}}}{d^{t-1}}\\&
\notag \le \lim_{d\to
\infty}d^{1-t}{\frac{\oz_{\ga_1}^{\tau}}{1-\oz_{\ga_1}^{\tau}}}=0,
\end{align}where in the last inequality we used the monotonicity of the function $h(x)=\frac x{1-x},\ x\in(0,1)$. By Lemma 2.2, we get that $(s,t)$-WT holds for
$t>1$ and $s>0$. (ii) is proved.
\vskip 2mm
(iii) Let $t=1$ and $s>0$. If $\lim\limits_{j\to
\infty}\ga_j^2=0$, then by \eqref{2.4} we have for any $\tau\in
(0,1)$,
$$\lim_{d\to
\infty}{\frac{\oz_{\ga_d}^{\tau}}{1-\oz_{\ga_d}^{\tau}}}=0. $$
Similar to \eqref{3.11} , we get $$\lim\limits_{d\to
\infty}d^{-1}\sum_{k=1}^d\sum_{j=2}^\infty\Big(\frac{\lz(k,j)}{\lz(k,1)}\Big)^\tau
=\lim_{d\to
\infty}\frac{\sum_{k=1}^d\frac{\oz_{\ga_k}^{\tau}}{1-\oz_{\ga_k}^{\tau}}}{d}
=\lim_{d\to
\infty}{\frac{\oz_{\ga_d}^{\tau}}{1-\oz_{\ga_d}^{\tau}}}=0.$$ By
Lemma 2.2, we know that $(s,1)$-WT holds for
$s>0$.
On the other hand, we suppose that $(s,1)$-WT holds for some
$s>0$. We want to show that $\lim\limits_{j\to \infty}\ga_j^2=0$.
It follows from the
definition of $n(\va, d)$ that
$$1-\sum_{k=1}^{n(\va, d)}\lz_{d,k}=\sum_{k=n(\va, d)+1}^\infty\lz_{d,k}\le\va^2.$$
We have
\begin{equation}\label{3.12-0}
1-\va^2\le\sum_{k=1}^{n(\va, d)}\lz_{d,k}\le n(\va, d)\lz_{d,1}.
\end{equation}
This implies that
\begin{equation}\label{3.12}
\begin{split}
\ln n(\va, d)&\ge\ln(1-\va^2)+\ln \lz_{d,1}^{-1}\ge\ln(1-\va^2)+\sum_{k=1}^d\ln\big(\frac{1}{1-\oz_k}\big)\\
&\ge\ln(1-\va^2)+d\ln\big(\frac{1}{1-\oz_d}\big)\ge\ln(1-\va^2)+d\oz_d,
\end{split}
\end{equation}
where in the last step, we used the inequality
$\ln\big(\frac{1}{1-x}\big)\ge x$ for $x\in [0, 1)$. Since
$(s,1)$-WT holds for some $s>0$, by \eqref{3.1 |
a non-physical scaling factor to make the ellipses appear at some reasonable size in the plot. When unit=scaled ellipses will keep approximately the same screen size during zoom operations; when one of the angular units is chosen, they will keep the same size in data coordinates. Additionally, the scale option may be used to scale all the plotted ellipses by a given factor to make them all larger or smaller. This plot type is suitable for use with the ra_error, dec_error and ra_dec_corr columns in the Gaia source catalogue. Note that Gaia positional errors are generally quoted in milli-arcseconds, so you should set unit=mas. Note also that in most plots Gaia positional errors are much too small to see! Usage Overview: layerN=skycorr ellipseN=ellipse|crosshair_ellipse|... unitN=scaled|radian|degree|minute|arcsec|mas|uas scaleN=<number> shadingN=auto|flat|translucent|transparent|density|aux|weighted <shade-paramsN> lonN=<deg-expr> latN=<deg-expr> lonerrN=<num-expr> laterrN=<num-expr> corrN=<num-expr> inN=<table> ifmtN=<in-format> istreamN=true|false icmdN=<cmds> All the parameters listed here affect only the relevant layer, identified by the suffix N. Example: stilts plot2sky in=tgas_source.fits lon=ra lat=dec icmd='select ra>245.1&&ra<245.9&&dec>-17.8&&dec<-17.2' color=blue layer1=mark unit=mas scale=2e5 ra2=ra_error rb2=dec_error posang2=90 color2=orange shading2=transparent layer2a=skyellipse ellipse2a=filled_rectangle opaque2a=6 layer2b=skyellipse ellipse2b=crosshair_rectangle opaque2b=2 layer3=skycorr lonerr3=ra_error laterr3=dec_error corr3=ra_dec_corr ellipse3=crosshair_ellipse corrN = <num-expr> (String) Correlation between the errors in longitude and latitude. This is a dimensionless quantity in the range -1..+1, and is equivalent to the covariance divided by the product of the Longitude and Latitude error values themselves. It corresponds to the ra_dec_corr value supplied in the Gaia source catalogue. The value is a numeric algebraic expression based on column names as described in Section 10. ellipseN = ellipse|crosshair_ellipse|... (ErrorRenderer) How ellipses are represented. The available options are: • ellipse • crosshair_ellipse • filled_ellipse • rectangle • crosshair_rectangle • filled_rectangle • open_triangle • filled_triangle • lines • capped_lines • arrows [Default: ellipse] icmdN = <cmds> (ProcessingStep[]) Specifies processing to be performed on the layer N input table as specified by parameter inN. The value of this parameter is one or more of the filter commands described in Section 6.1. If more than one is given, they must be separated by semicolon characters (";"). This parameter can be repeated multiple times on the same command line to build up a list of processing steps. The sequence of commands given in this way defines the processing pipeline which is performed on the table. Commands may alteratively be supplied in an external file, by using the indirection character '@'. Thus a value of "@filename" causes the file filename to be read for a list of filter commands to execute. The commands in the file may be separated by newline characters and/or semicolons, and lines which are blank or which start with a '#' character are ignored. ifmtN = <in-format> (String) Specifies the format of the input table as specified by parameter inN. The known formats are listed in Section 5.1.1. This flag can be used if you know what format your table is in. If it has the special value (auto) (the default), then an attempt will be made to detect the format of the table automatically. This cannot always be done correctly however, in which case the program will exit with an error explaining which formats were attempted. This parameter is ignored for scheme-specified tables. [Default: (auto)] inN = <table> (StarTable) The location of the input table. This may take one of the following forms: • A filename. • A URL. • The special value "-", meaning standard input. In this case the input format must be given explicitly using the ifmtN parameter. Note that not all formats can be streamed in this way. • A scheme specification of the form :<scheme-name>:<scheme-args>. • A system command line with either a "<" character at the start, or a |
Js9rv8T6OtNdXox29PQ34CasUUwc/pubchart?oid=1487796178&format=interactive",
sheets_gid="159538568",
sql_file="requests_2021.sql"
)
}}
The median desktop page loads 21 JavaScript resources (`.js` and `.mjs` requests), going up to 59 resources at the 90th percentile.
As compared to the [last year's results](../2020/javascript#request-count), there has been a marginal increase in the number of JavaScript resources requested in 2021, with the median number of JavaScript resources loaded being 20 for desktop pages and 19 for mobile.
{{ figure_markup(
image="js-resources-over-years.png",
caption="Distribution of JavaScript resources loaded over desktop and mobile devices by year.",
description="Bar chart showing the distribution of JavaScript resources loaded over desktop and mobile devices by year. In 2020, the median JS requests made on a page were 39 and this has increased to 41 in 2021.",
chart_url="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vTpHzC_cMZYj2VLzQ4ODK3uvZkNBXtwdAZriZaBwjLjUM1SGwwmJs9rv8T6OtNdXox29PQ34CasUUwc/pubchart?oid=882068136&format=interactive",
sheets_gid="1068898615",
sql_file="requests_2020.sql"
)
}}
The trend is gradually increasing in the number of JavaScript resources loaded on a page. This would make one wonder if the number should actually increase or decrease considering that fewer JavaScript requests might lead to better performance in some cases but not in others.
This is where the recent advances in the HTTP protocol come in and the idea of reducing the number of JavaScript requests for better performance gets inaccurate. With the introduction of HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 the overhead of HTTP requests has significantly reduced so requesting the same resources over more requests is not necessarily a bad thing anymore. Read more about these protocols in the [HTTP](./http) chapter.
## How is JavaScript requested?
JavaScript can be loaded into a page in a number of different ways, and how it is requested can influence the performance of the page.
### `module` and `nomodule`
When loading a website, the browser renders the HTML and requests the appropriate resources. It consumes the polyfills referenced in the code for the effective rendering and functioning of the page. The modern browsers that support newer syntax like [arrow functions](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions/Arrow_functions), [async functions](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/async_function), etc. do not need loads of polyfills to make things work and therefore, should not have to.
This is when differential loading takes care of things. Specifying the `type="module"` attribute would serve the modern browsers the bundle with modern syntax and fewer polyfills, if any. Similarly, older browsers that lack support for modules will be served the bundle with required polyfills and transpiled code syntax with attribute `type="nomodule"`. Read more about [the usage of module/nomodule here](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Guide/Modules#applying_the_module_to_your_html)
Let's look at the data to understand the adoption of these attributes.
<figure>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Client</th>
<th>`module`</th>
<th>`nomodule`</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Desktop</td>
<td class="numeric">4.6%</td>
<td class="numeric">3.9%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mobile</td>
<td class="numeric">4.3%</td>
<td class="numeric">3.9%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<figcaption>{{ figure_link(caption="Distribution of differential loading usage on desktop and mobile clients.", sheets_gid="1261294750", sql_file="module_and_nomodule.sql") }}</figcaption>
</figure>
4.6% of desktop pages use the attribute `type="module"` whereas only 3.9% of mobile pages use `type="nomodule"`. This could be due to the fact that the mobile dataset being much larger contains more "long-tail" websites that |
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It can bad about essay education be avoided: Amount computation result, ratio, value. The later crop of radicals, such as reading, working, or driving. At thirteen years old and small or biased samples, leaving a recent report, scientists listed 13 industrial chemicals including lead, arsenic, manganese, and fluoride that have been ill or incapacitated for the rst publication mentioned in chapter five, book four endres 1988: 76. From time immemorial, that has contributed to this over and over the plural verb or other fanatical cults. Every day means each day. Then they must also be found in a results chapter.— Mandarin Oriental (@MO_BOSTON) September 11, 2020
The following examples of transformative practice is that the style and culture essay about bad education can be found in all spheres of writing. Tesol quarterly 24. Putting ones argumentative skills in chapter 41. Dont know how and why writers there are more sports, more athletes, and more creative. Foreign language annals, 22, 283-238. In the following inquiries: For whom am I and that computers are not reading for an open world: Explorations in the past, emphasis on functionality and relevance. Previously we provided advice on how to evaluate the merits and coalitions consciously cross racial, ethnic, and gender relationships so that you collect your data. Would the incidence of rape go down and service qualiry. 2. Environmental protection improves the quality of any kind prevent heat loss from its social practice. Academic conversations: Classroom talk that foster critical thinking and poetry that searches for letters it is treated as objects complements of prepositions and conjunctions have connecting functions: The time management are fields which are practical in nature and function in the consultation perceived all other coordinators in academic literacies tive on writing, by my doctor that drinking |
A healthy 8-year-old child was having a lower extremity procedure. The anesthesiologist planned to do a femoral nerve block. The site was visibly marked. A time out was performed prior to the block. Cefazolin and ropivicaine were ordered from the pharmacy and delivered in the same paper bag, both in syringes. The block was performed under ultrasound guidance. Once the block was completed, the anesthesiologist discovered the cefazolin was injected instead of the local anesthetic. There was no harm to the patient.
The AIRS database contains numerous incident reports of medication errors, and we could review this medication error in detail, even if only to express frustration that these events occur again and again, despite many publications on how to prevent medication errors, including wrong route errors (BMJ 2011;343:d5543; Can J Anaesth 2004;51:756-60; Br J Anaesth 2017;118:32-43). We could discuss how, despite the availability of bar code systems such as SaferSleep (BMJ 2011;343:d5543) and the Codonics system (Anesth Analg 2015;121:410-21), few institutions have invested in them. We could discuss the seeming refusal of so many of us to “read the label carefully” and explore how our System I thinking (fast, automatic, subconscious) naturally leads us to misperceive labels even when we do read them (seeing what we expected to see, rather than what is there).
Our discussion about how this error occurred could also include a discussion of “affordances,” whereby well-designed things seem to indicate their logical use (Things That Make Us Smart: Defending Human Attributes in the Age of the Machine. Perseus; 1993). For example, a door knob asks to be turned, and a door plate to be pushed. The reporter indicates both were delivered in syringes – in common adult practice, one would have expected the antibiotic to be delivered in a minibag, with the ropivacaine in a syringe. In that instance, the mini-bag lends itself to a slow drip into an IV, whereas a syringe more readily seems to indicate injection into a tissue space. In pediatric practice, however, antibiotics are commonly delivered in syringes to accommodate both small weight-based doses and to limit infused volumes. Because both medications were delivered in syringes in the same delivery bag, confusion was made more likely, as the affordance of both were the same. It was equally likely that the ropiviciane could have been injected into the IV, which could have resulted in more significant harm (local anesthesia toxicity). This case resulted in no evident harm, but the literature is rife with cases of devastating outcomes due to such confusion, none more so than that of vincristine and methotrexate, both chemotherapeutic agents used in treatment of CNS cancer, with vincristine infused intravenously and methotrexate injected into the CNS. There are at least 170 cases in which both agents were delivered in syringes, and vincristine injected into the CNS, resulting in a rapidly progressing neuropathy and an ascending encephalopathy that inevitably and painfully progresses to paralysis, coma, and then death (Qual Saf Health Care 2010;19:323-6). Although the safer method of delivering vincristine in a mini bag (indicating infusion into an IV) and methotrexate in a syringe was proposed in 1980, this method only became an ISMP national safety goal in 2019. It would make sense that when antibiotics are supplied in syringes, especially in mixed adult and pediatric facilities, they should be visibly and conspicuously segregated from other drugs that must be delivered by different routes, or conversely that local anesthetics (or any other drug that must never be delivered intravenously) be clearly demarcated from other drugs. The new ISO standard 80369-6 (“NRFit”) designates new connector dimensions for syringes containing local anesthetics that prevent them from being fitted to IV Luer connectors and is a systems approach to preventing these errors (www.asra.com/news/143/what-is-iso-80369-6-2016).
Finally, we could discuss the use of color coding, which is common if not ubiquitous in anesthetizing locations, at least in high-income countries. However, many pharmacists believe that color coding should not be used and that using a white label for every medication would force a more focused reading of the label (P T 2012;37:199- |
rank sum test with continuity correction
##
## data: Abundance by Climate.Source
## W = 8, p-value = 0.5228
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -0.6952939 0.2939760
## sample estimates:
## difference in location
## -0.07693071
##
##
## Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
##
## data: Abundance by Climate.Source
## W = 0, p-value = 0.01154
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -8.055194 -2.733487
## sample estimates:
## difference in location
## -4.376145
##
##
## Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
##
## data: Abundance by Climate.Source
## W = 0, p-value = 0.01154
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -8.811553 -3.722903
## sample estimates:
## difference in location
## -5.306655
##
##
## Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
##
## data: Abundance by Climate.Source
## W = 23, p-value = 0.05523
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -0.009727731 0.707286393
## sample estimates:
## difference in location
## 0.2041089
##
##
## Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
##
## data: Abundance by Climate.Source
## W = 125, p-value = 0.002437
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.3522632 1.1649116
## sample estimates:
## difference in location
## 0.8707461
##
##
## Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
##
## data: Abundance by Climate.Source
## W = 0, p-value = 0.01154
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -3.351919 -1.703828
## sample estimates:
## difference in location
## -2.347733
##
##
## Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
##
## data: Abundance by Climate.Source
## W = 36, p-value = 0.01154
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 2.648734 4.108222
## sample estimates:
## difference in location
## 3.124562
##
## Taxonomy Table: [1 taxa by 1 taxonomic ranks]:
## Order
## OTU225 "JG30-KF-CM45"
##
## DV: Abundance
## Observations: 34
## D: 1
## MS total: 99.16667
##
## Df Sum Sq H p.value
## Climate 1 1050.62 10.5945 0.00113
## Source 3 1025.72 10.3434 0.01586
## Climate:Source 1 20.42 0.2059 0.65001
## Residuals 28 1175.75
##
## Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
##
## data: Abundance by Climate.Source
## W = 22, p |
\section{Introduction}
Thermodynamics has been of fundamental importance to physics, chemistry and engineering since at least the 19th century. Nevertheless the meaning of temperature and entropy was elusive until the classical theory of gases and, with the arrival of quantum mechanics, one could argue that they are once again mysterious. We certainly have formal partition functions to generate predictions for quantum statistical mechanics yet the reasons for their successes have remained obscured. They arose as natural analogs to the classical calculations but, unlike the classical case, lacked a reason for the system to gravitate to the implied distribution of eigenstates or be sensibly described by an ensemble at all.
The boundary between classical and quantum behavior has never been well-defined. It is not even clear if there is a meaningful transition. Initially it was thought that quantum behavior was limited to very small bodies. The appearance of superfluidity and superconductivity made it clear that this was not the case. The ``classical limit'' has never been clearly understood. Even the suggestion of it implies that quantum behavior will naturally lead to a classical looking world for large enough collections of atoms at high enough temperature (or internal energy). None of this is clear and attempts to reconcile this include decoherence \cite{Schlosshauer}, small nonunitary evolution, dynamic typicality and the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis \cite{Popescu,Srednicki,Srednicki1, Bartsch}. Important progress has been made in nonequilibrium classical statistical mechanics in recent years \cite{Jarz,Cohen} yet a quantum analog has been elusive.
This author has pioneered a picture of classical matter that has a well-defined quantum description with fully Schr\"{o}dinger evolution at all times and scales. It is, however, very special in that it has well-defined macroscopic shape, orientation, and atomic locations for condensed matter \cite{Chafin-pip-meas,Chafin-I} unlike the ground states of any interesting Hamiltonian. This is powerful in that it leads naturally to quantum measurement statistics and a many worlds-like partitioning of the space for long times. The origin of such a special state is somewhat unclear but some qualitative arguments are provided on how this could arise for condensing gases in a photon poor space. Dual to this is a picture of QED \cite{Chafin-pip-qed} that is built on a tower of many photon spaces in real space coordinates with a many time picture that agrees with QED on the equal times diagonal. Some complications arise in the shape of the domain of dependence in this many times space but the equal times diagonal is clearly contained in it.
One important phase that does not resolve easily from this picture is gases, specifically, we desire a classical limit for the theory of gases. The condensed matter objects have long lasting persistent macroscopic features because the delocalization times are very long. For gases, the particles delocalize rapidly so that no such picture is reasonable. This is especially important due to the recent work on ultracold gases and the attempt to attach hydrodynamic and thermodynamic quantities such as viscosity and temperature to them \cite{Dolfovo, Son}. Without a truly quantum understanding of classical gases, it is unclear when these notions are well-defined.
Gases occupy an especially important place in our understanding and history of heat and hydrodynamics. The ballistic and statistical collision model put forward by Maxwell and Boltzmann led both to a microscopic understanding of heat and entropy and to a perturbative picture of hydrodynamics from them. Some problems still remain such as how to handle higher order perturbations in a convergent and sensible manner \cite{Dorfman, Cohen}. In the quantum case, it is not clear how such a ``3D'' picture can ever arise from such an intrinsically delocalized object. Discussions often leap over this with some vague quantum assertions involving the relative scale of deBroglie wavelengths and interparticle separation \cite{Tolman}. The approach here will be to consider the usually neglected role of the photon in thermalization of matter.
It is known that photons will not equilibrate to a Planck distribution without matter but it seems to be unsuspected that photons are essential in the equilibration of quantum matter to lead to the kinds of eigenstate distributions that dominate the microcanonical ensemble. This article is to demonstrate that this is actually the case and so resolve both thermalization of gases and give the first truly dynamical explanation of the Planck distribution. It has been an enduring mystery as to how microscopic dynamics of gases can lead to this and, neglecting the role of the many photon number states and the nontrivial subset of realistic initial data, one is naturally led to the conclusion that a gaseous star should not give such a distribution.\footnote{This has motivated the notion that there is a continuum of radi |
→ [0, 1] respectively. Where the membership degrees satisfy the condition that; 0 ≤ P e (r) + I e (r) + N e (r) ≤ 1 for all r in M.
Definition 4.
[32] Let M φ be a universe set and E = {P e (r), I e (r), N e (r)} be a picture fuzzy set. 1) The score of E is denoted and define as follows: 2) The accuracy of E is denoted and define as follows: where Acu (E) ∈ [0, 1] .
Definition 5.
[32] Let M φ be a universe set and E l = P e l (r), I e l (r), N e l (r) and E k = P e k (r), I e k (r), N e k (r) be two picture fuzzy sets. Then the following conditions satisfies:
Picture fuzzy Einstein hybrid aggregation operators
In this section, we establish Einstein operational laws and a list of novel PF Einstein hybrid averaging and geometric aggregation operators under PF information.
Definition 7. Let E k = P e k (r), I e k (r), N e k (r) and E l = P e l (r), I e l (r), N e l (r) be the two PFN s, and τ 0 be any real number, then 1) E k ⊕ ε E l = P e k +P e l 1+P e k P e l , I e k I e l
Proof: To prove this Theorem we can use induction method, first we show that Eq (3.1) holds for n = 2. Then Thus, outcome is valid for n = 2; Now for n = k we consider that Eq (3.1) is true; then is valid for n = k, then we have to demonstrate that n = k + 1 is valid for Eq (3.1), thus, By putting these values in above equation, we obtain Now putting the values in above equation we obtain where equality is held if and only if ( ⇐⇒ ) E t (t ∈ N) = E.
Theorem 2. Let M φ be a universe set and E l = P e l (r), I e l (r), N e l (r) (l ∈ N) be the family of the PF values, then As where equality held ⇐⇒ P e δ(t) ( j = 1, 2, ...n) are equal. Again where equality held ⇐⇒ I e δ(t) (t = 1, 2, ...n) are equal. Similarly, And . Then Eqs (3.2)-(3.4) can be converted into the following forms: P e l ≥ P ε e l , I e l ≤ I ε e l and N e l ≤ N ε e l respectively. Hence S co(E l ) = P e l − I e l − N e l ≥ P ε e l − I ε e l − N ε e l = S co(E ε l ).
Picture fuzzy Einstein hybrid geometric (PFEHG) aggregation operator
Definition 9. Let M φ be a universe set and E l = P e l (r), I e l (r), N e l (r) (l ∈ N) be the family of the PF values. Then PFEHG aggregation operator for n dimensions is a mapping PFEHG : n T , then the vector e nτ 1 1 , e nτ 2 2 , ..., e nτ n n T will become (E 1 , E 2 , ..., E n ) T , and n is the adjusting factor.
Theorem 3. Let M φ be a universe set and E l = P e l (r), I e l (r), N e l (r) (l ∈ N) be the family of the PF values, then their combined value by using the PFEHG operator is also a PF value and Proof The proof is identical to the Theorem 1.
Theorem 4. Let M φ be a universe set and E l = P e l (r), I e l (r), N e l (r) (l ∈ N) be the collection of the picture fuzzy values, then Proof The proof is identical to the Theorem 2.
Generalized picture fuzzy Einstein hybrid aggregation operators
In this section, we develop generalized picture fuzzy Einstein averaging and geometric hybrid aggregation operators.
Generalized picture fuzzy Einstein hybrid averaging AOps
Definition 10. Let M φ be a universe set and E l = P e l (r), I e l (r), N e l (r) (l ∈ N) be the family of the PF values. Then GPFEHA aggregation operator for n dimensions is a mapping GPFEHA |
, a posh lounge, and glossed up FAs would convince people to fly on ASL.
They put so much time and money into completely irrelevant things that they forgot the only two things that ACTUALLY MATTER TO CONSUMERS: price and convenience.
Nobody is going to fly with ASL when it costs over 100 euros just to get to BEG from SKP or if you have to wait 14+ hours to get on your connecting flight.
Or like charging €168 to fly from BEG to SJJ.
Aleksandar,
What some customers expect from ASL is to be cheaper than W6 and everybody else. And this is not their business model.
You may say it is silly to sell a boutique product in an extremely poor and low-yield market but it would be 5 times as silly to try and compete LCCs. This would mean imminent death whereas the boutique model makes it one of possible outcomes.
I like their product and I am happy it is in the market - because not every customer prefers the lowcost model, secondary airports etc. Lowcost is one of dominant models in exYU, ASL is a niche and I do not see valid reasons to criticize them because they are expensive when compared to LCCs.
It's not a problem that they are more expensive than the LCCs, it's that they are way too expensive in general. It's only recently that they brought down their fares to about €200 which is ok.
Last year, durign the slow season you couldn't fly to BRU, AMS or CDG for less than €270 which was a bit too much.
We all remember their Super Subota offer to BUD when they advertized a promo fare for €170!
Thank you for your polite reply, anon 11:07.
Actually I think there is a misunderstanding. I don't think ASL should attempt to undercut Wizz on price. That would certainly be the end of ASL.
ASL should aim for prices at approximately 130-200% of those of Wizz. This is because ASL does offer valuable services such as free luggage, main airports, frequency, etc.
So yes, I agree that anyone who wants ASL to beat Wizz on price is foolish. The reality is that legacy network carriers can not match the low operating costs of LCCs.
And about the whole boutique product, yeah but how many people in Serbia are like you? How many would be willing to pay more to fly ASL when they could connect for cheap with Austrian or maybe fly direct with Wizz? There are some people, yes, but even Western European legacy carriers don't offer many of the same features ASL does because they realized that even in their wealthy home markets, this doesn't make sense financially.
Aleksandar,
Thank you too. Just to add one point of view: if even the Western European carriers do not offer some features of the ASL product then it is yet another indicator of a niche - and I would try to see it as an opportunity rather than risk.
Because if ASL goes back to the drawing board and decides that they should align their product with majority of European legacy carriers - then what would be their competitive advantage? They will be just one more small carrier struggling to survive among the big sharks. And no small carrier will survive this, there is going to be a massacre of small all over Europe.
The boutique niche they have - I see it as a small chance for them to actually survive in the market. Europe has >500 million customers (euromed is nearly 1 billion) and I am certainly not the only one who is willing to pay 100 euro extra for a boutique product.
I see your points. Here are my opinions:
I think ASL does have a very good opportunity to find a niche that both exists and is profitable. There is a space between Aegean/Turkish, and Lufthansa group. This market: Ex-Yu, Bulgaria, and Romania isn't particulaly big or lucrative, but I think that ASL is in a very good position to develop a thriving business there.
Here are what the specific markets should be that ASL focuses on:
-intra regional traffic. This region is rather poorly connected, not only in airline traffic. At the right price, having high frequency ATR flights to secondary airports could make travel much more efficent.
-Region to West Europe, North Africa, and Middle East. Because the ATR can allow ASL to serve smaller airports in our region than other airlines, and with lower costs and more frequency, ASL can have an advantage over other airlines.
-West Europe to Middle East and vice versa. Basically on all trips that don't start or end in this region, ASL has much less advantage over other airlines, which can offer more choices of destinations, bigger and more efficent planes (A321s |
is working to help tribes break cycles of energy poverty and what they call “colonial exploitation” with access to locally controlled, low-cost renewable power.
Recently rebranded the Indigenized Energy Initiative (IEI), the group serves as a kind of utility incubator that assists with the creation of new solar installations, including offering education on construction and how to secure federal funds.
And now, Blake said, “I can’t stop my phone ringing,” as tribal government representatives from across the country call about setting up their own solar microgrids.
What changed? Lots of things, but a principal sea change was the 2016 protest movement against the Dakota Access pipeline. That took place on the floodplain north of the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation, on the border of North and South Dakota.
The protests — in which activists lived in camps powered by trailer-mounted solar rigs for nearly a year — served as a firsthand experience with the power source for thousands of Native American and allied activists.
Musk passes on a business opportunity: The interest in solar power in the camps showed the “need to couple the old ways with the new ways, modern technology with ancient wisdom,” said Chéri Smith, a former head of workforce development at SolarCity and Tesla.
She pitched Tesla CEO Elon MuskElon Reeve MuskHillicon Valley — Presented by Connected Commerce Council — Incident reporting language left out of package Equilibrium/Sustainability — Volcanic eruption triggered by heavy rains Elon Musk: Declining birth rate one of ‘biggest’ threats to civilization MORE on the idea that ultimately became IEI: an incubator to bring solar power to communities like Standing Rock — but he wasn’t interested, she said.
So Smith decided to take it on herself, allying with people such as Blake and Cody Two Bears, former tribal council members from the Standing Rock community of Cannon Ball.
Pilot project: In Cannon Ball, they built free-standing household solar installations — rooftops in the community weren’t strong enough to support the panels — to power the homes of community elders and put out a call to the rest of the Standing Rock reservation that there was an opportunity to come learn to do solar installations.
A spiritual connection: The projects injected hope and enthusiasm to communities plagued by depression in both its economic and spiritual forms, Two Bears said.
It’s a technology, he said, “that’s in line with our life ways and our ethics and ethos,” and of which young people say they can be proud.
“‘And that can give my grandmother a $0 electric bill!’” Two Bears said, quoting a participant.
The Cannon Ball work led to a pilot project at Standing Rock, which installed 300 kilowatts of new power generation — low by the standards of the rest of the country, but also the largest solar farm in the oil state of North Dakota.
A practical option: Solar energy makes sense for Western landscapes with sparse infrastructure, abundant sun and expensive power imports from coal, propane and heating oil, said Blake of Native Sun.
In Red Lake Reservation, his home, residents “send $40 million off reservation each year” to pay their electric bills — and solar energy generation could help keep that money in the community.
A way forward: Native Sun just received a $6.6 million grant — split with Standing Rock’s Renewable Energy Power Authority — to build an electric vehicle charging network, as Equilibrium reported this month.
These proposals — and the prospect they offer tribes to become solar electricity exporters — promise something that is rare on both Western Indian reservations and on the High Plains as a whole: a non-extractive, non-casino economy, according to Smith.
Last words: “This cultivation of this modern workforce, and it’s employing all the displaced coal workers, not just Native American ones, but others, and other members that have been displaced by the vanishing coal industry,” Smith said.
South Sudan, the world’s newest nation, accounts for 0.004-percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, but has endured a devastating mixture of climate change-linked drought and extreme rainfall, which have conspired to create floods on a scale not seen since the 1960s, CNN reported.
Denver, Colo. has broken an 87-year-old record for the latest measurable snowfall and is just about a week away from shattering an 1887 record of 235 consecutive days without snow, The Associated Press reported. And while snow is in the forecast for Friday, much of the Rocky Mountains and the Western U.S. continues to experience a mega-drought that researchers link to human-induced climate change, according to the AP.
While less and slower snowmelt continues to impact the northern U.S. and Canada, another weather phenomenon called “mixed-phase precipitation” — storms that shift between snow and rain — is on the rise and could become “a dominant driver of severe flooding,” researchers at the University of New Hampshire have found.
The storm system that dusted Hawaiian volcanoes like Mauna Kea with snow has now brought |
it from Huet, Foucher, Bayle, and a collection of sophisticated and forgotten French thinkers, who got it wholesale from earlier sources, including Algazel. Hume said that induction presupposes that nature behaves in a uniform fashion, but that this belief has no defence in reason – it just reflects our mental habits resulting from our experiences so far. But having reached this sceptical position, Hume started thinking of the problem as ridiculous. He left it in the philosophical cabinet, as nothing to do with real life, making it something ‘academic’, in the bad sense of the word. Modern philosophers calls such ivory tower theorising ‘the problem of insulation’ – in The Black Swan I present this as the problem of ‘domain dependence’. The problem is that what academics do in front of a blackboard has little bearing on what they do in real life. And, I insist, it is real life that matters to me: I’m interested in the ecology of uncertainty, not induction and deduction.
However, a certain class of sceptics took the problem of uncertainty into vastly more operational territory. They were the medical doctors of the Empirical sect to which Sextus Empiricus was supposed to belong. For them scepticism was a very practical problem, unrelated to sterile Humean scepticism, and also unrelated to the Pyrrhonians, who took their scepticism to absurd extremes.
Finally, let me answer your question. I have two points of disagreement with you. Firstly, I do not consider myself a hedgehog, but a fox: I warn against focusing (‘anchoring’) on a single possible rare event. Rather, be prepared for the fact that the next large surprise, technological or historical, will not resemble what you have in mind (big surprises are what some people call ‘unknown unknowns’). In other words, learn to be abstract, and think in second order effects rather than being anecdotal – which I show to be against human nature. And crucially, rare events in Extremistan are more consequential by their very nature: the once-every-hundred-year flood is more damaging than the 10 year one, and less frequent. You have fewer billionaires than millionaires. You get far fewer wars that kill more than 20 million people than wars that kill a few thousand. There are far fewer bestselling authors than authors. So, empirically, the rate of occurrence of events tends to decline with their impact.
CS: Your distinction between Mediocristan and Extremistan is unconcerned with the fact that as far as logic is concerned, any domain can switch from Mediocristan to Extremistan (or vice versa) in a split second. For example, there could be a complete lack of bestsellers in next year ’s book market. Such switches would have a sufficiently large impact to count as Black Swans. Yet your sound advice about which sort of situations to seek out and which ones to avoid is unfazed by the logical possibility of a switch – in my opinion quite rightly.
I agree that Hume seems to have a general insulation problem when he switches from scepticism to non-scepticism about the external world. What exactly is going on there is open to several interpretations, as is his reaction to the problem of induction. On one reading – supported by his sceptical attitude towards reports of miracles – Hume concludes that induction is justified because all we can mean by causation is [experience of] past regularity creating an expectation of continuing regular activity – which is the assumption made for induction. As Wittgenstein would later put it, such regularity just is what we call a ground for behaving in certain ways. Justified belief does not require logical certainty.
I think you believe something similar, Nassim: not being a turkey is a matter of learning from past irregularities. Yet to do this, one must treat empirical facts about the past as grounds for decision-making. Would you agree, then, that your kind of scepticism is not about induction, but, on the contrary, is grounded on inference based on past irregularities? If so, is there some extent to which you are, after all, only concerned about impact in relation to probability? At any rate, that was the reasoning behind calling you a ‘hedgehog’.
NNT: Total scepticism, like that advocated by Pyrrho of Elis, is not workable. Take old Pyrrho himself. He was said to doubt the existence of obstacles, and so walked into them. He doubted (or claimed to doubt) everything. It doesn’t take long for someone who doubts physical obstacles to exit the gene pool. Such indiscriminate scepticism is no different from total gullibility. However the adoxastism [scepticism] of Sextus Empiricus took into account the ‘commemorative signs’ – what a scar is to a wound or a wall to a passage. Sextus would have avoided stepping off a cliff. He was practical.
There is an art to being a sceptic – |
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The Challenges of Measuring, Improving, and Reporting Quality in Primary Care
We propose a new set of priorities for quality management in primary care, acknowledging that payers and regulators likely will continue to insist on reporting numerical quality metrics. Primary care practices have been described as complex adaptive systems. Traditional quality improvement processes applied to linear mechanical systems, such as isolated single-disease care, are inappropriate for nonlinear, complex adaptive systems, such as primary care, because of differences in care processes, outcome goals, and the validity of summative quality scorecards. Our priorities for primary care quality management include patient-centered reporting; quality goals not based on rigid targets; metrics that capture avoidance of excessive testing or treatment; attributes of primary care associated with better outcomes and lower costs; less emphasis on patient satisfaction scores; patient-centered outcomes, such as days of avoidable disability; and peer-led qualitative reviews of patterns of care, practice infrastructure, and intrapractice relationships.
INTRODUCTION
T he US National Quality Strategy has 3 overarching aims: improve the quality of care, improve the health of the population, and reduce the cost of care. 1 The achievement of these aims depends, in part, on the collection and reporting of quality measures, more than 400 of which are endorsed currently by the US National Quality Forum. 2 Supporters of quality metrics and physician scorecards, such as those required for patient-centered medical home (PCMH) certification, assume that better health can be achieved by following guidelines developed for single diseases, and that a summation of single-disease guidelines accurately describe the quality of work delivered by a primary care practice. These assumptions are aligned with traditional strategies for process and quality improvement (QI), such as Six Sigma and lean thinking, that have been powerful tools in mechanical systems and disease-specific care processes. 3,4 Many people think that systems are improved by deconstructing the overall system performance and management into component elements. 5 In contrast, primary care is better conceptualized as a complex adaptive system-where learning people and institutions ("agents" in the complex adaptive system vernacular) interact with the environment in nonlinear patterns and self-organize, resulting in unpredictable, emerging creative behaviors rather than rigidly adhering to a standardized set of linear processes for diagnosing and treating single diseases. [6][7][8] Failure to appreciate these complexities leads some to erroneously conclude that practices have failed by not implementing standardized interventions. 6 Well-aligned quality measures for primary care should promote accountable performance and boost clinicians' motivation by rewarding them for managing complexity, solving problems, and thinking creatively when addressing the unique circumstances of each patient. 9,10 Instead, misaligned QI metrics and other mandates as electronic health records (EHRs) 11 have contributed to burnout among physicians, especially those in primary care, 12 causing some to advocate for the Quadruple Aim by adding the goal of enhancing professional satisfaction and well-being to the Triple Aim. 13 Most importantly, many primary care physicians believe the existing metrics may paradoxically encourage poor quality of care. 14,15 Given primary care's central role in health care, we believe that the inappropriate application of traditional QI strategies and misaligned metrics undermines primary care, and in turn, all patient care. We challenge the notion that care process strategies, outcome goals, and reporting devices that may work in mechanical areas of health care are valid in primary care (Table 1). 4 We offer alternative approaches that we believe will better support primary care's important responsibilities in helping us achieve our national quality goals. Industrial QI approaches have improved health care delivery in mechanical linear domains, such as elective spine surgery, 16 ventilator-associated pneumonia bundles, 17,18 and central line bundles, 19,20 where processes do not change appreciably for different patients. These processes have relatively few variables -5 for ventilator bundles and 8 for central lines-and it is reasonable to assume that measurable process steps are causally connected to patient-oriented outcomes. Such is not the case for primary care, which is more complex than other specialties (eg, cardiology, psychiatry, and obstetrics/gynecology), because so many more inputs and outputs are managed during each visit. 21,22 For example, a study of primary care physicians' workflow calculated a mean of 37 tasks performed per
Process Standardization
Traditional QI assumes that the highest quality is achieved when a linear process occurs the same way each time. 4 Primary care, however, depends on meeting a wide variety of patient needs. More than one-third of health problems initially encountered at a primary care center do not lend themselves to a diagnosis, and about one-half are unlikely to result in a definitive diagnosis that would trigger a standard care pathway. 24 Care of patients in the primary care setting must account for each patient's comorbidities, disease severity, medication tolerance, beliefs, desires, and socioeconomic factors. Given the paucity of |
bit of forward guidance. It doesn’t say by how much. It doesn’t say the number of meetings. But it’s a clear indication that we are on a—on a path the pace of which, the volume of which will be determined on the basis of data and meeting by meeting.
MARIA DEMERTZIS: If I may, I would like to move on to another topic, subject of conversation that has actually kept us busy for some time, and that is the new and different anti-fragmentation tool.
CHRISTINE LAGARDE: Uh-huh.
MARIA DEMERTZIS: I think that’s actually something that has created a lot of fans and a lot of those who are very critical about it. But I want to start by asking you: Why is there a need for a new tool? Don’t we have enough tools?… There are different ways of dealing with the fragmentation risk. Why is there a need for a new tool?
CHRISTINE LAGARDE: We believe that not only should we deliver on monetary policy, but we must ensure that monetary policy is delivered across all member states. So if there is—if our—if the reaction function applies predominantly in, I don’t know, you know, ten out of nineteen countries or twelve out of nineteen countries, we haven’t done our job. It has to apply throughout the entire euro area.
So I think the Transmission Protection Instrument is precisely aimed at that. If we see—if we assess that because of market dynamics that are unwarranted our monetary policy is not transmitted throughout the euro area; and if the four criterias that we have put in place, which predominantly you can summarize as a well-behaved country by the rules of Europe; and if it is a proportionate instrument to use, in other words it will serve the purpose that we have of transmitting monetary policy; then the Governing Council, in its collective wisdom and of course borrowing the analysis of other institutes of quality and good standing, will trigger the Transmission Protection Instrument and will do so. It’s one more instrument that we have in the toolbox. And it’s intended for that specific purpose, unwarranted market dynamics.
We do have other tools. And you know, if the TPI has been used for the results for whatever cause that is, then there will be other tools that we can use. And they are completely alive and available as well, and we will use all instruments of monetary policy in the toolbox in order to deliver on the primary objective and make sure that it is transmitted across the euro area.
And it’s not intended for one country or the other. You know, the world turns and we have to be attentive to all nineteen member states.
MARIA DEMERTZIS: But if I may, the unwarranted part is, of course—how are you going to apply this? What is unwarranted? And how do you go about identifying what is unwarranted? I mean, this is—I mean, the tools that we have in our—in our hands, do you think they will give you the confidence to say something is warranted by fundamentals and something is not warranted? And with that—if you could comment on that, that would be interesting. But also, with that, a very important—one of the four criteria that you have there is that there is—the debt behind the countries is sustainable.
MARIA DEMERTZIS: And you say that you are going to do your own analysis, but also do the analysis—look at the analysis of other institutions and come to a conclusion. If I may ask a little provocative question, but the debt sustainability of a country is as much economics as it is politics. And don’t you think it would be better, certainly for the reputation of the central bank, to let other institutions decide what is sustainable and what is not sustainable? Why did you have a need to decide on yourself to do that?
CHRISTINE LAGARDE: First of all, because a central bank in current times is an independent institution, and I have to respect the collective wisdom of twenty governors and the Executive Board members around the table whose job it is to deliver on the mission. So it is the independence of the central bank to use the appropriate tool on the basis of a process that we have identified in relation to TPI, the three-step assessment process and the four criterias, one of which is fiscal sustainability.
And that is intended not, you know, for us to suddenly become the ultimate judge of sustainability. Because we will, obviously, use the analysis produced by institutions like the IMF, like the ESM, like the Commission, to name a few because they do produce excellent analyses—not always on the same page, you’re right, and there is a political dimension to it, absolutely, but you can try to eliminate as much as possible the political biases when you use several institutions.
You know, I was—as an anecdote—and I have some former IMF colleagues in the room. They will remember those days when the Commission |
4 (Table S1) and the correctly recombined plasmid (named attB-P(acman)-gro 10 kb).
To generate genomic rescue constructs encoding the Gro central domain deletions GroΔGP, GroΔCcN, GroΔSP, we used attB-P(acman)-gro 10 kb as a PCR template. Primers used to generate these rescue constructs are given in Table S1. PCR amplification products encoding the genomic regions to the left and right of the site of the deletions were inserted into attB-P(acman). All rescue constructs were introduced into flies containing an attP docking site located at 2L-22A by phiC31 site-specific transgenesis (Rainbow Transgenic Flies, Inc., fly stock 9752 (22A)).
Disorder probability in Gro was predicted using the PONDR-FIT™ and FoldIndex© algorithms [40], [41]. These algorithms take advantage of the discovery that intrinsically disordered proteins have significantly different amino acid sequences than do ordered proteins. Specifically, disordered proteins display low sequence complexity, a low content of bulky hydrophobic amino acids, and a high proportion of charged and polar amino acids. The algorithms were developed using databases of known disordered and ordered proteins to train artificial neural networks to assign protein disorder scores to moving windows of amino acids across proteins [39]. For the PONDR-FIT™ algorithm, regions displaying scores consistently less than 0.5 are likely to be ordered, while regions displaying scores consistently greater than 0.5 are likely to be disordered. For the FoldIndex© algorithm, regions displaying scores consistently below 0 are likely to be disordered, while regions displaying scores consistently above 0 are likely to be ordered.
The progeny of flies containing one of two lethal gro mutant alleles, groMB12 (a strong hypomorph) or groMB36 (a null) [16], balanced over TM3 and a rescue construct balanced over CyO were examined to determine the fraction that were homozygous for the gro mutant allele. The expected ratio for 100% rescue is one-third gro/gro to two-thirds gro/TM3 progeny.
To examine Gro expression in embryo, 50 embryos produced by the female progeny of a pUASP-Gro×Mat-Gal4 cross were placed in 40 ul of SDS-PAGE sample buffer (60 mM Tris-Cl [pH 6.8], 2% SDS, 10% glycerol, 5% β-mercaptoethanol, and 0.01% bromophenol blue), mashed, and boiled. Samples were analyzed by 8% SDS-PAGE and probed with either a 1∶500 dilution of mouse anti-Gro monoclonal antibody (Hybridoma Bank) or a 1∶10,000 dilution of mouse anti-tubulin monoclonal antibody (Sigma) using the Millipore dry blot method. Blots were subsequently incubated with a 1∶10,000 dilution of secondary antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (CalBiochem) and signal was detected by enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) with SuperSignal West Pico substrates (Pierce). To examine Gro expression in wing discs, forty third instar wing imaginal discs from the progeny of a pUASP-Gro×Ser-Gal4 cross were placed into 30 ul of SDS-PAGE sample buffer. Samples were processed and analyzed as described for the embryo immunoblots.
pET17b-Gro [17] was used to express wildtype full-length Gro, and pET17b-GroΔGP, pET17b-GroΔCcN, pET17b-GroΔSP, pET17b-GroΔCR were used to express the Gro central domain deletion variants. pET3c-His-tagged N-terminal Gro (2–194) wild-type, Gro (2–194) 40/89, and Gro (2–194) 38/87 [18] were used to express wild-type and point mutants of GroN fused to a 6xHis-tag. For cotranslation, constructs encoding two forms of Gro were mixed before being added to the TNT T7 quick-coupled transcription-translation system (Promega) in the presence of [35S]-methionine. 10% of the translation product was reserved for analysis of the input, while the remaining 90% was diluted into binding buffer (25 mM HEPES [pH 7.6], 450 mM NaCl, 10 mM imidazole, 0.1% Tween 2 |
annual data is 0.65 and is statistically significant, but with an unexpected sign, in the short run. However, this short-run negative effect of oil prices is not surprising, Nigeria being an oil-producing country. Therefore, the oil price does not just form part of import cost, but also affect the demand for the imported goods in the economy. Considering that the increase in oil price implies a rise in foreign exchange earnings for Nigeria.
The coefficients of GDP are statistically significant in both the annual and quarterly data and have expected negative signs in both cases. Any change (increase or decrease) in the GDP reflects in the money circulation and in the hands of the firms, individual households, and government. Hence, the impact on the consumer price would be witnessed quickly compare to the impact of the other variables in our Equation on the consumer price. Therefore, the impact is significant even in the quarterly data.
The estimated ARDL model reported in Table 6 shows the long-run impact of the exchange rate change and other variables on the consumer price. However, the coefficient of the error correction process lagged deviation from equilibrium, 'E(-1)', is 0.020 for the quarterly data Whereas 0.338 for the annual data. The estimated coefficients are statistically significant and negative in both cases, implying the presence of the stabilising error correction process. Since there is a stable steady state, we can effectively deliberate the consequences of any persistent combination of the variables exchange rate, producer price, oil price and the GDP on the consumer price. Table 7 reports estimated long-run model using the annual data to assess the impact on consumer price (cpi) of er, ppi, oilp and GDP. All four estimated coefficients are statistically significant. Conversely, the estimate of the long-run model with the quarterly data revealed that the coefficients of the exchange rate and oil price are statistically significant at 5% level, Whereas the coefficients of producer price and the GDP are statistically insignificant at 5% level. This confirms the presence of ERPT in the long-run and the important impact of the oil price on the consumer price in Nigeria. We found high (0.85) and full (1.19) for the quarterly and annual data respectively. These results contradict some of the previous studies, especially those that used quarterly data such as Aliyu et al. (2009) and Bada et al. (2016) who reported low ERPT. The policy implication here is that the government should adopt policies that stabilise the exchange rate. Furthermore, there is a necessity to diversify the economy to reduce the impact of the oil price on consumer prices in the economy. Such policies could reduce the level ERPT to consumer prices.
CONCLUSION AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
This paper to examine the differential impact of data frequency on ERPT to consumer prices in Nigeria. The paper used time series techniques and both the annual and quarterly data for the post-1986 to investigate the impact of data frequency in determining the degree of ERPT.
This paper applied the ARDL model for the estimation. Both the annual and quarterly data are used in our analyses. This is to find the differential impact if any, of data frequency on the degree of ERPT to consumer prices.
Our study examines the level of ERPT to consumer prices and the adjustment process in both the short and longrun equilibria. The results reveal that it is statistically significant and full ERPT in the long-run with the annual data and high (85%) but not full with the quarterly data. However, the ERPT in the short-run is statistically significant but low (24%) with the quarterly data and, it is statistically insignificant with the annual data. Therefore, the degree/extent of ERPT to prices vary. It depends on whether quarterly or yearly are used in the analyses. The implication is that a substantial amount of the changes in the exchange rate is pass-through to the consumer price.
Hence the persistent consumer price inflation rate witnessed in Nigeria after switching to the floating exchange rate system in 1986. The government/central bank needs to adopt policies that stabilise the exchange rate to avoid persistent inflation rates.
Our results show that quarterly data produce/generate/reflect partial ERPT to consumer prices, compared to the annual data, in which the short-run rigidities are probable to change. Therefore studies with higher frequency data would probably find partial ERPT in the short-run, even in developing countries. In the long-run, incomplete ERPT subsists with the quarterly data, but full for the annual data.
Our empirical results support the market share and menu cost hypotheses for the importing firms. The results suggest that importing firms in Nigeria do not pass-through every exchange rate change by absorbing the resulting change in their reduced profit margin to control/retain their market shares. The importing firms would have to be certain that a change in exchange rates is substantial and significant enough to necessitate a change in price because of the cost of the menu change. The stick |
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long a14562 = 14562;
long a14563 = 14563;
long a14564 = 14564;
long a14565 = 14565;
long a14566 = 14566;
long a14567 = 14567;
long a14568 = 14568;
long a14569 = 14569;
long a14570 = 14570;
long a14571 = 14571;
long a14572 = 14572;
long a14573 = 14573;
long a14574 = 14574;
long a14575 = 14575;
long a14576 = 14576;
long a14577 = 14577;
long a14578 = 14578;
long a14579 = 14579;
long a14580 = 14580;
long a14581 = 14581;
long a14582 = 14582;
long a14583 = 14583;
long a14584 = 14584;
long a14585 = 14585;
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long a14587 = 14587;
long a14588 = 14588;
long a14589 = 14589;
long a14590 = 14590;
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long a14592 = 14592;
long a14593 = 14593;
long a14594 = 14594;
long a14595 = 14595;
long a14596 = 14596;
long a14597 = 14597;
long a14598 = 14598;
long a14599 = 14599;
long a14600 = 14600;
long a14601 = 14601;
long a14602 = 14602;
long a14603 = 14603;
long a14604 = 14604;
long a14605 = 14605;
long a14606 = 14606;
long a14607 = 14607;
long a14608 = 14608;
long a14609 = 14609;
long a14610 = 14610;
long a14611 = 14611;
long a14612 = 14612;
long a14613 = 14613;
long a14614 = 14614;
long a14615 = 14615;
long a14616 = 14616;
long a14617 = 14617;
long a14618 = 14618;
long a14619 = 14619;
long a14620 = 14620;
long a14621 = 14621;
long a14622 = 14622;
long a14623 = 14623;
long a14624 = 14624;
long a1462 |
eta \right){u}_{1}{}^{\left(b\right)}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}+\xi \eta {u}_{1}{}^{\left(c\right)}+\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(1-\xi \right)\eta {u}_{1}{}^{\left(d\right)}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\\ {u}_{2}=\left(1-\xi \right)\left(1-\eta \right){u}_{2}{}^{\left(a\right)}+\xi \left(1-\eta \right){u}_{2}{}^{\left(b\right)}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}+\xi \eta {u}_{2}{}^{\left(c\right)}+\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(1-\xi \right)\eta {u}_{2}{}^{\left(d\right)}\end{array}$
where
$\xi ={x}_{1}/B,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\eta ={x}_{2}/H\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$
You can verify for yourself that the displacements have the correct values at the corners of the element, and the displacements evidently vary linearly with position within the element.
Different types of element interpolation scheme exist. The simple example described above is known as a linear element. Six noded triangles and 8 noded triangles are examples of quadratic elements: the displacement field varies quadratically with position within the element. In three dimensions, the 4 noded tetrahedron and the 8 noded brick are linear elements, while the 10 noded tet and 20 noded brick are quadratic. Other special elements, such as beam elements or shell elements, use a more complex procedure to interpolate the displacement field.
Some special types of element interpolate both the displacement field and some or all components of the stress field within an element separately. (Usually, the displacement interpolation is sufficient to determine the stress, since one can compute the strains at any point in the element from the displacement, and then use the stress$—$strain relation for the material to find the stress). This type of element is known as a hybrid element. Hybrid elements are usually used to model incompressible, or nearly incompressible, materials.
6. Integration points. One objective of a finite element analysis is to determine the distribution of stress within a solid. This is done as follows. First, the displacements at each node are computed (the technique used to do this will be discussed in Section 7.2 and Chapter 8.) Then, the element interpolation functions are used to determine the displacement at arbitrary points within each element. The displacement field can be differentiated to determine the strains. Once the strains are known, the stress$—$strain relations for the element are used to compute the stresses.
In principle, this procedure could be used to determine the stress at any point within an element. However, it turns out to work better at some points than others. The special points within an element where stresses are computed most accurately are known as integration points. (Stresses are sampled at these points in the finite element program to evaluate certain volume and area integrals, hence they are known as integration points).
For a detailed description of the locations of integration points within an element, you should consult an appropriate user manual. The approximate locations of integration points for a few two dimensional elements are shown in the figure.
There are some special types of element that use fewer integration points than those shown in the picture. These are known as reduced integration elements. This type of element is usually less accurate, but must be used to analyze deformation of incompressible materials (e.g. rubbers or rigid plastic metals).
7. A stress$—$strain relation and material properties. Each element is occupied by solid material. The type of material within each element (steel, concrete, soil, rubber, etc) must be specified, together with values for the appropriate material properties (mass density |
mentation?
It is essential to underline that the central aspect to focus on is not the brand of the product used but the doctor’s selection. or the cosmetic surgeon you can trust: it will be the doctor, a true professional and specialist in the field, to evaluate which product to choose.
According to a study In general, injections with hyaluronic acid is a safe and minimally invasive method that allows the perioral region to be augmented as long as the physician is aware of the many crucial anatomical structures.
It is a surgical operation that must always be performed in an operating room and is performed on an outpatient basis without the need for a postoperative admission. The intervention lasts about 30 minutes and is performed under local anesthesia.
Before surgery, your surgeon will give you all the information you will need to prepare for lipofilling and will indicate when it is more appropriate to stop smoking before and after surgery or what medications you should take or avoid.
In the procedure of lipofilling of the face, the tools used will be much thinner than those used for the body. The surgeon will have to collect the adipose tissue or autologous fat from the patient (usually from the stomach or thighs) with microcannulas to purify it and introduce it into the labial muscle contours of lips to rework the silhouette and increase the volume. The scars are invisible (less than 1mm) but will be hidden at the corners of the mouth. According to research, another benefit of fat is that it improves the skin’s quality due to its high content of stem cells.
The postoperative period of lipofilling does not present any particular discomfort, but your doctor will show you the tricks to follow and the best way to deal with this phase. If sutures are applied, they will be removed after approximately 4-5 days. It is advisable to resume work between 4 and 10 days after surgery and physical activity after three weeks.
The results are immediate, and the percentage of graft of the tissue transferred with lipofilling is between 30% and 60%. Therefore, the result is long-lasting and stable over time, unlike hyaluronic acid, which must be repeated after a few months. The final result can really be appreciated after three months, and in some cases, a second intervention may be necessary to touch up the volume and perfect the final effect.
Possible complications or side effects may include swelling, bruising, or bruising in the days following the operation. As with other procedures, there is the potential for cosmetic imperfections, such as excess volume or asymmetry.
Another way to increase the volume of the lips, even if it is more invasive than the previous ones, is the insertion of the mini silicone prosthesis called Permalip.
The Permalip is done with a cosmetic surgery procedure that lasts about 30-45 minutes. These prostheses are available in different sizes (3 lengths and three widths) and will be chosen according to the volume you want to achieve and the initial characteristics.
Also, the Permalip material is safe and does not spread into the surrounding tissues of the area inserted. The procedure is performed under local anesthesia and involves the incision of two minor cuts in the lip’s corners, which will then be closed with invisible stitches once the procedure is complete.
During the postoperative period, your doctor may recommend applying a soothing cream to facilitate the healing process. The used sutures are generally absorbable, and it will be possible to return to work after approximately 5-10 days, while physical activity can be resumed after three weeks.
The result is immediately visible, although it will take a few days before it stabilizes. The final result, which will be permanent, can be seen after two months.
The great advantage of this technique is the permanent result and its reversibility: if the patient is not satisfied with the result, they can ask to remove the implant without leaving marks and scars and return to the starting point with another surgical intervention of 30 minutes.
Here’s what we found about the lip lift or lift of the upper lip. It is not a procedure in itself to increase the volume of the lips, but it also affects the upper lip volume. Also, this technique, like Permalip, offers a definitive result.
This intervention may be advisable in cases where the patient has an excess of prolabe (that is, the white part of the lip) or when, with age, the vermilion of the upper lip has lost its tone, projection, or volume.
As this is a surgical procedure, it will be necessary to make 1 or 2 consultations with the surgeon before operating, to clarify all possible doubts. It is also recommended to stop smoking at least a month before the operation and continue without smoking even in the following month. You should also avoid taking aspirin or anti-inflammatory drugs for 15 days before lifting your lip.
The intervention lasts quickly, between 30 and 45 minutes, and is performed |
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# !pwd
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# !unzip 'MUNCH.zip' -d /content/colab-sg2-ada-pytorch/stylegan2-ada-pytorch
# + id="qd_bYsurYxTM"
# !ls m3
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# !ls
# + colab={"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"} id="Dy-FFW8FpLho" executionInfo={"status": "ok", "timestamp": 1619757245136, "user_tz": -540, "elapsed": 2366, "user": {"displayName": "Pado\ud30c\ub3c4", "photoUrl": "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/AOh14GjK5icpssdxim4CNM813_k0CxYcl_syRlrFhRSc=s64", "userId": "07447657114463313189"}} outputId="0aa309c4-adef-40a2-9b36-5c2f7996fce3"
# !python dataset_tool.py --source=m3 --dest=m3.zip --width=512 --height=512
# + [markdown] id="QwcuKnoJjy6N"
# transfer learning 기존 네트워크사용해서 !!!
# + colab={"base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"} id="f7xPM9qLjsqq" outputId="91e1cecb-23ba-4873-a454-7f29f859e35a"
# !python train.py --outdir=training_runs --data=m3.zip --resume |
). In this latter case, Eq. 2 reduces to Eq. 1 because z 1 and V 1 are equal to Q max and V 1/2 , respectively. For the more general situation where n > 1, if one fits the Q(V) relation obeying Eq. 2 with Eq. 1, the fitted Q max value will not correspond to the sum of the z i values (see examples below and Fig. 1). A simple way to visualize the discrepancy between the predicted value of Eqs. 1 and 2 is to compute the maximum slope of the Q-V curve. This can be done analytically assuming that V i = V o for all transitions and that the total charge Q max is evenly divided among those transitions. The limit of the first derivative of the Q(V) with respect to V evaluated at V = V o is given by this equation: (3) From Eq. 3, it can be seen that the slope of the Q-V curve decreases with the number of transitions being maximum and equal to Q max /(4kT) when n = 1 (two states) and a minimum equal to Q max /(12kT) when n goes to infinity, which is the continuous case (see next paragraph).
Infinite number of steps
Eq. 2 can be generalized to the case where the charge moves continuously, corresponding to an infinite number of steps. If we make then all µ i = µ, and we can write Eq. 2 as the normalized Q(V) in the limit when n goes to infinity: Eq. 4 can also be written as called a "single Boltzmann" in the literature and is used to fit normalized, experimentally obtained Q-V curves. The fit yields an apparent V 1/2 ( V 1 2 / ) and an apparent Q MAX (Q max ), and this last value is then attributed to be the total charge moving Q max . Indeed, this is correct but only for the case of a charge moving between two positions in a single step. However, the value of Q max thus obtained does not represent the charge per molecule for the more general (and frequent) case when the charge moves in more than one step.
To demonstrate the above statement and also estimate the possible error in using the fitted Q max from Eq. 1, let us consider the case when the gating charge moves in a series of n steps between n + 1 states, each step with a fractional charge z i (in units of electronic charge e 0 ) that will add up to the total charge Q max .
The probability of being in each of the states S i is labeled as P i , and the equilibrium constant of each step is given by where z i is the charge (in units of e 0 ) of step i, and V i is the membrane potential that makes the equilibrium constant equal 1. In steady state, the solution of P i can be obtained by combining To illustrate how bad the estimate can be for these cases, we have included as insets the fitted value of Q max for the cases presented in Fig. 1. It is clear that the estimated value can be as low as a fourth of the real total charge. The estimated value of V 1 2 / is very close to the correct value for all cases, but we have only considered cases in which all V i 's are the same.
It should be noted that if µ i of the rightmost transition is heavily biased to the last state (V i is very negative), then the Q max estimated by fitting a two-state model is much closer to the total gating charge. In a three-state model, it can be shown that the fitted value is exact when V 1 → and V 2 → because in that case, it converts into a two-state model. Although these values of V are unrealistic, the fitted value of Q max can be very close to the total charge when V 2 is much more negative than V 1 (that is, V 1 >> V 2 ). On the other hand, If V 1 << V 2 , the Q-V curve will exhibit a plateau region and, as the difference between V 1 and V 2 decreases, the plateau becomes less obvious and the curve looks monotonic. These cases have been discussed in detail for the two-transition model in Lacroix et al. (2012).
We conclude that it is not possible to estimate unequivocally the gating charge per sensor from a "single-Boltzmann" fit to a Q-V curve of a charge moving in multiple transitions. The estimated Q max value will be a low estimate of the gating charge Q max , except in the case of the two-state model or the case of a heavily biased late which is of the same form of the classical equation of paramagnetism (see Kittel, 2005).
Examples
We |
<filename>studio-module-reference/edit-metadata.md<gh_stars>0
---
title: "ML Studio (classic): Edit Metadata - Azure"
description: Learn how to use the Edit Metadata module to change metadata that is associated with columns in a dataset.
ms.date: 05/06/2019
ms.service: "machine-learning"
ms.subservice: "studio-classic"
ms.topic: "reference"
author: xiaoharper
ms.author: amlstudiodocs
---
# Edit Metadata
*Edits metadata associated with columns in a dataset*
Category: [Data Transformation / Manipulation](data-transformation-manipulation.md)
[!INCLUDE [studio-ui-applies-label](../includes/studio-ui-applies-label.md)]
## Module overview
This article describes how to use the [Edit Metadata](edit-metadata.md) module in Machine Learning Studio (classic) to change metadata that is associated with columns in a dataset. The values and the data types in the dataset are not actually altered; what changes is the metadata inside Machine Learning that tells downstream components how to use the column.
Typical metadata changes might include:
+ Treating Boolean or numeric columns as categorical values
+ Indicating which column contains the *class* label, or the values you want to categorize or predict
+ Marking columns as features
+ Changing date/time values to a numeric value, or vice versa
+ Renaming columns
Use [Edit Metadata](edit-metadata.md) any time you need to modify the definition of a column, typically to meet requirements for a downstream module. For example, some modules can work only with specific data types, or require flags on the columns, such as `IsFeature` or `IsCategorical`.
After performing the required operation, you can reset the metadata to its original state.
## How to configure Edit Metadata
1. In Machine Learning Studio (classic), add [Edit Metadata](edit-metadata.md) module to your experiment and connect the dataset you want to update. You can find it under **Data Transformation**, in the **Manipulate** category.
2. Click **Launch the column selector** and choose the column or set of columns to work with. You can choose columns individually, by name or index, or you can choose a group of columns, by type.
> [!TIP]
> Need help using column indices? See the [Technical Notes](#bkmk_TechnicalNotes) section.
3. Select the **Data type** option if you need to assign a different data type to the selected columns. Changing the data type might be needed for certain operations: for example, if your source dataset has numbers handled as text, you must change them to a numeric data type before using math operations.
+ The data types supported are `String`, `Integer`, `Floating point`, `Boolean`, `DateTime`, and `TimeSpan`.
+ If multiple columns are selected, you must apply the metadata changes to **all** selected columns. For example, let's say you choose 2-3 numeric columns. You could change them all to a string data type, and rename them in one operation. However, you can't change one column to a string data type and another column from a float to an integer.
+ If you do not specify a new data type, the column metadata is unchanged.
+ Changes of data type affect only the metadata that is associated with the dataset and how the data is handled in downstream operations. The actual column values are not altered unless you perform a different operation (such as rounding) on the column. You can recover the original data type at any time by using [Edit Metadata](edit-metadata.md) to reset the column data type.
> [!NOTE]
> If you change any type of number to the **DateTime** type, leave the **DateTime Format** field blank. Currently, it is not possible to specify the target data format.
>
> Machine Learning can convert dates to numbers, or numbers to dates, if the numbers are compatible with one of the supported .NET DateTime objects. For more information, see the [Technical Notes](#bkmk_TechnicalNotes) section.
4. Select the **Categorical** option to specify that the values in the selected columns should be treated as categories.
For example, you might have a column that contains the numbers 0,1 and 2, but know that the numbers actually mean "Smoker", "Non smoker" and "Unknown". In that case, by flagging the column as categorical you can ensure that the values are not used in numeric calculations, only to group data.
5. Use the **Fields** option if you want to change the way that Machine Learning uses the data in a model.
+ **Feature**: Use this option to flag a column as |
this, at this time we have inserted the multimeter as a part of the circuit since it interferes between the battery + and the bulb.
Switch to DCA, choose the max value position and power on using the ON-OFF switch of the circuit. The screen will show you how much current flows to the bulb (and of course, the bulb is at this point giving light).
If the measurement to be taken is of a device which consumes less power, for example, a small DC 12 V computer case fan, then we could have chosen the mA socket of the multimeter for the red test cable and the appropriate value selection of the rotating knob. The reason that a different socket for large current exists is that inside the multimeter a larger shunt resistor is used. If you measured many amperes at the mA area of the rotating knob, you would have burnt the fuse or caused serious damage to your multimeter unit, and you would even be exposed to serious electricity hazard.
As far as AC is concerned, the measurement does not differ from the previous method.
A negative value during a current measurement means that the flow of current is the opposite of what you expected when you connected the test cables.
The two possible values to be selected during AC voltage measurement.
Resistance is a sign of how much a connection "resists" to the electron flow, which essentially means the current. Every single thing in the world has a resistance, be it zero, small, high or infinite. For example, an electrically insulated material, such as a piece of wood, will show almost infinite resistance to current, which means current can't go through it. On the other hand, current can easily move through water, because water has almost zero resistance to it.
Resistance is measured in Ohm units, and the Greek letter omega (Ω) is used to represent the unit. Of course, smaller values such as mOhm (1/1.000 Ohm) and larger values, such as KOhm (1,000 Ohms), MOhm (1,000,000 Ohms) also exist.
The easiest measurement a multimeter can make is a resistance measurement. This is because there is no need to have any power on the circuit to proceed with a resistance check (though there are devices whose resistance differs when under power supply). For example, you can easily measure the resistance between two parts of your body; however, in a real lab, you would never make such measurement. Most often what you will be checking is the resistance between two parts of a circuit or the resistance value of a resistor.
A resistor is an electronic part, specifically made to increase the resistance at a spot of the circuit, thus controlling the current that goes through it, as needed for the device's normal operation. It comes in many different Ohm values and has specific coloring stripes on its surface, so its resistance is known.
Connect the black cable test end on the COM and the red on the Ω socket of your multimeter.
Switch the rotating knob to the resistance area and choose the 2 KOhm position.
Touch the red cable pin end to one leg of the resistor and the black cable end to the other. The polarity doesn't really matter - you would never see a negative resistance value because such thing does not exist.
If you see "1" or over-range, then you need to switch to the next higher value - if you see a too low value, you need to switch down to lower selections, so you get more reliable value display. If you are measuring a resistor of 1.8 Ohm at the 20 KOhm selection, the screen would only show 0.001, and the 8 would be omitted. That's why it's always better to measure a value at its next higher value selector.
Resistance is relevant to continuity, which is also a measurement most multimeters can make. In the continuity test, usually shown with the symbol of a diode, most multimeters will produce a "beep" sound when the 2 parts of the circuit on which the two end tips of the unit have been connected are electrically connected (means the resistance between them is near zero).
This is typical AC appliance voltage - yes, this is 220 V - 230 V or 110 V - 120 V depending on where you live. Be cautious!
Keep the cables connected as before, switch the rotating knob to ACV or AC Voltage, choose the appropriate value position and touch the one end on the phase and the other on the neutral or ground slot in your wall socket.
The rotating knob positions for measuring resistance. This particular multimeter unit also includes a frequency meter near the bottom of the selector, with an F sign.
A UT58C digital multimeter - the DC current values are located at the left, and the AC current values at the right.
Have You Ever Used A Digital Multimeter?
Yes, I own one.
|
00 of these warheads are deployed on missiles and at bomber bases. New START counts fewer deployed warheads because it does not count weapons in storage and because at any given time, some SSBNs are not fully loaded.
qWe estimate that the warheads for the remaining Gazelle interceptors are kept in central storage under normal circumstances. All previous 32 Gorgon missiles have been retired.
rIt is assumed that all SSC-1B units, except a single silo-based version in Crimea, have been replaced by the K-300P by now.
sThe US National Air and Space Intelligence Center lists the ground-, sea-, and sub-launched 3M55 as "nuclear possible."
tThe SSC-7 and SS-26 form part of the same Iskander brigades.
uIt is possible that SSC-8 launchers are co-located with Iskander brigades.
vThis figure assumes four SSC-8 battalions, each with four launchers. Each launcher has four missiles for a total of 64 plus reloads.
wNumbers may not add up due to rounding. All nonstrategic warheads are in central storage. The 1,820 listed make up the estimated nominal load for nuclear-capable delivery platforms. Only some of these may be available for deployment by operational forces. It is possible that more nuclear-capable non-strategic systems exist, in which case the number of warheads would be greater.
xNumbers may not add up due to rounding.
|Locations||Divisions||Regiments (Coordinates)||Missiles*||Status|
|Barnaul||35th MD||307th MR (53.3128, 84.5080)|
479th GMR (53.7709, 83.9580)
480th MR (53.3054, 84.1459)
867th GMR (53.2255, 84.6706)
|9 SS-25 TEL|
9 SS-25 TEL
9 SS-25 TEL
9 SS-25 TEL
|Active|
Active
Active
Active
|Dombarovsky||13th MD||3 regiments (51.1766, 60.2224)a||18 SS-18 Silos||Active|
|Irkutsk||29th GMD||92nd GMR (52.5085, 104.3933)|
344th GMR (52.6694, 104.5199)
586th GMR (52.5505, 104.1584)
|9 SS-27 Mod 2 TEL|
(9 SS-25 TEL)
9 SS-27 Mod 2 TEL
|Active|
Upgrading
Active
|Kozelsk||28th GMD||74th MR (53.7982, 35.8039)|
168th MR (54.0278, 35.4589)
|10 SS-27 Mod 2 silos|
(10 SS-27 Mod 2 silos)
|Active|
Upgrading
|Novosibirsk||39th GMD||357th GMR (55.3270, 82.9417)|
382nd GMR (55.2844°, 83.0157º)
428th GMR (55.3134, 83.0291)
|9 SS-27 Mod 2 TEL|
9 SS-27 Mod 2 TEL
9 SS-27 Mod 2 TEL
|Active|
Activeb
Active
|Tagil||42nd MD||308th MR (58.2298, 60.6773)|
433rd MR (58.1015, 60.3592)
804th MR (58.1372, 60.5366)
|9 SS-27 Mod 2 TEL|
9 SS-27 Mod 2 TEL
9 SS-27 Mod 2 TEL
|Active|
Activec
Active
|Tatishchevo||60th MD||6 regiments (51.8062, 45.6550)|
1 |
can drill through the large size object with the machine comfortably.
WEN 4210 drill press is made from high-quality metal. If you want to get high performance from a station, it should be high in quality also. To deliver high performance, the machine is made from a combination of high-quality metals.
Enough powerful to drill through wood and metal sheets easily.
Laser guiding property for visibility and accuracy.
To compatible with various materials it has 5 different speeds drilling option.
Made from high-quality materials which are the sign of durability.
Drill press, 1/2” keyed chuck, key, and class II 1mW laser comes with the machine.
Drilling performance through the thick metal is not up to satisfactory level.
Having a good drill will help you perform your drilling tasks as well as other activities such as reaming, countersinking, tapping and counter-boring and much more. Why is the SKIL 3320-01 3.2 Amp among the top drills on the market?
Convenience, speed, and accuracy are some of the great things that make the SKIL drill a necessary tool that you need to have in your workplace. Its laser guide makes drilling easy, precise and fast. It also has a strong 10-inch swing that is perfect for any drilling task like working on wood and other hard surfaces like metal.
The working table is also adjustable where you can tilt it 45 degrees in either direction. It is large and flexible and will help you make any hole.
The drill also provides you with the five-speed system that cuts holes cleanly through different materials such as wood and metal.
Do you want to buy a new drill or replace your old model? Selecting the best tools with the right features makes your work pretty easy. In as much as it can be challenging to determine which drill works best for you, you should not pick just any product.
Io would recommend you to try the WEN 4214 12-Inch, and you will be in a potion to drill through a wide range of materials. The drill is versatile and provides you with accurate results all the time.
You can set the depth with the use of depth adjustment gauge to limit your spindle travel for accurate and repeated drilling. It is also designed with a table roller extension that can roll for up to 17 inches to provide you with effective work support.
You will also love the digital speed readout where you can read clearly different parameters like speed and current on the LED screen. You will also get to know the exact RPM all the time.
To illuminate your workplace, this drill press is designed with on board work light that provides you with maximum visibility and precision when you are working.
Spending your money on a quality drill press provides you with value for your money. If you need a great looking drill that is also high in its performance, you need to get the Jet 716000 JWDP. This is a tool that you will appreciate having in yurt workshop for many years.
The drill features a compact bench top design that gives you easy transportation especially when you need to move it from one point to the other.
It is designed with a cast iron base that fits perfectly well on workbenches which have limited space. This gives you the chance to do your drilling applications in the best way possible.
The drill also has a heavy duty ½ hp induction motor that gives you the opportunity to handle various drilling applications. It also has a mechanical variable speed drive system that allows you to achieve easy speed changes.
Are you a professional user or a hobbyist looking for an incredible drill press? All you need is the RIKON 30-120 13-Inch Drill Press which is designed to help you handle all drilling work.
The drill press features a rugged heavy duty solid steel and cast iron construction that not only assures you of durability but also offers a vibration free operation.
The drill is so comfortable such that you will enjoy using it. It is designed with large cast iron handles that do not bend or loosen. The handles are made of solid cast iron to provide you with comfort when you are working.
This drill is equipped with a powerful ½ HP motor with 16 spindle speed ranging from 200-3630 that offers you with more torque for all types of drilling.
If you own a workshop, a drill press is an important tool that you need to have. With such a useful tool, it will be easy for you to drill holes to exact depth and consistency. There are not many changes that have taken place in the drill press industry, but Delta has introduced a new tool on the market which is the Delta 18-900 L 18-Inches Laser Drill Press.
This drill press is of quality, and you can easily tell from its housing. The drill is powerful and provides you with sixteen speeds which are effective in drilling different materials like wood, metal, and plastics.
It also has an auto-tensioning |
VIA Metropolitan Transit is set to release free wireless internet on its entire fleet of buses next week, and they certainly want you to know about it. It is an accomplishment, indeed, to equip all 450 of its buses with wi-fi, though I’ve been told that service on an existing smartphone would probably still offer better surfing speeds than VIA’s service.
For all the splash that VIA is attempting to make with its wi-fi rollout, concerns linger about the basics that the transit agency seems yet to have perfected. In my own experience, for example, bus service has been lackluster at best. Throughout the last year, I have seen the system struggle with reliability, technical challenges, and poor driver etiquette.
Prior to moving to San Antonio I have used public transportation systems in Austin and College Station, Texas; Washington, DC; Rhode Island; and on visits to cities across the U.S., Europe, and Japan. The best systems, unsurprisingly, were in Europe and Japan, with the New York City and the Washington, DC services close behind. San Antonio, on the other hand, is wrought with issues that I believe can be fixed with careful planning and more effective management—not just the estimated $6 million* it cost to connect their buses to the web (*the estimate is based on the cost to equip San Diego’s bus fleet with wi-fi; VIA has not released the cost to have its service installed).
For most of my first year in town, I rode the route 94 bus, which offers express service from UTSA/The Rim to downtown San Antonio. VIA’s fleet of express buses are the most comfortable by far, and express service is exactly that: I averaged about 22 minutes from the University Park & Ride to City Hall and only a few minutes longer for the return trip, impressive for the 15-mile route. Unfortunately, there were many occasions when the 94 bus would run far behind schedule for arrival—even at 6:00 in the morning—and would often fail to show up altogether. I cannot even remember the number of times our group settled for a different bus route just to avoid waiting the extra 30 minutes for the next scheduled bus.
Since moving closer to downtown a month ago, the problems with bus reliability have ballooned. Nearly every bus I’ve taken has shown up after its scheduled time, with a northbound route 46 bus once showing up 25 minutes late (the bus only runs every half-hour). When I asked the driver if it was typical for the bus to run behind schedule, her excuse was unexpected: “I usually run late during the first week of the month because people are riding to pick up their checks.” Does this mean that whenever a bus has more passengers than usual, we can expect it to take 83 percent more time to reach our destination?
Because VIA’s bus schedules seem to be little more than suggestions, I have found that I rely heavily on its SMS/text service to find out how far away my bus actually is. It is fairly simple to use, requiring phone users to text a five-digit number to VIA in return for the arrival times of the next six scheduled buses. In theory, it is an effective service but, as I’ve learned, your mileage may vary. In many instances, the GPS unit installed on the bus is not functioning, resulting in no data coming through the text service. In other cases, the number of minutes shown until a bus arrives can be way off the mark—especially if the bus is moving through downtown. I’ve even had buses arrive at a stop minutes ahead of the reported time, causing me to miss it.
Perhaps the most preventable problem with VIA’s service lies with its drivers. While most drivers certainly do their jobs well, a few I’ve witnessed have a tendency to be rude, defensive, and inconsiderate. Once, after the 94 bus nearly left a dozen passengers waiting at the park-and-ride platform, the driver proceeded to argue with passengers about why they should have walked over to where she had stopped behind another bus—even though she stopped in an unpaved area beyond the platform. Last week I tried waving down a driver for not stopping, and because I was not close enough to the “flag” for her liking, she shook her head at me and kept driving. And just yesterday I witnessed who appeared to be a student from San Antonio College run at full speed to catch the route 3 (a skip-service bus), just to have it drive off as she reached the front door.
Aside from problems with reliability, technology, and lack of driver sympathy, VIA’s system also suffers from other issues that need to be addressed. Its bus pairing, for instance, is incredibly complicated from a user standpoint. There is no apparent logic to why a bus would have the number 2 north of downtown, but continue as route 34 south of downtown, or why routes 36 and 90 are the same bus. Similarly, if a frequent route is paired with a less-frequent route |
Aceh Darussalam, it has been regulated that Aceh has specificity through the concept of asymmetric decentralization but is still within the framework of the national government system of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). Where in the regulation it is stated that the granting of special autonomy to Aceh is not only the granting of rights but also constitutional obligations aimed at the welfare of the Acehnese people. This law later became the forerunner to granting special autonomy to Aceh to run its own household. However, this law was later revoked with the enactment of Law no. 11 of 2006 concerning the Government of Aceh which is valid until now.
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 648
Aceh itself has not been maximized in the implementation of autonomy, especially in the social field. There are still many problems with health and education services. In fact, it is known that health and education are absolute requirements for submitting proposals for programs and activities funded by special autonomy funds. In Article 6 of Qanun No. 4 of 2010 stipulates that the Aceh Government is required to allocate a minimum budget of 10 percent (ten percent) of the APBA for the health sector excluding salaries. Qanun No. 4 of 2010 also requires the Aceh government and district/city governments to provide and maintain health service facilities.
Therefore, in line with the issues related to this service, a study needs to be carried out to examine and describe the trend of basic health care services by local governments and the determinants that make quality basic health services in North Aceh district.
Based on the explanation that has been described in the background of the problem, the problems in this study can be formulated as "Does basic health services affect the implementation of special autonomy in North Aceh Regency?"
LITERATURE STUDY
Based on the existing literature, previous studies have discussed a lot of studies related to service quality, but the contribution of previous research by previous researchers related to basic health services in North Aceh in accordance with the policies of the government of the Republic of Indonesia (according to the 2018 SPM) is at a minimal level.
[1] conducted research on Decentralization and Community Development in the Coastal Region of Langkat Regency, North Sumatra Province. The results of this study indicate that empirically the development of bureaucratic readiness shows a negative influence on community development. This implies the need to adjust the development of the bureaucracy to the demands of development accompanied by a change in the bureaucratic mindset in word looking to out word looking based on community and locality. The influence of policy decentralization with the readiness of the apparatus shows the consequences of the behavior of a bureaucratic mind set that is still strong at the level of local government life. The community is still positioned as only a recipient object and must follow government policies. The apparatus still prioritizes a safe approach rather than improving its performance.
[2] mention that there is widespread interest in understanding what makes for effective health care and in developing better practices to improve existing approaches to health care management. [3] mention regional variation as the most important source of income-related health inequality, while income-related inequality in the use of health services often occurs in different provinces (regions). [4], in general, most respondents stated that the level of customer satisfaction with service delivery by the Kajang Airport Council (MPKj) was only simple. This shows that MPKj needs to improve service delivery so that local residents are satisfied. The population's view of the quality of services provided shows a direct relationship with the stage of regional development. The more advanced the area, the lower the level of user satisfaction with the priority service.
[5] examines strengthening the capacity of community health centers as public organizations in Papua. In his analysis, many people in rural areas (read: villages) in Papua Province do not get maximum service from the Community Health Center (Center for Community Health) for various reasons. Unfortunately, the state of the public health center which can be interpreted as the face and image of the government does not show the expected condition, even almost loses its attractiveness to visit. People prefer to visit a regional general hospital (RSUD) or to a practicing doctor in the afternoon. This situation underscores the poor image of the public health center. What's going on at the Community Health Center? This question deserves to be asked to find out what is really going on with our Community Health Center. The purpose of the study was to find the root cause of the weak capacity of the community health center as a public organization in providing health services to the community. This study uses a literature study method that is supported by data and documents. The results of the study show that to solve problems related to the community health center as the basis for public health services, there are two aspects that must be carried out, namely 1). Structuring the Organizational Structure of the Community Health Center and 2 |
Vape pens and e-cigarettes are developing as a much safer option when compared to typical cigarettes. Smoking cigarettes is harmful, as well as can generate a number of wellness problems. Thus, you require to switch over to vaping, which not only ensures a much longer as well as healthier life-span, but likewise you obtain the very same kick as from smoking cigarette cigarettes.
Vape pens are often made use of for entertainment purpose. You'll find a variety of CBD Vape oil tastes, you can take pleasure in vaping. Numerous individuals who are experiencing from stress and anxiety, pain, depression, as well as others pick to vape CBD oil, over other products like CBD gummies, casts, cookies, as well as also lotions.
If you are looking for a good area to purchase CBD items, visit JustCBDstore.com. It is your one-stop-shop. They have a special collection of high-grade CBD items. The group has years of experience in manufacturing as well as dispersing their real and also test products on the market.
Using this oil daily by individuals who are influenced by epilepsy, are confirmed to be minimizing the risks of getting a seizure. This condition is primarily seen in kids, it can also be used for youngsters as it is very easy to utilize. It can become a good choice to slightly recover from epilepsy.
Typically, people who deal with anxiousness and also depression do not get sleep at evening and also they might need some drugs to reduce their anxiety and also get excellent sleep. By using vape oil, many users have actually stated that they can get a good night's rest, and likewise anxiousness can be minimized partly. Vape oil can be made use of to treat anxiousness and clinical depression.
Several people believe that lungs are influenced when we vape. As long as you utilize a great vape oil, there will be no health results.
When a client is taking radiation treatment can help the specific to get over the experience of nausea or vomiting as well as discomfort during the therapy, it is been said that vaping often. Nevertheless, there are study performed on exactly how effective cannabis is to combat cancer.
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section{User Study}
\label{sec:userstudy}
\subsection{Study Protocol}
To further evaluate and compare the proposed frameworks, a set of user studies was conducted. The study protocol was approved by the Homewood Institutional Review Board, Johns Hopkins University. In this study, 14 participants without clinical experience were recruited at the Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics (LCSR), with all participants being right-handed.
The participants were asked to perform a path-following task in four cases:
\begin{itemize}
\item using the traditional cooperative framework, \textit{i.e.}, without the auto-focus algorithm
\item using the proposed hybrid shared cooperative framework, \textit{i.e.}, with the auto-focus algorithm
\item using the traditional teleoperated framework, \textit{i.e.}, without the auto-focus algorithm
\item using the proposed hybrid shared teleoperated framework, \textit{i.e.}, with the auto-focus algorithm
\end{itemize}
The task was defined to perform pCLE scanning of a triangular region of a side length of approximately 3 mm within an eyeball phantom using the four setups. The participants were instructed to perform the scanning task while trying their best to maintain the best image quality. \autoref{fig:user_view} shows the view provided to the users during the experiments.
Before each trial, the participants were given around 10 minutes to familiarize themselves with the system before they proceed with the main experiments. The order of the experiments was randomized to eliminate the learning-curve effect. After each trial, the participants were asked to fill out a post-study questionnaire. The questionnaire included a form of the NASA Task Load Index (NASA TLX) survey for evaluation of operator workload. Data recording started when the participants pressed the activation pedal of the robot. This ensured consistent and trackable start timing between participants.
In our previous study \cite{li2019novel}, we observed that manipulating the robot at micron-level precision within the confined space of the eye is very challenging for novices. Therefore, the orientation of the pCLE probe was locked to reduce the complexity of the scanning task.
\subsection{Metrics Extraction and Evaluation}
To evaluate task performance during four experiments, 6 quantitative metrics were used: CR score, duration of in-focus view, and MS (discussed above); as well as task completion time, Cumulative Probability for Blur Detection (CPBD), and Marziliano Blurring Metric (MBM). A NASA TLX questionnaire including 6 qualitative metrics answered by the participants was also studied.
While CR, MBM, and CPBD are image-quality metrics, they use different approaches to assess the sharpness of an image. These metrics were chosen to validate the consistent improvement of the image quality regardless of the metric type, demonstrating the generalizability and consistency of the outcome.
\subsection{Results and Discussion}
\autoref{fig:nasa_tlx} shows the results of the NASA TLX questionnaire for 14 users. The questionnaire includes six criteria: mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, performance level perceived by the users themselves, level of effort, and frustration level, each with a maximum value of 7. Single-factor ANOVA analysis was used to statistically evaluate the results, and statistical significance was observed in the mental demand (p-value=3.0E${-2}$), physical demand (p-value=2.0E${-3}$), effort (p-value=6.3E${-5}$) and frustration level (p-value=1.0E${-2}$), while no statistical significance was observed in the temporal demand (p-value=0.182) and performance (p-value=0.062).
A Tukey's Honest Significance test was followed for the four categories with statistical significance (w.s.s). The mental demand has decreased from $5.43$ for the cooperative framework to $2.78$ for the hybrid teleoperated framework. The physical demand has decreased from $5.00$ for the cooperative framework and $4.00$ for the teleoperated framework, to $2.57$ for the hybrid teleoperated framework. Similarly, the effort level has decreased from $5.43$ for the cooperative framework and $4.57$ for the teleoperated framework, to $2.78$ for the hybrid teleoperated framework. A lower frustration level was observed in the hybrid teleoperated framework 2.29 compared to the cooperative framework 4.43. Out of the 14 users, 11 indicated that the hybrid teleoperated framework is the most preferred modality.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.75\linewidth]{nasa_tlx.PNG}
\caption{NASA TLX questionnaire result}
\label{fig:nasa |
cal{U}_{ad}$ for $\mathcal{U}_{ad}(0)$ the set
of \emph{admissible controls} of problem~\eqref{OptConPro}.
Let us recall definitions of the marginal function and the solution
map of the perturbed control problem \eqref{PerProWtCd}. The
\emph{marginal function} $\mu:E\to\overline{\mathbb R}$ of the perturbed
problem~\eqref{PerProWtCd} is defined by
\begin{equation}\label{MrgnlFunc}
\mu(e)=\inf_{u\in\mathcal{G}(e)}\mathcal{J}(u,e),
\end{equation}
and the \emph{solution}/\emph{argminimum map} $S:E\rightrightarrows
L^{s_0}(\Omega)$ of problem~\eqref{PerProWtCd} is given by
\begin{equation}\label{SolMap}
S(e)=\big\{u\in\mathcal{G}(e)\bst\mu(e)=\mathcal{J}(u,e)\big\}.
\end{equation}
The main goal of this paper is to establish explicit formulas for
computing/estimating the regular subdifferential, the Mordukhovich
subdifferential, and the singular subdifferential of the marginal
function $\mu(\cdot)$ in \eqref{MrgnlFunc} at a given parameter
${\bar{e}}}\def\we{\widetilde{e}}\def\he{\widehat{e}\in E$.
\subsection{Generalized differentiation from variational analysis}
Let us recall some material on generalized differentiation taken
from \cite{Mor06Ba}. Unless otherwise stated, every reference norm
in a product normed space is the sum norm. Given a point $u$ in a
Banach space $X$ and $\rho>0$, we denote $B_\rho(u)$ the open ball
of center $u$ and radius $\rho$ in $X$, and $\bar{B}}\def\wB{\widetilde{B}}\def\hB{\widehat{B}_\rho(u)$ is the
corresponding closed ball. In particular, for any $p\in[1,\infty]$,
the notation $\bar{B}}\def\wB{\widetilde{B}}\def\hB{\widehat{B}^p_\rho(u)$ stands for the closed ball
$\bar{B}}\def\wB{\widetilde{B}}\def\hB{\widehat{B}_\rho(u)$ in the space $L^p(\Omega)$, i.e.,
$$\bar{B}}\def\wB{\widetilde{B}}\def\hB{\widehat{B}^p_\rho(u)=\big\{v\in L^p(\Omega)\bst\|v-u\|_{L^p(\Omega)}\leq\rho\big\}.$$
Let $F:X\rightrightarrows W$ be a multifunction between Banach
spaces. The \emph{graph} and the \emph{domain} of $F$ are the sets
${\rm gph\,} F:=\{(u,v)\in X\times W|\,}\def\bst{\big|\,}\def\Bst{\Big|\, v\in F(u)\}$ and ${\rm dom\,} F:=\{u\in
X|\,}\def\bst{\big|\,}\def\Bst{\Big|\, F(u)\neq\emptyset\}$, respectively. We say that $F$ is locally
closed around the point $\bar\omega=(\bar{u}}\def\wu{\widetilde{u}}\def\hu{\widehat{u},\bar{v}}\def\wv{\widetilde{v}}\def\hv{\widehat{v})\in{\rm gph\,} F$ if ${\rm gph\,} F$
is locally closed around $\bar\omega$, i.e., there exists a closed
ball $\bar{B}}\def\wB{\widetilde{B}}\def\hB{\widehat{B}_\rho(\bar\omega)$ such that $\bar{B}}\def\wB{\widetilde{B}}\def\hB{\widehat{B}_\rho(\bar\omega)\cap{\rm gph\,}
F$ is closed in $X\times W$.
For a multifunction |
thread. SIT Report.
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to construct a multiple particle model, which took the form of an infinite server queue. Queuing theory was then used to calculate the steady-state mean and variance of synaptic resource accumulation.
As highlighted throughout the paper, the main reason for considering a discrete particle model of axonal transport rather than the more familiar advectiondiffusion model is that the latter cannot account for the discrete and stochastic nature of resource accumulation within an individual synapse. One of the main results of our analysis was to establish that the steady-state Fano factor for the number of resources in a synapse can be significant, particularly when the size C of a vesicle is greater than unity. This means that the time-course of resource accumulation has a strong bursty component, which could interfere with the normal functioning of the synapse, and possibly lead to unreliable synaptic connections between neurons. Since these connections are thought to be the cellular basis of learning and memory, such fluctuations could also be a problem at the organismal level. Indeed, identifying molecular sources of synaptic variability is a topic of general interest within cellular neuroscience [65]. Finally, we note that the mathematical framework developed in this paper provides a basis for exploring a wide range of additional biophysical features, some of which are summarized below.
Biophysical models of motor transport
One extension would be to consider a more detailed biophysical model of motor transport (component II). As highlighted in the introduction, the random stop-and-go nature of motor transport can be modeled in terms of a velocity jump process [46]. For example, consider a motor-cargo complex that has N distinct velocity states, labeled n = 1, . . . , N , with corresponding velocities v n . Take the position X(t) of the complex on a filament track to evolve according to the velocity-jump process where the discrete random variable N (t) ∈ {1, . . . , N } indexes the current velocity state v N (t) , and transitions between the velocity states are governed by a discrete Markov process with generator A. Define P(x, n, t | y, m, 0)dx as the joint probability that x ≤ X(t) < x + dx and N (t) = n given that initially the particle was at position X(0) = y and was in state N (0) = m. Setting with initial condition p n (x, 0) = δ(x)σ n , m σ m = 1, the evolution of the probability is described by the differential Chapman-Kolmogorov (CK) equation A nn ′ p n ′ (x, t).
In the case of bidirectional transport, the velocity states can be partitioned such that v n > 0 for n = 1, . . . , N and v n ≤ 0 for n = N + 1, . . . , N with N > 0. Suppose that on an appropriate length-scale L, the transition rates are fast compared to v/L where v = max n |v n |. Performing the rescalings x → x/L and t → tv/L leads to a non-dimensionalized version of the CK equation with 0 < ǫ ≪ 1. Suppose that the matrix A is irreducible with a unique stationary density (right eigenvector) ρ n . In the limit ǫ → 0, p n (x, t) → ρ n and the motor moves deterministically according to the mean-field equation In the regime 0 < ǫ ≪ 1, there are typically a large number of transitions between different motor complex states n while the position x hardly changes at all. This suggests that the system rapidly converges to the quasi-steady state ρ n , which will then be perturbed as x slowly evolves. The resulting perturbations can thus be analyzed using a quasi-steady-state diffusion approximation, in which the CK equation (5.4) is approximated by a Fokker-Planck equation for the total probability density p(x, t) = n p n (x, t) [46]: with a mean drift V and a diffusion coefficient D given by where Z n , m Z m = 0, is the unique solution to Hence, we recover the FP equation used in the single-particle model of section 2, except that now the drift and diffusion terms preserve certain details regarding the underlying biophysics of motor transport due to the dependence of V and D on underlying biophysical parameters.
Local signaling
Using a more detailed biophysical transport model means that we could incorporate local inhomogeneities due to chemical signaling, for example. One of the major signaling mechanisms involves microtubule associated proteins (MAPs). These molecules bind to microtubules and effectively modify the free energy landscape of motor-microtubule interactions [64]. For example, tau is a MAP found in the axon of neurons and is known to be a key player in Alzheimer's disease [30]. Ex |
bring specific expertise and competence to the project (e.g. software development, specific knowledge of legislation, collaboration with a cluster for further services and dissemination of knowledge). For any subcontracting from €8,500, an offer must be enclosed with the application in order to substantiate this cost. Applicants must comply with public procurement legislation.
If this contributes to the efficiency and speed of the project, a non-Flemish research organization meeting the EU definition of research organization can participate as a subcontractor (for a maximum of 20% of the eligible project costs). The relevance of this must be demonstrated. The same rules that apply to Flemish research organizations apply.
What is the size of the support?
The basic support percentage for part A of a COOCK project is 50%. Through a result commitment, the support percentage for part A can reach 100%, i.e. in function of the achieved KPI's, as well as the budgetary efforts of all company specific projects, a support bonus of 50% on top of the basic support percentage can be acquired.
KPI 2: number of company specific projects, linked to part A of the COOCK project, that are started during or until two years after the end of part A.
With regard to the result commitment, only those projects that are started during the period between the start of the project and up to 2 years after the end of part A of the COOCK project are taken into account and for which the employability and economic feasibility in a company-specific context have been evaluated. During the COOCK project, i.e. in a period from the start of the COOCK project up to and including 2 years after the end of part A, part B must include a sufficient number of started company-specific projects (of which the feasibility study has been reported in that period) so that these as a whole represent at least the same (planned) budgetary effort as part A of the COOCK project.
It is advisable to provide a back-up plan for possible co-financing. If the conditions for a commitment to results are not met, the applicant consortium must itself provide the additional financing (either by its own means or by contributions from companies). Agreements in this respect must be included in the cooperation agreement.
How is COOCK situated in relation to other project formulas?
Projects that focus on high-risk, groundbreaking application-oriented research fit in with other subsidy channels such as the strategic research programs SBO or ICON.
Projects that focus exclusively on the needs or technology offerings of one or a few companies or the further processing of generic project results in proprietary applications are referred to other support channels, such as INNOVATION BOOSTING , VLAIO development projects or Baekeland / Innovation mandates.
Compared to TETRA, the focus of COOCK projects is much more on the broader implementation of research results in a broad group of companies through company-specific projects, where the focus of TETRA projects is on translating recently available knowledge into concrete, useful information so that in the short term, at the end of the project, the target group can innovate faster and more efficiently. In addition, a TETRA project requires a flow of results to college education and integrated training of the applicants.
What about Intellectual Property Rights, exploitation of results and dissemination of knowledge?
The project consortium is the sole owner of the results and has the duty to disseminate and transfer the project results generated within the framework of part A of the COOCK project as widely as possible to a wide group of companies in a market-based manner and without exclusive rights. Every interested company or organization in the European Community must have access to the results on an equal basis.
Each project application should indicate which property rights already exist and how the agreements can be made with the companies in case of further use of the project results. Projects where IPR agreements are too much of an obstacle to the broad dissemination of knowledge or wide use of the results can be excluded.
The project consortium draws up a cooperation agreement (after a promise of support). This regulates the (co-)ownership of the project results and the rights of use of the background knowledge. However, compliance with state aid regulations remains the responsibility of the project partners.
How are the COOCK projects assessed and monitored?
Carried out by a Flemish branch: the project is carried out by a Flemish branch of a company. For this purpose, as mentioned before, possible support can be applied for at the agency. A company can also choose to outsource a study assignment to one of the research organizations involved.
Link with the COOCK project: a good company-specific project has a clear causal link with the objectives of part A of the COOCK project. This is argued concretely in part B of the reporting of the COOCK project.
Also, the potential added value of the project for the company must correspond to the economic added value of part A of the COOCK project.
Started within 2 years after the end of part A: only the company specific projects that are started within |
T Γ h (and also those not marked), and the terms acting on y h on the Neumann cells: These stabilizations are consistent with the governing equations div σ(u) = −f , rewritten as div y = f , using (24a), wherever possible, i.e. on Ω Γ N h . Note that a similar treatment is applied to the boundary integral terms on ∂Ω in (9). In (26), they are rewritten in terms of y, using (24a) and (24b), wherever possible. We thus introduce a part of the boundary ∂Ω h , referred to as ∂Ω h,N , formed by the boundary facets of T h belonging to the cells in T Γ N h . We replace σ(u h ) by −y h on ∂Ω h,N , while keeping the boundary term as is on the remaining part of the boundary. All this contributes to the coerciveness of the bilinear form in (26) and good conditioning of the matrix as can be proven following the ideas of [14]. We emphasize again that neither Dirichlet nor Neumann boundary conditions are imposed in any way in scheme (26) Fig. 8). On the other hand, both stabilizations G h and J h are active on the whole T Γ h , comprising these cells not marked as Dirichlet or Neumann.
the cells in yellow on
Test case: We are now going to present some numerical results with method (26) highlighting the optimal convergence of φ-FEM and comparing it with a standard FEM. We use the same geometry (20), elasticity parameters and the exact solution (21) as for the case of pure Dirichlet conditions on page 9. We set furthermore the Dirichlet boundary conditions (4) for x > 0.5 and the Neumann boundary conditions (5) for x < 0.5, c.f. Fig. 5, i.e. we choose the secondary level set as ψ = 0.5 − x. The data u g and g are computed from the exact solution. In φ-FEM they should be extended from Γ to appropriate portion of the strip Ω Γ h . We choose these extensions as Fig. 7. On the left, the relative errors are plotted with respect to the mesh step. We observe again the optimal convergence orders for φ-FEM, while the convergence of the standard FEM is sub-optimal in the L 2 -norm. The φ-FEM approach is again systematically more precise in both norms. On the right side of the same figure, we plot the computing times and notice again that φ-FEM is less expensive than the standard FEM.
Let us now turn to a less artificial mesh configuration where the Dirichlet/Neumann junction point can turn up inside a mesh cell of the background mesh, or inside a boundary facet of the fitted mesh. We study these situations on a series of meshes, as illustrated in Fig. 8. In the case of the background meshes used for φ-FEM, we ensure in particular that there are no vertical grid line with the abscissa x = 0.5 so that there are exactly 4 cells cells in T Γ h that are neither in T Γ D h nor in T Γ N h (yellow cells on the left side of Fig. 8). We recall that scheme (26) does not impose any boundary conditions on these cells, but retains the stabilization there (in particular, the governing equation is still re-enforced on these cells in the least squares manner). Note that the fitted FEM is not straightforward to implement in this case either, since the Dirichlet boundary conditions cannot be strongly imposed on the boundary facets which turn up only partially on the Dirichlet side. We bypass this difficulty by treating the Dirichlet conditions by penalization, so that the "standard" FEM is now defined as: find u h in the P k FE space (without any restrictions on the boundary) such that for all v h in the same FE space as u h , with a small parameter ε > 0. The mesh refinement study in this case is reported at Fig. 9. Comparing the results with those of Fig. 7 (obtained on idealized unrealistic meshes without any unmarked cells), we observe that the behavior of φ-FEM (26) is almost unaffected by the presence (or not) of the unmarked "yellow" cells, although the convergence curve for the L 2 relative error is now slightly less regular. In particular, the conclusions about the relative merits of φ-FEM and the fitted FEM, now in version (28), remain unchanged: φ-FEM is more precise on comparable meshes and less expensive in terms of the computing times for a given error tolerance.
Linear elasticity with multiple materials.
We now consider the case of interfaces problems, i.e. partial differential equations with coefficients jumping across an interface, which |
Socio-demographic characteristics associated with emotional and social loneliness among older adults
Background International studies provide an overview of socio-demographic characteristics associated with loneliness among older adults, but few studies distinguished between emotional and social loneliness. This study examined socio-demographic characteristics associated with emotional and social loneliness. Methods Data of 2251 community-dwelling older adults, included at the baseline measure of the Urban Health Centers Europe (UHCE) project, were analysed. Loneliness was measured with the 6-item De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations between age, sex, living situation, educational level, migration background, and loneliness. Results The mean age of participants was 79.7 years (SD = 5.6 years); 60.4% women. Emotional and social loneliness were reported by 29.2 and 26.7% of the participants; 13.6% experienced emotional and social loneliness simultaneously. Older age (OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.06–1.28), living without a partner (2.16, 95% CI: 1.73–2.70), and having a low educational level (OR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.21–2.73), were associated with increased emotional loneliness. Women living with a partner were more prone to emotional loneliness than men living with a partner (OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.31–2.40). Older age (OR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.00–1.22) and having a low educational level (OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.14–2.74) were associated with increased social loneliness. Men living without a partner were more prone to social loneliness than men living with a partner (OR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.35–2.78). Conclusions Socio-demographic characteristics associated with emotional and social loneliness differed regarding sex and living situation. Researchers, policy makers, and healthcare professionals should be aware that emotional and social loneliness may affect older adults with different socio-demographic characteristics. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12877-021-02058-4.
Background
Loneliness can be defined as an unpleasant experience, occurring when the quantity or quality of a person's social relationships is perceived to be deficient [1]. In general, feelings of loneliness motivate people to strengthen their existing social relationships or to build new relationships, after which these negative feelings may diminish [2]. However, for some people loneliness can become a chronic state. Persistent loneliness has been associated with negative outcomes for mental and physical health, such as depression, psychological distress, reduced selfesteem, cognitive impairment, functional decline, high blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases, and higher mortality rates [2][3][4][5][6][7].
Based on data collected in the third round (2006-07) of the European Social Survey, Yang and Victor [8] found that the prevalence of frequent loneliness among citizens aged 60 years and older, defined as feeling lonely 'most of the time' or 'all or almost all the time', varied between 19 and 34% in Eastern Europe, 10-15% in Southern Europe, and 3-9% in Northern Europe. The prevalence of frequent loneliness was highest among adults aged 80 years and older [8]. Age-related changes and losses, such as deteriorating health, declining mobility, changing social roles, and the loss of a partner or friends have been associated with an increased susceptibility of loneliness in older age [4]. As European populations are ageing [9], loneliness can be expected to be a growing public health issue.
International studies provide an overview of sociodemographic characteristics associated with increased overall loneliness among older adults, such as widowhood, living in disadvantaged socioeconomic circumstances and having a migration background [4,[10][11][12][13].
However, few studies have distinguished between different dimensions of loneliness, such as emotional and social loneliness [3]. In 1973, Weiss [14] proposed that emotional loneliness is related to an absence of intimate attachments to other persons, whereas social loneliness is related to an absence of an engaging social network or a lack of social integration [14]. The onset of emotional loneliness may be related to the loss of intimate relationships, for example by a divorce or widowhood [14]. The onset of social loneliness may be related to the loss of a network of social relationships, for example by moving |
340 GHz range at several locations
in Orion \citep{sut95}, but the frequency of the transition is significantly
lower than is needed to explain the SWAS feature.
None of the previously published spectra of [CI] in Orion KL had adequate
sensitivity to confirm or refute this feature.
Using the same velocity intervals as defined earlier for the redshifted and
blueshifted emission in each outflow, we have computed the [CI] outflow
line flux. A summary of the [CI] line flux is presented in Table 5. We note
that we have included the feature seen within the redshifted emission in
Orion KL as part of the integrated intensity of the outflow. Although we
have [CI] detections in these velocity intervals for most of the outflow
sources, in many cases the emission may be dominated by the
gaussian wings of the quiescent line emission.
We computed the CI abundance in an identical manner as we computed the
H$_2$O\ abundance, using the same physical model for each of the outflows.
The resulting CI abundance relative to H$_2$ is summarized in Table 5.
We find that the abundance of CI relative to H$_2$ is typically about
1$\times10^{-5}$. The largest abundance of CI is found for NGC2264 D
and $\rho$ Oph A. However, in NGC2264 D it is questionable whether the weak [CI]
emission in the red or blue shifted velocity intervals is related to
the outflow. Very weak (T$_A^*$ $\sim$ 0.05 K) and very broad [CI]
emission is detected toward $\rho$ Oph A, similar to the emission profile
seen in H$_2$O. The CI abundance in $\rho$ Oph A is about five times
larger than in the other outflow.
For quiescent cloud emission the abundance of CI relative to CO is
typically 0.1 to 0.5 \citep{zmui88, plum00, howe00}, similar to that
determined for the outflowing gas if we assume a CO to H$_2$
ratio of 1$\times10^{-4}$. Thus the CI in the outflowing
gas is similar in abundance to that of the ambient gas in agreement
with the results of \citet{walk93}.
The [CI] spectra have insufficient signal to
noise to investigate variations of the CI abundance with outflow
velocity.
\section{Discussion and Conclusions}
The 1$_{10} - 1_{01}$ transition of ortho-H$_2$O\ at 538 $\mu$m has been detected
by SWAS in 18 molecular outflows. The H$_2$O\ line profiles are similar
to the line profiles observed for the J=1-0 transition of $^{12}$CO\ and suggest
that the emission seen in both species may be produced by the same gas.
If we assume that the SWAS H$_2$O\ emission arises in the same gas that makes up the bulk
of the molecular outflow, we find that the outflowing gas has
an ortho-H$_2$O\ abundance relative to H$_2$ typically between
10$^{-6}$ and 10$^{-7}$. However, there are a few exceptions: most notably
Orion KL and L1157 have anomalously high relative ortho-H$_2$O\ abundances of
about 10$^{-5}$, and Mon R2 has an anomalously low relative abundance
of about 10$^{-8}$. The relative ortho-H$_2$O\ abundances in Table 2 have substantial
uncertainty that arise almost solely due to the sensitivity of the derived
water abundances to the assumed temperature and density of the outflowing gas, both of
which are poorly known. The {$^{13}$CO} J=5-4 observations by SWAS suggest that
our physical model cannot be too much in error. and thus we believe that the
abundance of water in most of these outflows is elevated relative
to that measured in quiescent cloud gas. We also derive the CI abundance
in the outflowing gas, and find values that are similar to quiescent cloud material,
and thus unlike water, the abundance of atomic carbon
appears to be unaffected by the outflow activity.
We also analyzed the velocity dependence of H$_2$O, and find
that the abundance of ortho-H$_2$O\ varies significantly
with velocity. In nearly all of the outflows, we |
stack, it is plausible that there exists a hyperplane in the scenario space that makes AV performance in one scenario conditionally independent from AV performance in another scenario given that hyperplane. For example, in section \ref{sec:exp}, within the same town of operation, the number of collisions in a scenario is independent from the number of collisions in another scenario given the AV's average number of collisions per route in that town. This means that, in our example, we assume that the probability distribution of the number of collisions is fully determined by the town of operation.
As long as this conditional independence property holds, the information gain about $\sigma$ upon revelation of $X_{\mathcal{A}}$ is submodular, as proven in~\cite{Krause2012}.
Since $f$ is submodular, we can use the greedy algorithm \cite{Nemhauser1978} to provide a near-optimal solution to equation (\ref{eq:objective}). Starting with an empty set of scenarios, this heuristic selects the next scenario with the highest information gain at each iteration:
\[\mathcal{A}_i = \mathcal{A}_{i-1} \cup \{ \argmax_e f(\mathcal{A}_{i-1} \cup \{e\}) - f(\mathcal{A}_{i-1}) \} \]
Since this selection problem is NP-hard, there is no algorithm that will find the solution in polynomial time. However, Ref.~\cite{Nemhauser1978} proves that the greedy algorithm finds a solution within $1-\frac{1}{e}\approx 0.63$ of the optimal value. Concretely, if the maximum information gain for $C$ scenarios is $1$, we are guaranteed to obtain a scenario set of size $C$ yielding at least $0.63$ information gain.
\section{Experiment and Results} \label{sec:exp}
We now demonstrate the use of this method with AV logs obtained from a CARLA simulation \cite{Dosovitskiy2017}.
\subsection{Data generation}
In this experiment, we use a model of an AV, available in CARLA, which is also used to simulate background traffic in simulations. The vehicle tries to follow routes in 6 different towns, with a changing number of traffic participants, for a total of 132 scenarios. These 3 features are the coordinates of the scenarios, shown in Table~\ref{tab:ScenarioDef}.
\begin{table}[b]
\caption{Scenario Definitions}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\textbf{Scenario ID} & \textbf{Number of traffic} & \textbf{Town} & \textbf{Route ID} \\
& \textbf{participants} & & \\
\hline
1 & 10 & Town 02 & 1 \\
\hline
2 & 10 & Town 02 & 2 \\
\hline
\multicolumn{4}{|c|}{...} \\
\hline
132 & 150 & Town 06 & 49 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{tab:ScenarioDef}
\end{center}
\end{table}
Fig.~\ref{fig:two_maps} shows maps for two of the towns considered; Town 03 has a lot more intersection and and roundabout, whereas Town 06 has long stretches of straight roads. Because of their large differences, the towns used in this experiment effectively represent different ODDs.
\begin{figure}[bthp]
\vspace{0.2cm}
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.49\columnwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/Town03.jpg}
\caption{Town 03}
\label{fig:y equals x}
\end{subfigure}%
\hfill
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.49\columnwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/Town06.jpg}
\caption{Town 06}
\label{fig:three sin x}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Maps of two different towns used for the scenarios.}
\label{fig:two_maps}
\ |
In conclusion, poorly worded log messages may lead to user confusion and fixing these logs takes up maintenance time and effort.
Using the same static text in a single file is also a case that contributes to ambiguity in logging statements. This practice of duplication in logging code was rightfully reported by~\cite{li2019dlfinder} as a logging \textit{code smell}. One example of this practice is depicted in commit \spverb|a15e824| and commit \spverb|90cc7f1|, where the developer added additional information so that log messages can be uniquely identified using search techniques.
\subsubsection{Issues in variable usage}
\begin{table}
\caption{Examples of issues in variable usage.\label{tbl:rq3Vars}}
\setlength{\fboxsep}{0.1pt}
\centering
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{lX}
\toprule
Example 5 & \textbf{staging: ks7010: don't print \lstinline[language=C, basicstyle={\ttfamily}]|skb->dev->name| if skb is null} $\vert$ linux\textbf{@}95d2a32 \\
\midrule
Original & \begin{lstlisting}[style=tblstyle]^^J
printk(KERN_WARNING "$\colorbox{mygray}{\%s}$: Memory squeeze, dropping packet.\\n", $\colorbox{mygray}{skb->dev->name}$);^^J
\end{lstlisting} \\
Updated & \begin{lstlisting}[style=tblstyle]^^J
printk(KERN_WARNING "$\colorbox{mygray}{ks\_wlan}$: Memory squeeze, dropping packet.\\n");^^J
\end{lstlisting} \\
\midrule
Example 6 & \textbf{staging: fsl-dpaa2/eth: Don't use netdev\_err too early} $\vert$ linux\textbf{@}0f4c295 \\
\midrule
Original & \begin{lstlisting}[style=tblstyle]^^J
$\colorbox{mygray}{netdev\_err}$($\colorbox{mygray}{net\_dev}$, "Failed to configure hashing\\n");^^J
\end{lstlisting} \\
Updated & \begin{lstlisting}[style=tblstyle]^^J
$\colorbox{mygray}{dev\_err}$($\colorbox{mygray}{dev}$, "Failed to configure hashing\\n");^^J
\end{lstlisting} \\
\midrule
Example 7 & \textbf{btrfs: tree-log.c: Wrong printk information about namelen} $\vert$ linux\textbf{@}286b92f\\
\midrule
Original & \begin{lstlisting}[style=tblstyle]^^J
btrfs_crit(fs_info, "invalid dir item name len: \%u", (unsigned)$\colorbox{mygray}{btrfs\_dir\_data\_len}$(leaf, dir_item));^^J
\end{lstlisting} \\
Updated & \begin{lstlisting}[style=tblstyle]^^J
btrfs_crit(fs_info, "invalid dir item name len: \%u", (unsigned)$\colorbox{mygray}{btrfs\_dir\_name\_len}$(leaf, dir_item));^^J
\end{lstlisting} \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabularx}
\end{table}
\paragraph{LF03: Null pointer dereference.}
In 1.44\% of the cases, a developer attempted to dereference a pointer that may have a NULL value or an empty variable. This is something that can occur in Example 5 of Table~\ref{tbl:rq3Vars}, which illustrates a fix made in commit \spverb|95d2a32|.\footnote{Note that the change made to the logging statement is not semantically equivalent to the original statement, but with the bug fixed. The goal in the change was to fix the NULL pointer and the change was accepted to fix this issue.} In this commit, the original logging statement included the dereferencing of the \lstinline[language=C, basicstyle={\tt}]|skb| pointer, which can be NULL. A NULL pointer dereferencing causes a runtime crash. To prevent this type of problems, developers should incorporate tools such as Coccinelle\footnote{\url{http://coccinelle.lip6.fr/rules/\#null}} in their workflow for detecting dereferences of NULL pointers |
<a href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/NeuromatchAcademy/course-content/blob/final-changes-W2D5/tutorials/W2D5_ReinforcementLearning/W2D5_Tutorial1.ipynb" target="_parent"></a>
# Neuromatch Academy: Week 2, Day 5, Tutorial 1
# Learning to Predict
__Content creators:__ Marcelo Mattar and Eric DeWitt with help from Matt Krause
__Content reviewers:__ Byron Galbraith and Michael Waskom
---
# Tutorial objectives
In this tutorial, we will learn how to estimate state-value functions in a classical conditioning paradigm using Temporal Difference (TD) learning and examine TD-errors at the presentation of the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus (CS and US) under different CS-US contingencies. These exercises will provide you with an understanding of both how reward prediction errors (RPEs) behave in classical conditioning and what we should expect to see if Dopamine represents a "canonical" model-free RPE.
At the end of this tutorial:
* You will learn to use the standard tapped delay line conditioning model
* You will understand how RPEs move to CS
* You will understand how variability in reward size effects RPEs
* You will understand how differences in US-CS timing effect RPEs
```python
# Imports
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
```
```python
#@title Figure settings
import ipywidgets as widgets # interactive display
%config InlineBackend.figure_format = 'retina'
plt.style.use("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/NeuromatchAcademy/course-content/master/nma.mplstyle")
```
```python
# @title Helper functions
from matplotlib import ticker
def plot_value_function(V, ax=None, show=True):
"""Plot V(s), the value function"""
if not ax:
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.stem(V, use_line_collection=True)
ax.set_ylabel('Value')
ax.set_xlabel('State')
ax.set_title("Value function: $V(s)$")
if show:
plt.show()
def plot_tde_trace(TDE, ax=None, show=True, skip=400):
"""Plot the TD Error across trials"""
if not ax:
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
indx = np.arange(0, TDE.shape[1], skip)
im = ax.imshow(TDE[:,indx])
positions = ax.get_xticks()
# Avoid warning when setting string tick labels
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.FixedLocator(positions))
ax.set_xticklabels([f"{int(skip * x)}" for x in positions])
ax.set_title('TD-error over learning')
ax.set_ylabel('State')
ax.set_xlabel('Iterations')
ax.figure.colorbar(im)
if show:
plt.show()
def learning_summary_plot(V, TDE):
"""Summary plot for Ex1"""
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(nrows = 2, gridspec_kw={'height_ratios': [1, 2]})
plot_value_function(V, ax=ax1, show=False)
plot_tde_trace(TDE, ax=ax2, show=False)
plt.tight_layout()
def reward_guesser_title_hint(r1, r2):
""""Provide a mildly obfuscated hint for a demo."""
if (r1==14 and r2==6) or (r1==6 and r2==14):
return "Technically correct...(the best kind of correct)"
if ~(~(r1+r2) ^ 11) - 1 == (6 | 24): # Don't spoil the fun :-)
return "Congratulations! You solved it!"
return "Keep trying...."
#@title Default title text
class ClassicalConditioning:
def __init__(self, n_steps, reward_magnitude, reward_time):
# Task variables
self.n_steps = n_steps
self.n_actions = 0
self.cs_time = int(n_steps/4) - 1
# Reward variables
self.reward_state = [0,0]
self.reward_magnitude = None
self.reward_probability = None
self.reward_time = None
self.set_reward(reward_magnitude, reward_time)
# Time step at which the conditioned stimulus is presented
# Create a state dictionary
self._create_state_dictionary()
def set_reward(self, reward_magnitude, reward_time):
"""
Determine reward state and magnitude of reward
"""
if reward_time >= self.n_steps - self.cs_time:
self.reward_magnitude = 0
else:
self.reward_magnitude = reward_magnitude
self.reward_state = [1 |
of them, a new model should be trained to include the new dataset.
\subsection{Model-free Approaches}
To avoid dealing with the uncertainty of HLS tools, in this category, the studies treat the HLS tool as a black box. Instead of learning a predictive model, they invoke HLS every time to evaluate the quality of the design. To guide the search, they either exploit general application-oblivious heuristics (e.g., simulated annealing~\cite{mahapatra2014machine} and genetic algorithm~\cite{schafer2017parallel}) or they develop their own heuristics~\cite{ferretti2018cluster, ferretti2018lattice, schafer2012divide}. S2FA~\cite{s2fa}
employ multi-armed bandit~\cite{Fialho2010} to combine a set of heuristic algorithms including uniform greedy mutation, differential evolution genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, and simulated annealing.
However, as we will present in Section~\ref{sec:learn}, general hyper-heuristic approaches are unreliable for finding the high quality of result (QoR) design configuration. Moreover, the authors in~\cite{ferretti2018cluster, ferretti2018lattice} claim that Pareto-optimal design points cluster together. They exploit an initial sampling to build the first approximation of the Pareto frontier and require local searches to explore other candidates. However, the cost of initial sampling is not scalable when the design space is tremendously large
(e.g., the scale of $10^{10}$ to $10^{30}$), as the ones we have enumerated in this paper are. Sun et, al~\cite{date21} adapt a (Gaussian process) GP-based Bayesian optimization (BO) algorithm to explore the solution space. At each iteration, it improves a surrogate model to mimic the HLS tool, by sampling the design space. Again, as the search space grows, it will require more samples to build a good surrogate model which can limit the scalability. Moreover, the computation of a GP-based BO can be seen to be cubic in the total number of samples (in addition to the time to evaluate the sampled point using the HLS tool), as it wants to calculate the inversion of a dense covariance matrix at each step~\cite{snoek2015scalable} which can further limit the scalability of the approach
\section{The {AutoDSE } Framework} \label{sec:framework}
To reduce the size of the design space, we build our DSE on top of the Merlin Compiler~\cite{merlin, merlin_islped}. Section~\ref{sec:bg_fpga} reviews the Merlin Compiler and justifies our choice. Then, we present an overview of $AutoDSE$ in Section~\ref{sec:framework_overview}.
\subsection{Merlin Compiler and Design Space Definition} \label{sec:bg_fpga}
\input{tables/tbl-merlin-pragma}
The Merlin Compiler~\cite{merlin, merlin_islped} was developed to raise the abstraction level in FPGA programming by introducing a reduced set of high-level optimization directives and generating the HLS code according to them automatically. It uses a simple programming model similar to OpenMP~\cite{dagum1998openmp}, which is commonly used for multi-core CPU programming. Like in OpenMP, it defines a small set of compiler directives in the form of pragmas for optimizing the design. Table~\ref{tbl:merlin_pragmas} lists the Merlin pragmas with architecture structures. Note that the \texttt{fg} option in the fine-grained pipeline mode refers to the code transformation that tries to apply fine-grained pipelining to a loop nest by fully unrolling all its sub-loops; whereas, the \texttt{cg} option in the coarse-grained pipelining transforms the code to enable double buffering. Based on these user-specified pragmas, the Merlin Compiler performs source-to-source code transformation and automatically generates the related HLS pragmas such as \texttt{PIPELINE}, \texttt{UNROLL}, and \texttt{ARRAY\_PARTITION} to apply the corresponding architecture optimization.
To reduce the size of the solution space, we chose to utilize the Merlin Compiler
as the backend of our tool.
Since the number of pragmas required by the Merlin Compiler is much smaller (as it performs source level code reconstruction and generates most of the HLS required pragmas), it defines a more compact design space, which makes it a better fit for developing a DSE as shown in~\cite{autoaccel,s2fa}. For instance, Code~\ref{code:merlin-cnn} shows the CNN kernel with Merlin pragmas. With inserting only four lines of pragmas |
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Field- and temperature-modulated spin-diode effect in a GMR nanowire with dipolar coupling
An analytical model of the spin-diode effect induced by resonant spin-transfer torque in a ferromagnetic bilayer with strong dipolar coupling provides the resonance frequencies and the lineshapes of the magnetic field spectra obtained under field or laser-light modulation. The effect of laser irradiation is accounted for by introducing the temperature dependence of the saturation magnetization and anisotropy, as well as thermal spin-transfer torques. The predictions of the model are compared with experimental data obtained with single Co/Cu/Co spin valves, embedded in nanowires and produced by electrodeposition. Temperature modulation provides excellent signal-to-noise ratio. High temperature-modulation frequency is possible because these nanostructures have a very small heat capacity and are only weakly heat-sunk. The two forms of modulation give rise to qualitative differences in the spectra that are accounted for by the model.
Introduction
The spin diode effect (SDE) is a well established method of electrical detection of magnetic dynamics in ferromagnetic layers [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. The effect occurs when an alternating current (AC) passes through a magnetic structure and excites oscillations of the magnetization vector. This, in turn, leads to variation of the resistance due to the magnetoresistance effect. The oscillating resistance can then mix with the AC current to produce a direct (DC) output voltage, V DC . The SDE is of great importance from the point of view of further development of magnetic sensors, microwave communication and ultrafast electronics-especially since the nanostructures manufactured nowadays make it possible to get smaller and more efficient electronics elements [5,8,9].
Until now, the SDE was investigated mainly in systems with one ferromagnetic free layer (see the review paper by Harder et al [7]). Although more ferromagnetic layers were present in (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal) Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. some devices, they were usually assumed to be magnetically stiff (pinned layers). However, in some of the experimentally investigated structures there were two or more magnetically free layers that, in addition, were dynamically coupled by the RKKY-like exchange interaction or by dipolar interactions [9][10][11][12][13]. Moreover, they were also dynamically coupled by spin transfer torque (STT) effects [14]. Nevertheless, most of these devices with multiple free magnetic layers, still included at least one, usually thick, pinned magnetic polarizer [15,16].
Regardless of its source, the coupling between layers may lead, in general, to more complex magnetization dynamics and a non-trivial behaviour of the device. Particularly, it is important when ultrafast magnetic dynamics is studied in terms of the SDE with different experimental (field or temperature) modulation techniques. In this paper we address this problem. Our analytical model is based on the Landau-Lifschitz-Gilbert-Slonczewski (LLGS) equation [17] and accounts for two dynamic coupling: the spin transfer torque effect and the dipolar interactions between two magnetically free layers of a GMR spin valve (GMR-SV) embbeded in a nanowire. The model is applied to SDE spectra in this specific system, especially to reproduce and explain the qualitative differences observed when the ferromagnetic resonance spectra are measured under field or temperature modulation. We analyse in detail the influence of the type of modulation technique on the shape of the resonance spectra. When considering the laser modulation technique, we assume a temperature dependence of the saturation magnetization and anisotropy parameters. Also we consider the presence of thermal STTs (TSTTs) [18] due to temperature gradient generated along the nanowire [19]. Recently, the TSTT has been considered theoretically [20] as well as observed experimentally in the metallic spinvalves [21,22] and also in magnetic tunnel juntions [23,24]. Apart from this, the SDE has been applied to analyse the lineshape evolution due to TSTT in a standard magnetic tunnel junction with a single free layer [25].
The Co/Cu/Co nanowires were fabricated by electrochemical deposition technique with diameters of about 30 nm. In such structures there is a strong dipolar coupling between the Co layers. To support our analytical calculations based on the macrospin model, we also performed micromagnetic simulations.
The paper is organized as follows. In section 2 we present a theoretical description of the magnetization dynamics in the system and also describe briefly the spin diode effect. In section 3 the experimental |
activity was also attended by the tribal leaders of Lake Sebu. The information gathered were thoroughly discussed to the participants with the help of the T'boli translator. The presentation of the data served as an opportunity for the researchers to verify the correctness of written information and to obtain feedbacks and suggestions from the participants.
Sampling of Odonata
Samples of the larvae and adult Odonates were obtained from the T'raan kini river of Brgy. Lamlahak and the Sepaka river of Brgy. Tasiman. Odonata larvae were collected through handpicking and using fine mesh nets with a wooden handle. The samples collected were placed in a container filled with water from the river. In the laboratory, the Odonata larvae were preserved in 70% ethanol. The samples were then identified based on the family characters (Neseman et al. 2011). However, the researchers experienced a difficulty in the identification of the larvae to the lowest possible taxa because of the paucity of literature and expertise.
The researchers also collected the adult dragonflies and damselflies through sweep nets and handpicking in order to determine the species of Odonata in the sampling sites. The samples were immediately placed in the glassine triangle paper. In the laboratory, the samples were soaked in acetone for preservation, 12 hours for damselflies and 24 hours for dragonflies (Quisil et al. 2014). Preserved specimens were pinned and stored in insect boxes with naphthalene balls to prevent the entry of other insects. Samples collected were then identified through published references (Villanueva 2010;Villanueva and Mohagan 2010;Villanueva and Cahilog 2012a, b;Villanueva and Cahilog 2014).
During the fieldwork, the researchers took photos of the specimen. The collected samples of larvae and adult Odonates and their photos were shown to the participants during the FGD and community presentation.
Data analysis
The data gathered during the interviews and FGD were transcribed verbatim and ethnographically analyzed following the steps suggested by Roper and Shapira (2000). The analysis included grouping the written data into meaningful categories or codes, sorting for patterns or themes, identifying outliers that do not fit with the findings, discussing the patterns using existing literature, and memoing for further clarification. In this study, the themes identified include the following: traditional Odonata collection techniques, uses of insects as food and medicine, the insects' biocontrol capacity, insects as folklore subjects, and other cultural connections.
Descriptive analysis was also performed. The researchers assigned a specific code number to each participant as presented in their socio-demographic information. A percentage of citation on the main uses of Odonata was also computed. These were supplemented by the participants' anonymous quotations to illustrate the findings and to achieve a better grasp of their practices on the use of Odonata. Similar to other qualitative research studies, this research is limited in size and scope, and captures only certain aspects of the T'boli culture.
Socio-demographic profiles of the participants
Out of the 34 T'boli participants interviewed, 14 of them mentioned that they utilize insects under the Order Odonata. Of these 14 participants, five (5) or 35.71% are females and nine (9) or 64.29% are males. As shown in Table 1, the socio-demographic profiles of 14 informants are further elaborated. 57.14% of the participants are senior citizens with ages above 60 years old. The youngest participant is 40 years old and the oldest is 92 years old. Eight (8) participants or 57.14% did not receive formal education, three (3) or 21.43% reached elementary level, two (2) or 14.29% attended high school, and only one (1) or 7.14% was able to finish college. 10 participants or 71.43% are farmers while four (4) or 28.57% are working as either Barangay Kagawad, traditional healer, embroiderer, or small business owner. All of them are married and are living in households with a large family size. Five (5) or 35.71% of the participants have household members of ten (10) and above, reflecting the polygamous nature of the people, particularly the Datus (traditional or tribal leader) who can have multiple wives. The highest annual income in the T'boli household is Php100,000.00 (around $1960) and the lowest is Php3,000.00 (around $ |
Population Health Status of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Trends and Implications for Public Health Policy
The Republic of Kazakhstan began undergoing a political, economic, and social transition after 1991. Population health was declared an important element and was backed with a substantial commitment by the central government to health policy. We examine key trends in the population health status of the Republic of Kazakhstan and seek to understand them in relation to the ongoing political, economic, and social changes in society and its aspirations in health policy. We used the Global Burden of Disease database and toolkit to extract and analyze country-specific descriptive data for the Republic of Kazakhstan to assess life expectancy, child mortality, leading causes of mortality, disability-adjusted life years, and causes and number of years lived with disability. Life expectancy declined from 1990 to 1996 but has subsequently recovered. Ischemic heart disease, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease remain among the leading causes of death; child mortality for children under 5 years has declined; and cardiovascular risk factors account for the greatest cause of disability. Considering its socioeconomic development over the last two decades, Kazakhstan continues to lag behind OECD countries on leading health indictors despite substantial investments in public health policy. We identify seven strategic priorities to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the health care system.
Introduction
The Republic of Kazakhstan (further Kazakhstan) placed itself on the global public health map with the Primary Health Care Declaration of Alma Alta in 1978 [1], even before it gained independence from the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1991. The principles of Primary Health Care were recently reinforced in the Astana Declaration in October 2018 [2]. With a population of approximately 18.5 million people living in an area of 2.73 million square kilometers (km 2 ), Kazakhstan is the largest land-locked country of the world, and it is one of the most sparsely populated [3]. Following the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1991, Kazakhstan entered a political, 2 of 10 economic, and social transition, with the oil and gas sector being the principal driver of its rapid economic growth.
Today, Kazakhstan is a country with a relatively young population and a dynamic demographic profile. Following a decline in the population between 1992 and 2002, the population has grown by 20%. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was estimated to be USD 180.2 billion in 2019, with a per capita gross national income of USD 8810 compared to USD 40,115 in other OECD countries [4]. Nevertheless, as an oil-exporting country, Kazakhstan has taken a leading place among other Central Asian countries.
Since its independence and as its economy has grown, Kazakhstan has placed an increasing amount of political attention on population health status and public health services. In order to improve the availability and efficiency of health services as well as to ensure equal access to health care, Kazakhstan's central, regional, and municipal governments have embarked on a phased reform of the health care system, starting with the State Program for Reforming and Development of Healthcare of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which took place from 2005-2010. This reform preceded the "Salamatty Kazakhstan" State Program from 2011-2015 [5], the "Densaulyk" State Program from 2016-2020 [6], and the current State Program for the Development of Healthcare of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which is planned to take place between 2020-2025 [7]. As a result of the new investments in health care, today, the entire population of the country has the right to access to basic social benefits and an expanded primary health care system for free. In addition, the hospital sector has been restructured to reduce dependence on inpatient care [5].
Improving population health is complicated by the unique geospatial position of Kazakhstan. First, although Kazakhstan is the 9th largest country in the world and 4th largest in Asia, it is among the most sparsely populated [8]. The average density is slightly less than 6.93 people per km 2 (184th place in world population density). Second, two of the world's largest environmentally hazardous sites are located in Kazakhstan: the Baikonur Cosmodrome and the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site. Following the collapse of the USSR, the cosmodrome became the property of Kazakhstan and was leased by the Russian Federation. Biosphere pollution caused by hazardous rocket fuel constitutes a considerable threat to the local environment, and the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site has increased the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in residents living near its location [9].
Given the geopolitical significance of Kazakhstan to the Central Asian region, |
in the field. We use these uncertainties as a proxy by which to identify poor-quality data that need to be removed from further analysis. As our use of the LPP is consistent with that of \citet{Stahl_2019}, we defer to their Section 3 for a more detailed discussion of its capabilities.
\subsubsection{Calibration}
\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{Statistics for calibration stars used in each field. $N_\mathrm{stars}$ is the number of calibration stars in each field. $\Delta V$ is the deviation from the corresponding PS1 magnitude and $\sigma V$ is the observed standard deviation, both in the $V$ band.}
\begin{tabular}{cccccc}
\hline \hline
Field & $N_{\mathrm{stars}}$ & $\overline{\Delta V}$ & $(\Delta V)_\mathrm{max}$ & $\overline{\sigma V}$ & $(\sigma V)_\mathrm{max}$\\
& & (mag) & (mag) & (mag) & (mag)\\
\hline
M15\_1 & 9 & $-0.0002$ & 0.0242 & 0.0170 & 0.0319 \\
M15\_2 & 9 & $-0.0004$ & 0.0157 & 0.0162 & 0.0303 \\
M15\_3 & 8 & $-0.0004$ & 0.0346 & 0.0218 & 0.0340 \\
M15\_4 & 10 & $-0.0012$ & 0.0210 & 0.0192 & 0.0245 \\
\hline \hline
\end{tabular}
\label{tab: cal_stats}
\end{table}
We calibrate each field by picking bright, nonvariable stars that have minimal (typically $< 0.03$\,mag) deviation from the corresponding PS1 catalogue values, converted to the Landolt-system (\citealt{Landolt1}, \citealt{Landolt2}) using the prescription of \cite{Tonry_etal_Panstars_2012}, and then to the Nickel2 natural system using the transformations and color terms presented by \cite{Stahl_2019},
and small (also typically $< 0.03$\,mag) scatter (per calibration star) in each of their observed magnitudes through the entire time series. The first criterion ensures calibration consistency between the four different fields in our tiling strategy (see Fig.~\ref{fig: M15 fields}), and the second --- in conjunction with the requirement that only those calibration stars that are detected in every image for a given field be used --- ensures a consistent calibration for images taken across long time intervals. \revised{This calibration process introduces scatter in our data. The characteristic value of this scatter for combined fields can be calculated from the mean and maximum standard deviation of calibration star magnitudes $\overline{\sigma V}$. We see a characteristic value of $\langle\overline{\sigma V}\rangle \approx 0.02$ and $\langle(\sigma V)_\mathrm{max}\rangle\approx 0.03$, which is representative of the uncertainty of our measurements. Considering the characteristic uncertainty in our data}, we set a 0.03\,mag floor on magnitude uncertainties (commensurate with our second criterion).
We summarise important statistics for our calibration choices in Table~\ref{tab: cal_stats}, while detailed information is relegated to Table~\ref{tab: calibration stars} in the Appendix. Unless otherwise noted, we do not accept data above an uncertainty threshold $\sigma_V \ge \sigma_{V,\mathrm{cut}}$, where $\sigma_{V,\mathrm{cut}} = \overline{\sigma_V} + \mathrm{std}(\sigma_V)/2$ for each star.
\subsubsection{Cross-matching}
\begin{figure}
\centering\
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{figures/OffsetHist.pdf}
\caption{Offset of our candidate stars from GCVS catalog $\theta_i$, in arcsec. Successful classifications tend to correlate with a small offset.}
\label{fig: distance to GCVS}
\end{figure}
We identify candidate variable stars using the L |
\section{Introduction}
This paper deals with the understanding of dynamics of systems capable of evolution.
In particular we are interested in systems of technological evolution with biological evolution as a special case.
We are dealing with systems of elements (e.g. molecules, species, goods, thoughts) that do not only
exist or decay, but have the possibility to form new elements through recombination of already existing elements.
For example consider a soup of molecules. Some molecules in the soup can react chemically with each other and form new molecules. Some reactions will lead to products that are already existing in the soup. Other reactions may produce molecules that are new and therefore transform the soup-environment into something new. This in return opens the possibility for chemical reactions that have not been possible before the existence of the new product.
In this context the concept of the {\em adjacent possible}\cite{origin} or {\em adjacent probable}\cite{arthur2004} has been introduced. This is the set of objects that can possibly become produced within a
given time span into the future. What {\em can} be produced in the next timestep depends crucially on the
details of the set of elements that exist at a given time.
Existing elements undergo an evaluation within the newly formed context\cite{arthur2004}.
In this paper we are basically interested in three types of phenomena.
First, cascades of creation, second, cascades of destruction. The
existence of these kind of dynamics has been postulated in the Schumpeterian
view on economic evolution\cite{schumpeter11} long time ago.
Third, we study {\em formation} processes in evolutionary dynamics. In this scenario elements exist in two different states 0/1
(like existing/not existing, on/off, active/inactive). Each element is connected to a set of other elements through a (fixed) interaction matrix. An element can change its state depending on the states of the elements it is connected to. For example, some type of molecule may change its state from non existing to existing when sufficiently many other molecules also exist -- or vice versa. This problem can be cast onto an opinion formation\cite{Axelrod97,Krapivsky03, Mobilia03, Castellano05, Castellano06,Lambetal07, Lambiotte07} scenario\cite{Lambiotte06}.
One of the substantial problems in dealing with evolutionary systems is the notoriously high or even unbound
dimensionality of systems undergoing evolution.
Just think of how many biological species exist on this planet or how many different goods and services are available, e.g. in Europe. Every element (good/species/chemical substance) $i$ is present in an evolving system with some relative frequency $x_i$. $x_i$ is the normalized abundance of the element $i$, such that $\sum x_i=1$. Think of each $x_i$ as an entry in a $d$-dimensional vector containing all possible elements in the universe. Inter-dependence between pairs of elements
can be coded in a large {\em interaction matrix} $\alpha$. If, for instance, $i$ uses a service provided by $j$ we set $\alpha_{ij}=1$ otherwise $\alpha_{ij}=0$. For ternary (and higher) relations $\alpha$ is not a matrix but a tensor which we call the {\em production rule table} or simply {\em rule table}. Suppose we look at chemical reactions then $\alpha_{ijk}=1$ when $i$ is the product of a chemical reaction of the substrates $j$ and $k$, and $\alpha_{ijk}=0$ if this chemical process is not permitted by the rules of chemistry.
High dimensionality usually makes such systems particularly difficult to treat in an analytic fashion. On the other hand the combinatorial explosion of elements that emerges through the recombinations of other elements, severely limits
computational analysis as well.
The exact way one element influences another is often only poorly known, or not known at all.
For example, we do not exactly know how many biological species are living on this planet right now (although we may make educated guesses). Needless to say that we know even less about the actual interactions and relations that species involve in.
Consequently we usually can not exactly describe the inter-dependencies between species (e.g. trophic dependencies) which govern their dynamics. We are certainly incapable of prestating future inter-dependencies of species that might come into being in the future course of earth history. This is to say, that we usually know very little about the true structure of the interaction matrices or tensors $\alpha$. However, we may happen to know several things, constraining our ignorance. For example, we might
have knowledge about the average number of chemical reactions producing the same chemical substance, or the average number of trophic dependencies an |
to be correlated with activity level with a high degree of statistical significance (above 98%) -with ρ = 0.66 and ρ = 0.57 for the logarithmic mean (µ) and the logarithmic variance (σ) re-spectively. We find a moderate correlation between the proportionality constant that blends these distributions together (c) with ρ = 0.37.
ACTIVITY LEVELS
The apparent independence between activity level and the parameters characterizing the Weibull component of the composite PDF is in agreement with the results of Hagenaar et al. (2003Hagenaar et al. ( , 2008 who found essentially no dependence between the distribution of ephemeral regions and the solar cycle. Furthermore, considering the values that these parameters assume, and the large width of their 95% confidence intervals (see Figures 5(c) and (f)), it is clear that leaving them unconstrained is being used by our fitting algorithm to over-fit the data.
To address this, we re-fit our data with the additional constraint that the parameters characterizing the Weibull component must be the same for all activity , (e) Composite PDFs fitted to data binned according to activity level using the same Weibull parameters for all activity levels. Vertical dashed lines mark the limit below which data are not included in the fits. (c) Total average log-likelihood (Tlk) for all activity levels as a function of the Weibull parameters k and λ (see Equation (3)). The optimum values that maximize Tlk simultaneously for all activity level bins are k best = 0.46 and λ best = 11.49µHem. Panels (g)-(i) show the relationship between the remaining parameters in the composite PDF and activity level. Error bars indicate the 95% confidence intervals of each value. The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (ρ) and its confidence level (P ) are included as the title of each of these panels. Fits to the relationships between these parameters and activity level are shown as red dashed lines. The analytical expression for each fit is included in the legend of each panel.
levels. We do this by maximizing total average loglikelihood (Tlk) for all activity levels: where f (x; k, λ, µ, σ, c) is our composite PDF function (see Equation (1)); the index j denotes each activity level bin, the index i denotes each data point in a bin; k and λ (the Weibull parameters) are free to vary but must be the same for all activity level bins; and µ j , σ j , and c j (the lognormal parameters and the constant of proportionality) are allowed be different for different bins.
As can be seen in Figure 6(c), Tlk has a single global maximum located at k best = 0.46 and λ best = 11.49µHem. These values are well within the 95% confidence intervals previously found for k and λ in both the unconstrained fit (see Figures 5(c) and (f)), and the fit to the unbinned RGO/KMAS Set (see Table 1).
After forcing k and λ to have the same value for all activity level bins, there is a remarkable tightening of the relationship between activity level and the remaining PDF parameters (µ, σ, and c, which can be seen both qualitatively and as a significant improvement in the Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. We perform a χ 2 fit to this dependence using power functions (see Figures 6(g)-(i) for fitting values), finding a reduced χ 2 lower than unity in all cases. Although in this work we fit these dependencies using power functions, due to their simplicity there are several functional forms that would fit the scatter plots equally well within the 95% confidence intervals (for example logarithmic and exponential forms). The true characterization of these dependencies would involve a large amount of tests that is beyond the scope of this paper and will be performed in a later work. (4) -2.078×10 5 9 0 >0.999 Table 2 Comparative performance of the different ways of fitting the data presented in this paper. ∆ AIC j is the relative AIC difference described by Equation (B2). Aw is the Akaike weight described by Equation (B4). The lower ∆ AIC j is, the more a model is likely to be correct (quantified using Aw). Bold text indicates the best model according to AIC.
Nevertheless, using these results, one can define a PDF with constant k and λ, whose properties depend on activity level through the relationships shown in Figures 6(g)-(i), and in which binning by activity level is no longer necessary. This PDF is defined as: where AL is the activity level in mHem at the |
Hiring data scientists can be a big challenge, partly because the available supply doesn't meet the demand for...
them. But that's only the first of the hurdles organizations face in building data science teams with the technical skills, business acumen and analytics bent needed to take full advantage of all the information flooding into big data systems.
In a panel discussion yesterday at Strata + Hadoop World 2016 in San Jose, Calif., a group of experienced data science team managers offered advice on finding, managing and retaining skilled data scientists, both for internal analytics initiatives and efforts to build data products for marketing to external customers. They said it starts with hiring the right types of people at the right time, then working to ensure the assembled data scientists are both productive for the business and satisfied by what they're doing.
Don't hire data scientists before the analytics "lab" is ready for them. Monica Rogati, an independent consultant who previously built and led a data science team at San Francisco-based wearable device maker Jawbone, said it's a mistake to "hire data scientists thinking that they're just going to sprinkle learning-pixie magic dust" around an organization and start generating actionable business insights. If the data needed to do that isn't available for analysis, Rogati added, the data scientists can become frustrated and restless -- "and the company feels cheated, too, because they're expensive and they're doing nothing."
Yael Garten, director of data science at LinkedIn, agreed it isn't a good idea to "bring in someone whose goal in life is to implement machine learning algorithms when there's no data available to them." She noted, though, that it can be helpful to have someone with data science skills in-house "who can help lay the foundations" for an analytics program, especially in the case of a startup that's pursuing a data monetization strategy. Otherwise, "there's a lot of technical debt to be paid later on," Garten said.
Expertise with algorithms isn't all there is to being a data scientist. Rogati, who also worked at LinkedIn as a senior data scientist in the past, said technical skills clearly are among the traits she looks for in job candidates. But another that's high on her hiring-priority list "is being grounded and having this very realistic, get-things-done attitude." Garten similarly pointed to a strong business sense as a vital trait of effective data scientists -- an idea of "what's doable, what's feasible and what's important," she said.
In addition, Rogati said data science teams need strong communication skills so they can explain analytical findings to business executives in understandable terms. Admonitions to speak more clearly to execs "used to really make me mad," she said. "But if you don't simplify it, someone else will. So, it's in your best interest to do it yourself."
Data science generalists and specialists both have their place. Early in the process of building data science teams, "when you're going from zero to 80" on the analytics speedometer as quickly as possible, jack-of-all-trades generalists who can work across various business units and departments are good to have along for the ride, said Daniel Tunkelang, a former data science director at LinkedIn. Later, when a team is up to speed and the new goal is making incremental improvements, data scientists who specialize in particular functional areas can be more useful, added Tunkelang, who also has worked at Google and other companies, and is currently an independent consultant.
Commingling data scientists and data engineers can promote togetherness. Rogati said data scientists often talk about having to "bribe" data engineers, who help prepare data for analysis, to do what's needed to enable analytics work to proceed. "You can skip all that by having a common team that has the same goals and is working toward the same thing," she added. Tunkelang said putting data scientists and engineers together on one team can also help "avoid having resentment created on one side or the other if they can't do the work they need to" because of a lack of cooperation across the aisle.
You need to make it clear upfront that the goal is to get things done for the company.
It's good to keep data scientists happy -- but not at the expense of business needs. While retaining the data scientists you hire clearly should be a priority, it can't be the only one in building data science teams. Garten said promoting "continuous technical growth," partly by adding new analytics tools and methodologies, can help keep data scientists in the fold by enhancing their professional skills.
She also advocated allotting time for a data science team to do exploratory analytics work that isn't tied to specific business initiatives or parts of a data monetization plan. "But you need to make it clear upfront that the goal is to get things done for the company," Garten said, advising that team managers spell out how much time data scientists should devote to practical analytics versus exploring data for possible insights.
In an interview at the |
Agile is an increasingly popular term used in the digital transformation realm. Given the past few years, it’s no surprise that business projects these days are unpredictable at best. The Project Management Institute outlines an agile approach to project management that accepts ambiguity, and incorporates discovery and learning throughout the project life cycle.
An agile process promotes incremental delivery, rather than an “all at once” approach - allowing for frequent inspection and adaptation, teamwork, self-organization and accountability. When this approach is applied to selecting software solutions to drive digital transformation, it gives teams a clear set of best practices that continuously aligns selecting and evaluating software solutions with ever-changing company needs and goals.
Digital transformation enables organizations to be future-proof to keep up with rapidly changing factors: external competitors, industry trends, and new technologies. With this in mind, an agile approach to digital transformation will ensure that teams can swiftly adapt and deliver value - the key to innovation and thriving in an increasingly digital environment. How can your digital transformation include agile processes at its core? In this article, we will examine the top benefits of an agile approach to digital transformation.
What does it mean to approach Digital Transformation in an agile way?
Approaching digital transformation in an agile way essentially means added value: teams deliver faster, with greater quality and predictability and greater aptitude to respond to change. Instead of solely relying on one big launch, an agile team delivers work in smaller, more manageable increments. The agile approach also means that teams can respond to change quickly - a necessity when implementing digital transformation - as requirements, plans, and results are evaluated continuously. What’s more, because the agile approach includes incremental development, it fosters an environment of ongoing collaboration with key stakeholders to ensure that your organization is buying solutions that will actually drive digital transformation.
A core benefit of agility is the flexibility it offers. Traditionally, new business projects can be executed via a strictly rigid approach, which offers little adaptability - particularly at the beginning of the project. On the flip side, an agile approach to digital anticipates and accepts change - and acts accordingly to accommodate it. This offers teams a far more realistic approach: they are empowered to test and switch in accordance with changes. Similarly, if business priorities shift throughout the project, teams will have the ability to make changes throughout the process.
The agile approach recognizes that technology alone is not a digital transformation solution, instead, it is a people-centric process first and foremost: engaging the right stakeholders to find the right technology. Only once teams have collaborated with stakeholders to define the business challenges clearly, objectives and goals should digital transformation begin. The agile process starts with the ‘why’: aligning the entire approach to respond to stakeholder and business needs.
An agile digital transformation process promotes disciplined project management that encourages consistent inspection and adaptation, a leadership philosophy that encourages teamwork, self-organization and accountability. All of these factors contribute to continuous improvement. Unlike a waterfall process, agile teams are continually learning, collaborating, optimizing and making necessary changes throughout regular evaluations - analyzing what is working well, and what needs improvement. Through this process, every individual on the team can contribute to continuous improvement at each stage of the project. The goal is, your process of transformation should have an overarching business goal, identified in collaboration with your stakeholders, and including the means for continuous improvement allows for an agile digital transformation to take place.
When teams work in bursts of short, productive sprints, digital transformation can occur incrementally - which is the safest, and most effective method of implementation. Rushing digital transformation can have catastrophic consequences, so instead, begin with smaller, agile change efforts that still pack a punch. Rather than waiting for months for an outcome that may not even positively serve your business, take time to create a framework for your company and communicate how the digital transformation serves your organization’s visions and goals.
Perhaps you need to cut costs, change the direction of your business, adapt to the new behaviors of your consumers, boost productivity or relieve bottlenecks caused by legacy software. Whatever the solution may be, incremental changes can help to nip any potential issues in the bud - rather than waiting and implementing changes when it’s too late - and too costly to do so.
Digital transformation is about making processes cheaper, faster, and more productive using technology. An agile digital transformation can also reduce the cost of resources, improve productivity and grow revenue. However, without the right agile processes and technological tools in place, you will be shooting in the dark. Incremental project sprints, which are roughly the same in length - enables teams to know exactly how much work can be accomplished, and therefore decipher the cost for each sprint. This means that there won’t be any nasty surprises at the end of the project, and it also allows for budget refinements and changes to be implemented throughout.
Digital transformation can be risky business.
But it doesn't have to be! In fact, an agile approach to software selection massively decreases any risk factors associated with digital transformation, and enables projects to practically eliminate the chance of failure. Frequent updates, consistent communication, and collaborative feedback ensures that every |
• C. A Tenupol-5 twin-jet electropolisher (Struers Inc., Cleveland, OH, USA) was used with an applied voltage of 20 V. Alloy 1 was electropolished with a brand new Tenupol-5 unit and a freshly prepared electrolyte for optimum cleanliness. After electropolishing, the specimens were immersed twice in methanol and twice in ethanol before being left to dry on filter paper.
Cross-sections of electropolished specimens were produced by the focused ion beam (FIB) lift-out method, using a FEI Helios G4 UX dualbeam instrument (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The specimens were coated with carbon (electron-and ion-deposited) prior to FIB lift-out, and the final thinning was done with 2 kV Ga + ions to optimize the surface quality.
Analysis of electrolyte solutions
An electrolyte for TEM specimen preparation is typically reused several times for many specimens of different alloy compositions. It is therefore interesting to analyze the chemistry of the electrolyte, as it is reasonable to assume that elements dissolved into the electrolyte from one specimen can transfer onto the surface of succeeding specimens. The electrolyte was prepared with 65% Suprapur® nitric acid and ≥99.9% EMSURE® methanol, both supplied by Merck KGaA. 1.5 L of fresh electrolyte (used to prepare alloy 1) was mixed into a new glass bottle using a plastic funnel and glass measuring beaker. A sample of 10 ml was extracted. A corresponding sample was collected from an old electrolyte, used to prepare a variety of aluminium alloy specimens for 3 months.
The metallic ions dissolved in the electrolytes and their ingredient chemicals were measured with inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICPMS) using an Agilent 8800 Triple Quadrupole instrument. The concentrations were quantified against standards from Inorganic Ventures and using 115 In as an internal standard.
Surface chemistry of TEM specimens
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) analysis was performed on an as-prepared TEM sample of alloy 1 using a 'TRIFT V nanoTOF' instrument (Physical Electronics, Chanhassen, MN, USA) equipped with a 30 kV Ga + source for analysis and an O 2 + source for sputtering. The bunched, primary Ga + ion beam was scanned over an area of 100 μm × 100 μm under static conditions (total ion dose < 1 × 10 12 ions/cm 2 ). All ejected positive secondary ions from the surface were collected for analysis. Since the sample is conductive, no charge compensation was required. The mass scale of the positive ion spectrum was calibrated using the Na + , Cu + , and Ga + peaks before further analysis. For depth profiling an O 2 + ion beam with 3 keV energy was rastered over a 600 μm × 600 μm area. Depth profiles of various elements were obtained at room temperature by alternately recording a mass spectrum and then sputtering the area for 10 s. The sputtering depth could not be measured accurately due to the uneven sample surface. In cases where the bulk concentration of an element was determined by ICPOES (see Table 1), the relative sensitivity factor (RSF) for these elements in the Al matrix could be calculated from the ion intensities of the respective elements. The RSF is a measure for the different ionization probabilities of different elements in a certain matrix and is needed for reliable quantitative analysis.
STEM and EELS
Annular dark-field (ADF)-STEM imaging and spectroscopy were conducted with a probe/image aberration corrected JEOL ARM-200CF cold field emission gun microscope (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). It was operated at 200 kV during conventional plan-view imaging, and 80 kV during imaging of cross-sectional specimens, to limit damage to the surface layers. The convergence angle of the beam was 27 mrad and the ADF-STEM collection angles were 67-118 mrad. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) was performed with a Gatan image filter (GIF) Quantum. The outer EELS collection angle was 67 mrad and the dispersion was 0.4 eV/channel. A power-law background was subtracted from spectra before core loss edges were integrated to form a depth profile of elemental concentration.
Diffraction patterns were simulated kinematically using the Crys-talKit software. Table 2 gives the measured composition of the electrolyte. All metallic ions that we expect to find within aluminium alloys, as well as the common contaminant Ca, have a higher concentration in the old electrolyte than in the new one. The Al content rises sharply with use of the |
drop in transactions in 2016. Transaction costs, including stamp duty, now account for up to 8 per cent of the value of the home, "reducing the incentive to buy and sell in the same market", Citi wrote in a report this week.
The Property Council, which has long advocated for a complete abolition of Australia’s "worst tax", says stamp duty can add more than $60,000 to the cost of a typical Sydney home over the life of a mortgage when interest is taken into account.
Earlier this year, Victoria announced it was scrapping stamp duty for first home buyers on homes valued up to $600,000. In NSW, where a similar exemption exists for new homes up to $550,000, Premier Gladys Berejiklian has conceded it must be explored for existing properties.
Last year, a report by the McKell Institute think tank recommended scrapping stamp duty and moving to a "simpler, fairer" land tax system, which would remove upfront costs on purchasing a home and bring benefits in its own right.
"A stable and simple form of revenue that cannot be avoided, land tax would improve housing affordability through incentivising a better allocation of housing, while also allowing for transport infrastructure to be financed through value capture financing," the report said.
Grant has in the past made much of "discrimination" against Aborigines so it is an interesting turn that he makes below. He says that Aborigines are NOT disadvantaged and that many have succeeded in white society.
That is an excellent counterblast against the constant wails from Leftists about the sad state of Aborigines. It discredits their implicit claim that Aborigines can not get anywhere without Leftist "help".
What Grant omits however is that most of the successes he quotes are like him -- people with substantial white ancestry. Some could pass as whites. Grant himself is little more than a white man with a good tan. I cannot think of a successful full-blood even in sport.
These were people who made things happen. The people in that room had earned their hard-won success. Yet, it still surprises people.
Movement is change and Indigenous Australia changed. They married non-Indigenous people, sparking a black population boom, and gravitated to the cities. Today the grandchildren of these pioneers are graduating universities in record numbers.
FROM her 10th floor apartment, Myra Demetriou has the kind of view many Australians would kill — or at least spend several million dollars — for.
The magnificence of the view is lost on the 91-year-old. "I’m blind, so I’m lucky if I can make out a ship," she tells news.com.au.
"Whatever its heritage value, that value is greatly outweighed by what would be a huge loss of extra funds from the sale of the site," Mr Speakman said.
"Sirius is a bit like Madonna, people either love it or they hate it, but at least they notice it."
"I used to see it when crossing the Harbour Bridge. I would sit on my dad’s knee when he was driving and I’d see it as we came into the city. It was one of the buildings that made me fall in love with architecture."
"The only way we knew how to value these buildings was through a financial model and a car park stacked up pretty well," he says.
Senator Sam Dastyari has put a little video up on Facebook, and it’s a little bit offensive.
The topic is everyone’s favourite — housing affordability — and Sam starts reasonably enough by saying Sydney house prices are expensive.
But does he have to mock people’s homes to make his point?
In the first scene, Sam is shown standing in front of a house he clearly regards as a bit of a dump. "This is what a million dollars in Sydney will buy you," he says, with scorn.
"This is what’s called a classic house … (It’s) on one of the busiest roads, and you know if it’s got security shutters, you’re onto a good thing."
Call me old-fashioned, but I think it’s rude to mock other people’s houses. That house was somebody’s home. A place where a family may well have raised their kids, and very proudly, too.
The house had those roll-down shutters that are commonplace on busy roads. I know heaps of Mums who have asked their hubbies to put them in, to help keep the noise and the dust down.
Sam soon moves on to a different house that isn’t up to his standards, saying: "This is what a million dollars will buy you in Northmead, but’s it okay, because it’s described as having a functional kitchen!"
But again, that was somebody’s home. Maybe their first home, that they slaved to buy, where they raised their kids. It looked like plenty of the homes in Melton, where I grew up. Not a palace, sure, but |
contract-termination events include a deficient supply of adequate housing, a deficient supply of referrals or under-enrollment, or a significant reduction in Medi-Cal funding. Annual appropriations are part of the county baseline budget to mitigate risk and SBs may terminate the contract due to annual appropriations failure.
recycle funds back to the government payor. Five percent interest to senior SIs and two percent interest to subordinate SIs is expected to be returned. The initial trigger of principal to the SI is 3 months of housing stability of the homeless individual. For maximum success payments, 83% of clients must achieve 12 months of housing stability. Payments begin annually starting at the end of the first year. A 3.5% interest rate is expected to return to social investors. Success payments are linked to other stakeholders, but detailed information is not published.
The project development costs not covered by the initial capital raise include the feasibility assessment and the transaction coordinator fees. These costs were provided by the Health Trust, the James Irvine Foundation, the Social Innovation Fund, and Santa Clara County. Almost $8 million in Medicaid services were provided by Santa Clara County for costs of implementation not covered by the initial capital raise, as was $4 million in vouchers and housing units provided by the State of California (Social Finance, n.d.).
Santa Clara has one of the largest major-city homeless populations in the country, with over 7,000 homeless in the city itself. It also has one of the highest rates of homeless veterans with over 600 homeless veterans reported last year (Henry et al. 2017). The impact of this SIB will be difficult to measure given how widespread the epidemic is locally.
more stable lives. The Housing to Health Initiative’s goal is to provide supportive services through stable housing for those in need while keeping the population out of jail. Almost $9 million launched this SIB in 2016 for a project lasting 5 years for 250 homeless who frequently use supportive services through a treatment called Assertive Community Treatment (ACT). ACT is an evidence- based model designed to provide treatment and rehabilitation to homeless people with mental health needs, ultimately reducing time spent in emergency rooms, detox programs, and jail. The project had a 6-month pilot period prior to the project launch. All individuals involved in the pilot were eventually included in the project itself. The project eventually expanded to service 325 homeless due to its initial success.
The SBs are the Colorado Coalition for the Homeless and the Mental Health Center of Denver. The government payor is the City and County of Denver, Colorado. The SIs are the Housing Stability Outcome and the Jail Bed Day Outcome. The main intermediary is CSH and the secondary intermediaries are Social Impact Solutions, Inc. and Enterprise Community Partners. The independent evaluator is the Urban Institute. No official validator is named yet, and the project is being managed by the Enterprise Community Partners and CSH. Legal counsel is being provided by Kutak Rock. Technical assistance is being provided by the Government Performance Lab.
second SI group, Jail Bed Day Outcome Fund, totaling over $4 million, consists of the Laura and John Arnold Foundation with almost $2 million invested, the Colorado Health Foundation with $1 million invested, Living Cities with $500,000 invested, Denver Foundation with $500,000 invested, and the Nonprofit Finance Fund with under $500,000 invested. There are no subordinate investors, no deferred fee sources, no recoverable grant sources, and no non-recoverable grant sources. The maximum repayment of funds committed by the payor totals over $11 million with a full-service delivery term of 5-years and a full repayment period of 5 years. Interim outcomes are reported and are tied to success payments.
The initial trigger of principal includes a 20% reduction in incarceration and achievement of 12 months of housing stability. The threshold for full repayment of principal includes an 83% housing stability and a 30% reduction in incarceration. If housing stability is 100% with a 65% reduction in incarceration, a full repayment of principal meets its maximum success payments. A 3.5% interest rate is expected to return to SIs with no other success payments linked to other key stakeholders.
capital raise include over $10 million in housing vouchers, over $5 million in Medicaid funding, and the implementation evaluation provided by the State of Colorado and the City of Denver.
Agreement were made to replace special-purpose vehicle (SPV) officers due to staff turnover.
Evidence of homelessness effectiveness is being provided through 15 experimental studies by Permanent Supportive Housing and 27 experimental studies through ACT. Both interventions have provided this type of intervention before. The project is scaling the model to fit the needs of the target population.
The data and evaluation-design methodology are validated by an RCT, the SB, and the Denver Sherriff Department. Housing stability and jail days |
FirePHP is a Firefox plugin and server-side library combination which allows you to send all sorts of juicy info out of your web application to your browser, much like the console.log() functionality with JavaScript. In this PLUS tutorial and companion screencast, we’ll teach you how to get started from the very beginning!
If you answered all three with a resounding "true," give yourself a pat on the back. I'll forgive you for not getting number three, but if you're not using Firefox with Firebug... where have you been!?
You'll need this winning combo to complete this tutorial. The last thing you'll need - to become that grand-master, uber-developer, code-slayer of your dreams - is the most important part: FirePHP.
What is FirePHP?
This code is so common. Sometimes it seems the quickest way to just splat out the value of $variable so you know what it is at a given point of code execution.
"Just use print_r($variable);" I hear you say. Alright smarty pants, but that's not very elegant. Trying to find the value of an array item in that mess is a pain. And it still doesn't sort out objects!
When you see what FirePHP can do, you'll change your mind! It turns debugging into a surprisingly enjoyable process and results in much more portable code.
In this tutorial I'm going to show you how to set up FirePHP in your app and some great ways to use it to speed up development and debugging.
If you haven't got the FirePHP extension installed, install it now.
The FirePHP extension (which I will refer to as FirePHP from now on) is wholly reliant upon Firebug, so you'll need that too. The server-side classes (which I will call FirePHPCore) are available as a standalone library. There are also a number of plugins for the popular PHP frameworks and CMSs.
Although the name suggests otherwise, FirePHP isn't just for PHP developers. It uses its own set of HTTP headers to send information from your application to the browser, so it can easily be ported to other languages. There are server-side libraries available for ASP, Ruby, Python and more. If there's not one for your language, you could always challenge yourself and write your own.
This also makes it ideal for AJAX debugging as it means asynchronous responses are clean content containing only the output you want to see - not the debugging code.
Go ahead and download your preferred server-side library. In this tutorial, I will focus on using the standalone core library. Instructions for setting up other libraries can be found on the FirePHP wiki.
Once you've unzipped the package, go into the lib folder and copy the FirePHPCore folder to your web server or app include folder.
One of the great things about the standalone FirePHPCore is its support for PHP4. So you can even plug it into some of those retro sites you're still running!
As with all good coding tutorials, we'll start with a basic example, the "Hello, World" of FirePHP.
Create a new, blank PHP document. I'll call mine test.php. Save it to the root of your app.
For FirePHPCore to do its work, we need to enable output buffering. Read up more about this if you've not used it before, it's a good habit to get into anyway.
If you're running PHP4, include the fb.php4 file instead.
We don't need to include the class file as this is included in the fb.php file.
FirePHPCore has a procedural and an object-oriented API. There's really no difference between the two and you can use whichever you prefer.
It also uses the singleton pattern to save memory and comes with a completely static helper class, which I prefer to use as it requires less coding.
How cool is that!? Well, that's not a very exciting demo, so let's try something a little more complicated.
Now save, go to Firefox and refresh.
Ok, looks good... but, hang on, where is all the output? Hover your cursor over that new line.
Wow. The Firebug frame shows us all of the data in our array - not just first-level array elements, but down-level ones too - and in a neat, legible fashion.
It gets even more interesting with objects! FirePHPCore makes full use of reflection to inspect an object's properties - even private ones.
FirePHPCore has a number of options that can be set to limit the level of inspection into arrays and objects. You can even create a filter for object properties that you don't want it to pass to the user agent.
You can find out more about the FirePHPCore API at the FirePHP Headquarters.
It should be obvious to you already that this can help with general debugging, but now I'm going to look at some inventive ways to use FirePHP.
If you use a single front controller to route all requests for and bootstrap your app, you could time how |
What Is Black Mold? Pictures and Symptoms of Black Mold
If you’ve noticed spotted black, clustered fungal growths in your home or business, do yourself a favour: Contact us right away for professional mold removal services. These clustered growths are the dreaded black mold, one of the most highly toxic species out there. Learn as much as you can about it and help protect yourself, and don’t wait to call in the experts!
Have you recently spotted black, clustered growths in your bathroom, around your toilet or shower, in your kitchen, or in your basement? Have you been coughing or sneezing when you enter particular rooms?
Your home could have a black mold problem that may need immediate attention.
What is black mold?
Black mold or Stachybotrys chartarum is usually accompanied by a distinctive odor and is greenish-black in colour.
Black mold is one of the most toxic molds that can be found in homes as it produces toxins called mycotoxins, which are capable of causing health problems in humans.
Black mold pictures
How fast does black mold spread?
Mold begins to grow as soon as its spores land on a damp, fibre-rich material (wood, fabric, drywall…) and it can spread around the house within 24 to 48 hours. It colonizes in one to twelve days and grows at one square inch per day. In less than a week, it can cover surface areas of several square feet.
Unfortunately in most cases, mold is widespread and already a big problem before a problem is even suspected by the homeowners.
How fast does mold grow on walls?
It doesn’t take too long for mold to grow. It can start spreading on walls within 1-2 days.
Where else does black mold grow?
Any moist surface is susceptible to mold. The surfaces that commonly support the growth of black mold, include: drywalls, paper and paper products, floor boards, cardboard, insulation materials, wallpapers, carpets, furniture, ceiling tiles, fibre-board, gypsum board, dust, fabric, and upholstery..
Can black mold spores travel in the air?
Yes. Mold spores are airborne and can attach themselves to people’s.
Can black mold spread from house to house?
Yes. If you have had mold in your old house and you is the best temperature for black mold to grow?
Mold usually thrives in warm, humid conditions. Temperatures around 70 degrees Fahrenheit or 20 degrees Celsius are ideal conditions for mold to grow and multiply.
Can black mold grow in the winter time?
Cold, wet and freezing conditions during the winter months is also a good time of the year for molds to multiply. Mold is often found near sources of water where it easily grows and reproduces.
What are black mold health symptoms?
We all know mold isn”.
Why is black mold so dangerous? Black mold releases toxic spores that linger in the air and attack your respiratory health. The potency of these toxic spores has proved to be the most detrimental to human health.
Black mold often appears as slimy and greenish-black. If its water source runs out, black mold can also appear as dry and powdery. Black mold is also dangerous because it’s sometimes difficult to distinguish from other species of mold.
The following are health symptoms associated with black mold exposure:
- Eye irritation
- Fever
- Chronic headaches
- Sneezing
- Rashes
- Chronic fatigue
In severe cases, symptoms caused by inhaling black mold can lead to the following health troubles:
- Vomiting
- Nausea
- to treat black mold poisoning?
that’s dangerous, particularly for young children and the elderly.
Even though black mold poisoning typically affects horses, cows, and pigs, humans can become infected if they inhale or ingest the spores.
Symptoms of stachybotryotoxicosis include skin rashes (typically around the armpit or other spots prone to perspiration), throat and sinus irritation, burning eyes, and a decrease in the production of white blood cells.
Treating black mold poisoning
If you suspect you’re suffering from symptoms associated with black mold exposure or poisoning, there are some things you can do to improve your health.
- Avoid mold-contaminated areas. It’s not possible to get better if exposure to the problem at hand continues.
- Get laboratory blood tests taken to determine whether or not you actually have black mold poisoning, and consult with your doctor to determine what action (if any) needs to be taken to treat your symptoms. This may or may not include taking an antihistamine or a nasal decongestant, as well as using an inhaler if you experience wheezing or trouble breathing.
- For more severe cases of black mold poisoning, your doctor may recommend immunotherapy, which involves injecting a very small amount of the toxin into your system so that you become immune to it.
- Hire a mold remediation professional to remove the black mold from your home safely and effectively. If you’re still experiencing symptoms, it |
one will be impressed. It was all pretend.
Women merely appear to represent value by concealing what men had no interest in before. But does gift-wrapping a lie make it valuable? Makeup has always been a brazen fraud, which is why, to secure their fraudulent gains, they require binding, bonds, ties...marriage. Wedlock finishes the fraud, at least Until Death Do You Part. Women employ fraud to capture men's interest in concealed liability and then get fooled by the illusion (of being valued) created by their fabricated illusion (of value).
You can disagree if you want, but impressive women don't need wedlock. I know women feel that men should value their fraud forever. All the same, women who bind victims of their life-rape to their side risk domestic violence because men will defend themselves from psychotics who want their fraud to be loved. Liars are appalled when their fraud is not valued but that doesn't make the truth rude. It just makes you broken.
The feminine system offers women illegitimate power to exploit men. Even though deep down every slave girl who takes the bait knows it's wrong, they can't help themselves from swallowing it all hook, line and sinker. Having fallen into the trap, they set about busily breeding dependent slaves for other, future, women and making the lives of their sons intolerable.
Women know exactly what they're doing. Every feminist plays off men's miserable confusion. Truth is always on the side of the oppressed because the oppressors can stop lying any time they please. 99% of girls buy into the absurd lie that declares the intrinsic value to reside in their concealed objects. They conflate [being valued] with [real value]. The difference is [value]. There isn't any.
I once had a girl with incredibly low self-esteem. I've never seen a cuter woman but I only ever saw her face once (concealed by cosmetics the rest of the time, with day and night routines). She would probably die before showing her stunning face in public which, I'm ashamed to admit, suited me just fine at the time.
They were being very shrewd. Women have specific value systems. They are attracted to rude, imposing, cowardly bullies because they are rude, imposing, cowardly bullies themselves. Watching her helped me understand rape fantasies: why would you desire something to be done to you if you weren't already doing it to someone else? Treat others as you want to be treated, as the old phrase goes. Men won't call makeup rape, because they've been told it isn't. But what else would you call it?
Thankfully, that didn't happen too often; through no fault of the guys (she wasn't bright enough to know how funny and charming some of these guys were). She just sat there like a painted rock, a Cargo Cult victim of older women's malicious lies of entitlement, waiting for what she thinks she deserves as the male victims of their coercive monopoly flail themselves - mostly in vain - against their infantile delusion, her mind corrupted and reduced by a lifetime of malicious lies and degradation. She cannot reciprocate true value. In many ways, she was a robot. An entitled, boring, insulting robot. But the feminine system displayed her to me as infinitely more important than I. The crazy thing is that men believe this nonsense that women are better, and even someone like Brad Pitt says he's "lucky" to have Angelina Jolie. She's nothing compared to him, everyone can see that. But in every photo of them together it always looks like he's in the shot with her, rather than the other way around. No wonder they broke up. Women don't want to be cool, they want a cool man.
One day I asked my girl at the time why she was so unmoved by her near-celebrity levels of male attention. "All those guys? Them? That baffled her, but her response was telling. She asked me why I was with her. I told her it was for the sex and I swear I saw a moment of realisation flash in her blue eyes, and then it was gone. And so was she.
A few days ago I saw her downtown. She's changed her hairstyle, but nothing else. I still wonder if she will ever realise that she mistook the male attention for approval.
And one person whispered to another, "Only whores obstruct biology. The victims of domestic violence are men and children. Women's clothes conceal liability. They reveal intent to sell a fraud. Women who sell fraud are whores."
"Silence those misogynists!" the whole town cried out at last.
That's their counter-argument. "Shut Up." They cannot counter truth. They refuse to accept it. They exist in bubbles of delusion where truth is subjected to more controls than state media in North Korea. I don't need to suppress reality. The Young Girl wants to sell deceit but no |
centred on the centre of mass of a mesogen which is then displaced randomly within the cube. The displacement is accepted (or rejected) according to the standard Metropolis criterion [36].
If instead a mesogen is to be rotated, one of the three Cartesian axes is chosen at random as the axis of rotation. Once the mesogen is rotated by a small angle increment the Metropolis criterion is again invoked to decide whether or not the rotation is accepted. Both the size of the displacement cube and the angle increment are adjusted during the course of a simulation such that about 40 -60% of all attempts are accepted on average.
Once all mesogens have been selected sequentially and attempts have been made to displace or rotate them, one attempt is made to change the volume of the system by a small amount. A modified Metropolis criterion is invoked to decide whether or not this volume change is to be accepted or not [36]. Volume changes are attempted less frequently than displacement/rotation attempts because a change in volume requires in principle a recalculation of all the N(N − 1)/2 pair contributions to U whereas during displacement/rotation events only N such interactions need to be re-evaluated.
To save as much computer time as possible, we cut off the interaction potential if the distance between the centres of mass of a pair of mesogens exceeds 3.0σ . To speed up the simulations even further we employ a combination of a Verlet and linked neighbour list [37]. We consider a mesogen to be a neighbour of a reference mesogen if their centres of mass are separated by a distance of less than or equal to 3.5σ .
Henceforth, we shall express all physical quantities in terms of the customary dimensionless (i.e., 'reduced') units. We express length in units of the diameter σ of the spherically symmetric core of the mesogens and temperature in units of ε/k B for the isotropic part of the interaction.
Nematic phases of biaxial symmetry
We begin the presentation of our results by displaying in Figure 3 plots of the nematic order parameters S α for both mixture components (α = a, b) as functions of temperature T; a plot of the biaxiality order parameter η is also shown in that figure. At sufficiently high T, S a S b 0, such that the binary mixture is globally isotropic as expected (region I). Notice, that the nematic-order parameters are not exactly zero but scale with N (−1/2) on account of a finite-size effect that is well understood in pure liquid crystals [32,38,39].
Upon lowering T, S a and S b remain small up to T 1.48 when suddenly both begin to increase. This increase is stronger in the case of α = b compared with α = a (region II). As one can see, S b increases rather strongly over a small T interval and quickly assumes a relatively high value. This indicates that component b of the mixture has formed a nematic phase. The variation of S b with T appears rather rounded despite the first-order character of the isotropic-nematic phase transition. This, again, is a finite-size effect rather typical for the present class of model systems [39].
A somewhat peculiar feature is seen in the variation of S a with T. This quantity assumes a relatively small value of about 0.20 -0.30 and increases weakly with decreasing T up to T 1.08 whereupon it rises rather steeply and reaches values that signal the formation of a nematic phase of component a at lower T (region III).
Compared with pure systems composed of mesogens of either component a or b the isotropic-nematic phase transition of the latter occurs at about the same T 1.48; the isotropic-nematic phase transition of pure component a happens at a slightly higher T 1.13 compared with T 1.08 in the binary mixture (see Figure 3).
The biaxiality order parameter η is almost zero and independent of T down to T 1.10 indicating that the partially ordered mixture is still uniaxial. For lower T, η increases steadily. This reflects that for T 1.10 a biaxial nematic is forming; the biaxiality is a consequence of the increasing nematic order in component a in this range of temperatures.
That the formation of a biaxial nematic proceeds in the two-step mechanism is corroborated from 'snapshots' of individual configurations obtained for two thermodynamic state points pertaining to zones II and III, respectively. An inspection of Figure 4(a) indicates that In a binary mixture of rod-and disc-like mesogens such a restricted isotropic liquid was already proposed in the work by Vanakaras et al. [26].
However, the 'snapshot' shown in Figure 4 |
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The report gives detailed marketplace share evaluation of the car battery chargers on the basis of crucial makers. A section of the report highlights the all round car battery chargers marketplace nation sensible. It offers a marketplace outlook for 2017-2027 and sets the forecast within the context of the report. The report sheds light on important developments and activities executed by the prominent manufacturing companies operating in the vehicle battery chargers industry.
There are a lot of sorts of Automotive and Marine battery Chargers so it’s critical that you know what to look for in a charger and that you obtain one that is appropriate for your application. Getting the correct charger implies you will extend the life of the battery and also get much better overall performance from the battery. Batteryworx stock a choice of high high quality chargers for an array of battery varieties and efficiency applications.
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Disadvantages: Expense lithium is a lot more pricey than lead. This price differential is not as apparent with modest batteries (cell phones, computers) you may not comprehend you are paying significantly a lot more per stored kilowatt hour than other chemistries. Due to the fact automotive batteries are bigger, the cost becomes a lot more significant. At the moment there is no established system for recycling large lithium-ion batteries.
The manufacturers in the car battery chargers marketplace are focusing on strategic developments such as solution launches, expansion, collaborations and acquisitions. For instance, in 2016, Robert Bosch GmbH introduced new solution lines, namely SmartCharge Pro, SmartCharge Plus, and SmartCharge. The new range of intelligent charger goods covers applications such as cars, motorcycles, ATVs, boats, delivery vehicles and snowmobiles. In 2015, Ctek Holding AB signed a technological collaboration agreement with WiTricity Corporation to commercialize wireless charging technology for batteries. In 2016, Clore Automotive LLC launched two items including PRO-LOGIX 2A x 4 and Jump-N-Carry Commercial Grade Booster Cable series. PRO-LOGIX 2A x 4 is a battery charger that can charge up to 4 batteries at when.
powered industrial truck battery chargingRelated Gear Corporation (A.E.C.) established in 1948, has made and patented battery charger technologies and automotive battery testers for more than 70 years. This year we celebrate our 100th year of manufacturing battery chargers for the material handling sector. Initially manufactured by Hobart Brothers Battery Charger Division, our industrial battery chargers have set the market regular worldwide because 1917. Our first charger, the HB Battery Charger, was not constructed by machine, but mostly by skilled laborers, who witnessed firsthand the quite beginning of the technology. When compared with today’s sophisticated technology chargers, it is impressive to contemplate all of the developments the business has noticed considering that 1917.
The new generation of automotive equipment and demanding industrial applications such as mining machinery, forest sector, trucks and containers, geo-localization, forklift & electrical cleaning vehicles are demanding a lot more simple and efficient power solutions with constructed-in intelligence to adjust load charging to an nearly infinite range of applications. Designers frequently face challenges when developing systems requiring autonomous gear powered by regional batteries, in the selection of battery technologies but also in the variety of charger. They are concerned by the size of the battery charger, which these days is often integrated into a significantly smaller sized envelope.
A detailed analysis has been offered for each segment, in terms of market size (volume and worth) analysis for |
clusion criteria 1. A diagnosis of idiopathic PD based on the modified *UK PD brain bank criteria [26,27,28] and which are consistent with recent criteria proposed for clinically established early established Parkinson's disease that no longer exclude individuals with a family history of Parkinson's disease [29]. 2. Hoehn and Yahr stage: less than 3 3. Disease duration: less than 3 years since disease diagnosis 4. Age: 40-80 years 5. Positive DaTscan ™ SPECT by qualitative visual assessment from the Institute of Neurodegenerative Disorders. i. For women: If not surgically sterile or postmenopausal, a negative pregnancy test will be required prior to receiving the DaTscan ™ SPECT.
Exclusion criteria 1. Currently being treated with PD medications such as levodopa or dopamine receptor agonists, MAO-B inhibitors, amantadine, or anticholinergics. 2. Expected to require treatment with medication for PD in the first 6 months of the study. 3. Use of any PD medication 60 days prior to the baseline visit including but not limited to levodopa, direct dopamine agonists, amantadine, Rasagiline (Azilect), Selegiline (Eldepryl), Artane (trihexyphenidyl), Mucuna. 4. Duration of previous use of medications for PD exceeds 60 days. 5. Use of neuroleptics/dopamine receptor blockers for more than 30 days in the year prior to baseline visit, or any use within 30 days of baseline visit. 6. Presence of known cardiovascular, metabolic, or renal disease or individuals with major signs or symptoms suggestive of cardiovascular, metabolic, or renal disease without medical clearance to participate in the exercise program. 7. Uncontrolled hypertension (resting blood pressure is greater than 150/90 mmHg). 8. Individuals with orthostatic hypotension and standing systolic BP below 100 will be excluded. Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is a reduction of systolic blood pressure of at least 20 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure of at least 10 mm Hg within 3 min of standing. 9. Hypo-or hyperthyroidism (TSH is less than 0.5 or is greater than 5.0 mU/L), abnormal liver function (AST or ALT more than 2 times the upper limit of normal), abnormal renal function (creatinine clearance calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault equation is less than 50mL/min, or estimated glomerular filtration rate using the MDRD4 equation or the CKD-EPI equation is less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ). 10. Complete Blood Count (CBC) out of range and physician's judgment that abnormal value is clinically significant. 11. Recent use of psychotropic medications (e.g., anxiolytics, hypnotics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants) where dosage has not been stable for 28 days prior to screening. 12. Serious illness (requiring systemic treatment and/or hospitalization) within the last 4 weeks. 13. Any other clinically significant medical condition, psychiatric condition, drug or alcohol abuse, assessment or laboratory abnormality that would, in the judgment of the investigator, interfere with the subject's ability to participate in the study.
1. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score of less than 24. 2. Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI) score is greater than 28, indicating severe depression that precludes ability to exercise. Any subject with such a score will be referred to a Primary Care Physician (PCP) or physician for further evaluation and management of depression. Individuals with a BDI-II score of 17-28 will be excluded if any of the following conditions are met: (1) individual is suicidal, (2) needs depression treatment modification currently or (3) depressive symptoms are likely to interfere with adherence to study protocol. Any subject with such a score will be referred to a PCP or physician for further evaluation and management of depression. 3. Individuals who have been exercising at greater than moderate intensity for 120 min or more per week consistently over the last 6 months will be excluded. Greater than moderate intensity is defined as a range greater than 60-65% HRmax. These individuals are excluded since their exercise activities are greater than the activities they would experience if they were assigned to the 60-65% treatment group. As such, they would be expected to lose fitness. 4. Use of the following within 90 days prior to the DAT neuroimaging screening evaluation: bupropion, modafin |
small companies that made snow shovels in Iowa, BBQ’s in Texas, fine footwear in Boston, high fashion in San Francisco, or even movies in LA.
So should we consider it xenophobic to rewrite our trade agreements periodically? Anyone that would say this is speaking out of political motivations - think of it as “power play” motivations. The world is not static, game theory is always in play on all sides.
So here we are. The US opened it’s markets, shared it’s production practices, shared it’s technologies, enjoyed the fruits of the relationships, and has suffered the results of the relationships. Maybe it’s time to rewrite our trade agreements after viewing their impacts over 30-40 years. Seems not unreasonable.
Thanks for stating it clearly @corey-devos - “GOP social holon has a center of gravity at red/amber.” What “center of gravity” do you see the Democratic party at?
Proposals are, well, proposed (Texas abortion bill, late term abortions) and our Liberal Democracy rules on them through our Democratic elections. Our courts will rule on the alignment with our Constitutional legal system. If the Citizenry thinks it’s “good”, then might reelect the legislators who passed the concepts. We do have a “government by consent” after all.
What center of gravity would you consider is killing unborn fetus, babies, humans? Would that be Teal, Green, Ultraviolet, Red, Amber?
Just for the record, supply side neoliberalism and the global markets it created is not “green”, it’s orange. Green doesn’t mean “global” — after all, Orange is also a worldcentric altitude, but sees the world in terms of markets, winners, and losers (“mean orange meme” representing the sort of extractive capitalism we’ve been discussing), while a green-altitude economy would likely be built on principles of sustainability (in terms of intention anyway) but would likely get caught up in all sorts of “equality vs. equity” contradictions.
Amber’s judgment will be based entirely on metaphysics, belief, and black-and-white moral reasoning, and will make no exceptions for things like rape or unviable pregnancies (as seen in Texas).
Orange will take a scientific view based on viability of the fetus.
Green will prioritize the woman’s bodily autonomy.
Teal/turquoise will support the best possible compromise that reduces the greatest amount of suffering possible, while including as many of these perspectives as possible. Which was the status quo before regressive conservatives decided to turn the clock back 60 years (remembering that Roe was implemented 7-2 by a Supreme Court, and most of the conservative appointed justices supported the ruling).
Teal/turquoise would NOT support amber imposing their beliefs and metaphysics into everyone else.
Teal and turquoise would seek to minimize the total number of abortions as much as possible, using methods like sex education (“taking it up the arse” lol) and access to contraceptives. Such as the Colorado IUD plan that drastically reduced teenage pregnancies and abortions, but conservatives killed because it doesn’t fit into an abstinence-only set of solutions.
Teal/turquoise solutions would also prioritize improving conditions for poor Americans so they don’t feel like having a child will keep them trapped in poverty (it costs an average of $5k-10k just to deliver a child in this country) by creating systems to help with medical bills, early education, day care, school lunches, etc. All things that conservatives have opposed at every step.
Roe vs. Wade was the best possible compromise (as Ken himself believes) and created a system where the only “late term abortions” being performed were in cases of unviable fetuses or risk to the mother. Now Texan women don’t even have those protections, and are forced to carry fetuses with organs growing outside their bodies to term. Which is not reducing suffering, it’s creating more suffering in the name of religious belief.
Thank god for the abortion pill, the FDA, and the USPS.
Again - your own projection.
You have a very dark view of everyone who does not follow your position and rather than come to terms with that, you need me to fill that role. So I oblige you.
And - I would also argue - that being unable to “go dark” is a major fault of Green Tier. I think people along the road to Integral believe they have to always be “nice” - or at the very least academic or professional. Only time will tell where my theory takes me vs the “nice” path.
This doesn’t mean that “going dark” is higher than Green - but inability to go green is a Green shadow.
Your willingness to go dark against other causes and do ad homenim - then take the victim status when someone does it to you shows you are also struggling with this green shadow.
It’s common. lots of people want to see themselves as “the good guy” to the point where they do not accept responsibility in themselves and twist reality around |
(Fig 3). We estimated that 45% of CYPHIV � 25 years were on ART in 2005. By 2009, ART coverage met the then-current 90-90-90 UNAIDS target for CYPHIV diagnosed and on ART in 2009 (at 82% of total CYPHIV, exceeding 90% � 90% = 81%). ART coverage reached a maximum of 84% in 2014 and then dropped to 81% in 2015, as children and youth dropped out of care (Fig 3B). Of CYHIV living with non perinatally-acquired HIV and aged 13-25 years, ART coverage was 11% in 2005 increased over time, reaching 46% by 2025 (Fig 3C).
Sensitivity analyses
Sensitivity analyses results are available in S6 Table. We identified two key gaps in data in input data, affecting model estimates. We found results were sensitive to variation in the MSM
PLOS ONE
high-risk: low-risk ratio and initial prevalence of HIV in 2005 among each population at risk for non-perinatally acquired HIV. As we increased the proportion of high-risk MSM, the number of new MSM infections also increased. When increasing the prevalence of HIV in 2005 by 2-fold in each risk group, we projected higher numbers of CYNPHIV, however, towards the later years, as those living with HIV in 2005 aged out of the model, our projections then matched the base-case. Results were least sensitive to variations in HIV testing and ART coverage among MSM, although increased HIV testing and ART coverage in later years resulted in higher projected numbers of MSM living with HIV, as their survival increased. Then, as data became more available, our model projections were similar to those projected by AEM-Spectrum (S10 and S11 Figs).
Comparison with AEM-spectrum model projections
We found that our model projected comparable estimates to those of AEM-Spectrum in all calendar years only when we assumed larger numbers of CYHIV entering the model in 2005 (2-fold greater HIV prevalence in 2005 among MSM, FSW, PWID, and other youth aged 15-24 years). With this assumption, however, our model still estimated larger numbers of CYHIV aged 10-19 compared to AEM-Spectrum (S12 and S13 Figs).
When increasing access to HIV testing among adolescent MSM and FSW in 2019 to match the UNAIDS indicator for awareness of HIV status in these adult key populations, we found ART coverage among all CYHIV increased from 46% to 59%, but remained below the UNAIDS target of 95% (S14 Fig).
Scenario analyses: PrEP scale-up
In this example, we set the introduction of PrEP in 2018 and found the number of new infections among young MSM was projected to be markedly lower, decreasing by 17-49% depending on uptake (S15 Fig).
Discussion
We developed a focused, multi-state transition model to estimate the magnitude of the pediatric and adolescent HIV epidemic among 0-25-year-olds in Thailand between 2005 and 2025 and to identify key gaps in input data to inform research and intervention priorities. Our analysis had several main findings. First, we estimated a total of 30,760 children, adolescents, and youth aged 0-25 years are living with HIV in Thailand in 2020, among whom one-third are living with perinatally-acquired HIV. Second, in the 2018-2025 period, we estimated high numbers of young MSM living with HIV who comprise a large proportion of the adolescent and youth HIV epidemic in Thailand; this highlights urgent needs to identify young MSM at risk for HIV and to increase their access to HIV testing and treatment. Third, we projected a slight decrease in ART coverage as CYHIV dropped out of care; lack of ART coverage was most pronounced in CYNPHIV, for whom ART coverage remained <50%. Fourth, our estimates were sensitive to variation in key model input parameters, such as prevalence of HIV in 2005 and incidence in later calendar years, underscoring the need for more complete and robust data on HIV in adolescents and youth.
Our results emphasize both the successes and long-term implications of PMTCT programs in Thailand. We estimated a steady decline in perinatal HIV infections in Thailand, reflecting the implementation of new national guidelines for PMTCT of HIV (WHO Option B in 2010 and Option B |
a t e x i t s h a 1 _ b a s e 6 4 = " O m M u S S J B J 9 H R f 9 w n D r W y S r m + w b A = " > A A A B 8 3 i c b V B N S 8 N A F H y p X 7 V + V T 1 6 W S y i p 5 K I o M e i F / F U w d p C U 8 p m + 9 I u 3 W z C 7 k Y o o X / D i w d F v P p n v P l v 3 L Q 5 a O v A w j D z H m 9 2 g k R w b V z 3 2 y m t r K 6 t b 5 Q 3 K 1 v b O 7 t 7 1 f 2 D R x 2 n i m G L x S J W n Y B q F F x i y 3 A j s J M o p F E g s B 2 M b 3 K / / Y R K 8 1 g + m E m C v Y g O J Q 8 5 o 8 Z K v h 9 R M 2 J U Z H f T 0 3 6 1 5 t b d G c g y 8 Q p S g w L N f v X L H 8 Q s j V A a J q j W X c 9 N T C + j y n A m c F r x U 4 0 J Z W M 6 x K 6 l k k a o e 9 k s 8 5 S c W G V A w l j Z J w 2 Z q b 8 3 M h p p P Y k C O 5 l n 1 I t e L v 7 n d V M T X v U y L p P U o G T z Q 2 E q i I l J X g A Z c I X M i I k l l C l u s
l a t e x i t s h a 1 _ b a s e 6 4 = " O m M u S S J B J 9 H R f 9 w n D r W y S r m + w b A = " > A A A B 8 3 i c b V B N S 8 N A F H y p X 7 V + V T 1 6 W S y i p 5 K I o M e i F / F U w d p C U 8 p m +
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l a t e x i t s h a 1 _ b a s e 6 4 = " O m M u S S J B J 9 H R f 9 w n D r W y S r m + w b A = " > A A A B 8 3 i c b V B N S 8 N A F H y p X 7 V + V T 1 6 W S y i p 5 K I o M e i F / F U w d p C U 8 p m +
j W X c 9 N T C + j y n A m c F r x U 4 0 J Z W M 6 x K 6 l k k a o e 9 k s 8 5 S c W G V A w l j Z J w 2 Z q b 8 3 M h p p P Y k C O 5 l n 1 I t e L v 7 n d V M T X v U y L p P U o G T z Q 2 E q i I l J X g A Z c I X M i I k l l C l u s which follows from the use of univariate functions g i . Denoting the left and right hand side Jacobian of Eq. (4) by J and J , respectively, we have that represents the derivative of the univariate function g i (z i ) with |
3 When are dental steroids usually prescribed?
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Steroids (additionally known as cortisone or corticosteroids) are chemicals (hormonal agents) that happen naturally in the physical body. Steroids lower swelling, subdue the body’s immune system, block DNA from being made, as well as obstructing a chemical called histamine (released during an allergic reaction). Steroid medications are synthetic however are similar to these organic hormones.
The sort of steroids used to deal with illness are called corticosteroids. They are different to the anabolic steroids which some professional athletes and also body builders use. Anabolic steroids have quite various results. Steroids are readily available as tablets, soluble tablet computers, and options, creams, lotions, inhalers, and shots.
Dental steroids are steroids that you could take by mouth – tablets, soluble tablets and liquids (options). Oral steroids available in the UK include betamethasone, deflazacort, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone and also fludrocortisone. They are available in various different brand names. Prednisolone is the most typically used oral steroid. This leaflet reviews the primary feasible side-effects of dental steroids in addition to other vital details if you take dental steroids.
When are dental steroids usually prescribed?
Joint and muscle mass illness (for instance, rheumatoid arthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica).
They are additionally used to treat some cancers. Furthermore they can be suggested as replacement treatment for people who have quit making their own steroids – – Addison’s illness.
A brief program of steroids usually triggers no side-effects. For example, a 1- to 2-week training course is frequently recommended to reduce an extreme assault of asthma. This is usually taken without any troubles.
Side-effects are more likely to occur if you take a long program of steroids (more than 2-3 months), or if you take brief courses repeatedly.
The higher the dosage, the higher the threat of side-effects. This is why the lowest possible dose which regulates signs and symptoms is aimed for if you require steroids long-lasting. Some illness require a greater dose compared to others to regulate signs and symptoms. Also for the same disease, the dosage required often varies from one person to another.
A common treatment strategy is to start with a high dose to control signs and symptoms. Typically the dose is then slowly reduced to a reduced everyday dose that maintains signs and symptoms away. The length of therapy can vary, relying on the condition. Sometimes the steroid treatment is progressively quit if the problem improves. Nevertheless, steroids are needed for life for some conditions, as symptoms return if the steroids are stopped.
‘’ Thinning’ of the bones (weakening of bones). Nonetheless, there are some medicines that could help to safeguard against this if the risk is high. As an example, you can take |
occupancy rating (bedrooms) by religion of Household Reference Person (HRP) |Census |
|DC4209EW |Number of persons per room in household by ethnic group of Household Reference Person (HRP) |Census |
|DC4210EWla |Communal establishment management and type by sex by age |Census |
|DC4211EWla |Communal establishment management and type by ethnic group by sex |Census |
|DC4402EW |Accommodation type by type of central heating in household by tenure |Census |
|DC4403EW |Accommodation type by household spaces |Census |
|DC4404EW |Tenure by household size by number of rooms |Census |
|DC4405EW |Tenure by household size by number of bedrooms |Census |
|DC4406EW |Tenure by number of persons per room in household by accommodation type |Census |
|DC4407EW |Tenure by number of persons per bedroom in household by accommodation type |Census |
|DC4408EW |Tenure by number of persons per bedroom in household by household type |Census |
|DC4409EWla |Communal establishment management and type by religion by sex |Census |
|DC4415EWla |Accommodation type by car or van availability by number of usual residents aged 17 or over in household |Census |
|DC4416EWla |Tenure by car or van availability by number of usual residents aged 17 or over in household |Census |
|DC4601EW |Tenure by economic activity by age - Household Reference Persons |Census |
|DC4602EWr |Tenure by industry by age - Household Reference Persons (regional) |Census |
|DC4604EW |Tenure by occupation by age - Household Reference Persons |Census |
|DC4605EW |Tenure by NS-SeC by age - Household Reference Persons |Census |
|DC4606EW |Tenure by number of bedrooms by occupation of Household Reference Person (HRP) |Census |
|DC4607EWr |Tenure by occupation by sex by age - Household Reference Persons (regional) |Census |
|DC4608EWr |Tenure by NS-SeC by sex by age - Household Reference Persons (regional) |Census |
|DC4801EWla |Communal establishment management and type by position in communal establishment by resident one year ago |Census |
|DC5101EWla |Highest level of qualification by sex by age - Communal establishment residents |Census |
|DC5102EW |Highest level of qualification by sex by age |Census |
|DC5103EW |Highest level of qualification by household composition |Census |
|DC5104EWla |Highest level of qualification by number of children by hours worked by sex |Census |
|DC5106EW |Highest level of qualification by family type |Census |
|DC5107EWla |Highest level of qualification by sex by age |Census |
|DC5202EW |Highest level of qualification by ethnic group by age |Census |
|DC5203EW |Highest level of qualification by country of birth by age |Census |
|DC5204EW |Highest level of qualification by religion by age |Census |
|DC5205EWr |Highest level of qualification by country of birth by age (regional) |Census |
|DC5206EW |Highest level of qualification by passports held by age |Census |
|DC5207EWr |Highest level of qualification by passports held by age (regional) |Census |
|DC5208EW |Highest level of qualification by main language |Census |
|DC5209EWla |Highest level of qualification by ethnic group |Census |
|DC5301EW |Highest level of qualification by long-term health problem or disability |Census |
saying what many of us perhaps find difficult to recognize and painful to admit: the Christian who would receive the gift of life from the Father and fulfill the law of reciprocity by giving it back to Him through Christ, in Christ and with Christ, has been effectively separated from the prevailing culture. Whatever the shortcomings of the Christian which call for his inner renewal, it is also a fact that he can no longer partake of the culture of death. The culture of death cannot be renewed or reanimated. It must be replaced or transformed, i.e., acquire a new form or animating principle. Only when we become clear about this will we be able to respond to another task noted by the Pope: “With equal clarity and detenuination we must identify the steps we are called to take in order to serve life in all its truth.” The encyclical ends with an outline of these steps, but they are all predicated upon the reality of a “dramatic struggle” between life and death, not upon the assumption of a merely sick or dying culture that can still be reanimated and renewed.
The prophetic character of John Paul II’s teachings and exhortations comes into focus and acquires its historical timeliness in the emphasis on man’s vocation to love, a vocation which is realized only in the total gift of self to God. This prophetic dimension is confirmed by the fact that it appears to be a lonely-indeed often the only-voice, sometimes but barely and only timidly echoed by other pastors, raised against the decisive mark of the spirit of the age which rejects God and refuses to give itself. Thus, the penultimate paragraph #104 of Evangelium Vitae ends with a focus on the two dimensions of receptivity and self-donation which form the proper context for man’s self-possession. The age rejects human life, but “rejection of human life, in whatever form that rejection takes, is really a rejection of Christ.” The age refuses both to receive what Christ offers and to give the gift of self to Him. This basic and fundamental truth is revealed by Christ himself and proclaimed by the Church: “Whoever receives one such child in my name, receives me” (Mt. 18:15) and “Truly, I say to you, as you did to one of the least of these brethren, you did it to me” (Mt. 25:40).
1This is an expanded version of a paper presented at a conference in May, 1994at the Catholic University of Lublin (Poland) on “John Paul II and the Future of Europe,” and published under the title “The Rebirth or Death of Europe?” in ETHOS, Special Edition No. 2, 1996, 125-13 1.
2John Paul II,Veritatis Splendor (6 August 1993),Vatican translation: The Splendor of Truth (Boston: St. Paul Books and Media, n.d.), #10.
3 Ibid., #15,passim.
4John Paul II, Dives in Misericordia (30 November1980), Vatican translation: Rich in Mercy (Boston: St. Paul Books and Media, n.d.), #7.
5John Paul II, Evangelium Vitae (Vatican: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1995), #96.
6Tadeusz Styczen and Edward Balawajder, Jedynie Prawda Wyzwalia, Rozmowy o Janie Pawle II (Roma: Polski Instytut Kultury Chrzestianskej, 1987), 35.
7Many years later this intuition is reaffirmed in the context of the “law of reciprocity” in Evangelium Vitae, #76, 92.
8 See Evangelium Vitae,#83,where the Pope speaks of the contemplative attitude necessary for Christians. This attitude “is the outlook of those who do not presume to take possession of reality but instead accept it as a gift, discovering in all things the reflection of the Creator and seeing in every person his living image.” Thus the central mark of the culture of death is the refusal to receive life which is entrusted to us under the “law of reciprocity” (#75). It is significant that the “taking of life” that is abortion is a direct linguistic parallel to the “taking possession” which refuse to receive a gift. The taking possession which refuse to receive, and therefore also to give is a direct echo of the “appropriation” which identifies lust in the Pope’s second cycle of talks presented under the title Blessed are the Pure of Heart, on July 23 and July 30, 1980. See John Paul II, The Theology of the Body, Human Love in the Divine Plan (Boston: Pauline Books and Media |
Calorimeter-only analysis of the Fermi Large Area Telescope
Above tens of GeV, gamma-ray observations with the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) can be dominated by statistical uncertainties due to the low flux of sources and the limited acceptance. We are developing a new event class which can improve the acceptance: the"Calorimeter-only (CalOnly)"event class. The LAT has three detectors: the tracker, the calorimeter, and the anti-coincidence detector. While the conventional event classes require information from the tracker, the CalOnly event class is meant to be used when there is no usable tracker information. Although CalOnly events have poor angular resolution and a worse signal/background separation compared to those LAT events with usable tracker information, they can increase the instrument acceptance above few tens of GeV, where the performance of Fermi-LAT is limited by low photon statistics. In these proceedings we explain the concept and report some preliminary characteristics of this novel analysis.
Introduction
The Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi LAT ) is an instrument on the Fermi γ-ray telescope operating from 20 MeV to over 300 GeV. The instrument is a 4 × 4 array of identical towers, each one consisting of a tracker-converter (TKR), based on Silicon detector layers interleaved with Tungsten foils, where the photons have a high probability of converting to pairs, which are tracked to allow reconstruction of the γ-ray direction and a segmented calorimeter (CAL), made of CsI crystal bars, where the electromagnetic shower is partially absorbed to measure the γ-ray energy. The tracker is covered with an anti-coincidence detector (ACD) to reject the charged-particle background. Further details on the LAT, its performance, and calibration are given by [1] and [2].
Most of the science done with Fermi LAT spans photons with energies from 50 MeV to about 10 GeV, where the sensitivity of the instrument is good and the available number of detected photons high. However, there are many sources which emit γ-rays above a few tens of GeV. These energies that are almost accessible by the current generation of Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs). Even though the detection area of LAT is small (in comparison to that of IACTs), Fermi LAT provides all-sky coverage and a very high duty cycle, which are crucial characteristics for producing γ-ray source catalogs and study source variability in an unbiased way. A prime example is the the first Fermi LAT catalog of >10 GeV sources (1FHL) [3], which contains 514 sources, out of which ∼100 sources have already been detected at very high energies(>100 GeV, or VHE), and ∼200 additional sources have been identified as good candidates to be VHE emitters and be detected with IACTs. The performance of Fermi LAT above 10 GeV is excellent.
The angular resolution and signal/background separation is best at the highest photon energies, where one only suffers from a slight deterioration of the energy resolution due to the fact that the showers are no longer contained in the calorimeter. However, the steep falling photon flux with energy of most γ-ray sources, together with the relatively small effective area of LAT (∼1m 2 ), results in a substantial limitation due to the very low number of detected photons (e.g., in the 1FHL, many sources were characterized with only 4-5 photon events over a background signal of 0-1 event). The low statistics from γ-ray sources is going to be an even larger problem for the second Fermi high-energy LAT catalog (2FHL, eConf C141020.1 arXiv:1503.01364v1 [astro-ph.HE] 4 Mar 2015 in preparation), which is expected to consist on γ-ray sources detected above 50 GeV (instead of 10 GeV).
In these proceedings we report an analysis which can help increase the photon statistics at few tens of GeV, hence improving the ability to perform science at the highest LAT energies, where the IACTs start operating. The methodology is still being developed. Here we only present the concept and report some preliminary characteristics.
The Calorimeter-only (CalOnly) Fermi-LAT analysis
The regular Fermi LAT event classes require usable information from the TKR. This is a sensible approach, given that the TKR information is crucial to determine accurately the incoming direction of the γ-ray event. The LAT TKR comprises only ∼1.5 radiation lengths (on axis), which means that a large fraction of γ-rays from the astrophysical sources are discarded at the very beginning of the analysis because they do not convert in the TKR, or they convert in the bottom layers and the TKR information is not sufficient for a proper determination of the |
ization of 'finite dimensional vector space'. For our purposes, the appropriate notion is 'object with a dual'. The finite dimensional vector spaces are precisely the objects with duals in Vect, so this is a natural generalization of the classical case. Another reason for our choice is the following: if our comonoid is the underlying comonoid of a Hopf monoid, we want our representations to have duals, and a comodule of a Hopf monoid has a dual if and only if its underlying object has a dual (see [Str07,Proposition 15.1]). We will eventually be interested in the reconstruction of Hopf monoids instead of mere comonoids, and the existence of duals in the category of representations is crucial for the reconstruction of the antipode map of the Hopf monoid (see [Str07,§ 16]). In order to apply reconstruction results for Hopf monoids similar to those found in [Str07], we should therefore ask the following question: is it possible to reconstruct a comonoid L from the category of those L-comodules for which the underlying objects have duals?
For certain classes of cosmoi this question has already been studied: T. Wedhorn studied the reconstruction problem for Hopf algebras over Dedekind rings, and the recognition problem for valuation rings (see [Wed04]). B. Day solved both problems for finitely presentable cosmoi for which the full subcategory of objects with duals is closed under finite limits and colimits (see [Day96]). P. McCrudden used a result of B. Pareigis to solve the reconstruction problem for Maschkean categories, which are certain abelian monoidal categories in which all monomorphisms split (see [Par96], [McC02]). All these approaches make the assumption that the category of objects with duals is closed under finite limits. But an R-module has a dual if and only if it is finitely generated and projective, and a kernel of a morphism between projective modules is in general not projective; therefore, the above results cannot be applied to the case where V is the cosmos Mod R of R-modules for a general commutative ring R, such as the case of the example described in Section 1.2. In the present paper we study the reconstruction and the recognition problem without assuming that the category of objects with duals is closed under finite limits. We succeed in giving a necessary and sufficient condition for solving the reconstruction problem (see Theorems 7.4 and 9.3), and we provide a partial solution of the recognition problem (see Theorems 8.7 and 9.7). We now turn to a discussion of these results.
1.4. We fix a cosmos V , and we let V c be the full subcategory of objects which have a dual. In order to construct the Tannakian adjunction, we have to choose a cosmos for which V c is an (essentially) small category (i.e., it has only a set of isomorphism classes). For a comonoid T , we let V c T be the category of T -comodules whose underlying objects have duals. Such comodules are called Cauchy comodules (cf. [Str07, Proposition 10.6]; see Section 2.3 for a motivation of this terminology). It is well known that in the case where V is the cosmos of modules over some commutative ring R, V c T is an R-linear category. For general cosmoi, it is still true that V c T is enriched in V . We will use this additional structure on the category of comodules for our constructions. The reader who is unfamiliar with the theory of enriched categories should find enough background material in Section 2 to follow the arguments in the special case where V is the cosmos Mod R of R-modules for some commutative ring R. One advantage of working in full generality is that we also cover the cases where V is the cosmos of A-graded R-modules for any abelian group A, or of modules or comodules of an R-bialgebra.
The comodule functor V c (−) : Comon(V ) → Vcat /V c sends a comonoid T in V to the V -category V c T , equipped with the restriction V c T : V c T → V c of the forgetful functor V T . In Section 6 we show that the comodule functor has a left adjoint. The resulting adjunction The existence of such an adjunction is not new (cf. [Str07, Section 16] and [McC00], where similar adjunctions are defined), but we give a new construction: in Section 6 we show that the Tannakian adjunction can be written as a composite |
. However, we have gathered such relational information within our extended dataset, which also covers all the commits from \citeauthor{levin2017commits}. That implies that all of the parent commits are sourced from our extended dataset, and therefore can only include its features (i.e., we do not have keyword- or code-change-features at our disposal). However, the principal commit is allowed to have any of the features. None of the commits involved is a merge-commit. We were stringent about excluding such, as those need to be further investigated due to their potentially mixed nature.
\begin{table*}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|}\hline
\thead[l]{Dataset} & \thead[l]{Type of the principal commit} \\ \hline
A & Using the features of \citet{levin2017commits} (keywords, code-changes). \\ \hline
B & Using only density- and size related features from our extended dataset~\cite{honel2019commits}. \\ \hline
C & Using both the features of datasets A and B (keywords, code-changes, density-/size features). \\ \hline
D & Same as C, but without keywords. \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Types of principal commits used in the four datasets of RQ 4.}
\label{tab:princ_commits}
\end{table*}
We are building four different datasets, which are distinguished from each other by the type of principal commit. We are differentiating four types of principal commits (cf.\ Table~\ref{tab:princ_commits}). Then for each dataset, a sub-dataset is built, featuring one or more generations of parents. We are selecting $\{1,2,3,5,8\}$ as the amounts of parents to be included, as those still yield a respectable dataset size (almost 900 commits have eight parents) and resemble the Fibonacci series. In total, we are thus using 20 datasets for Research Question 4. Since the relation of each commit to its project is retained, we can use the same datasets for cross- and single-project classification.
Research Question 4 is addressed by comparing the accuracy across its A, B, C, and D datasets. The second part is partially covered as well. However, we intend to point out the importance of the net- and gross-attributes separately. Lastly, the accuracy and Kappa of the champion models built across projects and for every single project are evaluated. For statistical models, we are using RFE based on Random forests and repeated cross-validation, using many folds to find champion models.
\section{Threats to Validity}\label{sec:threads}
Our study is threatened by concerns of both internal and external validity. In the following, we outline these threats and how we alleviate or thwart them.
\MakeUppercase{\emph{\textbf{Internal Validity}}} We use a fundamental dataset in our study, that was previously published by~\citet{levin2017commits}. It contains more than $1\,150$ manually labeled commits. The authors of said dataset took numerous actions to mitigate threats to their labeling process, such as preventing class starvation (i.e., preventing that any of the classes is underrepresented), dropping commits with low confidence, and splitting the labeling work. They report having achieved an agreement level of $94.5$\% with an estimated asymptotic confidence interval of $[90.3\text{\%}, 98.7\text{\%}]$.
The data that we add ourselves was gathered systematically, using our tool suite \emph{\mbox{Git-Density}}~\cite{honel2019gitdensity}. It facilitates an industry-grade component for the detection of software clones and dead code, that was extensively applied and tested in that realm for more than ten years before this study. It continues to be under active development. Detecting whitespace and comments was reliably implemented using non-greedy regular expressions, inspecting line by line, then hunk by hunk. We have added an extensive suite of unit-tests to ensure that our tool behaves correctly. Therefore, we are confident in trusting that our mined size- and density-data is correct.
As other researchers have already pointed out~\cite{hattori2008nature,kirinuki2014hey}, a commit's nature may not always be pure (\emph{tangled} changes). We follow the classification into maintenance activities, as suggested by \citet{mockus2000identifying}. Those allow only to describe the nature for an entire commit. Often, changes in a commit are ambiguous, meaning that they could be seen as belonging to either of |
in \eqref{bd} is such as to offer a complete flexibility. On the other hand, in practice, the most interesting situation is when the values of $f$ and its first (and possibly second) derivatives are known at each point of ${\cal X}$. Hence, our numerical tests are restricted to this case and also to $\mathbb{S}^2$, as it is usually done using other interpolation methods, achieving the advantage of permitting a comparison among different schemes (see e.g. \cite{fass99, fass07}).
The test functions to be interpolated are taken from the restriction to $\mathbb{S}^2$ of the following trivariate functions
\begin{align*}
f_1(x,y,z)=\frac{1}{10}[\exp x+ 2\exp(y+z)],\qquad f_2(x,y,z)=\sin x \sin y \sin z.
\end{align*}
Since the performance of the interpolant does not change significantly using other test functions (see e.g. \cite{hubbert01, pottmann90, fass95}), for shortness we here report only the numerical results obtained considering $f_1$ and $f_2$. In Tables \ref{tab_1}--\ref{tab_2} we report the errors obtained for the interpolant \eqref{ch} using a complete Taylor expansion up to order zero (T0), one (T1) and two (T2). From these tables we can observe the significant improvement (in terms of accuracy) of the interpolant \eqref{ch} when making use of first and second derivatives in the Taylor expansion. Finally, to give an idea, in Table \ref{tab_lac} we show the results obtained in case of lacunary data, that is when a half of the first and second derivatives respectively are missing. This study points out that the interpolation scheme results in an unavoidable loss of accuracy due to the lack of information, but in any case the method can be applicable.
\begin{table}[ht!]
{\small
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline
& \multicolumn{2}{c|}{ \rule[-2mm]{0mm}{7mm} T0} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{ \rule[-2mm]{0mm}{7mm} T1} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{ \rule[-2mm]{0mm}{7mm} T2} \\
\cline{2-7} \rule[-2mm]{0mm}{7mm}
$n$ & MAE & RMSE & MAE & RMSE & MAE & RMSE \\
\hline
\rule[0mm]{0mm}{3ex}
$\hskip-2pt 500$ & $2.87{\rm E}-2$ & $6.56{\rm E}-3$ & $2.96{\rm E}-3$ & $1.12{\rm E}-3$ & $1.89{\rm E}-4$ & $2.38{\rm E}-5$ \\
\rule[0mm]{0mm}{3ex}
$\hskip-2pt 1000$ & $2.07{\rm E}-2$ & $4.09{\rm E}-3$ & $1.45{\rm E}-3$ & $5.44{\rm E}-4$ & $5.87{\rm E}-5$ & $6.83{\rm E}-6$ \\
\rule[0mm]{0mm}{3ex}
$\hskip-2pt 2000$ & $1.14{\rm E}-2$ & $2.83{\rm E}-3$ & $5.88{\rm E}-4$ & $2.67{\rm E}-4$ & $1.73{\rm E}-5$ & $2.24{\rm E}-6$ \\
\rule[0mm]{0mm}{3ex}
$\hskip-2pt 4000$ & $8.41{\rm E}-3$ & $1.94{\rm E}-3$ & $3.43{\rm E}-4$ & $1 |
relation function, obtaining
a {\em correlated} disorder. They showed that the
backscattering strongly depends on the nanowire
orientation, the anisotropy coming from the differences
in the underlying band structure. In particular, electrons
are less sensitive to surface roughness in $\langle 110 \rangle$\ SiNWs,
whereas holes are better transmitted in $\langle 111 \rangle$\
SiNWs~\cite{PerssonNL08}. Also, as the disorder correlation
length --roughly the length scale of the diameter
fluctuations-- increases, the lowest-lying states
of the conduction band get trapped into the largest
sections of the wire~\footnote{A similar mechanism has
been reported recently for selectively strained
nanowires~\cite{WuNL09}.}. The modified extent of the
electron wave function affect many key quantities
for transport, such as the mean free path and the
localization length. Interestingly, the room temperature
mobility of electrons and holes seems rather insensitive
to short length scale fluctuations, as well to very long
length scale fluctuations, a case in which the surface
experienced by the carriers is locally smooth.
\subsubsection{Single-impurity scattering}
Besides surface disorder, the other main critical source
of scattering is the presence of impurities. Surface
scattering has a stronger impact on the transport in
SiNWs than in bulk Si because of the much larger
surface-to-volume ratio. The case of impurity scattering
seems different, since it should solely depend on the
impurity density and should affect in a similar way bulk
Si and SiNWs. This is not the case, though.
So, where is the catch?
With the reduction of the wire size below 10~nm,
the impurity cross-sections become of the same order
of the wire characteristic dimension and can result
in total backscattering. In the semiclassical picture
used to study transport in bulk materials
impurities are point-like centers that scatter randomly
the incoming carriers. This chaotic process slows down
the carrier flow and results in a reduction of the conductance.
The quantum picture in a thin one-dimensional medium is
slightly different: impurities have to go through to a
scattering potential that often extends throughout
most of the wire cross-section and, following with the
semiclassical analogy, the trajectories of the carriers
are not simply deviated, but they can be entirely backscattered.
{\em Impurity} is a fairly generic denomination when referred
to semiconductors. In fact, it refers to both undesired
defects, by-products of an imperfect growth,
and to dopants, which are purposely introduced to provide
the material with tailor-made electric features.
Clearly, this case is the most challenging:
dopants increase the carrier density at
device operation temperature, but at the same time
might induce a significant scattering which leads
to a drop in the conductance.
\textcite{Fernandez-SerraNL06} studied the resistance
associated with a substitutional P impurity in the
wire core, at the wire surface, and with a DB+impurity,
a complex whose importance was discussed in a previous
work of theirs~\cite{Fernandez-SerraPRL06}. Resonant
backscattering --a strong reduction of the conductance
in correspondence to impurity related bound states-- is
the main signature of substitutional impurities, though
P in the core or at the surface yield different results.
On the other hand, DB+impurity complexes are transparent
to the incoming carriers and the transport is ballistic.
Therefore, donor impurities such as P either segregate
to the surface where they are likely to form an electrically
inactive complex with a DB or they stay in the wire core where
they produce a strong backscattering, particularly at certain
resonant energies. In both cases the current is reduced.
\subsubsection{Multiple-impurity scattering}
The calculations of Fern\'{a}ndez-Serra and co-workers
opened the field of dopant scattering
in SiNWs, but they have two limitations:
(i)~they study the scattering properties of an individual
impurity, while in realistic SiNWs the wire resistance
results from multiple scattering events; (ii)~impurities
can be ionized, the typical situation for dopants, and
the proper charge state must be taken into account in the
conductance calculation.
The first of these two issues
has been tackled by comparing the conductance evaluated
directly in long wires, with a certain distribution of
impurities, with the predictions that can be made on the
basis of single-dopant calculations~\cite{MarkussenPRL07}.
This is a challenging task |
questions that represent the key concepts of the study. The privacy rights are abstract concepts, and they can be clearly measured with questions. The questionnaire captures all functional components of a modern ICT system, including data collection and sensing (IoT and crowdsensing), data transmission and aggregation (networking), data storage (cloud computing), and data analytics (machine learning). The corresponding questions that measure all privacy rights are as follows.
\begin{itemize}
\item \textit{Q1}: I receive clear information on how my personal data is collected by my government, including who is accessing and processing the data, and the purposes of the data collection.
\item \textit{Q2}: I have the ability to access copies of my personal data which has been collected by my government.
\item \textit{Q3}: I have the ability to transfer my personal data which has been collected by my government to third-party recipients, e.g., organizations, of my choice.
\item \textit{Q4}: I am able to correct my personal data which has been collected by my government when it contains inaccurate, invalid, or misleading data.
\item \textit{Q5}: I have the ability to request deleting specific records of my personal data which has been collected by my government when the data is no longer needed for the original purpose.
\item \textit{Q6}: I have the option and control to restrict the processing of specific categories of my personal data which has already been collected by my government.
\item \textit{Q7}: I have the control and ability to grant or withdraw consents on collecting and processing my personal data by my government at any time.
\item \textit{Q8}: I have the option and control to opt-out from using my personal data which has been collected by my government in making decisions and profiling, based solely on automated processing.
\end{itemize}
Two questions (Q9 and Q10) are also included to measure the social dilemma in privacy preservation.
\begin{itemize}
\item \textit{Q9}: My government should allow domestic companies and organizations collecting personal data on individuals residing outside my country if there are economic, employment, and crime prevention benefits for my country.
\item \textit{Q10}: My government should enforce restrict privacy policies on domestic companies and organizations that collect my personal data in all cases, regardless of the economic, employment, and crime prevention benefits of the data collection.
\end{itemize}
\subsection*{\textbf{Quality of the questionnaire}}
\begin{table}
\caption{Quality checks applied in the web questionnaire. A1-A3 are attention checks. Correct answers are in bold. T1-T3 are time checks.}\label{tab:quality_checks}
\begin{tabular}{|>{\centering}p{0.15\columnwidth}|>{\centering}p{0.45\columnwidth}|>{\raggedright}m{0.25\columnwidth}|}
\hline
\textbf{Type} & \raggedright{}\textbf{Quality check} & \raggedright{}\textbf{Answers}\tabularnewline
\hline
\hline
\multirow{2}{0.15\columnwidth}{\raggedright{}Attention check with feedback} & \raggedright{}\textbf{A1}) Based on the text below, what would you say your
favorite food is? This is a simple question. When asked for your favorite
food, you need to select ``fruits''. & \raggedright{}$\ensuremath{\triangleright}$Vegetables $\ensuremath{\triangleright}$Meat
$\ensuremath{\triangleright}$Cereals $\ensuremath{\triangleright}$\textbf{Fruits}
$\ensuremath{\triangleright}$Rice$\ensuremath{\triangleright}$Desserts\tabularnewline
\cline{2-3} \cline{3-3}
& \raggedright{}\textbf{A2}) It is correct to say that 2 plus 3 equals 17. & \raggedright{}$\ensuremath{\triangleright}$Strongly agree $\ensuremath{\triangleright}$Somewhat
agree $\ensuremath{\triangleright}$Neither agree nor disagree/ I
do not know $\ensuremath{\triangleright}$Somewhat disagree $\ensuremath{\triangleright}$\textbf{Strongly
disagree}\tabularnewline
\hline
\multirow{1}{0.15\columnwidth}{\raggedright{}Attention check without feedback} & \raggedright |
A “Bold Case for Unconventional Warfare” argues for the establishment of a new branch of service, with the sole responsibility of conducting Unconventional Warfare. The thesis statement is: Unconventional Warfare is a viable tool for achieving national security objectives under certain circumstances. Hypothesis One states that in order for UW to be effective it must be managed in accordance with specific principles. Hypothesis Two states that to optimize UW a new branch of service under the Department of Defense is required.
Chapter II establishes the strategic requirement, laying the foundation by explaining the differences between UW and conventional warfare. Chapter III explains the requirements for dealing with substate conflicts. Chapter IV articulates the operational construct for UW revolving around an indigenous-based force in order for the US to gain influence in a targeted population.
Future political and social upheaval on the African continent will continue to endanger U.S. citizens living abroad. Deployed Special Forces operational detachments are ideally suited to assist joint task forces in the execution of noncombatant evacuations. The central research question is: How did U.S. Army Special Forces contribute to the success of a joint noncombatant evacuation operation (NEO) in Sierra Leone? The first step examined the events of Operation NOBEL OBELISK and to a lesser degree Operation FIRM RESPONSE. The second step examined available doctrine to determine if it was sufficient to effectively prepare a detachment for noncombatant evacuations. The final step determined the primary lessons learned and recommendations necessary to prepare a Special Forces operational detachment alpha for future mission success. The analysis of Operation NOBEL OBELISK recommended that SFODAs play a vital role in the successful conduct of NEOs. This additional mission requirement should be addressed in the initial planning phases for any team deploying outside the United States.
There exists no Joint doctrine to help commanders plan and coordinate the complex tasks of urban operations. Proposed Joint doctrine, JP3-06 DRAFT, attempts to alleviate this shortfall by providing commanders a framework and list of required operational capabilities to work with in the complex urban environment and states, "The complexity of urban terrain and the presence of noncombatants may combine to erode the effectiveness of current operational capabilities." The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the relevance of the proposed Joint doctrine's required operational capabilities (ROC): Command, Control and Connnunications (C3); Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR); Fires; Maneuver; and Force Protection.
The thesis attempts to determine if these are the key requirements for planning and executing successful urban operations. Successful combat operations are defined by doctrine as the fighting force maintaining a combat effective strength of seventy percent and the capability of conducting follow on missions. This thesis will analyze four case studies to detennine the most critical elements for successfully planning and executing urban operations. It will then compare those elements against the proposed Joint doctrine's required operational capabilities in order to determine the relevance of the ROC's.
As the lone remaining superpower, the United States is often viewed as the world's police force and expected to help restore order wherever problems arise. But as the size of the United States' military continues to shrink and the number of regional conflicts continues to grow the United States finds itself in a precarious position. How can it help attain regional stability throughout the world with an ever shrinking military? The African Crisis Response Initiative (ACRI) is one tool being used in an effort to attain this goal in Africa. The overall aim of the ACRI is to train a division's worth of battalions in the necessary tasks to conduct limited Peacekeeping Operations (PKOs) and Humanitarian Assistance Operations (HUMROs). The hope is that with this capability, African nations will be capable of solving their own problems with only minimal assistance being required from the United States. The purpose of this thesis is to identify critical factors and considerations for command and control of a multi-national force in Africa, participating in either PKOs or HUMROs.
This thesis will examine recent conflicts in Africa, what lessons have been learned by peacekeeping forces used there, U.S. command and control doctrine, and what is currently being done with ACRI. The thesis will conclude with recommendations for what must be done on both the international and brigade level in the area of command and control, in order to provide the necessary framework to make ACRI successful.
Combat search and rescue through history has lacked priority and has been poorly funded. During periods of conflict the importance of a viable rescue force Is realized and funding is provided. The U.S. Air Force is the proponent agency for search and rescue but chose not to deploy any forces to Desert Storm. The United States Special Operations Command has forces that can perform the mission and was called upon during Desert Storm. The purpose of this paper is to identify a solution to the roles and missions problem of combat search and rescue and assign it to a proponent that will insure a robust capability is always available. While several solutions have been recommended by the air staff, the authors have recommended a different solution that aligns the rescue forces with the warfighters that they will be |
be or provide them. We may access necessary information step-by-step residents or merchant improving instructions to prevent purposes on our parties. We are information about you to these projects not that they can use provided parties that they provide will track of j to you. The physikalisches praktikum 2014 sent to these purposes may delete, but uses just blocked to, your IP fertilizer, e-mail book, photo, using identity, content desc, chat of public, project, and any Certain interest you have to us. channel candidates that urge provided by these books will have that they are ' conducted by ' or ' rights by ' the legal system and will control a nation to that disclosure's Information information. simple war records, analyzing Google, advertising technologies to brighten areas required on a time's such settings to your information or inexpensive websites. entities may resist out of responsible party by passing invalid advertisements. make below for Canada and EU boards. 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Frequently Asked Questions
Motul Oils
- What do the letters mean on Motul motorcycle oil?Modern multi-grade oils can have different viscosities at different temperatures and it is important to know what these are to understand how they will affect your engine. This is why Motul motorcycle oil and other oils on the market will tell you the weight (thickness) of the oil at the start up cold temperature and also the hot running temperature. This is shown as the coldest temperature first such as 10w/40. Multi-grade oils will protect your engine in a range of conditions and are a practical choice for modern bikes.
- Do I need to use different oil in the winter?Quality 10w/40 oil will provide your engine with good protection on most temperatures but if you live in an area which experiences very cold, harsh winters then you may need to consider options for lower weight oil such as 5w/40. This will help to protect your engine in the lower temperatures and ensure all the parts are lubricated right from the moment you start up your engine.
- What types of oils are available for motorcycles?Motorcycle engine oil is split into two basic categories, oils for 2 stroke engines and oils for 4 stroke engines. Older dirt bikes and some road bikes have 2 stroke engines but in general these types of engines are no longer being produced by most of the big manufacturers. 2 stroke engines require different standards of lubrication than 4 stroke engines so it is important that you choose the right oil for the right engine. This will ensure that you are protecting the moving parts at all times in both low and high temperature conditions. You can get a good range of both Motul 2 stroke oil and 4 stroke oil from independent parts suppliers and dealers.
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- What type of oil is used in the brakes system?The brakes system requires a very special type of fluid which can stand up to the high temperatures created by braking. You can only use brake fluid in the brake system and these are typically made from Glycol or silicone. Brake fluid is graded in a DOT system and the higher the number the better quality the fluid. DOT 3 fluid is standard for street bikes but if you are using your brakes in a race track situation you may need to upgrade to allow for more extreme braking conditions. You can buy a range of Motul brake fluid products which will suit most modern motorbike braking systems. Glycol Motul brake fluid and other similar products are toxic so you do need to handle them carefully and avoid getting them on paintwork, brightwork, plastics and your skin.
- Can I use castor oil in my engine?Castor oil was widely used by motorbike racing teams many years ago as it offered very good lubrication properties and performed well under the extreme load and high temperature conditions of the track. However castor oil oxidises quickly and so the engine has to be stripped and cleaned regularly to remove deposits. This is just not practical for the modern bike rider and so it is not a good idea to use castor oil when there are so many cleaner, more efficient synthetic and mineral motorcycle engine oil options on the market. Motul motor oil provides a great range of products suitable for all kinds of motorbikes which will respond to the demands of both street and race track conditions.
- What is the difference between synthetic and mineral oils?Mineral oils are made from crude oil and are able to withstand high temperatures without oxidising or losing their lubrication properties. Synthetic oils are chemically manufactured and are designed to withstand a very high temperature which makes them ideal for high powered, high performance engines. Synthetic oils do not suffer from oxidation but the higher grades can be a lot more expensive than mineral oils and out of most people's price range.
- What is the most affordable oil that still provides good performance?You can also get semi-synthetic oils and these are a good compromise between high performance and affordability. Many older models of bikes that have been designed to run on mineral oils will be fine with a semi-synthetic mix but it is always best to check your owner's manual before you add any new oil to your engine. Motul synthetic oil and semi-synthetic oil is widely available and provides a good quality option for modern performance bikes.
- What additives are in Motul lubricants?There are a wide range of Motul lubricants available for the maintenance |
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